2009翻译实践汉译英

英语中的“协会”作者：张顺生来源：《中国科技术语》2009年第01期摘要：为了在英汉互译（尤其是汉译英）实践中，能够准确翻译好“协会”一词，对英语中的协会词进行较系统地梳理，旨在构建“协会”英译策略。

关键词：协会，英译Abstract：view of the fact there ，this paper makes a systematic study of the English words with the meaning of “xiehui” in Chinese before coming up with a strategy of how toKey words:xiehui，corresponding English terms随着中国与其他国家在政治、经济和文化等方面交流的不断增多，各种协会不断登场，如何将汉语中的“协会”翻译到位非常重要。

在《新华词典》［1］中“协会”是指“以促进某种共同事业为目的而组成的群众团体”。

关于“协会”的翻译，大型汉英工具词典《汉英综合词典》［2］提供了association、society和union三个语词，而《汉英词典》［3］则仅提供了association和society。

据此，我们可能觉得英语中能够译成“协会”的词数量似乎并不多。

然而，只要查看一下各国的翻译协会，就会发现“英国翻译协会”叫做Institute of Translation & Interpreting，“加拿大翻译协会”叫做Canadian Translators and Interpreters Council，“美国翻译协会”叫做，“纽约翻译协会”叫做New York Circle of Translators，美国“西北翻译协会”叫做Northwest Translators and Interpreters Society。

不难看出：不仅英语国家（英国、加拿大和美国）之间翻译协会的名称用词不尽相同，而且即使在同一个国家（美国翻译协会、纽约翻译协会和美国西北翻译协会），翻译协会中所使用的“协会”语词也不尽相同。

西安外国语大学外国语言学及应用语言学专业硕士学位研究生培养方案根据《中华人民共和国学位条例》、《中华人民共和国学位条例暂行实施办法》及国家有关文件的精神，结合我校具体情况，特制定本硕士学位研究生（以下简称硕士生）培养方案。

一、培养目标培养“面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来”、适应我国社会主义现代化建设和社会发展需要的德、智、体全面发展的高层次专门人才。

基本要求：1．热爱祖国，热爱人民，拥护中国共产党的领导；学习马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想，践行科学发展观；遵纪守法，具有健全的人格、良好的品质、严谨的学风，以及为人民服务和为社会主义建设事业服务的献身精神。

2．系统地掌握本学科的基础理论、专门知识和研究方法；学位论文有一定的独立见解和学术价值。

3．掌握本专业外的一门外国语，能阅读该语种的外文资料，并能运用该语种写作论文摘要；能熟练运用计算机和其他现代化的科学技术手段进行科研工作。

4．具有创新意识、国际视野、较强的实践能力和科学研究能力。

5．具备在高等院校、科研单位、国家机关、企事业单位、国际和跨国组织从事教学、科研、外事、管理以及其它与本学科相关的工作的能力。

二、研究方向1．现代语言学（包括理论语言学、社会语言学、语用学、认知语言学、语篇分析、心理语言学、对比语言学、）2．应用语言学及测试学（应用语言学、测试学、第二语言写作、）3．翻译理论与实践4. 英语语言学（英语语言学、新闻英语、特殊用途英语）三、学习年限学制三年，前两年主要用于课程学习、教学实习、论文准备，其中课程学习时间不得少于一年半。

第三年用于调研、论文写作及答辩等。

四、培养方式与方法采取理论学习、参加实践和科学研究相结合，导师指导、学科集体培养和学生自学钻研相结合，课堂讲授与导师个别指导相结合的方法，充分发挥教师和学生两方面的积极性；课堂教学应努力采用启发式和讨论式，注意培养学生独立思考和解决问题、独立进行科学研究的能力。

论及英汉互译中的语态转换问题发表时间：2009-05-21T16:12:36.780Z 来源：《西部科教论坛》2009年第5期供稿作者：舒春霞[导读] 在进行中英互译时，常对其进行主动与被动语态的相互转换。

