solution中文翻译

线性⽅程组中英⽂翻译应数121 陈珍妮 12453101英⽂原稿：System of Linear equationsAs we all know，Linear equations are important components of linear algebra, and in real life, there is a wide range of production applications，and it plays an important role in electronic engineering, software development, personnel management, transportation, etc. There are different ways in different types of linear equations, mainly Cramer's rule, matrix elimination method.A general system of m linear equations with n unknowns can be written asHere are the unknowns, are the coefficients of the system, and are the constant terms. Matrix equationThe vector equation is equivalent to a matrix equation of the form，where A is an m×n matrix, x is a column vector with n entries, and b is a column vector with m entries.The number of vectors in a basis is now expressed as the rank of the matrix.The main methods：（1）Elimination of variablesThe simplest method for solving a system of linear equations is to repeatedly eliminate variables. This method can be described as follows:1.In the first equation, solve for one of the variables in termsof the others.2.Substitute this expression into the remaining equations. Thisyields a system of equations with one fewer equation and one fewer unknown.3.Continue until you have reduced the system to a single linearequation.4.Solve this equation, and then back-substitute until the entiresolution is found.For example, consider the following system:Solving the first equation for x gives x= 5 + 2z? 3y, and plugging this into the second and third equation yieldsSolving the first of these equations for y yields y= 2 + 3z, and plugging this into the second equation yields z= 2. We now have:Substituting z= 2 into the second equation gives y= 8, and substituting z= 2 and y= 8 into the first equation yields x= ?15. Therefore, the solution is (x, y, z) = (?15, 8, 2).（2）Row reductionIn row reduction, the linear system is represented as an augmented matrix:This matrix is then modified using elementary row operations until it reaches reduced row echelon form. There are three types of elementary row operations:Type 1: Swap the positions of two rows.Type 2: Multiply a row by a nonzero scalar.Type 3: Add to one row a scalar multiple of another.Because these operations are reversible, the augmented matrix produced always represents a linear system that is equivalent to the original.The following computation shows Gauss-Jordan elimination applied to the matrix above:The last matrix is in reduced row echelon form, and represents the system x= ?15, y= 8, z= 2.（3）Cramer's ruleCramer's rule is an explicit formula for the solution of a system of linear equations, with each variable given by a quotient of two determinants. For example, the solution to the systemis given byFor each variable, the denominator is the determinant of the matrix of coefficients, while the numerator is the determinant of a matrix in which one column has been replaced by the vector of constant terms.Though Cramer's rule is important theoretically, it has little practical value for large matrices, since the computation of large determinants is somewhat cumbersome. Further, Cramer's rule has very poor numerical properties, making it unsuitable for solving even small systems, unless the operations are performed in rational arithmetic with unbounded precision.（4）Matrix solutionIf the equation system is expressed in the matrix form , the entire solution set can also be expressed in matrix form. If the matrix A is square (has m rows and n=m columns) and has full rank (all m rows are independent), then the system has a unique solutiongiven by where is the inverse of A. More generally, regardless of whether m=n or not and regardless of the rank of A, all solutions (if any exist) are given using the Moore-Penrosepseudo-inverse of A, denoted , as follows:，where is a vector of free parameters that ranges over all possible n×1 vectors. A necessary and sufficient condition for any solution(s) to exist is that the potential solution obtained using satisfy — thatis,that If this condition does not hold, the equation system is inconsistent and has no solution. If the condition holds, the system is consistent and at least one solution exists. For example, in the above-mentioned case in which A is square and of fullrank, simply equals and the general solution equation simplifiesto aspreviously stated, where has completely dropped out of the solution, leaving only a single solution.中⽂翻译：线性⽅程组众所周知，线性⽅程组是线性代数的重要组成部分，它在现实⽣活中有⼴泛的⽣产应⽤，并且在电⼦⼯程、软件开发、⼈事管理、运输等也扮演重要的⾓⾊。

焦点解决模式（solution focused approach）的六⼤原则焦点解决这⼀名词，来⾃对“Solution-Focused”的翻译，国内也有学者把它译为“聚焦解决”或“集中于答案”。

其核⼼含义在于表达出这⼀模式的关注点在于：如何建构有效解决⽅案上，为此，焦点解决模式有时也被称为“建构解决模式”（Solution-Building Approach）。

其中所谓的“建构”强调了由治疗师与当事⼈⼀起达成预期的⽬标，并利⽤当事⼈的资源来创造性地寻求解决⽅案（Berg&De Jong,1986）。

与传统的问题解决模式（Problem-Solving Approach）相⽐，聚焦解决模式是在积极⼼理学背景下发展起来的⼀种充分尊重个体、相信其⾃⾝资源和潜能的临床⼲预模式。

它强调把我们解决问题的关注点集中在⼈的正向⽅⾯，并且寻求最⼤化地挖掘个体/团体的⼒量、优势和能⼒。

由于聚焦解决模式主张在问题原因和解决办法之间没有必然的联系，因此，该模式指出，为了促进改变的发⽣⽽探究原因是没有必要的，这与传统问题解决模式中探究问题的原因从⽽引出解决⽅案形成了极⼤的反差。

聚焦解决模式的发展最先源于⼼理学家们对传统问题解决模式的反思。

传统的问题解决模式常常强调以寻找“问题原因”为核⼼的线性、分析式的逻辑推理过程。

然⽽，由于⼈类的思维决策存在验证偏见（confirmation bias，指总是寻找⽀持⾃⼰观点证据）和固执（fixation，指墨守陈规）的倾向。

因⽽，传统问题解决模式可能导致，问题产⽣的原因被看的过重，个体也会因为⼀味地寻找问题发⽣的根源⽽忽略了对那些有利的事情的发现。

由于我们⾯对的⼀些问题通常⽆法完全解决，这也容易导致个体出现消极、悲观的情绪。

与之相反，聚焦解决模式则强调了创造性和⾮理性思维在达成⽬标中的重要性，这种新的模式不仅仅看重对问题本⾝的认识，⽽是更看重如何利⽤⾃⾝的资源来防⽌问题的再次出现，或者说使情况变得更好。

（一）表格和图表题型的核心句型（虚线处的内容可依具体情况灵活替换）]As can be seen from / in the chart / diagram / table / graph...从表格/图形中咱们可以看到……The table shows a three times increase over that of last year.表格显示比去年上升了3倍。

According to / As is shown in the Table / Figure / Chart...如表格/图表中显示……The number is 5 times as much as that of...此数字是……的5倍。

It has increased by three times as compared with that of ...同……相较，增加了3倍。

It can be seen from the chart/diagram/table/graph/figures/statistics that...从表格/图表/数据中咱们可以看到…From the table / figures / data / results / information above, it can / may be seen / concluded /shown / estimated / calculated / inferred that…从以上的表格/图表/数据/结果/信息中，咱们可以看到/总结/预测/计算/得出…A has the highest sales figure in the three departments, followed byB and C.在3个部门中，A的销售额最高，其次是B和C。

