翻译研究之2：跨文化交际—翻译理论与对比篇章语言学(Basil Hatim)

西方翻译研究的新发展（英语论文）西方翻译研究的新发展（英语论文）西方翻译研究的新发展[中文摘要] 在西方翻译研究领域，近年来可以说有两大派别占据了主导地位：一派以广义上的语言学为基础，致力于建构和发展经验性质的翻译科学；另一派则从历史的角度通过描写的方式来研究翻译问题。

两者尽管大相径庭，但有一个突出的共同点，即具有较强的经验性，与纯理论研究形成了对照。

本文旨在通过对三本代表性著作的考察，来管中窥豹，看当今西方两个主要译学研究派别的某些特点，同时可以对西方的纯理论研究略有了解。

关键词：翻译研究、新发展、代表作Recent Developments in Translation Studies as Seen from Three Representative Books Published in the 1990’s Abstract: In the field of translation studies, despite the existence of multiple approaches, two trends of development seem to have been dominating in recent years: one based on linguistics in the wide sense; the other marked by a historical-descriptive orientation. While the two trends of development are contrastive with each other, they share one thing in common, namely, both being essentially empirical,forming a contrast to translation studies with a somewhat ‘purely’theoretical orientation. The present paper offers a discussion of some recent developments in the field by way of reviewing three representative books published in the 1990’s. Through the present review, we may get a glimpse not only of the characteristics of the two major trends of development, but also of certain features of the theoretical versus the empirical orientation. Key words: translation studies, developments, representative books 20世纪80年代初以来，西方翻译研究进展迅速。