本论文着眼于此，分析了此现象，溯源逐本，并佐之以具体实例，更进一步阐释翻译实践中，应遵循各自习惯，适时适地进行语态转换，以期提高译文质量。

［摘要］：在进行中英互译时，常对其进行主动与被动语态的相互转换。

本论文着眼于此，分析了此现象，溯源逐本，并佐之以具体实例，更进一步阐释翻译实践中，应遵循各自习惯，适时适地进行语态转换，以期提高译文质量。

［关键词］：被动语态；主动语态；语态转换；原因分析；实例分析中英语言中均有主动与被动两种不同语态，两者的使用也多有相似，但仍不乏相异处。

最明显之处，则在英语倾向被动表达，而汉语常用主动表达方式。

据统计，在奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》前30页便有135个被动句，但老舍的代表作《骆驼详子》共211页，但仅近200句被动句，平均2至3页才1句，就汉语而言，被动表达方式使用较少。

除此，英语科技，新闻，论述及公文文体中，此倾向更明显。

英学者John Swales统计后表明，科技英语中谓语至少有三分之一是用被动方式来表达的。

由此，便可管中窥豹，得知英语中被动句使用范围较汉语更广泛。

Ⅰ.被动与主动语态（voice）是语言借助动词表示主语与谓语关系的一种形式，包括主动语态和被动语态两种。

主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，叙述强调的是动作；被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者，叙述强调的是动作完成后所呈现出来的状态。

英汉语中均有主、被动语态两种表达方式，但细究之则不难发现其不同之处。

其一，英语语言中被动句的使用广泛，汉语中被动句使用较少。

在英语语言中，凡是不必说出主动者、不愿说出主动者、无从说出主动者或是为了便于连贯上下文等场合都可以使用被动，其使用更是常见于科技文章、报刊文章和官方文章。

英译汉文章翻译赏析时间:2009年06月01日【英译中选段六】原文（by Robert Frost）The Gift OutrightThe land was once ours before we were the land’s.She was our land more than a hundred years.Before we were her people. She was oursIn Massachusetts, in Virginia;But we were England’s, still colonials,Possessing what we still were unpossessed by,Possessed by what we now no more possessed.Something we were withholding made us weakUntil we found out that it was ourselvesWe were withholding from our land of living,And forthwith found salvation in surrender.Such as we were we gave ourselves outright(The deed of gift was many deeds of war)To the land vaguely realizing westward,But still unstoried, artless, unenhanced,Such as she was, such as she would become.(原载 )译文（余光中译）：全心的奉献土地先属于我们，我们才属于土地。

她成为我们的土地历一百余年，我们才成为她的人民。

当时她属于我们，在麻萨诸塞，在佛吉尼亚，但我们属于英国，仍是殖民之身，我们拥有的，我们仍漠不关心，我们关心的，我们已不再拥有。

TEM-8 2006 TRANSLATIONSECTION 1中国民族自古以来从不把人看做高于一切，在哲学方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占有一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。

因此我们的苦闷，基本上比西方人为少为小；因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望与野心的大小而转移的。

农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多。

况中国古代素来以不滞于物，不为物役为最主要的人生哲学。

并非我们没有守财奴，但比起莫里哀和巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴与野心家来，就小巫见大巫了。

中国民族多数是性情中正和平、淡泊、朴实，比西方人容易满足。

TEM-8 2006 TRANSLATIONSECTION 1Since ancient times the Chinese nationalities have never considered human beings to be superior to other species . As is reflected in Chinese philosophy , in the natural world human beings occupy a reasonable position in proportion to all other creatures and the former do not absolutely dominate the latter . Therefore , generally speaking , we Chinese feel depressed less often and less severely than people in the west , for the intensity of one’s depression literally varies with the magnitude of one’s desire and ambition . As people in an agricultural society enjoy much fewer comforts than those in an industrial society , they have fewer desires or wishes . Moreover , ancient Chinese always took it as they most fundamental philosophy of life that one should not merely be confined to material pursuits , or be kept in bondage by material things .TEM-8 2007 TRANSLATIONSECTION 1（暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合在一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。

