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关于论文写作的指导(英文版)Guide to Writing a Research PaperWriting a research paper can be a daunting task for many students, as it requires extensive research, critical thinking, and effective communication skills. However, with careful planning and a systematic approach, anyone can write a successful research paper. This guide aims to provide step-by-step instructions and useful tips to help you navigate through the process of writing a well-crafted research paper.1. Understand the assignment: Before starting your research paper, carefully read the assignment guidelines provided by your instructor. Pay attention to the specific requirements, such as the topic, length, formatting style, and deadlines. If you have any doubts or questions, don't hesitate to seek clarification from your instructor.2. Choose a topic: A good research paper starts with a well-defined and interesting topic. Select a topic that is relevant to your field of study and aligns with your interests. Ensure that the topic is neither too broad nor too narrow. Conduct initial research to make sure there is enough information available to support your arguments.3. Conduct thorough research: To write an impactful research paper, you need to gather reliable and relevant information from various sources. Utilize library resources, academic journals, books, and reputable online databases to acquire the necessary data. Take notes while researching and keep track of the sources you consult.4. Develop a thesis statement: A strong thesis statement is the focal point of your research paper. It presents the main argument or hypothesis that you will support throughout your paper. Your thesis statement should be clear, concise, and debatable. Make sure it reflects the purpose of your paper and guides your research and writing process.5. Create an outline: An outline serves as a roadmap for your research paper, making the writing process more organized and efficient. It includes the main sections and subsections of your paper, along with the key points you will discuss in each section. This will help you maintain a logical flow and ensure that you cover all the necessary information.6. Write a compelling introduction: The introduction is the first impression of your research paper. Start with a catchy hook to grab the reader's attention. Provide background information on the topic and gradually narrow it down to your thesis statement. Clearly state the purpose and significance of your research, and explain how your paper will contribute to the existing body of knowledge.7. Present a comprehensive literature review: A literature review demonstrates your understanding of the existing research on your topic. Summarize the key findings of relevant studies and identify any gaps in the literature. Make sure to cite all the sources properly and critically analyze the information presented.8. Methodology: In this section, describe the research methods you used to collect and analyze data. Clearly explain your approach, including the sample size, data collection instruments, andstatistical analysis methods. This will allow readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your findings.9. Present your findings: Share the results of your research in a logical and coherent manner. Use graphs, tables, and figures to illustrate your findings effectively. Interpret the results and explain their significance in relation to your research question. Remain objective and avoid making unsupported claims or overgeneralizing your findings.10. Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your research and review how they support your thesis statement. Discuss the implications of your findings and suggest further areas of research. End your conclusion with a thought-provoking statement or a call to action.11. Revise and edit: The final step in writing a research paper is revising and editing. Review your paper for clarity, coherence, grammar, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your paper adheres to the formatting style required by your instructor. Consider seeking feedback from a peer or instructor to gain valuable insights and make necessary improvements.In conclusion, writing a research paper requires careful planning, extensive research, and effective communication skills. By following this guide, you can navigate through the process with confidence and produce a well-structured and impactful research paper. Remember to allow yourself enough time for each step and seek help when needed.