The figure of A is about twice as much as that of B.A的数字是B的两倍。

数值分析中常用数学词汇英中文对照abbreviation 简写符号;简写absolute error 绝对误差absolute value 绝对值accelerate 加速accumulation 累积accuracy 准确度act on 施于action 作用; 作用力add 加addition 加法addition formula 加法公式addition law 加法定律additive property 可加性adjoint matrix 伴随矩阵algebra 代数algebraic 代数的algebraic equation 代数方程algebraic expression 代数式algebraic fraction 代数分式;代数分数式algebraic inequality 代数不等式algebraic number 代数数algebraic operation 代数运算algorithm 算法系统; 规则系统alternating series 交错级数alternative hypothesis 择一假设; 备择假设; 另一假设analysis 分析;解析angle 角anti-clockwise direction 逆时针方向;返时针方向anti-derivative 反导数; 反微商anti-logarithm 逆对数;反对数anti-symmetric 反对称approach 接近;趋近approximate value 近似值approximation 近似;略计;逼近Arabic system 阿刺伯数字系统arbitrary 任意arbitrary constant 任意常数arc 弧arc-cosine function 反余弦函数arc-sin function 反正弦函数arc-tangent function 反正切函数area 面积argument (1论证; (2辐角argument of a function 函数的自变量arithmetic 算术array 数组; 数组ascending order 递升序ascending powers of X X 的升幂assumption 假定;假设asymmetrical 非对称asymptote 渐近augmented matrix 增广矩阵average 平均;平均数;平均值axiom 公理back substitution 回代base (1底;(2基;基数basis 基belong to 属于bias 偏差;偏倚billion 十亿binary number 二进数binary operation 二元运算binary system 二进制binomial 二项式bisection method 分半法;分半方法boundary condition 边界条件boundary line 界(线;边界bounded 有界的bounded above 有上界的;上有界的bounded below 有下界的;下有界的bounded function 有界函数bounded sequence 有界序列brace 大括号bracket 括号breadth 阔度calculation 计算calculator 计算器;计算器calculus (1 微积分学; (2 演算cancel 消法;相消Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标category 类型;范畴centre 中心;心chain rule 链式法则chance 机会change of base 基的变换change of variable 换元;变量的换characteristic equation 特征(征方程characteristic function 特征(征函数characteristic root 特征(征根chart 图;图表check digit 检验数位checking 验算circle 圆classification 分类clockwise direction 顺时针方向clockwise moment 顺时针力矩closed convex region 闭凸区域closed interval 闭区间coefficient 系数cofactor 余因子; 余因式coincide 迭合;重合collection of terms 并项collinear 共线collinear planes 共线面column (1列;纵行;(2 柱column matrix 列矩阵column vector 列向量combination 组合common denominator 同分母;公分母common difference 公差common divisor 公约数;公约common factor 公因子;公因子common multiple 公位数;公倍comparable 可比较的complement 余;补余completing the square 配方complex number 复数complex number plane 复数平面complex root 复数根component 分量composite function 复合函数; 合成函数computation 计算computer 计算机;电子计算器concept 概念conclusion 结论condition 条件conditional 条件句;条件式conjugate 共轭constant 常数constant of integration 积分常数constraint 约束;约束条件continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数contradiction 矛盾converge 收敛convergence 收敛性convergent 收敛的convergent iteration 收敛的迭代convergent sequence 收敛序列convergent series 收敛级数convex 凸convexity 凸性coordinate 坐标corollary 系定理; 系; 推论correspondence 对应counter clockwise direction 逆时针方向;返时针方向counter example 反例counting 数数;计数criterion 准则critical point 临界点critical region 临界域cirtical value 临界值cube 正方体;立方;立方体cubic 三次方;立方;三次(的 cubic equation 三次方程cubic roots of unity 单位的立方根cumulative 累积的curve 曲线decimal 小数decimal place 小数位decimal point 小数点decimal system 十进制definite integral 定积分definition 定义degree (1 度; (2 次degree of a polynomial 多项式的次数degree of accuracy 准确度degree of ODE 常微分方程次数delete 删除; 删去denary number 十进数denominator 分母dependence (1相关; (2应变derivable 可导derivative 导数determinant 行列式diagonal 对角线diagonal matrix 对角矩阵difference 差difference equation 差分方程differentiable 可微differential 微分differential coefficient 微商; 微分系数differential equation 微分方程differential mean value theorem 微分中值定理differentiate 求...的导数differentiation 微分法digit 数字dimension 量; 量网; 维(数direction 方向; 方位discontinuity 不连续性discontinuous 间断(的;连续(的; 不连续(的discontinuous point 不连续点discrete 分立; 离散distance 距离diverge 发散divergence 发散(性divergent 发散的divergent iteration 发散性迭代divergent sequence 发散序列divide 除dividend (1被除数;divisible 可整除division 除法division algorithm 除法算式divisor 除数;除式;因子dot 点dot product 点积echelon form 梯阵式echelon matrix 梯矩阵eigenvalue 本征值eigenvector 本征向量element 元素elementary row operation 基本行运算elimination 消法elimination method 消去法;消元法empty set 空集equivalent 等价(的error 误差error estimate 误差估计error term 误差项estimate 估计;估计量evaluate 计值exact 真确exact solution 准确解;精确解;真确解exact value 法确解;精确解;真确解example 例expand 展开experiment 实验;试验experimental 试验的exponent 指数exponential function 指数函数express…in terms of… 以………表达extreme point 极值点extreme value 极值extremum 极值factor 因子;因式;商factor method 因式分解法factorial 阶乘factorization 因子分解;因式分解fallacy 谬误FALSE 假(的falsehood 假值finite 有限finite sequence 有限序列first derivative 一阶导数first order differential equation 一阶微分方程fixed point 不动点fixed point iteration method 不动点迭代法for all X 对所有X for each /every X 对每一Xform 形式;型format 格式;规格formula(formulae 公式fraction 分数;分式function 函数fundamental theorem of calculus 微积分基本定理Gaussian elimination 高斯消去法general form 一般式;通式general solution 通解;一般解general term 通项given 给定;已知global 全局; 整体global maximum 全局极大值; 整体极大值global minimum 全局极小值; 整体极小值gradient (1斜率;倾斜率;(2梯度graph 图像;图形;图表graphical method 图解法graphical representation 图示;以图样表达graphical solution 图解growth 增长higher order derivative 高阶导数horizontal 水平的;水平hypothesis 假设identity 等(式identity matrix 恒等矩阵if and only if/iff 当且仅当;若且仅若if…, then 若….则;如果…..则illustration 例证;说明image 像点;像imaginary number 虚数implicit function 隐函数imply 蕴涵;蕴含improper integral 广义积分; 非正常积分increase 递增;增加indefinite integral 不定积分independence 独立;自变inequality 不等式;不等inequality sign 不等号infinite 无限;无穷infinite sequence 无限序列;无穷序列infinite series 无限级数;无穷级数infinitesimal 无限小;无穷小infinity 无限(大;无穷(大initial approximation 初始近似值initial condition 原始条件;初值条件initial value 初值;始值initial-value problem 初值问题inner product 内积input 输入integer 整数integral 积分integrate 积;积分;......的积分integration 积分法integration by parts 分部积分法integration by substitution 代换积分法;换元积分法interchange 互换intermediate value theorem 介值定理interpolating polynomial 插值多项式interpolation 插值interval 区间intuition 直观invalid 失效;无效invariance 不变性invariant (1不变的;(2不变量;不变式inverse 反的;逆的inverse function 反函数;逆函数inverse matrix 逆矩阵inverse problem 逆算问题invertible 可逆的invertible matrix 可逆矩阵iterate (1迭代值; (2迭代iteration 迭代iterative method 迭代法known 己知Lagrange interpolating polynomial 拉格朗日插值多项代leading coefficient 首项系数leading diagonal 主对角线lemma 引理limit 极限limit of sequence 序列的极限line of best-fit 最佳拟合line segment 线段linear 线性;一次linear convergence 线性收敛性linear differeantial equation 线性微分方程linear equation 线性方程;一次方程linear equation in two unknowns 二元一次方程;二元线性方程linearly dependent 线性相关的linearly independent 线性无关的local maximum 局部极大(值local minimum 局部极小(值logic 逻辑long division method 长除法loop 回路lower bound 下界lower triangular matrix 下三角形矩阵Maclaurin expansion 麦克劳林展开式magnitude 量;数量;长度;大小mantissa 尾数matrix 阵; 矩阵matrix addition 矩阵加法matrix equation 矩阵方程matrix multiplication 矩阵乘法matrix operation 矩阵运算maximize 极大maximum absolute error 最大绝对误差mean value theorem 中值定理method of completing square 配方法method of interpolation 插值法; 内插法method of least squares 最小二乘法; 最小平方法method of substitution 代换法;换元法method of successive substitution 逐次代换法; 逐次调替法minimize 极小minus 减modulus of a complex number 复数的模monomial 单项式multiple 倍数multiple root 多重根multiplication 乘法multiplicity 重数multiplier 乘数;乘式multiply 乘mutually independent 独立; 互相独立mutually perpendicular lines 互相垂直n factorial n阶乘n th derivative n阶导数n th root n次根;n次方根n the root of unity 单位的n次根natural logarithm 自然对数necessary and sufficient condition 充要条件necessary condition 必要条件negative 负neighborhood 邻域Newton-Cote's rule 牛顿- 高斯法则Newton-Raphson's method 牛顿- 纳逊方法Newton's formula 牛顿公式Newton's method 牛顿方法non-linear 非线性non-linear equation 非线性方程non-negative 非负的non-singular (1满秩的; (2非奇异的non-singular matrix 满秩矩阵non-trivial 非平凡的non-zero 非零norm 模方; 范数normal (1垂直的;正交的;法线的(2正态的(3正常的;正规的normalize 正规化normalized form 标准型notation 记法;记号null 零; 空null set 空集null vector 零向量number 数numerator 分子numerical method 计算方法;数值法objective function 目标函数octant 卦限odd function 奇函数one-to-one 一个对一个one-one correspondence 一一对应operation 运算order of a matrix 矩阵的阶ordinary differential equation 常微分方程origin 原点orthogonal 正交orthogonality 正交性 outcome 结果 output 输出 parameter 参数；参变量parametric equation 参数方程 partition 分割; 划分 periodic function 周期函数permutation 排列 perpendicular 垂线；垂直(于 phase 相; 位相 pivot 支点 plot 绘图plus 加 point 点 polynomial 多项式 polynomial equation 多项式方程 positive 正 post-multiply 后乘; 自右乘 premultiply 前乘; 自左乘 prime 素 product 乘积；积 proper integral 正常积分 property 性质 quadratic convergence 二阶收敛性 quadratic formula 二次公式 quadratic function 二次函数 quadratic inequality 二次不等式 quadrature 求积法 quadrilateral 四边形 quotient 商；商式 quotient rule 商法则 R.H.S 右 rank 秩 rate of convergence 收敛率 ratio 比 ; 比率 rational function 有理函数 real number 实数 real part 实部 real root 实根 reciprocal 倒数 rectangle 长方形；矩形 recurrence formula 递推公式 recurrent 循环的 recurring decimal 循环小数 reduce 简化 region 区域 region of convergency 收敛区域 regular 正；规则 relative error 相对误差 remainder term 余项root 根 rotation 旋转 rounded number 舍数 rounding(off 舍入；四舍五入 row 行；棋行 row vector 行向量; 行矢量 rule 规则；法(则 satisfy 满足；适合 scalar 纯量; 无向量, 标量 scalar matrix 纯量矩阵 scale 比例尺；标度；图尺 scientific notation 科学记数法 secant (1正割; (2割线 secant method 正割法 second derivative 二阶导数 second order ordinary differential equation 二阶常微分方程 sentence 句；语句 sequence 序列series 级数 set 集 shaded portion 有阴影部分 shape 形状 shear 位移 side 边；侧 sign 符号；记号 signed number 有符号数 significant figure 有效数字 signum 正负号函数similar 相似 simplify 简化 Simpson's integral 森逊积分 Simpson's rule 森逊法则singular 奇的 singular matrix 奇异矩阵; 不可逆矩阵 span 生成 square (1平方；(2正方形 square bracket 方括号square matrix 方(矩阵 stability 稳度 stationary 平稳 stationary point 平稳点; 逗留点; 驻点 straight line 直线 subset 子集 substitute 代入 substitution 代入; 代入法subtract 减 subtraction 减法 successive approximation 逐次逼近法 successive derivative 逐次导数 successive differentiation 逐次微分法 sufficiency 充份性 sufficient and necessary condition 充要条件 sufficient condition 充份条件 sufficiently close 充份接近suffix 下标 sum 和 summation 求和法; 总和 symbol 符号; 记号 symmetry 对称; 对称性Taylor’s expansion 泰勒展开式 term 项 transpose 移项；转置 transpose of matrix 倒置矩阵；转置矩阵 trapezium 梯形 trapezoidal integral 梯形积分 trapezoidal rule 梯形法则 trial 试；试验 triangle 三角形 triangular matrix 三角矩阵 trigonometric equation 三角方程 trigonometric function 三角函数 triple 三倍 trivial solution 平凡解truncation error 截断误差 undefined 未下定义(的 undetermined coefficient 待定系数unequal 不等 unique solution 唯一解 uniqueness 唯一性 unit 单位 unit area 单位面积unit circle 单位圆 unknown 未知数；未知量 upper bound 上界 upper limit 上限 upper triangular matrix 上三角形矩阵 validity 真确性; 有效性 variable 变项；变量；元；变元；变数 vector 向量; 矢量 vector function 向量函数; 矢量函数 vector product 矢量积; 矢量积 vector space 向量空间 verify 证明；验证 weight (1重量；(2权 weighted average, weighted mean 加权平均数 without loss of generality 不失一般性 x-axis x 轴x-coordinate x 坐标 x-intercept x 轴截距 y-axis y 轴 y-coordinate y 坐标 y-intercept y轴截距 zero 零 zero factor 零因子 zero matrix 零矩阵 zero vector 零向量 zeros of a function 函数零值。

目录英文缩写词钢号中所采用的缩写字母及其涵义常见材料学专业名词中英文对译对文中使用的英文缩写词说明如下：缩写英文原文中文翻译CQ Commercial Quality 普通级DQ Drawing Quality 冲压级DDQ Deep Drawing Quality 深冲级EDDQ Extra Deep Drawing Quality 超深冲级CSP Compact Srip Production 紧凑式带钢生产IF Interstitial Free (Steel) 无间隙原子（钢)LC Low Carbon 低碳(钢）DSA Dynamic Strain Aging 动态应变老化MFS Mean Flow Stress 平均流动应力YS Yield Stress 屈服应力DRC Dynamic Recovery 动态回复DRX Dynamic Recrystallization 动态再结晶SRX Static Recrystallization 静态再结晶SRC Static Recovery 静态回复Ti-IF Ti Interstitial Free （Steel) 含钛无间隙原子(钢)Ti—Nb IF Ti-Nb Interstitial Free （Steel）含钛铌无间隙原子（钢) ULC Ultra Low Carbon(Steel) 超低碳钢DSP Direct Strip Production 带钢直接生产FTSR Flexible Thin Slab Rolling 灵活性薄板坯轧制C。

C。

T Continuous Cooling Transformation 过冷奥氏体连续转变曲线T.T。

T Time Temperature Transformation 过冷奥氏体等温转变曲线SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Science 社会科学统计软件包钢号中所采用的缩写字母及其涵义常见材料学专业名词中英文对译物料科学Material Science物料科学定义Material Science Definition加工性能Machinability强度Strength(完整word版)常见材料学专业名词中英文对译抗腐蚀及耐用Corrosion & resistance durability金属特性Special metallic features抗敏感及环境保护Allergic, re—cycling ＆ environmental protection化学元素Chemical element元素的原子序数Atom of Elements原子及固体物质Atom and solid material原子的组成、大小、体积和单位图表The size， mass， charge of an atom， and is particles （Pronton,Nentron and Electron）原子的组织图Atom Constitutes周期表Periodic Table原子键结Atom Bonding金属与合金 Metal and Alloy铁及非铁金属Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal金属的特性Features of Metal晶体结构 Crystal Pattern晶体结构,定向格子及单位晶格Crystal structure, Space lattice ＆ Unit cellX线结晶分析法X – ray crystal analyics method金属结晶格子 Metal space lattice格子常数 Lattice constant米勒指数Mill’s Index金相及相律 Metal Phase and Phase Rule固熔体 Solid solution置换型固熔体 Substitutional type solid solution插入型固熔体 Interstital solid solution金属间化物 Intermetallic compound金属变态TransformationTransformation Point磁性变态Magnetic Transformation同素变态Allotropic Transformation合金平衡状态Thermal Equilibrium相律Phase Rule自由度Degree of freedom临界温度Critical temperture共晶Eutectic包晶温度 Peritectic Temperature包晶反应 Peritectic Reaction包晶合金 Peritectic Alloy亚共晶体 Hypoeutetic Alloy过共晶体 Hyper-ectectic Alloy金属的相融、相融温度、晶体反应及合金在共晶合金、固熔孻共晶合金及偏晶反应的比较Equilibrium Comparision金属塑性 Plastic Deformation滑动面 Slip Plan畸变 Distortion硬化 Work Hardening退火 Annealing回复柔软 Crystal Recovery再结晶 Recrystallization金属材料的性能及试验Properties ＆ testing of metal化学性能Chemical Properties物理性能Physical Properties颜色磁性Magnetisum比电阻Specific resistivity & specific resistance比重Specific gravity ＆ specific density比热Specific Heat热膨胀系数Coefficient of thermal expansion导热度Heat conductivity机械性能 Mechanical properties屈服强度（降伏强度） (Yield strangth)弹性限度、阳氏弹性系数及屈服点elastic limit, Yeung's module of elasticity to yield point 伸长度Elongation断面缩率Reduction of area金属材料的试验方法The Method of Metal inspection不破坏检验Non – destructive inspections渗透探伤法Penetrate inspection磁粉探伤法Magnetic particle inspection放射线探伤法Radiographic inspection超声波探伤法Ultrasonic inspection显微观察法Microscopic inspection破坏的检验Destructive Inspection冲击测试Impact Test疲劳测试Fatigue Test潜变测试 Creep Test潜变强度Creeps Strength第壹潜变期Primary Creep第二潜变期Secondary Creep第三潜变期Tertiary Creep主要金属元素之物理性质Physical properties of major Metal Elements工业标准及规格–铁及非铁金属Industrial Standard – Ferrous ＆ Non – ferrous Metal磁力 Magnetic简介 General软磁 Soft Magnetic硬磁 Hard Magnetic磁场 Magnetic Field磁性感应 Magnetic Induction透磁度 Magnetic Permeability磁化率 Magnetic Susceptibility （Xm)磁力(Magnetic Force）及磁场（Magnetic Field）是因物料里的电子（Electron)活动而产生抗磁体、顺磁体、铁磁体、反铁磁体及亚铁磁体Diamagnetism, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetism,Antiferromagnetism ＆ Ferrimagnetism 抗磁体 Diamagnetism磁偶极子 Dipole负磁力效应 Negative effect顺磁体 Paramagnetic正磁化率 Positive magnetic susceptibility铁磁体 Ferromagnetism转变元素 Transition element交换能量 Positive energy exchange外价电子 Outer valence electrons化学结合 Chemical bond自发上磁 Spontaneous magnetization磁畴 Magnetic domain相反旋转 Opposite span比较抗磁体、顺磁体及铁磁体Comparison of Diamagnetism， Paramagnetic ＆ Ferromagnetism反铁磁体 Antiferromagnetism亚铁磁体 Ferrimagnetism磁矩 magnetic moment净磁矩 Net magnetic moment钢铁的主要成份The major element of steel钢铁用”碳"之含量来分类Classification of Steel according to Carbon contents 铁相Steel Phases钢铁的名称Name of steel纯铁体Ferrite渗碳体Cementitle奥氏体 Austenite珠光体及共释钢Pearlite &Eutectoid奥氏体碳钢Austenite Carbon Steel单相金属Single Phase Metal共释变态Eutectoid Transformation珠光体 Pearlite亚铁释体Hyppo-Eutectoid初释纯铁体 Pro-entectoid ferrite过共释钢 Hype-eutectoid珠光体Pearlite粗珠光体 Coarse pearlite中珠光体 Medium pearlite幼珠光体 Fine pearlite磁性变态点 Magnetic Transformation钢铁的制造Manufacturing of Steel连续铸造法 Continuous casting process电炉 Electric furnace均热炉 Soaking pit全静钢 Killed steel半静钢 Semi—killed steel沸腾钢（未净钢) Rimmed steel钢铁生产流程 Steel Production Flow Chart钢材的熔铸、锻造、挤压及延轧The Casting， Fogging, Extrusion, Rolling ＆ Steel 熔铸 Casting锻造 Fogging挤压 Extrusion延轧 Rolling冲剪 Drawing ＆ stamping特殊钢 Special Steel简介General特殊钢以原素分类Classification of Special Steel according to Element特殊钢以用途来分类Classification of Special Steel according to End Usage易车（快削）不锈钢Free Cutting Stainless Steel含铅易车钢Leaded Free Cutting Steel含硫易车钢Sulphuric Free Cutting Steel硬化性能Hardenability钢的脆性Brittleness of Steel低温脆性 Cold brittleness回火脆性 Temper brittleness日工标准下的特殊钢材Specail Steel according to JIS Standard铬钢–日工标准 JIS G4104Chrome steel to JIS G4104铬钼钢钢材–日工标准 G4105 62Chrome Molybdenum steel to JIS G4105镍铬–日工标准 G4102 63Chrome Nickel steel to JIS G4102镍铬钼钢–日工标准 G4103 64Nickel， Chrome ＆ Molybdenum Steel to JIS G4103高锰钢铸–日工标准High manganese steel to JIS standard片及板材Chapter Four-Strip, Steel ＆ Plate冷辘低碳钢片（双单光片)(日工标准 JIS G3141) 73 — 95Cold Rolled （Low carbon） Steel Strip (to JIS G 3141)简介General美材试标准的冷辘低碳钢片Cold Rolled Steel Strip American Standard –American Society for testing and materials （ASTM）日工标准JIS G3141冷辘低碳钢片（双单光片）的编号浅释Decoding of cold rolled(Low carbon）steel strip JIS G3141材料的加工性能 Drawing abillity硬度 Hardness表面处理 Surface finish冷辘钢捆片及张片制作流程图表Production flow chart cold rolled steel coil sheet冷辘钢捆片及张片的电镀和印刷方法Cold rolled steel coil ＆ sheet electro—plating & painting method冷辘(低碳)钢片的分类用、途、工业标准、品质、加热状态及硬度表End usages， industrial standard, quality， condition and hardness of cold rolled steel strip硬度及拉力 Hardness & Tensile strength test拉伸测试(顺纹测试)Elongation test杯突测试（厚度： 0。