跨文化交际视角下的语言与翻译研究關键词：跨文化交际;语言;翻译;恒定核A Study of Language and Translation from the Perspective of Intercultural CommunicationAbstract：Globalization，in nowadays，has an overall influence on intercultural communication.This paper aims at promoting theoretical development of intercultural communication by analyzing language and translation basing on the previous works especially the cultural translation studied by Susan Bassnett，then provides some popular examples to clarify the urgent work of translation is the cultural translation.What’s more，the toughest mission of translator is the appropriate understanding of “invariant core”.Key words：intercultural communication;language;translation;invariant core1.Chapter One IntroductionToday，in the twenty-first century，political，geographical and cultural boundaries are perceived as more fluid and less constraining than any time in recent history and the movement of peoples across those boundaries is increasing.High technologies help human beings communicate more frequently.While it is the communication among the people with different cultural background that many conflicts will be arisen.Seriously，the wars will happen in any time and any places.On the other hand，communication can promote development of the whole world.For instance，the cooperations of countries，corporation and the private persons do win many benefits.Of course，there are many cooperation fruits in this modern world.Therefore，it is valuable to discuss intercultural communication ----changes in the world’s fabric of social relationships and how human beings must adapt them.While，how to start to discuss it？There are three cores in it.They are language，culture and translation.It is language that human beings are different from animals;culture is conveyed in language;translation interprets language，of course，including the culture to others who do not speak this kind of language and do not acknowledge this kind of culture.Therefore，they are correlated and interdependent.Obviously，many masters have studied these three domains，but it is different in this changing world every day.So this paper aims at promoting theoretical development of intercultural communication by analyzing language and translation basing on the previous works especially the cultural translation studied by Susan Bassnett，then provides some popular examples to clarify the urgent work of translation is the cultural translation.What’s more，the toughest mission of translator is the appropriate understanding of “invariant core”.2.Chapter Two Liter ature ReviewBefore talking about the relationship among them，it is vital to understand the notion of culture and intercultural communication.2.1 Definition of CultureWhen it comes to definition of culture，it is very difficult to give a certain concept of it.According to Tytler（1871），“Culture or civilization taken in its wide anthrographic sense，is that complete whole which includes knowledge，beliefs，art，morals，law，custom and any other capabilities and habits aquired by a man as a member of society.” T his definition includes spiritual aspects mostly.Then in Baidu Baike1，culture includes spiritual and material treasure created by human beings.11 kinds of conclusions about culture have been proposed by C.Kluckhohn in Mirror of Man according to abundant definition of other scholars.They are 1）the sum of lifestyle about a nation;2）social heritage that the one recieves from groups;3）pattern ofthinking，emotion and belief;4）generalization of a series of behaviors;5）as for anthropologist，it is a theory concerning about behavioral style of a group of people.6）a precious trove assembling a mountain of knowledge;7）a set of standardized cognition of a certain recurring disputable issue;8）aquiring behaviors;9）one kind of mechanism keeping the normative of acts;10）a set of technologies adjusting relationship between the one andenvironment even the other people;11）an accumulation of history.（Li Han，1999：p5）3.Chapter Three Language and Translation in Intercultural Communication3.1 Language and CultureEdward Sapir cl aims that “language is a guide to social reality” and that human beings are at the mercy of the language that has become the medium of expression for their society.Experience，he asserts，is largely determined by the language habits of the community，and each separate structure represents a separate reality：Sapir’s thesis，endorsed later by Benjamin Lee Whorf，is related to the more recent view advanced by the Soviet semiotician，Juri Lotman，that language is a modelling system.Lotman describes literature and art in general as secondary modelling systems，as an indication of the fact that they are derived from the primary modeling system of language，and declares as firmly as Sapir or Whorf that “No language can exist unless it is steeped in the context of culture;and no culture can exist which does not have at its center，the structure of natural language”.Language，then，is the heart within the body of culture，and it is the interaction between the two that results in the continuation of life-energy.In the same way that the surgeon，operating on the heart，cannot neglect the body that surrounds it，so the translator treats the text in isolation from the culture at his peril.3.2 Culture and TranslationIn his article “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation”，Roman Jakobsondistinguishes three types of translation：1.Intralingual translation，or rewording（an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language）.2.Interlingual translation of translation proper（an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language）.3.Inter semiotic translation or transmutation（an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign system）.Having established these three types，of which translation proper describes the process of transfer from source language to target language，Jakobson goes on immediately to point to the central problem in all types：that while messages may serve as adequate interpretations of code units or messages may serve as adequate interpretations of code units or messages，there is ordinarily no full equivalence，and Jakobson shows how intralingual translation often has to resort to a combination of code units in order to fully interpret the meaning of a single unit.Hence a dictionary of so-called synonyms may give perfect as a synonym for ideal or vehicle as a synonym for conveyance but in neither case can there be said to be complete equivalence，since each unit contains within itself a set of non-transferable associations and connotations.Because complete equivalence（in the sense of synonymy or sameness）cannot take place in any of his categories，Jakobson declares that all poetic art is therefore technically untranslatable.Only creative transposition is possible and the translation is only an adequate interpretation of an alien code unite and equivalence is impossible.As for equivalence，Popovic distinguishes four types：1.Linguistic equivalence，where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level of both source language and target language，i.e.word for word translation.2.Paradigmatic equivalence，where there is equivalence of “the elements of a paradigmatic expressive axis”，i.e.elements of grammar，which Popovic sees as beinga higher category than lexical equivalence.3.Stylistic（translational）equivalence，where there is ‘functional equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning’.4.Textual（syntagmatic）equivalence，where there is equivalence of the syntagmatic structuring of a text，i.e.equivalence of form and shape.Eugene Nida distinguishes two types of equivalence，formal and dynamic，where formal equivalence ‘focuses attention on the message itself，in both form and content.In such a translation one is conrcerned with such correspondences as poetry topoetry，sentence to sentence，and concept to concept.’Nida call this type of translation a ‘gloss translation’，which aims to allow the reader to understand as much of the source language context as possible.Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect，i.e.that the relationship between receiver and message should aim at being the same as that between the original receiver and the source language message.The principle of equivalent effect which has enjoyed great popularity in certain cultures at certain times，involves us in areas of speculation and at times can lead to very dubious conclusions.However，language conveys culture and culture reflects language.It is essential to understand the different kinds of culture.So translation is the bridge to combine the different cultures.Cultural translation is the vital aspect of translation in this global village.After all，the power of culture is overwhelming.But sameness does not exist according to the above researches.Then similarity is the goal of translation.So how to comprehend ‘invariant core ’is the chief mission of translator.This invariant core，Popovic claims，is represented by stable，basic and constant semantic elements in the text，whose existence can be proved by experimental elements in the text，whose existence can be proved by experimental semantic condensation.Transformations，or variants，are those changes which do not modify the core of meaning but influence the expressive form.In short，the invariant can be defined as that which exists in common between all existing translations of single works.So the invariant is part of a dynamic relationship and should not be confused with speculative arguments about the ‘nature’，the ‘spirit’or ‘soul’of the text;the ‘indefinable quality’that translators are rarely supposed to be able to capture.When cultural untranslated occurs in translation，it is necessary to catch the ‘invariant core’of source language，and then apply the translation skills to verify the core to target language.4.Chapter Four ConclusionFrom above，it is very imperative to study the theory of intercultural communication.Furthermore，it is vital to use the theory to guide the practice.In this global world，people with different cultures communicate more and more frequently，many conflicts occur in every second.One of the effective ways to solve these conflicts is translation.But how to translate appropriately？How do translators translate the unique culture to another culture？Understanding the two languages，of course，is very important.But it is more essential to catch the invariant core of the language.References[1]Bassnett，Susan.2004，Translation Studies（Third Edition）.Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Press.[2].W.B.Gudykunst，2005，Theorizing about Intercultural Communication，Sage Publications Inc.[3]W.B Gudykunst，“Intercultural Communication：Introduction”，in W.B.Gudykunst（eds.），Cross-cultural and Intercultural Communication，Thousand Oaks：Sage Publications，2003，p163[4]Y.Y.Kim，1988，“OnTheorizing Intercultural Communication”，in Y.Y.Kim & W.B.Gudykunst（eds.），Theories in Intercultural Communication，Newbury Park：Sage Publications：p12.[5]http：///link？url=DUVaQnM5PlWsYzV3b8qNLI5zo41qRbZ0bwDeWk9U0A9dqGZ5utQrXUWx P12hD9at7bN2_GXGVQg3nyvHwP33XK5lZCFfEso_jd-TxlHaFaS.[6]戴曉东，2011，跨文化交际理论[M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社。