继续写相关内容，1500字12. Citations and References: In academic writing, it is crucial to give credit to the original sources of information and ideas. Proper citations and references not only demonstrate academic integrity but also allow readers to locate and verify the sources. Different disciplines may follow different citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. Familiarize yourself with the specific guidelines and consistently apply them throughout your research paper. Keep track of your sources from the beginning and create a bibliography or reference list as you go along.13. Revise and Edit: Once you have completed the initial draft of your research paper, it is important to revise and edit it thoroughly. Revision involves rethinking, reorganizing, and rewriting sections for better clarity and coherence. Check for any gaps in your argumentation or supporting evidence. Make sure that your ideas flow logically and that each paragraph contributes to the overall argument. Edit your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. It can be helpful to read your paper aloud or ask someone else to read it and provide feedback. Remember that revising and editing is an ongoing process, and it may take multiple rounds before your research paper is polished and ready for submission. 14. Pay Attention to Formatting: In addition to citations and references, it is important to pay attention to the overall formatting of your research paper. Follow the guidelines provided by your instructor regarding font size, margins, line spacing, and page numbering. Consider using headings and subheadings to organize your paper and make it easier to navigate. Make sure that all tables, figures, and illustrations are properly labeled and referred to in the text. A well-formatted research paper not only looks professionalbut also enhances readability and comprehension.15. Seek Feedback and Proofreading: Before submitting your research paper, it is beneficial to seek feedback from others. Share your paper with classmates, colleagues, or your instructor and ask for their opinions and suggestions. They may be able to point out any inconsistencies, weaknesses in your argument, or areas that need further clarification. Consider their feedback and make necessary revisions. Additionally, it is essential to have your research paper proofread by someone else or use proofreading tools and software. Even the most careful writers can overlook errors, and a fresh pair of eyes can catch mistakes that you may have missed.16. Practice Time Management: Writing a research paper can be time-consuming, so it is important to manage your time effectively. Break down the task into smaller, manageable steps and set deadlines for each step. Use a planner or online tools to schedule your research, writing, and revision sessions. Start working on your research paper well in advance to avoid any last-minute rush. It is also a good idea to allocate extra time for unexpected challenges or delays. By managing your time efficiently, you can reduce stress and produce a high-quality research paper.17. Emphasize Clarity and Coherence: Clarity and coherence are essential qualities of a well-written research paper. Make sure that your ideas are expressed clearly and concisely. Avoid using jargon or overly complex language that may confuse readers. Use transition words and phrases to create smooth transitions between paragraphs and sections. The overall structure of your paper shouldbe coherent, with each section and paragraph contributing to the central argument. Regularly review your work to ensure that your ideas are presented logically and that readers can easily follow your thought process.18. Practice Ethical Research Conduct: Conducting research ethically is crucial to maintain the integrity of your research paper and respect the rights and privacy of others. Obtain proper permission and informed consent when conducting surveys, interviews, or experiments involving human subjects. Follow ethical guidelines when conducting research involving animals. When using other researchers' work, ensure proper citation and acknowledgment. Avoid plagiarism by paraphrasing and quoting sources accurately. Familiarize yourself with your institution's policies on research ethics and ensure that your research adheres to ethical standards.19. Take Care of Your Mental and Physical Well-being: Writing a research paper can be mentally and physically demanding. It is important to take care of yourself throughout the process. Take breaks, engage in physical activities, and maintain a balanced diet. Get enough sleep and manage your stress levels effectively. If you feel overwhelmed or stuck, don't hesitate to seek support from your classmates, instructors, or tutors. Remember that it is normal to experience challenges and setbacks during the research paper writing process, and taking care of your well-being can help you overcome them more effectively.20. Finalize and Submit: After incorporating feedback and making all necessary revisions, it is time to finalize your research paper.Review the formatting, citations, and references one last time to ensure accuracy and consistency. Proofread your work for any remaining errors. Once you are confident that your research paper is polished and meets all the requirements, submit it on time following the submission guidelines provided by your instructor. Celebrate your hard work and the accomplishment of completing your research paper!Writing a research paper may seem challenging at first, but by following these steps, you can approach the task with confidence and produce a high-quality paper. Remember that writing is a process, and it requires time, effort, and perseverance. Do not hesitate to seek help and guidance when needed. With practice and experience, you will become more proficient in writing research papers and communicating your ideas effectively.。
做到这四点，轻松搞定thesisstatement不论你写一篇Essay还是写一篇Thesis，文章的主题句常是最难准确表达的句子。
一个好的主题句需要体现文章的写作目的、因果联系和文章的真题结构(不是文章的一个论据)。
没有一个好的主题句，你的essay将会看上去缺乏说服性而不能吸引tutor的眼球。
所以说，如果你写不好essay的thesis statement，那么A+就与你遥遥无期!那么如何写好主题句呢?其实很简单，做到以下四点就可以了。
一、正确陈述主题思想1、主题句要准确表达文章中心思想，要向tutor表达清楚你这篇essay想要论述的观点。
它应该向一张地图一样告诉tutor你论述的观点是什么，你将如何论述这一观点。
简单来说，文章的主题句回答了一个问题：文章在讲什么。
另外，主题句……是一种观点的申明而不是一种事实的观察和呈现。
事实只是在文章中用来证明观点的。
是一种立场，它表达了你对某一特定问题的一种看法。
是一个核心观点，是你对想要讨论问题的一种阐述。
回答了一个特定的问题，解释了你将如何论证你的观点。
是有争议的。
应该是一个人们能够不断争论的观点，或者恰恰相反，只是证明你自己的观点。
2、可用能证明你的观点是正确的主题句。
若你想要你的主题句特别，具有吸引力。
你可用一个非常特别的语调来表达，或者特殊的单词来描述它。
比如像“因为”这样明确、不容质疑的词。
3、知道在哪里陈述essay主题句。
因为主题句在essay中具有很重要的地位，所以主题句一般在文章的开头就会出现，通常是在文章第一段的最后，或者引文中的其他地方。
虽然大多数人在文章第一段便写出essay的主题句，但是主题句的位置可以根据你essay的情况来调整。
4、主题句最好用一句或者两句话来概括。
主题句需要简单明了地阐述你的观点，使tutor很轻松地知道你essay在论述什么问题，知道你对这一问题的观点是什么。
二、寻找完美的主题1、选择一个你感兴趣的话题。
How to write a Thesis Thesis definition & examples如何撰写论文论文定义及实例Usually, in colleges and Universities, the research scholars have to write a thesis for their highest academic degree such as Ph.D. Since it is a research work, it is presented after striving hard in researching any topic. However, many of the students do not know much about the thesis or how is thesis different from dissertation. For such students, there are websites providing online thesis help for guiding and producing best possible thesis. They present a well-built thesisto the students who are clueless about the Thesis structure.Hence I am now going to talk about these following things in my blog:●What is a thesis●What is a thesis statement●Thesis structure that should be followed●How to write a thesisWhat is a thesis?The thesis is a long piece of writing is usually a research work as a scholar. It is written to gain a higher academic degree Such as PhD. The origin of this word comes from the Greeklanguage which implies “something put forth.” In order to give a perfect Thesis definition, I must present the words of Aristotle. It was Aristotle who first defines the term as:“A ‘thesis’ is a supposition of some eminent philosopher that conflicts with the general opinion… for to ta ke notice when an ordinary person express views contrary to men’s usual opinions would be silly”.Hence for Aristotle, a thesis is a supposition which is stated differently than the general opinion of the others philosophers. It is the research work in which the scholar goes deep down into the topic to find a new aspect of the topic which is different from the general notion. It takes years of hard work and research to bring out something out of the box from a topic.What is the Thesis statement?As per our professional thesis writers thesis statement is present at the middle or end of the introductory paragraph of the paper. It offers the main idea of the thesis. Since it is a statement, it generally comes in a single sentence. In that one sentence, you can analyse the topic of the thesis.There are two types of thesis statement- direct and indirect. In the indirect thesis statement, the main idea or content of the topic is not revealed whereas, in the direct one, it is all clear from the beginning. For instance, there is a thesis statement as“I love football for two reasons.” Here the two reasons are hidden, and the whole thesiscomprises those two reasons. Hence the statement was an indirect thesis statement. However the statement-“I love football becau se of the wonderful players of Barcelona and the amazing tournaments.” is all direct to the readers, making it a direct thesis statement. Through this thesis statement example, you get to know about the difference between the two types of the thesis statement.The thesis statement helps in organising and developing the central ideas or body of the thesis. You can avail assistance with thesis statement writing from our professional experts.Thesis structure that should