solution是什么意思solution是什么意思篇(一):英语low power是什么中文意思英语low power是一个物理名词，相信有很多人都是不太清楚它的中文意思。

为此百分网小编给大家整理了一些关于英语low power的中文意思，欢迎阅读参考!英语low power的中文意思英 [l u pau ] 美 [lo pa ]低功率; 小功率; 低倍; 低倍镜1. 低功率：本公司独立研发的40奈米高效能(High Performance)逻辑制程包括SiGe、 Laser Anneal、Ultra Low-K等先进技术,已有许多客户产品进入量产,而45/40奈米低功率(Low Power)技术的良率最佳化也顺利进展中.2. 低功耗：得益于英特尔在X86领域的投入,相对于arm或DXP架构,x86系统平台具有更好的软件开发环境,尽管威盛的C3处理器在游戏等PC应用中不受青睐,但在嵌入式领域,低功耗(LOW POWER)、低噪音(LOW NOISE)、低发热(LOW temperature)的3LOW产品却拥3. 小功率的：low polymer || 低聚(合)物 | low power || 小功率(的) | low power logic gate || 低功率逻辑门4. 电力不足生产减缓：建筑修理 Repairing | 电力不足生产减缓 Low power | 选定主要建筑物(战车工厂/兵营等)Primary building selected英语low power的单语例句1. Unreasonably low salaries seriously limit the buying power of the grassroots population, make jobs unattractive to the younger generation and lead to higher unemployment among youth.2. While coal prices are set freely in the market, power prices are kept low by the government.3. Fears of flying debris and power outages sent shoppers scurrying to grocery and hardware stores for supplies that had run low before the last storms.4. It is not difficult to make more interesting kinds of fireworks while keeping low their decibel levels and explosive power.5. Corruption and the low efficiency of government departments have also challenged investors, as have problematic water and power supplies.6. It is publicly recognized as one of the cleanest on the road in China, achieving low emission targets while meeting customers"demands for power and performance.7. Despite challenges including low margins due to high costs facingwind energy companies, the country could potentially become one of the world"s largest markets for wind power.8. According to JD Power"s sales satisfaction research, low pricing is the biggest reason to buy mini cars.9. So even with a relatively low power price, power stations still can make money as long as demand is high.英语low power的双语例句1. At the present, china"s export influenced by the financial crisis, the low power, high-value-added products ofwhich the proportion of international trade will comtinue to expand, which will be the direction of china"s ecomomic transformation.并且在当前，我国贸易出口受到金融危机影响，低能耗、高附加值产品将成为我国经济转型的方向，其在国际贸易中的比例将不断扩大，从而集装箱运输将成为我国对外运输服务的主要方式。

英文翻译成中文例子案例一：Modern CavemenCave exploration, or potholing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport. Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures men down to the depths of the earth. It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for a pot-holer's motives. For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber. They arouse instincts which can only be dimly understood. Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler. Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations. It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave. Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the potholer. The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble. It extends to a depth of 3723 feet.This immense chasm has been formed by an underground stream which has tunnelled a course through a flaw in the rocks. The entrance to the cave is on a plateau in the Dauphine Alps. As it is only six feet across, it is barely noticeable. The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French potholer, Berger. Since its discovery, it has become a sort of potholers' Everest. Though a number of descents have been made, much of it still remains to be explored.A team of potholers recently went down the Gouffre Berger. After entering the narrow gap on the plateau, they climbed down the steep sides of the cave until they came to a narrow corridor. They had to edge their way along this, sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming across deep pools. Suddenly they came to a waterfall which dropped into an underground lake at the bottom of the cave. They plunged into the lake, and after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, let the current carry them to the other side. To protect themselves from the icy water, they had to wear special rubber suits. At the far end of the lake, they came to huge piles of rubble which had been washed up by the water. In thispart of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small water-spout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave. Squeezing through a cleft in the rocks, the potholers arrived at an enormous cavern, the size of a huge concert hall. After switching on powerful arc lights, they saw great stalagmites—some of them over forty feet high--rising up like tree-trunks to meet the stalactites suspended from the roof. Round about, piles of lime-stone glistened in all the colours of the rainbow. In the eerie silence of the cavern, the only sound that could be heard was made by water which dripped continuously from the high dome above them.洞穴勘查——或洞穴勘探——是一项比较新的体育活动。

The Office - Driving Sales (C0010)A: All right, people. We’re holding this meeting to- day because we’ve got to do something about oursales, and we need to do it NOW! I want concretesolutions. How do you plan/intend to drive sales...Roger?B: Well, in fact, we’re the most expensive in the mar- ket, so maybe we need to lower our prices tomatch the competitors?A: Lower our prices? Not very creative. It’ll never fly with Swan. What kind of thinking is that? Geez.Anybody else have a better plan? Natalie?C: Um, perhaps, um, a sales promotion. Maybe a two-for-one offer, or something like that!A: What? That’s the same thing. Bad idea. Really bad idea. Dammit people come on! Think! TheCEO will be here any minute.D: Do we have any ideas yet?C: Yes Mr. Swan, we were kind of considering a two- for-one offer to get more competitive.D: A two-for-one promotion? Hmm. I kind of like the sound of that. It sounds like something we should consider.A: Yeah, exactly. Just what I was thinking! In fact, that’s a brillia nt idea! I’m glad we thought of that.Very creative.Key Vocabularyconcrete solu- tions phrase a real or specific solu-tion to a problemdrive sales Preposition increase sales in the market phrase in the industryto match the competitors principleverb, infini-tivebe the as good as orbetter than others com-panies in the same in-dustrywill never fly phrase will not work, will notbe approved promotion phrase something done tomake people aware of aproductbe here anyminutephrase will arrive very soonto consider principleverb, infini-tivethinking about brilliant Adjective excellent Supplementary Vocabularycompetitive Adjective as good as or betterthan others of the sametypewin sales phrase make sales sucessfullysales strategy phrase plans for a company’ssales activitiessales cycle phrase the process a customergoes though when de-ciding to buy a productto outsell principleverb, infini-tiveto sell more than otherscustomer loy- alty phrase when a customer buysthe same brand overand overA：好了，各位。

