AP Biology 生物学术语(中英对照)

decomposers 分解者 organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, that break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms
food chain 食物链 simple model that shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem
habitat 栖息地 place where an organism lives out its life
niche 小生境 role or position a species has in its environment, includes all biotic and abiotic interactions as an animal meets its need for survival and reproduction
biome 生物群系 group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities
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commensalism 共栖 symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited
parasitism 寄生 symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another, usually another species
The Dynamics of Life
Chapter 1&2 1. biology 生物学 The study of life that seeks to provide an understanding of the natural world.
2. organism 生物 Anything that possesses all the characteristics of life; all organisms have an orderly structure, produce offspring, grow, develop, and adjust to changes in the environment.
autotroph 自养型生物 an organism that uses energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compunds to manufacture their own materials
heterotroph 异养型生物 organism that cannot make its own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients
homeostasis 稳态 organisms regulation of its internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival; a characteristic of all living things. process of maintaing equilibrium in cells internal environments
environment 环境 biotic and abiotic surroundings to which an organism must constantly adjust; includes air, water, weather, temperature, other organisms and many other factors.
symbiosis 共生 permanent, close association between two or more organisms of different species
mutalism 互利共生 a symbotic relationship in which both species benefit
control 控制 in an experiment, the standard against which results are compared.
independent variable 自变量 in an experiment the condition that is tested because it affexts the outcome of the experiment
technology 科技 application of scientific research to societys needs and problems
ecology 生态学 scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments
biomass 生物量（或生物的数量） the total mass or weight of all living matter in a given area
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Chapter 2-5 limiting factor 限制因素 any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms.
biotic factors 生物因素 all the living organisms that inhabit an environment
population 种群 group of organisms all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time
3.organization 组织 orderly structure of cells in an organism; a characteristic of all living things
reproduction 繁殖 production of offspring by an organism; a characteristic of all living things
species 物种 a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature
growth 生长 increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism; a characteristic of all living things
biological community 生态群落 a community made up of interacting populations in a certain area at a certain time
ecosystem 生态系统 interactions among populations in a community, the communitys physical surroundings or abiotic factors
trophic level 营养级 organism that represents a feeding step in the movement of energy and materials through an organisms than any other biome
food web 食物网 model that shows all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community
dependent variable 因变量 in an experiment, the condition that results from changes in the independent variable
data 数据 information obtained from experiments, sometimes called experimental results
evolution 进化 gradual change in a species through adaptations over time
scientific method 科学斱法 procedures that biologists and other scientists use to gather information and answer questions, include observing and hypothesizing, experimenting and gathering and interpreting results.
biosphere 生态圈 portion of the earth that supports life; extends from high in the atmosphere to the bottom of the oceans
abiotic factors 非生物因素 nonliving parts of an organisms environment; air currents, temperature, moisture, light and soil are examples.
stimulus 刺激 anything in an organisms internal or externaml environment that causes the organism to react
response 反应 an organisms reaction to a chance in its internal or external environment
energy 能量 the ability to cause chance; organisms use energy to perform biological function
adaptation 适应 evolution of a structure, behavior or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring
hypothesis 假设 explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested
experiment 实验 procedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled condidtions.