be followedAfter getting acknowledged with thesis definition, and thesis statement example, let’s discuss the thesis structure which should be followed. It matters a lot if you spent a lot of time in your research work, and still missed to follow the proper thesis structure. The thesis structure must be followed strictly, as the readers who will review your thesis will analyse your work thoroughly. There are a few essential things that must be present in a standard thesis structure, which comprises:An IntroductionThe introduction part is the beginning section. Hence this part introduces us to the topic and gives an idea about it. It is the introductory part, so it has the responsibility to let the readers get acquainted with the certain things of the thesis,such as- the problem it is concerned with, the aims and process to handle that problem.Although it does not reveal the whole thing plainly before the readers but gives an idea of the thesis structure. It has the sole responsibility to hold up the readers and generate their curiosity to go through the whole research work. It generally comprises of five to ten pages.BackgroundIn this section, the readers are introduced with the relevant history, facts and information about the topic which are already available in the past. It generally provides all the theories, data and views of the early researchers related to the topic to show or let the readers know about thework that has already been done by the previous researches on the related topic.It offers the general knowledge that should be understood to get an idea about the current discovery of the scholar. This chapter generally contains a history review on the topic, to let you know or give the context of what has been already researched on the current topic. It is required to get a better understanding of the research work of the scholar. Hence with the help of this section, you would be able to know what new things are discovered in your interest field, and how it could be beneficial in the required field.The coreThis concerns your own work, the hypothesis which you drew in the beginning, and your whole experimental research work. Here is your own space, where you explains the problem or topic in detail, applies the methods that can be useful in proving your arguments.The core should be more than half of your research work. Hence there is no limitation of the pages. It can also be called the ‘heart’ of your thesis, as it comprises your new ideas and discoveries which you put forth before the readers.SynthesisAlso known as ‘conclusion,’ this section provides the crux of the whole discussion that you had in thecore section. It is responsible for drawing the overall conclusion that you want to show to the readers at the end of your work. It presents your contribution or the ideas which you put forth in it. This section discusses your innovative ideas and the hypothesis that you proved in the previous section. It analyses the authenticity of your own results, in the light of the earlier works of other researchers. Hence, it helps the readers to examine the discovery in your topic.In a way, this section gives a reply to the question that you lay in the introduction section. There should be a strong connection between the introduction and this section. Here you end up either with a specific conclusion, or you let the readers question the existing general notion on the topic. This section helps them to think on the topic from a particular perspective.This thesis structure was the document body of the thesis, that is necessary to put in the content of the thesis. However, there are many other essential items that must be kept in mind to make it more appropriate. Here is the list of necessary things that should assist you in writing thesis :Title pageThis is the decorative page where the topic, the scholar, and the guide were being introduced to the readers. Here you give the essential details like- your name, your topic, name of the guide, name of the university, etc.AbstractAn abstract is an overview of your whole work. It summarizes your thesis in around 250-300 words. It is usually presented to the professors to give a quick glance of what your thesis is all about.PrefaceWhen you write a thesis, you do not think about the preface. Preface is written only after the completion of your research work. Generally, it carries a personal touch, i.e., you can describe the story or reason that evoked your idea on the topic. It is not directly relevant to the research work, but you can add acknowledgment too. However, this page is optional. You can delete it if you want to.Table of contentsThis section contains the essential chapters that are included in your thesis structure. The reader can view the different