浅谈解释性翻译及其在汉英翻译实践中的应用摘要：不同民族间文化的差异会造成语言文字的不可译性，但人类的共性和语言的共性又构成了语言的可译性。

在翻译实践中，解释性翻译是一种有效的翻译方法，能克服这种不可译性并能通过解释很好地传达源语的内容。

本文拟对解释性翻译的内涵，类型及其应用领域做一简单的探讨。

关键词：解释性翻译法；类型；应用一、引言汉英两种语言在词法、句法、语法、文风等方面有很多本质的不同，汉语属于汉藏语系，有其特定的语言体系和语言习惯；有五千年历史的汉文化丰富多彩。

英语是印欧语系的一种，受到古欧洲文明的熏陶，有自己的地域性、民族性、历史性及民俗和文化背景。

汉英两种语言从形式到文化背景上的差异，给翻译工作设置了许多障碍。

但人类是有共性的，不论其国籍、民族如何，人的心理、生理、思维及感情和道德标准是大致相同的。

人的共性和语言的共性构成了语言的可译性。

解释性翻译作为一个术语和翻译方法已被越来越多的人所接受。

实践证明，解释性翻译是一种有效的翻译方法，也是解释源语文化的重要途径。

二、解释性翻译的含义与类型翻译是把一种语言文字（文化）的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。

翻译的中心任务就是再现源文的思想，即源文的信息和内容，而不是原文的语言符号。

一个称职的译员不是词句转换的“对号者”，而应是沟通思想的“搭桥人”。

当代著名的英国翻译理论家纽马克(Peter Newmark) 认为“As a last resort,explanation is the translation”(翻译中遇到无计可施的情况时，解释就是翻译) 。

事实上，在翻译中，解释性翻译占了相当大的比重。

所谓解释性翻译〔或称增译、加译〕是根据两种语言间不同语言习惯、表达方式，在翻译时增添了一些短语或句子，旨在译出源语作者感到理所当然，而目标语的读者却不甚了解，甚至感到诧异的意义，是一种翻译含有特殊文化意义的有效手段。

需使用解释性释义的词语在译入语中没有对等词,所以只得通过提供详细解释给出释义以达到最大程度的等义。

目录目录 (i)第一部分英译汉 A Red Sweater翻译实践报告 (1)第二部分英译汉参考文献 (5)第三部分汉译英《华威先生》翻译实践报告 (6)第四部分汉译英参考文献 (9)附录 (10)1、英译汉原文A Red Sweater (10)2、英译汉译文《红毛衣》 (17)3、汉译英原文《华威先生》 (24)4、汉译英译文Mr Hua Wei (29)A Red Sweater翻译实践报告A Report on Translation of A Red Sweater摘要: 在华裔美国文学中，小说家伍慧明的这部《红毛衣》深受众多读者的喜爱，作者通过描写一个家庭中两代人不同的经历，展示了在美国社会中，华人是如何努力争取实现自己的梦想。

作者以独特的角度观察和描写两代人的相同与不同之处，展现美籍华人的心路历程。

该报告基于笔者A Red Sweater的翻译实践，旨在通过提出自己在翻译中遇到的困难及该注意的方面，对其翻译中的问题的处理进行了描述，最后得出一些译文的反思与总结，对原文有了更好的理解的同时进一步地提升自己的译文。

关键词：年轻的一代；年老的一代；美籍华人；美国文化Abstract:In Chinese American literature, A Red Sweater written by the novelist Wu Huimin is popular with readers. The translator shows how Chinese strive to realize their dreams in American society by describing the different experiences of two generations in a family. The translator observes and describes the similarities and differences between the two generations from a unique perspective, and shows the psychological course of Chinese Americans. Based on this translation practice, the report aims to describe the solutions in her translation by proposing the difficulties and she encountered and the aspects she should pay attention to. At last, the translator draws some reflections and summaries of her translation, so as to has a better understanding of the original text and further improve his own translation.Key words: The younger generation, the older generation, Chinese Americans, American culture,1.任务的描述本次翻译的实践内容是一篇英译中的短片小说A Red Sweater《红毛衣》，1一共3860个字符。