put中文翻译
put这个词在中文中有多种翻译，取决于其具体的含义和用法。

下面将介绍一些常见的翻译。

1. 放置：这是put的最常见的含义，表示将物体放到一定的位
置上或者将某物摆放或安置在某处。

例如：“他把书放在桌子上。

”的翻译可以是“he put the book on the table.”。

2. 放入：当put表示将物体放入某个容器中时，可以翻译为“put into”。

例如：“他把钥匙放进口袋里。

”的翻译可以是“he put the key into his pocket.”。

3. 提出：在一些特定的场合，put也可以表示提出某种观点或
问题。

例如：“我们需要考虑如何解决这个问题。

”的翻译可以是“we need to put forward a solution to this problem.”。

4. 放弃：当put表示放弃某种权利或责任时，可以翻译为“give up”。

例如：“他决定放弃这个工作。

”的翻译可以是“he decided to put up the job.”。

5. 增加：在一些情况下，put可以表示增加某物的数量或程度。

例如：“他把音乐声音调高了。

”的翻译可以是“he put up the volume of the music.”。

需要注意的是，以上只是put的一些常见翻译，根据具体的语
境和用法，翻译方式可能会有所不同。

电梯专业英语中文翻译（Elevator English major ChineseTranslation）the lid washer (l / w) 斜垫片lockable 可闭锁的, 可锁定的locker 摇杆, 锁紧器lock-in circuit 自保电路locking jaw 锁紧爪locking relay 自锁继电器locks 门锁装置, 联锁装置log diary 运行日记记录器 loggerlogic analysis 逻辑分析器logic circuit 逻辑电路logic diagram 逻辑图logic elements 逻辑元件logical combination 逻辑结合long ton 长吨, 英制吨the long wait hall call 候梯时间较长的门厅呼梯the long wait landing call 候梯时间较长的层站呼梯longitudinal 纵向的long's lay rope 同向捻 (顺捻) 钢丝绳loop 环圈loop circuit 环形电路loop current 环流loose bearing 松配轴承loose fit 动配合loose 损耗loss of power 功率损耗loudness level 响度louver 气窗low carbon steel 低碳钢low cost 低成本的, 廉价的low rise building 低层建筑物low speed 低速的, 慢速的the low speed winding 低速绕组the lower chord 下楔材料the lower cost solution 低成本方案the lower frame 底部框架the lower / upper landing (自动扶梯) 下部 / 上部通道最低叫反转（LCR）最低层呼梯反向最低层最低反向楼层逆转低层电梯集团低层区电梯组群低层区低层区低速门低速门LS（限位开关）支架限位开关支架LS（限位开关）凸轮限位开关碰铁润滑油润滑剂润滑装置润滑装置润滑说明润滑说明书润滑润滑润滑环润滑油杯润滑润滑器耳线桥行李电梯行李电梯腔流明（光通量单位）发光指示器发光指示器力士勒克司（照明单位）可加工性切削性机曳引机机梁曳引机承重钢梁机梁板曳引机支撑板机床曳引机座机床插入砂浆曳引机座（砂浆）灌缝机床床身板机器底板，曳引机底板机驱动曳引机机床防震塞曳引机防震挡止器曳引机高度调整装置机升降装置机架曳引机架机器的安装曳引机安装机隔离曳引机隔震机隔离装置曳引机隔震装置机器语言机器语言机号板曳引机编号牌机房机房机房面积机房面积机房布置机房布置机房深度机房深度机房高度机房高度机房检查机房检修机房下下机房液压升降液压电梯机房机房机房规划机房布置图机上上机房房间机房宽度机房宽度机房配线线束机房配线束机轮盖曳引机绳轮罩机上曳引机高度调整底座间距机械曳引机链轮机支撑钢曳引机承重钢楔承重梁承重梁机曳引机承重钢结构支撑钢结构机床机床加工机加工的机械机械加工机械加工加工余量加工余量加工一般普通机械加工磁磁条磁制动磁力制动器磁线圈电磁线圈磁层电磁铁芯片柱塞插棒式电磁磁铁叶片隔磁板磁铁磁放大器磁放大器电磁制动器电磁制动器磁吸磁闩磁特性磁特性电磁离合器磁性离合器磁力检查器磁探测器磁通磁通量磁通密度磁通密度磁平开关磁性离合开关磁噪声电磁噪声磁极磁极磁电阻磁阻磁开关磁感应开关磁磁性磁性极磁棒大小大小，数量，等级磁核心磁铁芯红木红木主主链条主电路主电路主断路器主断路器主电路控制主电路控制主要联系主触点主接触器主接触器主传动主驱动装置主传动链主驱动链主驱动链保护装置主驱动链保护装置主传动轴主驱动轴主传动链轮主驱动链轮主驱动轮主驱动装置主驱动轮主驱动轮主场基站主起落基站主厅门开关基站门开关大堂大厅，主厅主菜单主菜单主电源主电源主程序主程序主要储油箱主绳主钢丝绳主停基站主开关总开关主阀主阀门主传动总成主驱动总成，主驱动部件维护合同维修合同维护控制检修控制维护成本维修成本维修钳工维修保养工维修说明书维修说明书维修人员维修人员维护操作维修作业免维护免费维修使接触触点闭合制造商的名字板制造商铭牌动合按钮制作按钮男性雄导轨导轨，带凸榫导轨故障误动作，失灵，不正常工作锤木槌锰青铜锰青铜强制强制的锰锰沙井人孔工时的COUTPUT人小时产量操作利用，操纵机械手操纵器，机械手人造纤维人造纤维计压力计大厦大厦手动松闸手动松闸装置手动下降阀手动下降阀手动打开门手动门手动打开电梯厅门手动厅门手动调整人工调节，手动调节手动式控制手动控制盘车手轮手动轮manualemergency操作装置手动应急操作装置手动下降阀手动下降阀手动操作门手动门制造制造，生产制造商生产者制造和销售生产和销售许可通知释放制造释放生产许可通知制造公差制造公差枫枫木缘极限，边界，范围边缘条件边际条件船用电梯船用电梯市场的概念市场观念市场定位市场地位市场报告市场报告市场份额市场占有率砌体墙转砌墙砌好砖砌井道质量质量，块，团，大量的惯性矩质量惯性矩大规模生产大量生产主主任，硕士，主导的，精通的主PC板主印数电路板主站总站主从法主/从方法，防效方法Mat垫块，罩面罩面开关垫开关匹配匹配材料管理费本草开销材料材料材料处理材料搬运材料供应计划材料供应计划乱蓬蓬的设计闷光图案最大最大的最大容量最大容量，最大能力最大净开口最大净开口最大负荷最大载荷最大速度最高速度最大候梯乘客量最大等待队列最大等待时间最长候梯时间均方均方平均值平均值，有效值〕平均速度平均速度意味着方法，装置实测负荷测定值测量仪器测量仪表测量仪测量计测量范围测量范围计量单位计量单位〕机械钳工机械制动机械式制动器汽车机械式轿厢位置指示器机械位置指示器门机械联锁门机械联锁装置机械门安全机械式门安全装置机械效率机械效率机械锁机械式锁重新机械式重开门装置机械装置机械安全鞋机械式安全触板机械开关机械开关机制转换机器开关机械停车库设备机械化停车库设备中型交通中级负荷交通中速中速，单层运行最高速兆欧表兆欧表，高阻表，摇表兆欧兆欧姆熔点融化点成员部件备忘录备忘录记忆记忆装置内存地址存储地址内存位置存储位置菜单菜单水星汞，水银汞弧汞弧水银开关水银开关汞气整流汞气整流器汞蒸气水银蒸汽，汞气汞弧整流器汞弧整流器水银湿簧继电器水银湿润继电器优点优点，指标网格网网状网式的网状设计网状图案金属金属金属部分金属型材金属垫片金属垫片表计量器，仪表，米，公尺在电路电路仪表米计量阀计量阀方法方式，方法度量公制公制刻度公（米）制刻度吨公吨镁（发电机）电动机发电机组镁（发电机）设置电动机发电机组主要终端大端子电力网手段目前馈路电流手段电压波动电源电压波动手段miantainer维修工，维修人员保持维修，保养维修协议保持一致限位开关微动限位开关微安微安培微机微型计算机microcontroller 微型控制器microfarad 微法punched card 微缩胶片冲孔卡 microformthe micro processor 微处理器, 微机microprodessor opertation control 微处理机操作控制微动开关 micro switch微伏 microvolts中线段 middle conductor中速电梯 middle speed elevator中间 midpointmid rise building 中层建筑物, 中高度建筑物mild steel 软钢 (低碳)mileage recorder (电梯) 运行次数记录器mill 铣削, 轧钢机 (厂)milliampere 毫安培毫米 etmilling cutter 铣刀铣床 milling machine毫伏特 millivolt矿井电梯 mine liftmineral cotton 矿物棉mineral fiber 矿物纤维mineral wool 矿物毛负数. 负极.分钟.mirror 镜子mirror finish 镜面抛光, 镜面加工mirror finished stainless steel 镜面不锈钢对影像的 mirror invertedmiscellaneous 杂项的, 其他的mixing 混合method 铸模车床 casting millmethod of supplly 供货方式调制解调器 modemmodern 现代的these 更新改造现代化 (电梯)these 全面改造全面现代化 overlay. amendment 修改change 调节器modular 组模式, 组合式modular concept 组模化原理modular escalatot 多坡度自动扶梯 (组合式)modular system 组模系统modular unit 组模单元调制解调器 modulationthe module (组件, 继电器, 固态继电器集成电路) 模数 modulusmodulus of elasticity 弹性模数modulus of longitudinal elasticity 纵向弹性模数横向弹性模数 modulus of transverse elasticity moisture 湿度moisture proof 防潮的molding 壁板缝压板, 模压molybdenum 钼(力, 弯, 矩转)moment of inertia 惯性矩瞬时的 momentary pressuremoniflop 单稳态触发器监视监控, 检测).梯群监控盘 monitor panel监控程序 monitor programmonitoring 监视, 监控, 检测contact 监控触点.monitoring device 监测装置, 监控装置活动扳手 monkey wrenchmono 单一的one 单色的单件安全装置 mono mass safety monostable 单稳态电路 circuitthe 松散绳 preformed ropemortuary lift 殡仪馆电梯, 太平间电梯MOS（金属氧化物半导体）金属氧化物半导体MOS（金属氧化物半导体）金属氧化物硅运动运动运动控制拖动控制运动速度运行速度电机电动机，马达电机频率电机频率电机基速电动机额定速度电机容量电机功率电机驱动单元电机驱动装置风扇电机电动机（冷却）风扇电机励磁开关电动机磁场激励开关盘车手轮电机手柄电机皮带轮电机皮带轮电动机额定速度电动机额定速度电机防护罩电机端罩电机试验台电机试验台汽车电梯汽车电梯电动状态驾驶条件成型模压，模制零件，制模安装托架固定架安装板固定板鼠标鼠，鼠标移动凸轮可动凸轮，可动碰铁移动车平台活动轿厢底盘动圈式马达动圈式电动机移动接触活动触点自动人行道移走消声器消音器多芯电缆多线电缆多芯电缆多芯电缆多功能多功能的多组多组群（电梯）多叶的门多扇门多扇滑动门多扇滑动门多面板的滑动门多扇滑动门多多重的多个电梯井多电梯井道多个楼层的飞行时间多层运行时间多叶的门多扇门多套（多套）多线悬挂的多租户大楼多个承用者大楼“多线程工作，“多螺纹蜗杆多好的多梯井道多线插头多线插接多地跑多层运行时间多重下集体自动操作多层下集选全自动控制倍增滑轮倍增滑轮多层胶合板多层胶合板多点连接板（PCB）插式接头板（印刷电路板）多程序多程序系统多绳提升多绳悬挂电梯多节门多扇门多速驱动多速驱动系统多速启动多速起动杰克多段式液压升降装置多级多级内存多段式柱塞多头蜗杆多头蜗杆多层平多层公寓多层建筑多层建筑物多stpreu公寓多层公寓多用多用途的多电压控制多极电压控制多针多路开关多线电缆多线电缆孟塞尔颜色系统蒙塞尔色调突变转变，更换NC（常闭）接触常闭触点NO（常开）接触常开触点铭牌铭牌铭牌电流铭牌电流，额定电流与非门非与门窄门套小门套，窄门套国家代码国家标准国家规定国家规定天然纤维天然纤维固有频率固有频率自然采光自然照明自然周期固有周期自然通风自然通风nbuilder的工作土建工程轴颈轴颈针针滚针轴承滚针轴承针罩针笼尖嘴钳针钳负负电微不足道的可忽略的霓虹氖辉光管霓虹灯霓虹灯氯丁橡胶合成橡胶净网络，净值，有效的轿厢地板净面积轿厢地板净面积净截面有效截面神经网络神经网络中性线中性导体中性点接地中性接地中性点接地中性接地中性点中性点neutral position 中性位置newel 中性, 楼梯扶栏柱newel was 中柱台nib 牛腿, 凸边nickel 镍nickel chromium molybdenum steel 镍铬钼钢nickel molybdenum steel 镍钼钢nickel steel 镍钢night traffic 夜间交通no load test 空载实验noise 噪声noise insulation 隔音noise level 噪声电平, 干扰电平noise proof 隔音noise protction 噪声防护noise reduced 减噪声的noise suppression 消音的no load current 空载电流no load operation 空载操作no load running no. of poles 空载运行极对数nomenclature 术语, 命名nominal 标定的nominal diameter 标称直径nominal dimension 公称尺寸nominal spedd of up motion 上行额定速度nominal speed of down motion 下行额定速度nominal tensile strength 标称抗拉强度nominal torque 额定扭矩nominal data 额定数据non combustible 不易燃的non combustible material 不可燃材料non contact electronic door safety sensor 不接触电子传感式门安全装置none return valve 单向阀non ferrous 非铁的非易燃不可燃的非磁性屏蔽隔磁屏非金属非金属的无换向装置防逆转装置，防反向装置非选择性集体自动操作非集选自动控制不停的无停站不停的按钮直驶按钮不停的开关直驶开关非易失性存储器（NV）非易失性存储器中午高峰午间交通高峰中午午间交通交通模式也不非或电路电路或非门非或门正常弯曲耦合普通管接头联轴器正常照明正常照明正常的限位开关限位开关正常位置正常位置终端正常停车开关终端常位停车开关正常的旅游正常运行正火正常化常闭（N / C）常闭的常开（N / O）常开的鼻线凸出线梳梳齿端鼻子牛腿收口不非电路电路没有门非门型槽缺口V，V凹口注加注，说明使用使用须知通知轻推强迫关门讨厌捣乱旅客乘客人数数革命转数数换向片数段数电机槽数槽数站停站数数绕线匝数匝数电梯电梯编号编号螺母螺帽，螺母尼龙尼龙尼龙衬套尼龙衬里尼龙管尼龙管橡树橡木对象物体观察室观光轿厢观察电梯观光电梯电梯观光电梯天文台入住占用，居住乘员占用者，居住者建筑大楼居住者乘员，大楼住户非高峰非高峰的，峰值外的关闭位置断开位置办公楼办公大楼非高峰期的交通非高峰交通状态欧姆表欧姆计油油刹车油油压制动器油压缓冲器油压缓冲器，耗能型缓冲器油压缓冲器开关油压缓冲器开关油可以油壶集油器集油器油冷却器油冷却器挡油板挡油圈油碟积油盘油滴盘接油盘加油管充油管油膜油膜滤油滤油器油表油量表油浸式变压器油浸式变压器石油泄漏漏油油位油位油位计油标，油位计油位指示器油位指示器油底壳油盘石油管道油管油淬火油淬火油油盘接收机油藏油池油环油环油封油封油雾油雾油底壳密封垫油槽垫圈油罐油箱垃圾箱油渣盒油油芯油绳刮油环挡油环油给油器油浸式浸油的无油轴承无油式轴承防油耐油的油密油封探究询问，询价板上的延迟登梯延时，登梯后的等候时间船上乘客登梯及等候时间秒延迟在呼叫控制呼梯控制一楼跑单层运行一个小时的评级小时定额一级柱塞一段式柱塞一种自动找平装置单向自动平层装置单向节流单向节流阀（液压梯）一对一的绳1:1绕绳比一到两绳1:2绕绳比在线在线的，联机的onlocking区开锁区域现场救援现场帮助蛋白石乳白的不透明的不透明的不透明的栏杆不透明扶栏开放式电梯露天电梯开路断路开环开环控制开放式电梯敞开式电梯开闭开关开关操纵器开启式电动机敞开式电动机开口扳手开口扳手平炉钢平炉钢开角张角，开启角开口方向开启方向操作可操作的操作操作操作按钮操作按钮凸轮操作碰头操作装置操作装置操作元件操作元件操作说明操作说明书，使用说明书操作磁操作磁铁操作面板操作盘工作压力操作压力经营范围操作范围，使用范围工作电压操作电压，工作电压操作操作，运转，控制操作面板操纵箱，操纵盘操作系统操作系统，操作方式运算放大器运算放大器操作制动操作制动器运行可靠性操作可靠性手术节操作部分运营商操作碰铁，司机反对门两面开门对方安排对面布置自动门贯通式自动门反对相反贯通式轿厢出入口汽车入口对面的门贯通式门贯通式出入门相反的入口按位置岗位依赖位置检查器状况检测器位置偏差状况差光光学的光纤光导纤维光纤电缆光缆，光导纤维电缆发光指示器光学指示器光信号发光信号光纤通信光导纤维通讯可选的可选择的可选的规范监督可选规格管理光电耦合器光电耦合光电光电耦合或电路或电路“或”门或门为了订单，订货单，次序订单处理合同（订单）处理订货文件订货文件订货须知订货说明书普通捻普通绳股普通捻钢丝绳普通捻股钢丝绳普通电梯一般用电梯孔节流孔，阻尼孔原原装的，原件，原图原包装原包装O型型圈装饰图案的表面装饰花纹表面振荡器示波器示波器示波器示波器示波器同步示波器同步示波器户外使用的自动扶梯户外自动扶梯不平衡负载不均衡负载异相相移180的淘汰°相移180°90的淘汰°相移90°从服务故障，停止运行缺货无现货外侧盖板外甲板外窗台外侧边缘外架支架外侧架支架外板外侧板外管出口管外护套外套出口插座，引线，出口概述轮廓，外形桁架框架外形概述输出输出输出电流输出电流输出信号输出信号输出扭矩输出扭矩输出电压输出电压外面以外，外边外径外径椭圆形的椭圆形在平衡超平衡在驱动蜗轮蜗杆在上方的蜗轮蜗杆传动在加热过热电力过负载在运行超程在上吊架吊索在上悬吊式吊挂式超速开关超速开关总成本总成本，总费用过流过电流过电流继电器过流继电器过电流释放过电流释放过流vreaker过流断路器悬悬臂式，外伸的悬臂式曳引轮倒悬牵引滑轮检修大修架空顶层空间，顶部架空梁顶楔架空高度顶层高度，顶部高度顶置曳引机架空机顶部轮架空滑车顶轮顶部绳轮架空结构顶部构件架空（O / H）顶房上置overhoisting限位开关井道上部限位开关重叠重叠覆盖（墙壁等）饰面过载超载超载蜂鸣器超载蜂鸣器超载控制过载控制超载装置过载装置过载指示超载装置过载灯超载灯超载试验过载试验过载报警超载报警超载微动开关超载微动开关超限越程超过冲，速度调节过量特大型大号，超大号大号螺栓大号螺栓汽车上方悬臂轿厢上置超速超速限速器限速器限速器开关超速保护装置行程越层倾覆力矩倾倒力矩防倾倒房倾倒装置超重超重过卷保护开关防过卷开关业主物主，所有者氧化氧化电脑主板印刷电路母板包的一部分零件组合包装材料包装材料用螺栓门厅用配套螺栓着陆包装包装包装费用包装费用包装成本包装成本填料环密封环垫衬垫，垫片桨扇叶片式通风扇寻呼业务传呼服务油漆油漆画涂漆，涂装苍白的踏板托盘式移动行走平板式自动扶梯托盘踏板潘盘面板板，扇，屏盘门板式门观光电梯观光电梯全景升降机观光电梯受壁杆受电弓型液压电梯壁杆式液压梯石蜡煤油，石蜡平行并联并联电路并联电路平行连续排列并列设置关键平键并行平行捻钢丝绳平行捻钢丝绳参数参数女儿墙防护栏杆寄生信号寄生信号停车驻停停车场驻停轿厢。