chapters that you have included in your work, by viewing this table.I am hereby giving the thesis example of the table of content, which can help you:List of symbols and abbreviationsIf you have used a large number of symbols and abbreviation in your research work, you must include a list of those symbols and abbreviations at the end page. All the symbols and abbreviations that you have used in it must be listed there, to make it easier for the readers.GlossaryOther than the symbols and abbreviations, if you have used any terms and phrases that are common in your topic, you must list them to give their definition and meaning. This list actually helps the readers to acknowledge the commonly used terms in the topic.AcknowledgmentIn acknowledgment, you give the credit of your work to all those people who helped or gave contribution in your research work. However, if you have already acknowledged them in the preface, you do not need to put this page.BibliographyThis is the essential part which is ignored by the scholars who are new to this field. Although itcarries huge importance, most of us do not know the proper way to write the Bibliography. It is the list of all the previous works which helped you to work on your research work. This list cites the work, journals, articles or the different sources that were helpful during your research work. Every work which you include in the bibliography must contain these following things:●The author’s name●Title of the resource●Name of the publishing house which published the resource●Date of publication●AppendicesThis is an important tool which provides additional information in a thesis. This list includes the data and information regarding the supplementary materials that were used by you during the development of your research work.However, after so many guidelines, we often miss a few things that should be followed. Hence to avoid such a situation, students are advised to take best thesis writing service from professionals. The online writers are professionals who can write thesis for master or for phd. Their service can get you an outstanding work for your academic degree.How to write a thesisFollowing the thesis structure to write a thesis is easy. However, writing a thesis which isconvincing and back the idea with research is challenging. Hence, here are a few tips to help you write thesis.Determine what interest youBefore selecting the topic, you must search out your interest of field. You can best explore and research on the subject which interests you well. Hence, you should take your time to discover the interest first.Read a lot, before deciding on your topicAs soon as you found out your interest, you can easily decide on your topic. But before deciding on the topic, give yourself enough time to read more on the selected topic. This will help you to decide if the topic you are planning to researchhas already been discovered or not. Sometimes people do not analyze that their topic has already been researched in recent times.Analyse the possibility of researchYou should give enough time to reading to analyze what is the current scenario, and the possibility to discover something new in that field. Try to collect as many sources for your research work as much as you can. These collections will help you to analyze if you get enough space and data for your research topic or not.Provide evidence to your argumentYou should provide an ample amount of evidence to prove your argument. Else your hypothesis will look vague and loosely built. Thecontent of the thesis can let your work stand out from the crowd if you make it more argumentative and strong through different shreds of evidence.。
英文作文thesis怎么写英文：When it comes to writing a thesis, the first thing you need to do is choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. Once you have chosen your topic, you need to conduct thorough research to gather as much information as possible. This includes reading books, articles, and other sources of information that are related to your topic.After you have gathered all of your research, you need to organize it into an outline. This will help you to structure your thesis and ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and logically. Your outline should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.Once you have your outline in place, you can begin writing your thesis. Your introduction should grab the reader's attention and provide background information onyour topic. Your body paragraphs should present your research and arguments in a clear and concise manner, using examples and evidence to support your claims. Your conclusion should summarize your main points and provide a final thought on your topic.It's important to remember that writing a thesis is a time-consuming process that requires a lot of hard work and dedication. However, with the right mindset and approach, you can produce a high-quality thesis that will impress your professors and peers.中文：在撰写论文时，首先要做的是选择一个你感兴趣且与你所学专业相关的主题。