在第三章中我们将运用前边讲过的翻译思路、解题步骤及技巧，结合历年翻译真题进行具体分析，介绍解题方法、评分细则，并对当年的真题进行总体评析。

一．2009年英译汉Section II Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlines segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. （46）It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. （47）Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.（48）While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. （49）Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young. （50 ）We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.与他人相处时受到的教育和对年轻人的刻意教育之间有着明显的不同。

2009年05月翻译专业资格考试（英语三级笔译实务）真题及答案试题下载2009年05月翻译专业资格考试(英语三级笔译实务)真题及答案Section 1 English-Chinese Translation(英译汉)(50 points)Translate the following passage into Chinese.Business of Green: An appeal to slow down on biofuelLast Friday an advisory panel to the European Environment Agency issued an extraordinary scientific opinion: The European Union should suspend its goal of having 10 percent of transportation fuel made from biofuel by 2020.The European Union's biofuel targets were increased and extendedfrom 5.75 percent by 2010 to 10 percent by 2020 just last year. Still, Europe's well-meaning rush to biofuels, the scientists concluded, had produced a slew of harmful ripple effects-from deforestation in Southeast Asia to higher prices for grains.In a recommendation released last weekend, the 20-member panel, made up of some of Europe's most distinguished climate scientists, called the 10 percent target "overambitious" and an "experiment" whose "unintended effects are difficult to predict and difficult to control.""The idea was that we felt we needed to slow down, to analyze the issue carefully and then come back at the problem," Laszlo Somlyody, thepanel's chairman and a professor at the Budapest University ofTechnology and Economics, said in a telephone interview.He said that part of the problem was that when it set the targets,the European Union was trying desperately to solve the problem of rising transportation emissions "in isolation," without adequately studying the effects of other sectors like land use and food supply."The starting point was correct: I'm happy that the European Uniontook the lead in cutting greenhouse gasses and we need to controltraffic emissions," Somlyody said. "But the basic problem is it thoughtof transport alone, without considering all these other effects. And we don't understand those very well yet."The panel's advice is not binding and it is not clear whether the European Commission will follow the recommendation.It has become increasingly clear that the global pursuit ofbiofuels-encouraged by a rash of targets and subsides in both Europe and the United States-has not produced the desired effect.Investigations have shown, for example, rain forests and peat swampare being cleared to make way for biofuel plantations, a process that produces more emissions than the biofuels can save. Equally concerning, land needed to produce food for people to eat is planted with more profitable biofuel crops, and water is diverted from the drinking supply.In Europe and the United States, food prices for items like pizzaand bread have increased significantly as grain stores shrink and wheat prices rise.The price of wheat and rice are double those of a year ago, and corn is a third higher, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization said this week."Food price inflation hits the poor hardest, as the share of food in their total expenditures is much higher than that of wealthier populations," said Henri Josserand of the Food and Agriculture Organization.Biofuels are not, of course, the only reason for high food prices. Fuel to transport1试题下载 $100 a barrel. There have been unexpecteddroughts this year as well.Should we conclude that all biofuels are bad?No. But motivated by the obvious problems now emerging, scientists have begun to takea harder look at their benefitsFor example, the European Environment Agency advisory panel suggests that the bestuse of plant biomass is not for transport fuel but to heat homes and generate electricity.To be useful for vehicles, plant matter must be distilled to a fuel and oftentransported long distances. To heat a home, it can often be used raw or with minimalprocessing, and moved just a short distance away.答案:上周五，欧洲环境署下属的一个顾问小组提出了一个非同寻常的科学建议:欧盟应中止其2020年生物燃油站交通运输所需燃料百分之10的目标。