辅料及剂型英文翻译(全)1.Adj：药用辅料（Pharmaceutic Adjuvant）稀释剂（Diluent Agent）黏合剂（Binder）崩解剂（Disintegrating Agent）润滑剂（Lubricant）基质（Base）芳香剂（Flavoring Agent）甜味剂（Sweetening Agent）着色剂（Coloring Agent）防腐剂（Preservative or Antiseptics）抗氧化剂（Antioxidant）包衣剂（Coating Materials）成膜材料（Film-Forming Materials）溶剂（Solvent）增溶剂（Solubilizer）润湿剂（Wetting Agent or Moistening Agent）吸附剂（Absorbent）助滤剂（Filtering Aid）乳化剂（Emulsifying Agent）表面活性剂（Surfactant）助悬剂（Suspending Agent）增稠剂（Viscosity Increasing Agent）增塑剂（Plasticizer）螯合剂（Chelating Agent）透皮促进剂（Transdermal Enhancer）气雾抛射剂（Aerosol Propellant）起泡剂（Foaming Agent）酸碱调节剂（Acidifying or Alkalizing Agent）缓冲剂（Buffering Agent）2.Aer：气雾剂（Aerosol）吸入气雾剂（Inhalation Aerosol）吸入粉雾剂（Powder for Inhalation）非吸入气雾剂（Non-Inhalation Aerosol）非吸入粉雾剂（Non-Inhalation Aerosol Powder）外用气雾剂（Topical Aerosol, Skin Aerosol）喷雾剂（Spray）药用泡沫剂（Medicated Foam, Cutaneous Foam）鼻腔用喷雾剂（Nasal Spray）3.Cap：胶囊剂（Capsules）硬胶囊剂（Hard Capsules）软胶囊剂（Soft Capsules）肠溶胶囊剂（Enteric-coated Capsules, Enteric-Microencapsulated Capsules, Gastro-resistant Capsules, Delayed-release Capsules）缓释胶囊剂（Sustained-release Capsules, Extended-releaseCapsules）控释胶囊剂（Controlled-release Capsules, Modified-releaseCapsules）直肠用胶囊（Rectal Capsules）4.EarD：滴耳剂（Ear Drops）分为溶液型滴耳液（Otic Solution）混悬型滴耳液（Otic Suspension）洗耳剂（Ear Washes）5.EyeD：滴眼剂（Eye Drops）溶液型滴眼剂（Ophthalmic Solution）混悬型滴眼剂（Ophthalmic Suspension）眼内注射溶液（Intraocular Solution）眼用洗剂（Eye Lotion）6.EyeO：眼膏剂（Eye Ointment , Ophthalmic Ointment）眼用乳膏（Ophthalmic Cream）眼用凝胶（Ophthalmic Gel）7.Gel：凝胶剂（Gel）混悬凝胶剂（Otic Gel）局部用凝胶剂（Topical Gel）胶浆剂（Mucilage , Jelly）火棉胶剂（Collodion）8.Gran：颗粒剂（Granules）细粒剂（Fine Granules, Micro-Granules）可溶颗粒剂（Soluble Granules）混悬颗粒剂（Suspension Granules）泡腾颗粒剂（Effervescent Granules）肠溶颗粒剂（Gastro-resistant Granules）缓释颗粒剂（Sustained-release Granules）控释颗粒剂（Controlled-release Granules）9.Inj：注射剂（Injection）乳状液（Injectable Emulsion）混悬液（Injectable Suspension）静脉滴注用输液（Intravenous Infusion）注射用灭菌粉末（Powder for Injection）注射用浓溶液（Concentrated Solution for Injection）植入剂（Implants , Inserts）10.Lin：搽剂（Liniment）11.Lot：洗剂（Lotion）12.NasD：滴鼻剂（Nasal Drops），鼻腔用溶液（Intra-nasal Solution）鼻腔用混悬液（Intra-nasal Suspension）洗鼻液（Nasal Wash）鼻用胶浆（Nasal Jelly）13.Oint：软膏剂（Ointment）乳膏剂（Cream）糊剂（Paste）阴道霜（Vaginal Cream）14.OraL：口服制剂口服液体制剂（Oral Liquid）口服溶液剂（Oral Solution）口服混悬剂（Oral Suspension）口服乳剂（Oral Emulsion）口服滴剂（Oral Drops）口服干混悬剂（for Oral Suspension）合剂（Mixture）酏剂（Elixir）乳浆剂（Magma）15.Pat：贴剂（Patches）透皮贴剂（Transdermal Patches）16.Pel：膜剂（Pellicles）口服膜剂（Oral Pellicles）黏膜外用药膜（Film）牙周条（Strips）17.Pil：丸剂（Pills）滴丸（Dripping Pills）糖丸（Sugared Pills）耳丸（Ear Pellets,Otic Pellets）眼丸（Eye Pellets, Ophthalmic Pellets, Ocular System）小丸（Pellets）缓释小丸（Sustained-release Pellets）18.Powd：散剂（Powder）内服散剂（Oral Powder）局部用散剂（Topical Powder）撒布剂（Dusting Powder）口服泡腾散剂（Effervescent Oral Powder）19.Sol：溶液剂（Solution）局部用溶液（Topical Solution）灌肠剂（Enema）直肠用溶液（Rectal Solution）灌洗液（Irrigation Solution）透析液（Dialysis Soution）含漱液（Gargle, Oral Rinse, Mouthwash）吸入溶液剂（Inhalation Solution）雾化用溶液（Solution for Nebulisation）20.Sup：栓剂（Suppositories）直肠栓（Rectal Suppositories）*栓（Vaginal Suppositories , Pessaries）耳栓（Aurisuppositories）21.Syr：糖浆剂（Syrup）干糖浆（Dry Syrup）舐剂（或称润喉止咳糖浆Linctus）22.Tab：片剂（Tablets）普通片（Uncoated Tablets）包衣片（Coated Tablets， Film-coated Tables, Sugar-coated Tablets）口含片（Buccal Tablets,Troches）舌下片（Sublingual Tablets）咀嚼片（Chewable Tablets）分散片（Dispersible Tablets）泡腾片（Effervescent Tablets）阴道片（Vaginal Tablets）阴道泡腾片（Vaginal Effervescent Tablets）速释片（Rapid-release Tablets）缓释片（Sustained-release Tablets、Extended-release Tablets或Prolonged-release Tablets）控释片（Controlled-release Tablets、Accelerated-release Tablets 或Pulsatile-release Tablets）肠溶片（Enteric-coated Tablets或Gastro-resistant Tablets或Delayed-release Tablets）口分散片（Orodispersible Tablets）纸型片（Chart Tablets）口腔粘贴片(Muco-adhesive Tablets)溶液片（Soluble Tablets）外用片（Tablets for External Use或Topical Solutions Tablets）模制片（Molded Tablets）锭剂（Lozenges或Pastilles）23.Tin：酊剂（Tincture）醑剂（Spirit）24. 其他剂型Application（敷贴）Aromatic Water（芳香水剂）Cement (胶接剂)for Dip（浸蘸用）Fluid Extract（流浸膏）Gums（胶姆剂）Lemonade（柠檬水剂）Liposome（脂质体）Liquid for Cutaneous Applications（皮肤敷贴用液体制剂）Medicated Chewing Gums（药用咀嚼胶姆剂）Medicated Foams（药用泡沫剂）Microsphere（微球）Nail Solution or Nail Lacquer（指甲液或涂剂）Ophthalmic Inserts（眼用植入剂）Oxymel（醋蜜剂）Paint（涂抹） Plaster（贴膏） Pledgets（拭抹剂）Poultice（泥罨剂） Tea(茶剂)Scalp Application Shampoos（洗发剂） Stilus（棒）Tape（胶带剂）Topical Suspension（外用混悬剂）Baota Lozenges（宝塔糖）。