英国论文Thesis statement写作要点留学生每天都会面临不同类型论文的写作，写作的方式也都不同，即使有相似的论文，但在写作上容易弄混淆，论文写作的关键就是要抓住Thesis statement，提高论文的写作质量，接下来，为大家整理出了Thesis statement 的写作要点，希望能帮到各位。
一、thesis statement的作用：告诉读者本文讨论的主题的重要意义所在；是本文的路线导向图，换句话说，告诉读者他们可以从后文中期待获得的东西；直接回答问题。
论点是对某一问题或者主题的翻译解释，而不是主题本身。
论文的话题可以是第二次世界大战，但是论点中心句则必须提供理解这场战争的方式方法；对他人可能进行争论的东西做出澄清；通常是论文第一段的某个单句，展示你的观点给读者。
论文的其他部分则要收集和组织证据来有逻辑的说服读者。
二、怎样找到thesis statement？论点是长期思考过程的结果。
制定出论点不是你读完论文后的第一件事情，在你针对任何话题总结出论点之前，你必须收集和组织evidence，寻求已知事实之间的可能逻辑联系，并思考一下这些联系的意义。
三、怎样检验thesis statement是有效的？最好可以咨询论文导师寻求意见，也可以问自己以下问题，检验自己的thesis statement是否够有力有效：我回答了问题吗？在构建了文章thesis之后进行回顾阅读，修正那些没有关注到问题本身的thesis。
我的essay是明确支撑thesis的吗？如果你的thesis和论文的body不太匹配，二者中的一个必须做出改变。
你可以改变自己的thesis，去反映出研究过程中发现的结论。
记住，保持不断的再评价、再修改自己的essay。
通过以上为同学们所介绍的论文Thesis statement的写作要点，希望各位对其写作要点有所掌握，并能顺利完成写作。
Thesis Instructions (also applicable to progress reports and papers)These instructions are in addition to the "Guide for Preparation of Thesis" from the School of Graduate Studies at the webpage: http://www.mcmaster.ca/graduate/thesesguide.pdf. Please read them also.General PointsWhen preparing your thesis, please:1. Explain the reasoning behind your choices. For example, “The GPC algorithm wasinvestigated first since it has been successfully used with difficult to control plants by other researchers, e.g. [9,10 and 23].”2. Backup your files frequently. I recommend working on drive C, and backing up to drives Hand A. Make sure you backup your code and data files as well.3. Keep and organise all your data files. Subdirectories can help with this. Create a"readme.txt" in each subdirectory containing details of the contents of all the files in that subdirectory.4. At the top of each program you have written, please include a “Dictionary of Variables”. Forexample: Variables:of%Dictionary% A[] Array of coefficients for the polynomial A(z^-1) (see section 4.2 of my thesis) ...% thB Base angle of the robot (theta_B in my thesis).5. Add comments to the rest of your program so it can be understood by someone else.6. Make a separate file for every figure, drawing or picture, whenever possible. For example ifyou use Matlab to create graphs save each as a .fig file. Use descriptive names and create a "readme.txt" file as in item 1.7. Use a 12 point font and double spacing. For progress reports this may be reduced to 1.5 linespacing. Never use a font smaller than 10 point, including the text on figures.8. Define acronyms once, when first used.9. Define technical terms once, when first used. Also, be careful to use the same termthroughout the thesis, e.g. do not call the "base angle" the "base orientation" in another chapter. Referring to the symbol (after it has been defined) is also acceptable, e.g.θb.10. Always include page numbers.11. Keep all draft versions of your thesis until you have graduated. This includes the versionswith edit marks created by Dr. Bone.12. Refer to your figures in the text of your thesis.13. Include reference numbers and all authors' surnames for all work that is not your own. Youshould use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” only if the paper has more than three authors.14. Reference numbers must be in the order they appear in the thesis.15. Include the date the work was done when referring to prior work.16. Point out the advantages AND disadvantages (or limitations) of the prior work of others, andof your own work.17. Refer to prior work in the past tense, e.g. "they used" and not "they use"18. Define all symbols and units. Use SI units always.19. If a standard term or symbol exists for what you are describing then use it.20. Use equations, figures and step-by-step algorithms in place of just words whenever possible.21. Number all equations, figures and tables. Refer to them by their numbers, "Figure 4.2" forexample.22. Results should be presented as graphs or tables.23. Make sure your figures are not too small, the minimum size should be about 100 mm x 100mm. One good option is to put your figures on separate pages, with one or two figures per page.24. Use quantitative (and not qualitative) descriptions whenever possible, e.g. "the accuracy is ±2mm " and not "the accuracy is good". Comparisons are also desirable, e.g. “the adaptive algorithm improved the tracking error by 25% in comparison with the PID controller.” This applies to all of your document, including the literature review.25. Use unique names for your variables or constants. For example, don't use "V c" to refer to avoltage in one chapter and to refer to a velocity