1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led his Grand Army into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce resistance of the Russian people defending their homeland. He was prepared for the long march across Russian soil to Moscow, the capital city. But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow -- the raw, bitter,bleak Russian winter.In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched an attack against the Soviet Union, as Russia then was called. Hitler's military might was unequaled. His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.of the most frustrating things about driving a car are getting lost and getting stuck in traffic. While the computer revolution is unlikely to cure these problems, it will have a positive impact. Sensors in your car tuned to radio signals from orbiting satellites can locate your car precisely at any moment and warn of traffic jams. We already have twenty-four Navstar satellites orbiting the earth, making up what is called the Global Positioning System. They make it possible to determine your location on the earth to within about a hundred feet. At any given time, there are several GPS satellitesorbiting overhead at a distance of about 11,000 miles. Each satellite contains four "atomic clocks," which vibrate at a precise frequency, according to the laws of the quantum theory.As a satellite passes overhead, it sends out a radio signal that can be detected by a receiver in a car's computer. The car's computer can then calculate how far the satellite is by measuring how long it took for the signal to arrive. Since the speedof light is well known, any delay in receiving the satellite's signal can be converted into a distance.3.Had he checked with his university to see if there were any graduates working at Mackay whom he could interviewHad he asked any friends to grill him in a mock interview Did he go to the library to find newspaper clippings on us Did he write a letter beforehand to tell us about himself, what he was doing to prepare for the interview and why he'dbe right for the job Was he planning to follow up the interview with another letter indicating his eagerness to join us Would the letter be in our hands within 24 hours of the meeting, possibly even hand-deliveredThe answer to every question was the same: no. That left me with only one other question: How well prepared wouldthis person be if he were to call on a prospective customer for us I already knew the answer.Browder and Mandl define their nationality differently, both see their identity as a matter of personal choice, not an accident of birth. And not incidentally, both are Davos Men members of the international business élite who trek each year to the Swiss Alpine town for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF), founded in 1971. This week, Browder and Mandl will join more than 2,200 executives, politicians, academics, journalists, writers and a handful of Hollywood stars for five days of networking, parties and endless earnest discussions about everything from postelectionIraq and HIV in Africa to the global supply of oil and the implications of nanotechnology. Yet this year, perhaps more than ever, a hot topic at Davos is Davos itself. Whatever their considerable differences, most Davos Men and Women share at least one belief: that globalization the unimpeded flows of capital, laborand technology across national borders is both welcome and unstoppable. They see the world increasingly as one vast, interconnected marketplace in whichcorporations search for the most advantageous locations to buy, produce and sell their goods and services.think the chief thing that struck me about Burton was his kindliness. There was something very pleasing in his mild blue eyes. His voice was gentle; you could not imagine that he could possibly raise it in anger; his smile was benign. Here wasa man who attracted you because you felt in him a real love for his fellows. At the same time he liked his game of cardsand his cocktail, he could tell with point a good and spicy story, and in his youth he had been something of an athlete. Hewas a rich man and he had made every penny himself. I suppose one thing that made you like him was that he was sosmall and frail; he aroused your instincts of protection. You felt that he could not bear to hurt a fly.hilter decided to launch his (1) invasion of russia .he thought that nothing could (2) stand in the way of his armies.(3) Conquest,it seemed,was inevitable . He had surprise on his side ,(4) catching Stalin off his guard by (5) launching his attack without a (6) declaration of expected the (7) campaign to last only a few months. In the event ,it was to(8) drag on for much Napoleon before him ,he had made a fatal mistake in failing to(9) reckon with the severity of the Russian German soldiers were to die from the cold as winter set in, (10) bringing the German advence to a halt.,Welcome to your new car .I am your onboard 1) computerized driving system. From the moment you2) start up thecar ,I will 3) be poised to help you .It is my job to 4) alert you to any5) hazards that may occur on the road .When you find the driving 6) monotonous and want to relax ,I can7) take control of the car and8) steer it in your place .I will guide you from one9) lane to annother and make sure you arrive at your destination safe and sound. If a car in front ofyou slows down suddenly ,I will 10) decrease your speed .And I will11) calculate the data provided by the GPS system and choose the less busy routes so as to 12) eliminate your worries of 13) getting stuck in a traffic jam . When you wantto convert back from automatic control to manual control,that is press the right button14)mounted on the steering do remember not to take any alcoholic drinks .If I15) detect the presence of alcohol in the16) vapor of your breath,I will stop the car whether you like it or not.is the best way to impress a 1) prospective employer when you go for a job interview 2) As I see it ,the best things is to demonstate that you have 3) done your homework and know all about the firm 4) beforehand .You should make every 5) endeavor ,for example,to show that you know something about the 6) structure of the company ,including the differentlines of products it turns out and the chief business 7) partners it is working with. 8) Respond in a spontaneous mannerand let the interviewer know that you are not frightened by new challenges,but are willing to 9) take a crack at to look at the situation 10) from the standpoint of the person offering the opportunity of sort of qualities is he likely to be lookingfor Enthusiasm,don not leave your application waiting until just before the thing that can 11) make a difference12) follow up your interview with a letter expressing your enthusiasm to join the company.is a small Alpine city in eastern Switzerland which began making itself known in the 1990s for hosting the World Economic Forum, an annual gathering of politicians, financiers and academics. Each year, those taking part spend five days there networking and discussing a variety of issues such as the global supply of oil, world economic growth and environmental problems.Davos Men share the belief that globalization is both welcome and unstoppable.They would like to see national boundaries vanish so as to facilitate their global operations. Some people say that this international perspective is a minority elitist position not shared by the majority of , however, argue that endorsing a global outlook does not mean sweeping aside one’ s patriotic feelings or erasing one’ s national identity. The question, perhaptispossibleiswhetherto i strike a balance between bing global and being local.多尔蒂先生 Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm.菲尔已三个 Having been cut of a job/Not having had a job for 3months, Phil is getting increasingly desperate.既然已证明 Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of solution, the village neighborhood committee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.研究表示大气 The research shows that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are closely correlated with global temperatures.近来公共汽车 The frequency of the bus service has been improved from 15 to 12 minutes recently.那位跳水运动员 The diver stood on the edge of the diving board, poised to jump at the signal from the coach.只管在此次紧迫切降 Despite the inadequate length of the airstrip in this emergency landing, the veteran pilot managedto stop the plane after taxiing for only a short while.假如我预先 If I had known beforehand that you would bring so many friends home, I would have made better preparations. You see, I have barely enough food and drinks for a snack.当人们得悉地震 People gave generously upon learning that new school rooms with stronger structures were to be builtin the earthquake-stricken area.由于约翰不看好欧洲经济，因此把财产转移到了欧洲之外的其余地方：Due to his pessimistic outlook on the Europeaneconomy, John has moved his assets from Europe to elsewhere.我喜爱雇用Ilike hiring young people. They are earnest learners and committed to work.玛丽和她Unlike her girl friends who center their lives on their children, Mary cares more about her personal growth.我的直觉I have an instinct that Henry will seek to join the expedition, because he is something of an adventurer.即便置身于He is capable of sticking to the task at hand, even if he is exposed to noises.这个商标The trademark was registered in accordance with the laws hitherto in force.我的数学老师 Her unique teaching methods apart, Ms Wilson, my math teacher, never tried to cram knowledge into myhead.中央电视台The regular weather forecast by the Central TV Station keeps us up with the changes of weather wherever wego on a trip.可怕的爆炸The appalling explosion started a big fire and caused the partial collapse of the building.。

simplorerGSG中⽂帮助SimplorerGSG中⽂意译吐槽版译者：nuaa庞正切说明：本⽂是在仿真间隙所作。

因当时遍寻Simplorer8教程⽽不得，最后只找到了英⽂版的GSG，希望后来者不需重蹈我的悲剧，故翻译之。

因笔者⽔平所限，加上笔者很懒，错漏在所难免，还请诸位看官轻拍。

如能对初学者提供⼀丝丝的帮助，笔者就⼼满意⾜了。

请勿⽤于商业⽤途（啊喂，就你这篇烂⽂还想让⼈⽤于商业⽤途，太narcissistic了吧。

）⼀、简介Simplorer⾯板简介（略）⼆、创建新⼯程1、本章默认您已经安装了Simplorer8（破解安装⽅法在别处找吧。

）在本章中您将学习（1）创建和保存新⼯程（project，下同，类似的略）；（2）改变⼯程中Simplorer设计（design）的名称。

2、关于三相整流器（介绍略，⽤这个软件的应该都学过吧。

附图）预期结果：3、使⽤Simplorer创建并改善设计（这段概要的东西还是可以看看的）：当你开始接受本教程的指导时，你将明⽩如下的⼏个关键理念：（1）⼤多数任务都可以⽤多种⽅法实现。

例如，展⽰了选择参数并为其赋值的⼏种⽅法（条条⼤路通罗马，但是。

我很懒，所以可能只翻译⼀种。

）；（2）创建⼯程时并不需要固定的顺序：下⾯介绍的创建三相整流器是⼀种较为⽅便的⽅法，但是创建的顺序可以凭各种逻辑顺序实现；（3）你可以随时改变设计的属性（properties）；（4）你可以在⼯程树中快速的管理设计（左边Project Manager）；（5）你可以随时改变⼯程的视图，如Ctrl+D（很实⽤。

⽽且⽤快捷键的话看起来很⾼端。

效果的话试⼀下就知道了。

）；（6）你可以⽤参数化的⽅法设计design的性质来节约时间（7）你可以⽤Simplorer中扩展性的后处理特性来评估结果（Results)4、创建新⼯程（正戏开始）（这⼀段可⽆视）使⽤Simplorer来解决问题的第⼀步是创建⼀个⼯程来保存问题相关的所有数据。

力学专业英语词汇翻译牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics固体力学solid mechanics一般力学general mechanics应用力学applied mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics材料力学materials mechanics结构力学structural mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation作用--角度变量action-angle variables泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability倾覆力矩capsizing moment拉力tensile force正应力normal stress切应力shear stress静水压力hydrostatic pressure集中力concentrated force分布力distributed force线性应力应变关系linear relationship between stress and strain 弹性模量modulus of elasticity横向力lateral force transverse force轴向力axial force拉应力tensile stress压应力compressive stress平衡方程equilibrium equation静力学方程equations of static比例极限proportional limit应力应变曲线stress-strain curve拉伸实验tensile test‘屈服应力yield stress极限应力ultimate stress轴shaft梁beam纯剪切pure shear横截面积cross-sectional area挠度曲线deflection curve曲率半径radius of curvature曲率半径的倒数reciprocal of radius of curvature纵轴longitudinal axis悬臂梁cantilever beam简支梁simply supported beam微分方程differential equation惯性矩moment of inertia静矩static moment扭矩torque moment弯矩bending moment弯矩对x的导数derivative of bending moment with respect to x弯矩对x的二阶导数the second derivative of bending moment with respect to x 静定梁statically determinate beam静不定梁statically indeterminate beam相容方程compatibility equation补充方程complementary equation中性轴neutral axis圆截面circular cross section两端作用扭矩twisted by couples at two ends刚体rigid body扭转角twist angle静力等效statically equivalent相互垂直平面mutually perpendicular planes通过截面形心through the centroid of the cross section一端铰支pin support at one end一端固定fixed at one end弯矩图bending moment diagram剪力图shear force diagram剪力突变abrupt change in shear force、旋转和平移rotation and translation虎克定律hook’s law边界条件boundary condition初始位置initial position、力矩面积法moment-area method绕纵轴转动rotate about a longitudinal axis横坐标abscissa扭转刚度torsional rigidity拉伸刚度tensile rigidity剪应力的合力resultant of shear stress正应力的大小magnitude of normal stress脆性破坏brittle fail对称平面symmetry plane刚体的平衡equilibrium of rigid body约束力constraint force重力gravitational force实际作用力actual force三维力系three-dimentional force system合力矩resultant moment标量方程scalar equation、矢量方程vector equation张量方程tensor equation汇交力系cocurrent system of forces任意一点an arbitrary point合矢量resultant vector反作用力reaction force反作用力偶reaction couple转动约束restriction against rotation平动约束restriction against translation运动的趋势tendency of motion绕给定轴转动rotate about a specific axis沿一个方向运动move in a direction控制方程control equation共线力collinear forces平面力系planar force system一束光 a beam of light未知反力unknown reaction forces参考框架frame of reference大小和方向magnitude and direction几何约束geometric restriction刚性连接rigidly connected运动学关系kinematical relations运动的合成superposition of movement固定点fixed point平动的叠加superposition of translation刚体的角速度angular speed of a rigid body质点动力学particle dynamics运动微分方程differential equation of motion 工程实际问题practical engineering problems变化率rate of change动量守恒conservation of linear momentum 定性的描述qualitative description点线dotted line划线dashed line实线solid line矢量积vector product点积dot product极惯性矩polar moment of inertia角速度angular velocity角加速度angular accelerationinfinitesimal amount 无穷小量definite integral 定积分a certain interval of time 某一时间段kinetic energy 动能conservative force 保守力damping force 阻尼力coefficient of damping 阻尼系数free vibration 自由振动periodic disturbance 周期性扰动viscous force 粘性力forced vibration 强迫震动general solution 通解particular solution 特解transient solution 瞬态解steady state solution 稳态解second order partial differential equation 二阶偏微分方程external force 外力internal force 内力stress component 应力分量state of stress 应力状态coordinate axes 坐标系conditions of equilibrium 平衡条件body force 体力continuum mechanics 连续介质力学displacement component 位移分量additional restrictions 附加约束compatibility conditions 相容条件mathematical formulations 数学公式isotropic material 各向同性材料sufficient small 充分小state of strain 应变状态unit matrix 单位矩阵dilatation strain 膨胀应变the first strain invariant 第一应变不变量deviator stress components 应力偏量分量the first invariant of stress tensor 应力张量的第一不变量bulk modulus 体积模量constitutive relations 本构关系linear elastic material 线弹性材料mathematical derivation 数学推导a state of static equilibrium 静力平衡状态Newton‘s first law of motion 牛顿第一运动定律directly proportional to 与……成正比stress concentration factor 应力集中系数state of loading 载荷状态st venant’ principle 圣维南原理uniaxial tension 单轴拉伸cylindrical coordinates 柱坐标buckling of columns 柱的屈曲critical value 临界值stable equilibrium 稳态平衡unstable equilibrium condition 不稳定平衡条件critical load 临界载荷a slender column 细长杆fixed at the lower end 下端固定free at the upper end 上端自由critical buckling load 临界屈曲载荷potential energy 势能fixed at both ends 两端固定hinged at both ends 两端铰支tubular member 管型杆件transverse dimention 横向尺寸stability of column 柱的稳定axial force 轴向力elliptical hole 椭圆孔plane stress 平面应力nominal stress 名义应为principal stress directions 主应力方向axial compression 轴向压缩dynamic loading 动载荷dynamic problem 动力学问题inertia force 惯性力resonance vibration 谐振static states of stress 静态应力dynamic response 动力响应time of contact 接触时间length of wave 波长resonance frequency 谐振频率自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequency缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration 隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction方位角azimuthal angle多体系统multibody system静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, EPFM 断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength交变载荷alternating load交变应力alternating stress应力幅值stress amplitude应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计weldable strain gage平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage补偿片compensation technique补偿技术compensation technique基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage计算结构力学computational structural mechanics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method有限[单]元法finite element method配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Principle最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle修正变分原理modified variational Principle约束变分原理constrained variational Principle混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem坐标变换transformation of Coordinates 广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point[单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element一维元one-dimensional element三维元three-dimensional element轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method行列式搜索法determinant search method逐步法step-by-step method增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。

目录英文缩写词钢号中所采用的缩写字母及其涵义常见材料学专业名词中英文对译对文中使用的英文缩写词说明如下：缩写英文原文中文翻译CQ Commercial Quality 普通级DQ Drawing Quality 冲压级DDQ Deep Drawing Quality 深冲级EDDQ Extra Deep Drawing Quality 超深冲级CSP Compact Srip Production 紧凑式带钢生产IF Interstitial Free (Steel) 无间隙原子(钢)LC Low Carbon 低碳(钢)DSA Dynamic Strain Aging 动态应变老化MFS Mean Flow Stress 平均流动应力YS Yield Stress 屈服应力DRC Dynamic Recovery 动态回复DRX Dynamic Recrystallization 动态再结晶SRX Static Recrystallization 静态再结晶SRC Static Recovery 静态回复Ti-IF Ti Interstitial Free (Steel) 含钛无间隙原子(钢)Ti-Nb IF Ti-Nb Interstitial Free (Steel) 含钛铌无间隙原子(钢)ULC Ultra Low Carbon(Steel) 超低碳钢DSP Direct Strip Production 带钢直接生产FTSR Flexible Thin Slab Rolling 灵活性薄板坯轧制C.C.T Continuous Cooling Transformation 过冷奥氏体连续转变曲线T.T.T Time Temperature Transformation 过冷奥氏体等温转变曲线SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Science 社会科学统计软件包钢号中所采用的缩写字母及其涵义常见材料学专业名词中英文对译物料科学Material Science物料科学定义Material Science Definition加工性能Machinability强度Strength抗腐蚀及耐用Corrosion & resistance durability金属特性Special metallic features抗敏感及环境保护Allergic, re-cycling & environmental protection化学元素Chemical element元素的原子序数Atom of Elements原子及固体物质Atom and solid material原子的组成、大小、体积和单位图表The size, mass, charge of an atom, and is particles (Pronton,Nentron and Electron) 原子的组织图Atom Constitutes周期表Periodic Table原子键结Atom Bonding金属与合金Metal and Alloy铁及非铁金属Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal金属的特性Features of Metal晶体结构Crystal Pattern晶体结构，定向格子及单位晶格Crystal structure, Space lattice & Unit cellX线结晶分析法X – ray crystal analyics method金属结晶格子Metal space lattice格子常数Lattice constant米勒指数Mill's Index金相及相律Metal Phase and Phase Rule固熔体Solid solution置换型固熔体Substitutional type solid solution插入型固熔体Interstital solid solution金属间化物Intermetallic compound金属变态Transformation变态点Transformation Point磁性变态Magnetic Transformation同素变态Allotropic Transformation合金平衡状态Thermal Equilibrium相律Phase Rule自由度Degree of freedom临界温度Critical temperture共晶Eutectic包晶温度Peritectic Temperature包晶反应Peritectic Reaction包晶合金Peritectic Alloy亚共晶体Hypoeutetic Alloy过共晶体Hyper-ectectic Alloy金属的相融、相融温度、晶体反应及合金在共晶合金、固熔孻共晶合金及偏晶反应的比较Equilibrium Comparision金属塑性Plastic Deformation滑动面Slip Plan畸变Distortion硬化Work Hardening退火Annealing回复柔软Crystal Recovery再结晶Recrystallization金属材料的性能及试验Properties & testing of metal化学性能Chemical Properties物理性能Physical Properties颜色Colour磁性Magnetisum比电阻Specific resistivity & specific resistance比重Specific gravity & specific density比热Specific Heat热膨胀系数Coefficient of thermal expansion导热度Heat conductivity机械性能Mechanical properties屈服强度(降伏强度) (Yield strangth)弹性限度、阳氏弹性系数及屈服点elastic limit, Yeung's module of elasticity to yield point 伸长度Elongation断面缩率Reduction of area金属材料的试验方法The Method of Metal inspection不破坏检验Non – destructive inspections渗透探伤法Penetrate inspection磁粉探伤法Magnetic particle inspection放射线探伤法Radiographic inspection超声波探伤法Ultrasonic inspection显微观察法Microscopic inspection破坏的检验Destructive Inspection冲击测试Impact Test疲劳测试Fatigue Test潜变测试Creep Test潜变强度Creeps Strength第壹潜变期Primary Creep第二潜变期Secondary Creep第三潜变期Tertiary Creep主要金属元素之物理性质Physical properties of major Metal Elements工业标准及规格–铁及非铁金属Industrial Standard – Ferrous & Non – ferrous Metal磁力Magnetic简介General软磁Soft Magnetic硬磁Hard Magnetic磁场Magnetic Field磁性感应Magnetic Induction透磁度Magnetic Permeability磁化率Magnetic Susceptibility (Xm)磁力(Magnetic Force)及磁场(Magnetic Field)是因物料里的电子(Electron)活动而产生抗磁体、顺磁体、铁磁体、反铁磁体及亚铁磁体Diamagnetism, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetism,Antiferromagnetism & Ferrimagnetism 抗磁体Diamagnetism磁偶极子Dipole负磁力效应Negative effect顺磁体Paramagnetic正磁化率Positive magnetic susceptibility铁磁体Ferromagnetism转变元素Transition element交换能量Positive energy exchange外价电子Outer valence electrons化学结合Chemical bond自发上磁Spontaneous magnetization磁畴Magnetic domain相反旋转Opposite span比较抗磁体、顺磁体及铁磁体Comparison of Diamagnetism, Paramagnetic & Ferromagnetism反铁磁体Antiferromagnetism亚铁磁体Ferrimagnetism磁矩magnetic moment净磁矩Net magnetic moment钢铁的主要成份The major element of steel钢铁用"碳"之含量来分类Classification of Steel according to Carbon contents铁相Steel Phases钢铁的名称Name of steel纯铁体Ferrite渗碳体Cementitle奥氏体Austenite珠光体及共释钢Pearlite &Eutectoid奥氏体碳钢Austenite Carbon Steel单相金属Single Phase Metal共释变态Eutectoid Transformation珠光体Pearlite亚铁释体Hyppo-Eutectoid初释纯铁体Pro-entectoid ferrite过共释钢Hype-eutectoid珠光体Pearlite粗珠光体Coarse pearlite中珠光体Medium pearlite幼珠光体Fine pearlite磁性变态点Magnetic Transformation钢铁的制造Manufacturing of Steel连续铸造法Continuous casting process电炉Electric furnace均热炉Soaking pit全静钢Killed steel半静钢Semi-killed steel沸腾钢(未净钢) Rimmed steel钢铁生产流程Steel Production Flow Chart钢材的熔铸、锻造、挤压及延轧The Casting, Fogging, Extrusion, Rolling & Steel 熔铸Casting锻造Fogging挤压Extrusion延轧Rolling冲剪Drawing & stamping特殊钢Special Steel简介General特殊钢以原素分类Classification of Special Steel according to Element特殊钢以用途来分类Classification of Special Steel according to End Usage易车(快削)不锈钢Free Cutting Stainless Steel含铅易车钢Leaded Free Cutting Steel含硫易车钢Sulphuric Free Cutting Steel硬化性能Hardenability钢的脆性Brittleness of Steel低温脆性Cold brittleness回火脆性Temper brittleness日工标准下的特殊钢材Specail Steel according to JIS Standard铬钢–日工标准JIS G4104Chrome steel to JIS G4104铬钼钢钢材–日工标准G4105 62Chrome Molybdenum steel to JIS G4105镍铬–日工标准G4102 63Chrome Nickel steel to JIS G4102镍铬钼钢–日工标准G4103 64Nickel, Chrome & Molybdenum Steel to JIS G4103高锰钢铸–日工标准High manganese steel to JIS standard片及板材Chapter Four-Strip, Steel & Plate冷辘低碳钢片(双单光片)(日工标准JIS G3141) 73 - 95Cold Rolled (Low carbon) Steel Strip (to JIS G 3141)简介General美材试标准的冷辘低碳钢片Cold Rolled Steel Strip American Standard – American Society for testing and materials (ASTM)日工标准JIS G3141冷辘低碳钢片(双单光片)的编号浅释Decoding of cold rolled(Low carbon)steel strip JIS G3141材料的加工性能Drawing abillity硬度Hardness表面处理Surface finish冷辘钢捆片及张片制作流程图表Production flow chart cold rolled steel coil sheet冷辘钢捆片及张片的电镀和印刷方法Cold rolled steel coil & sheet electro-plating & painting method冷辘(低碳)钢片的分类用、途、工业标准、品质、加热状态及硬度表End usages, industrial standard, quality, condition and hardness of cold rolled steel strip硬度及拉力Hardness & Tensile strength test拉伸测试(顺纹测试)Elongation test杯突测试(厚度: 0.4公厘至1.6公厘，准确至0.1公厘3个试片平均数)Erichsen test (Thickness: 0.4mm to 1.6mm, figure round up to 0.1mm)曲面(假曲率)Camber厚度及阔度公差Tolerance on Thickness & Width平坦度(阔度大于500公厘，标准回火)Flatness (width>500mm, temper: standard)弯度Camber冷辘钢片储存与处理提示General advice on handling & storage of cold rolled steel coil & sheet防止生锈Rust Protection生锈速度表Speed of rusting焊接Welding气焊Gas Welding埋弧焊Submerged-arc Welding电阻焊Resistance Welding冷辘钢片(拉力: 30-32公斤/平方米)在没有表面处理状态下的焊接状况Spot welding conditions for bared (free from paint, oxides etc) Cold rolled mild steel sheets(T/S:30-32 Kgf/ μ m2)时间效应(老化)及拉伸应变Aging & Stretcher Strains日工标准(JIS G3141)冷辘钢片化学成份Chemical composition – cold rolled steel sheet to JIS G3141冷辘钢片的"理论重量"计算方程式Cold Rolled Steel Sheet – Theoretical mass日工标准(JIS G3141)冷辘钢片重量列表Mass of Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet to JIS G3141冷辘钢片订货需知Ordering of cold rolled steel strip/sheet其它日工标准冷轧钢片(用途及编号)JIS standard & application of other cold Rolled Special Steel电镀锌钢片或电解钢片Electro-galvanized Steel Sheet/Electrolytic Zinc Coated Steel Sheet简介General电解/电镀锌大大增强钢片的防锈能力Galvanic Action improving Weather & Corrosion Resistance of the Base Steel Sheet 上漆能力Paint Adhesion电镀锌钢片的焊接Welding of Electro-galvanized steel sheet点焊Spot welding滚焊Seam welding电镀锌(电解)钢片Electro-galvanized Steel Sheet生产流程Production Flow Chart常用的镀锌钢片(电解片)的基层金属、用途、日工标准、美材标准及一般厚度Base metal, application, JIS & ASTM standard, and Normal thickness of galvanized steel sheet锌镀层质量Zinc Coating Mass表面处理Surface Treatment冷轧钢片Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip热轧钢片Hot-Rolled Sheet/Strip电解冷轧钢片厚度公差Thickness Tolerance of Electrolytic Cold-rolled sheet热轧钢片厚度公差Thickness Tolerance of Hot-rolled sheet冷轧或热轧钢片阔度公差Width Tolerance of Cold or Hot-rolled sheet长度公差Length Tolerance理论质量Theoretical Mass锌镀层质量(两个相同锌镀层厚度)Mass Calculation of coating (For equal coating)/MM锌镀层质量(两个不同锌镀层厚度)Mass Calculation of coating (For differential coating)/MM镀锡薄铁片(白铁皮/马口铁) (日工标准JIS G3303)简介General镀锡薄铁片的构造Construction of Electrolytic Tinplate镀锡薄钢片(白铁皮/马日铁)制造过程Production Process of Electrolytic Tinplate锡层质量Mass of Tin Coating (JIS G3303-1987)两面均等锡层Both Side Equally Coated Mass两面不均等锡层Both Side Different Thickness Coated Mass级别、电镀方法、镀层质量及常用称号Grade, Plating type, Designation of Coating Mass & Common Coating Mass镀层质量标记Markings & Designations of Differential Coatings硬度Hardness单相轧压镀锡薄铁片(白铁皮/马口铁)Single-Reduced Tinplate双相辗压镀锡薄钢片(马口铁/白铁皮)Dual-Reduction Tinplate钢的种类Type of Steel表面处理Surface Finish常用尺寸Commonly Used Size电器用硅[硅] 钢片Electrical Steel Sheet简介General软磁材料Soft Magnetic Material滞后回线Narrow Hystersis矫顽磁力Coercive Force硬磁材料Hard Magnetic Material最大能量积Maximum Energy Product硅含量对电器用的低碳钢片的最大好处The Advantage of Using Silicon low Carbon Steel晶粒取向(Grain-Oriented)及非晶粒取向(Non-Oriented)Grain Oriented & Non-Oriented电器用硅[硅] 钢片的最终用途及规格End Usage and Designations of Electrical Steel Strip电器用的硅[硅] 钢片之分类Classification of Silicon Steel Sheet for Electrical Use电器用钢片的绝缘涂层Performance of Surface Insulation of Electrical Steel Sheets晶粒取向电器用硅钢片主要工业标准International Standard – Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Silicon Steel Sheet for Electrical Use晶粒取向电器用硅钢片Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel晶粒取向，定取向芯钢片及高硼定取向芯钢片之磁力性能及夹层系数(日工标准及美材标准)Magnetic Properties and Lamination Factor of SI-ORIENT-CORE& SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI B Electrical Steel Strip (JIS and AISI Standard)退火Annealing电器用钢片用家需自行应力退火原因Annealing of the Electrical Steel Sheet退火时注意事项Annealing Precautionary碳污染Prevent Carbon Contamination热力应先从工件边缘透入Heat from the Laminated Stacks Edges提防过份氧化No Excessive Oxidation应力退火温度Stress –relieving Annealing Temperature晶粒取向电器用硅[硅] 钢片–高硼(HI-B)定取向芯钢片及定取向芯钢片之机械性能及夹层系数Mechanical