in another chapter.26. Do not create paragraphs that are too short. A paragraph should be normally be at least threesentences long. Only start a new paragraph when discussing a new topic.27. Try to keep your writing concise. Shorter sentences are preferred. This is because they areeasier to read.28. Be careful with significant digits (also called "significant figures"). A measurement shouldbe reported only with the digits you exactly know. For example, you are using a force sensor with a 10 N accuracy, if the computer reads a value of 787 N you would report this in yourthesis as 790 N. If you are reporting the final result of a calculation it should be reported with the minimum of the number of significant digits of the measurements used in the calculation. If the accuracy of the measurements is unknown, or you are reporting theoretical values, a "rule of thumb" is to use 3 significant digits, for example 4.92 mm/s.29. In the literature review chapter it is good to group closely related work together (even ifpeople are from different universities), for example: “Smith's group at U. of Montana [9-12] have ...”. Another example: is “Brown [9] determined that .... . Smith and Jones [1] and Roberts and Chang [2] produced similar findings.” Or if several papers involve adaptive control (for example) then group them together. Subsections are also helpful in this chapter.30. A literature review should not simply be a catalog or summary of previous work. For eachpaper, you should point out what specifically was accomplished, what the contributions of the work are, and what the limitations of the work are. For example, if no experimental results were given in the paper then state this in your thesis. Also, provide numerical results rather than words like “good” or “excellent”. If the authors’ do not state numerical results then get them yourself from their graphes.31. Do not use websites as references unless no other source is available. Usually websites copyinformation from books or older papers. You should refer to the original source for the information.32. Formatting of references: Use the IEEE style, see the Addendum on page 4 for details.Thesis OrganizationYour thesis should be written with sufficient details and explanations that a new student can read it and continue your work. A typical thesis chapter is between 20 and 40 pages long including figures. With the exception of the Introduction chapter, every chapter should begin with an Introduction section and end with a Conclusions section.Although the organization of every thesis is slightly different, the typical thesis consists of the following chapters:• 1. Introduction: This chapter is relatively short, usually between five and 10 pages. It should present some background about the research area, the motivations for the research, and the research objectives. It ends with a brief description of the contents of the remaining chapters.• 2. Literature Review: This chapter should present a critical review of the relevant published literature. It normally consists of several sections related to your research objectives (i.e. the ones you stated in Chapter 1).• Theory of... OR Design of... : These intermediate chapters are specific to the research topic.• Experiments and Discussion: This chapter includes details about the experimental procedure(s), followed by the plotted or tabulated results, and a discussion of them.• Conclusions: This chapter is mainly a concise restatement of the conclusions given in the earlier chapters. The last section should present your recommendations for continuations of your research.• References: Numbered in the order they appear in the thesis.• Appendix A, Appendix B,... : Items such as long calculations, raw data, part drawings, etc.should be placed in the appendices.I also suggest you look at the thesis by Robert van Varseveld. It is in Thode Library, call number TS 191.8 .V36 1997. It is an example of a well written and organized thesis.If you have any questions related to these instructions please ask Dr. Bone.Addendum: Style of referencesREFERENCES IN THE TEXT• References must be numbered in the order in which they appear in the text.• Once you label the source, use the same number in all subsequent references.• Each reference number should be enclosed by square brackets on the text line, with a space before the bracket, and before the punctuation: ". . . end of the line for my research[12]."• It is not necessary to mention the author(s) of the reference unless it is relevant to your text. Do not mention the date of the reference in the text.• It is not necessary to say "in reference [27]. . . ." "In [27] . . ." is sufficient.• To cite more than one source at a time:Vastly preferred Acceptable[1], [3], [5] [1, 5, 7][1] - [5] [1-5]• You may have to adjust your computer program format to get the preferred form.• The names of all authors should be given in the references unless the number of authors is greater than six. If there are more then six authors, you may use et al. (no commabefore et) after the name of the first author.THE REFERENCE LIST• References must be listed in the order they were cited (numerical order). The references must not be in alphabetical order.• The bracketed number should be on the line, and the lines of each entry indented.• List only one reference per bracketed number.• Footnotes and other words and phrases not part of the reference format should not be included in the reference list. Phrases such as "for example" should only be given in the text.Capitalization• Every (important) word in the title of a book must be capitalized.• Every (important) word in the title of a journal or conference must be capitalized.• Capitalize only the first word of an article title (except for proper nouns, acronyms, etc.) • Capitalize only the first word of a paper, thesis, or book chapter.• Capitalize the "v" in volume for a book title, but not for a periodical.PunctuationPunctuation goes inside the quotation marks. An example with a question mark isprovided under periodicals.Abbreviations• You must either spell out the entire name of each periodical you reference or use accepted abbreviations. You must consistently do one or the other.• You may spell words such as volume, December, etc., but you must either spell out all such occurrences or abbreviate all.• You do not need to abbreviate March, May, June, July.• To indicate a page range: pp. 111-222. But to reference one page only, use only one p: p.111.SpacingPlease note the correct spacing and punctuation for author names:D. L. Tao, C. Siva Ram Murthy, and S. Al KuranbutT.-C. Hsu and L. A. Stein-RosenbergBOOKS[1] S. M. Hemmingsen, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Press, 1997.[2] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by means of transformations," inControl and Dynamic Systems, Vol. 69, Multidimensional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.[3] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.PERIODICALS[3] G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijn networks and shufflenetsfor optical communications," IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 46, pp. 695-701, June 1997.[4] J. R. Beveridge and E. M. Riseman, "How easy is matching 2D line models using localsearch?" IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, pp. 564-579, June 1997.ARTICLES FROM PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGSThe word in before the conference title is not italicized.[5] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for the modernization of telecommunicationsin Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy Special Conference, 1997, pp. 9-16.[6] S. Al Kuran, "The prospects for GaAs MESFET technology in dc-ac voltage conversion," inProceedings of the Fourth Annual Portable Design Conference, 1997, pp. 137-142.PAPERS PRESENTED AT CONFERENCES, BUT UNPUBLISHED[7] H. A. Nimr, "Defuzzification of the outputs of fuzzy controllers," presented at 5thInternational Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Cairo, Egypt, 1996.REPORTS (technical reports, internal reports, memoranda)Provide number and month if available.[8] K. E. Elliott and C. M. Greene, "A local adaptive protocol," Argonne National Laboratory,Argonne, France, Tech. Rep. 916-1010-BB, 1997.THESIS or DISSERTATION"Ph.D. dissertation," but "M.S. thesis."[9] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,Canada, 1997.MANUAL[10] Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff,Transmission System for Communications,Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1995.CLASS NOTES[10] "Signal integrity and interconnects for high-speed applications," class notes for ECE 497-JS, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Winter 1997.PRIVATE COMMUNICATION[11] T. I. Wein (private communication), 1997.FROM THE INTERNET[12] Computational, Optical, and Discharge Physics Group, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "Hybrid plasma equipment model: Inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching reactors," December 1995, /Projects/HPEM-ICP/index.html.[13] D. Poelman (dirk_poelman@rug.ac.be), "Re: Question on transformerless power supply,"Usenet post to sci.electronics.design, July 4, 1997.CATALOG[14] Catalog No. MWM-1, Microwave Components, M. W. Microwave Corp., Brooklyn, NY.APPLICATION NOTES[15] Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp. 25-29.PATENTS[16] K. Kimura and A. Lipeles, "Fuzzy Controller Component," U. S. Patent 14,860,040,December 14, 1996.。