Properties and Lamination Factors of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B andSI-ORIENT-CORE Grain Orient Electrical Steel Sheets晶粒取向电器用硅[硅] 钢;片–高硼低硫(LS)定取向钢片之磁力及电力性能Magnetic and Electrical Properties of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B-LS晶粒取向电器用硅[硅] 钢片–高硼低硫(LS) 定取向钢片之机械性能及夹层系数Mechanical Properties and Lamination Factors of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B-LS晶粒取向电器用硅(硅)钢片-高硼(HI-B)定取向芯钢片，定取向芯钢片及高硼低硫(LS)定取向芯钢片之厚度及阔度公差Physical Tolerance of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B, SI-ORIENT-CORE, &SI-CORE-HI-B-LS GrainOriented Electrical Steel Sheets晶粒取向电器用硅(硅)钢片–高硼(HI-B)定取向芯钢片，定取向芯钢片及高硼低硫(LS)定取向芯钢片之标准尺寸及包装Standard Forms and Size of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B,SI-CORE, &SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B-LS Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Sheets绝缘表面Surface Insulation非晶粒取向电力用钢片的电力、磁力、机械性能及夹层系数Lamination Factors of Electrical, Magnetic & Mechanical Non-Grain Oriented Electrical电器及家电外壳用镀层冷辘[低碳] 钢片Coated (Low Carbon) Steel Sheets for Casing,Electricals & Home Appliances镀铝硅钢片Aluminized Silicon Alloy Steel Sheet简介General镀铝硅合金钢片的特色Feature of Aluminized Silicon Alloy Steel Sheet用途End Usages抗化学品能力Chemical Resistance镀铝(硅)钢片–日工标准(JIS G3314)Hot-aluminum-coated sheets and coils to JIS G 3314镀铝(硅)钢片–美材试标准(ASTM A-463-77)35.7 JIS G3314镀热浸铝片的机械性能Mechanical Properties of JIS G 3314 Hot-Dip Aluminum-coated Sheets and Coils公差Size Tolerance镀铝(硅)钢片及其它种类钢片的抗腐蚀性能比较Comparsion of various resistance of aluminized steel & other kinds of steel镀铝(硅)钢片生产流程Aluminum Steel Sheet, Production Flow Chart焊接能力Weldability镀铝钢片的焊接状态(比较冷辘钢片)Tips on welding of Aluminized sheet in comparasion with cold rolled steel strip钢板Steel Plate钢板用途分类及各国钢板的工业标准包括日工标准及美材试标准Type of steel Plate & Related JIS, ASTM and Other Major Industrial Standards 钢板生产流程Production Flow Chart钢板订货需知Ordering of Steel Plate不锈钢Stainless Steel不锈钢的定义Definition of Stainless Steel不锈钢之分类，耐腐蚀性及耐热性Classification, Corrosion Resistant & Heat Resistance of Stainless Steel铁铬系不锈钢片Chrome Stainless Steel马氏体不锈钢Martensite Stainless Steel低碳马氏体不锈钢Low Carbon Martensite Stainless Steel含铁体不锈钢Ferrite Stainless Steel镍铬系不锈钢Nickel Chrome Stainless Steel释出硬化不锈钢Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel铁锰铝不锈钢Fe / Mn / Al / Stainless Steel不锈钢的磁性Magnetic Property & Stainless Steel不锈钢箔、卷片、片及板之厚度分类Classification of Foil, Strip, Sheet & Plate by Thickness表面保护胶纸Surface protection film不锈钢片材常用代号Designation of SUS Steel Special Use Stainless表面处理Surface finish薄卷片及薄片(0.3至2.9mm厚之片)机械性能Mechanical Properties of Thin Stainless Steel(Thickness from 0.3mm to 2.9mm) –strip/sheet不锈钢片机械性能(301, 304, 631, CSP)Mechanical Properties of Spring use Stainless Steel不锈钢–种类，工业标准，化学成份，特点及主要用途Stainless Steel – Type, Industrial Standard, Chemical Composition, Characteristic & end usage of the most commonly used Stainless Steel不锈钢薄片用途例End Usage of Thinner Gauge不锈钢片、板用途例Examples of End Usages of Strip, Sheet & Plate不锈钢应力退火卷片常用规格名词图解General Specification of Tension Annealed Stainless Steel Strips耐热不锈钢Heat-Resistance Stainless Steel镍铬系耐热不锈钢特性、化学成份、及操作温度Heat-Resistance Stainless Steel铬系耐热钢Chrome Heat Resistance Steel镍铬耐热钢Ni - Cr Heat Resistance Steel超耐热钢Special Heat Resistance Steel抗热超级合金Heat Resistance Super Alloy耐热不锈钢比重表Specific Gravity of Heat – resistance steel plates and sheets stainless steel不锈钢材及耐热钢材标准对照表Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steels发条片Power Spring Strip发条的分类及材料Power Spring Strip Classification and Materials上链发条Wind-up Spring倒后擦发条Pull Back Power Spring圆面("卜竹")发条Convex Spring Strip拉尺发条Measure Tape魔术手环Magic Tape魔术手环尺寸图Drawing of Magic Tap定型发条Constant Torque Spring定型发条及上炼发条的驱动力Spring Force of Constant Torque Spring and Wing-up Spring定型发条的形状及翻动过程Shape and Spring Back of Constant Torque Spring定型发条驱动力公式及代号The Formula and Symbol of Constant Torque Spring边缘处理Edge Finish硬度Hardness高碳钢化学成份及用途High Carbon Tool Steel, Chemical Composition and Usage每公斤发条的长度简易公式The Length of 1 Kg of Spring Steel StripSK-5 & AISI-301 每公斤长的重量/公斤(阔100-200公厘) Weight per one meter long (kg) (Width 100-200mm)SK-5 & AISI-301 每公斤之长度(阔100-200公厘) Length per one kg (Width 100-200mm)SK-5 & AISI-301 每公尺长的重量/公斤(阔2.0-10公厘)Weight per one meter long (kg) (Width 2.0-10mm)SK-5 & AISI-301 每公斤之长度(阔2.0-10公厘)Length per one kg (Width 2.0-10mm)高碳钢片High Carbon Steel Strip分类Classification用组织结构分类Classification According to Grain Structure用含碳量分类–即低碳钢、中碳钢及高碳钢Classification According to Carbon Contains弹簧用碳钢片CarbonSteel Strip For Spring Use冷轧状态Cold Rolled Strip回火状态Annealed Strip淬火及回火状态Hardened & Tempered Strip/ Precision – Quenched Steel Strip贝氏体钢片Bainite Steel Strip弹簧用碳钢片材之边缘处理Edge Finished淬火剂Quenching Media碳钢回火Tempering回火有低温回火及高温回火Low & High Temperature Tempering高温回火High Temperature Tempering退火Annealing完全退火Full Annealing扩散退火Diffusion Annealing低温退火Low Temperature Annealing中途退火Process Annealing球化退火Spheroidizing Annealing光辉退火Bright Annealing淬火Quenching时间淬火Time Quenching奥氏铁孻回火Austempering马氏铁体淬火Marquenching高碳钢片用途End Usage of High Carbon Steel Strip冷轧高碳钢–日本工业标准Cold-Rolled (Special Steel) Carbon Steel Strip to JIS G3311 电镀金属钢片Plate Metal Strip简介General电镀金属捆片的优点Advantage of Using Plate Metal Strip金属捆片电镀层Plated Layer of Plated Metal Strip镀镍Nickel Plated镀铬Chrome Plated镀黄铜Brass Plated基层金属Base Metal of Plated Metal Strip低碳钢或铁基层金属Iron & Low Carbon as Base Metal不锈钢基层金属Stainless Steel as Base Metal铜基层金属Copper as Base Metal黄铜基层金属Brass as Base Metal轴承合金Bearing Alloy简介General轴承合金–日工标准JIS H 5401Bearing Alloy to JIS H 5401锡基、铅基及锌基轴承合金比较表Comparison of Tin base, Lead base and Zinc base alloy for Bearing purpose易溶合金Fusible Alloy焊接合金Soldering and Brazing Alloy软焊Soldering Alloy软焊合金–日本标准JIS H 4341Soldering Alloy to JIS H 4341硬焊Brazing Alloy其它焊接材料请参阅日工标准目录Other Soldering Material细线材、枝材、棒材Chapter Five Wire, Rod & Bar线材/枝材材质分类及制成品Classification and End Products of Wire/Rod铁线(低碳钢线)日工标准JIS G 3532Low Carbon Steel Wires ( Iron Wire ) to JIS G 3532光线(低碳钢线)，火线(退火低碳钢线)，铅水线(镀锌低碳钢线)及制造钉用低碳钢线之代号、公差及备注Ordinary Low Carbon Steel Wire, Annealed Low Carbon Steel Wire, Galvanized low Carbon Steel Wire & Low Carbon Steel Wire for nail manufacturing - classification, Symbol of Grade, Tolerance and Remarks.机械性能Mechanical Properites锌包层之重量，铜硫酸盐试验之酸洗次数及测试用卷筒直径Weight of Zinc-Coating, Number of Dippings in Cupric Sulphate Test and Diameters of Mandrel Used for Coiling Test冷冲及冷锻用碳钢线枝Carbon Steel Wire Rods for Cold Heading & Cold Forging (to JIS G3507)级别，代号及化学成份Classification, Symbol of Grade and Chemical Composition直径公差，偏圆度及脱碳层的平均深度Diameter Tolerance, Ovality and Average Decarburized Layer Depth冷拉钢枝材Cold Drawn Carbon Steel Shafting Bar枝材之美工标准，日工标准，用途及化学成份AISI, JIS End Usage and Chemical Composition of Cold Drawn Carbon Steel Shafting Bar冷拉钢板重量表Cold Drawn Steel Bar Weight Table高碳钢线枝High Carbon Steel Wire Rod (to JIS G3506)冷拉高碳钢线Hard Drawn High Carbon Steel Wire(to JIS G3521, ISO-84580-1&2)化学成份分析表Chemical Analysis of Wire Rod线径、公差及机械性能(日本工业标准G 3521)Mechanical Properties (JIS G 3521)琴线(日本标准G3522)Piano Wires ( to G3522)级别，代号，扭曲特性及可用之线材直径Classes, symbols, twisting characteristic and applied Wire Diameters直径，公差及拉力强度Diameter, Tolerance and Tensile Strength裂纹之容许深度及脱碳层Permissible depth of flaw and decarburized layer常用的弹簧不锈钢线-编号，特性，表面处理及化学成份StainlessSpring Wire – National Standard number, Charateristic, Surface finish & Chemical composition 弹簧不锈钢线，线径及拉力列表Stainless Spring Steel, Wire diameter and Tensile strength of Spring Wire处理及表面状况Finish & Surface各种不锈钢线在不同处理拉力比较表Tensile Strength of various kinds of Stainless Steel Wire under Different Finish圆径及偏圆度之公差Tolerance of Wire Diameters & Ovality铬镍不锈钢及抗热钢弹簧线材–美国材验学会ASTM A313 – 1987Chromium – Nickel Stainless and Heat-resisting Steel Spring Wire – ASTM A313 – 1987化学成份Chemical Composition机械性能Mechanical Properties305, 316, 321及347之拉力表Tensile Strength Requirements for Types 305, 316, 321 and 347A1S1-302 贰级线材之拉力表Tensile Strength of A1S1-302 Wire日本工业标准–不锈钢的化学成份(先数字后字母排列)JIS – Chemical Composition of Stainless Steel (in order of number & alphabet)美国工业标准–不锈钢及防热钢材的化学成份(先数字后字母排列)AISI – Chemical Composition of Stainless Steel & Heat-Resistant Steel(in order of number & alphabet) 易车碳钢Free Cutting Carbon Steels (to JIS G4804 )化学成份Chemical composition圆钢枝，方钢枝及六角钢枝之形状及尺寸之公差Tolerance on Shape and Dimensions for Round Steel Bar, Square Steel Bar, Hexagonal Steel Bar易车(快削)不锈钢Free Cutting Stainless Steel易车(快削)不锈钢种类Type of steel易车(快削)不锈钢拉力表Tensile Strength of Free Cutting Wires枝/棒无芯磨公差表(μ) (μ = 1/100 mm)Rod/Bar Centreless Grind Tolerance易车不锈钢及易车钢之不同尺寸及硬度比较Hardness of Different Types & Size of Free Cutting Steel扁线、半圆线及异形线Flat Wire, Half Round Wire, Shaped Wire and Precision Shaped Fine Wire 加工方法Manufacturing Method应用材料Material Used特点Characteristic用途End Usages不锈钢扁线及半圆线常用材料Commonly used materials for Stainless Flat Wire & Half Round Wire扁线公差Flat Wire Tolerance方线公差Square Wire Tolerance钢号中所采用的缩写字母及其涵义缩写英文原文中文翻译CQ Commercial Quality 普通级DQ Drawing Quality 冲压级DDQ Deep Drawing Quality 深冲级EDDQ Extra Deep Drawing Quality 超深冲级CSP Compact Srip Production 紧凑式带钢生产IF Interstitial Free (Steel) 无间隙原子(钢)LC Low Carbon 低碳(钢)DSA Dynamic Strain Aging 动态应变老化MFS Mean Flow Stress 平均流动应力YS Yield Stress 屈服应力DRC Dynamic Recovery 动态回复DRX Dynamic Recrystallization 动态再结晶SRX Static Recrystallization 静态再结晶SRC Static Recovery 静态回复Ti-IF Ti Interstitial Free (Steel) 含钛无间隙原子(钢)Ti-Nb IF Ti-Nb Interstitial Free (Steel) 含钛铌无间隙原子(钢)ULC Ultra Low Carbon(Steel) 超低碳钢DSP Direct Strip Production 带钢直接生产FTSR Flexible Thin Slab Rolling 灵活性薄板坯轧制C.C.T Continuous Cooling Transformation 过冷奥氏体连续转变曲线T.T.T Time Temperature Transformation 过冷奥氏体等温转变曲线SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Science 社会科学统计软件包。