研究生跨文化交际方向参考书目1．邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1997.5 2．胡文仲.《文化与交际》北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998.10 3．胡文仲.《跨文化交际与英语学习》上海：上海译文出版社，1988.9 4．胡文仲.《跨文化交际面面观》北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999.11 5．胡文仲高一虹.《外语教学与文化》湖南：湖南教育出版社，1997.3 6．胡文仲.《英美文化辞典》北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1997.3 7. 胡文仲.«跨文化交际学概论»外语教学与研究出版社,1999.11 8．Davis.«中西文化之鉴:跨文化交际教程»(Doing Culture),外语教学与研究出版社2001.19.顾曰国.«跨文化交际»(附MP3光盘1张),外语教学与研究出版社,2009.0910.Samovar、陈治安.«跨文化交际»，外语教学与研究出版社,2000.0811. 陈国明.«跨文化交际学»，华东师范大学出版社,2009.0612.胡超.«跨文化交际实用教程(语言文化类)»，外研社2006.0613. William J. Starosta.«跨文化交际学基础»，上海外语教育出版社,2007.0714.许力生、吴丽萍.«教师手册新编研究生英语系列教材•跨文化交际»，上海外语教育出版社,2008.1115.毕继万.«跨文化交际与第二语言教学»，北京语言学院出版社,2009.1216. Scollon、贾玉新.«跨文化交际;语篇分析法»，外研社,2000.01rry A.Samovae .«跨文化交际读本»(第10版)，上海外语教育,2007.0118.马丁(Judith N.Martin)、中山(Thomas K.Nakayama).«社会、历史背景下的跨文化交际»(第4版)，外语教学与研究出版社,2009.1019．William B.Gudykun. «跨文化与不同文化之间的交际»，上海外教社2007.08 20.樊葳葳.«跨文化交际视听说»(附MP3光盘1张)，大学英语选修课/学科课程系列教材项目组高等教育出版社,2009.0321.樊葳葳,陈俊森,钟华.«外国文化与跨文化交际»(第2版)，华中科技大学,2008.0522.刘凤霞.«跨文化交际教程»(第2版)，北京大学出版社,2009.0323. 哈蒂姆.«跨文化交际:翻译理论与对比篇章语言学»，上海外教社,2001.0124.许力生.«新编跨文化交际英语教程»，上海外教社,2009.0725.许力生.«跨语言研究的跨文化视野»,上海外语教育出版社,2006.0526.张爱琳.«跨文化交际»，重庆大学出版社,2003.0427. 贾玉新.«跨文化交际研究(第1辑)»,高等教育出版社,2009.0628.金惠康.«跨文化交际翻译(原创版)»29. 王催春、朱冬碧、吕政.«跨文化交际»，北京理工大学出版社,2008.0830.威廉、金洋咏.«与陌生人交际-跨文化交流方法(第4版)»，上海外语教育出版社,2007.0731.林大津、谢朝群.«跨文化交际学:理论与实践»，福建人民出版社,2005.0132. 陈俊森、樊葳葳、钟华.«跨文化交际与外语教育»，华中科技大学出版社,2006.0233.多德.«跨文化交际动力(第5版)»，上海外语教育出版社,2006.1034.张红玲.«跨文化外语教学»,上海外语教育出版社,2007.0235.（美）萨莫瓦尔（Samovar,L.），（美）波特（Porter,R.）著.«跨文化交流（第5版）»,北京大学出版社,2004.071. Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter Lisa A. Stefan. Communication BetweenCultures. Brooks/Cole/Thomson Learning Asia ,2000.82. Samovor L A, Porter R E.Intercultural Communication: A Reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.19913．The Silent Language. Hall ET. New York: Doubleday. 19664. Hu Wengzhong.Aspects of Intercultural Communication. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching &n Research Press, 1999.15. Gudykunst W, Kim Y Y. 2nd ed. Communicating with Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication. New York: Random House. 1992.6. Hatim, basil. Communication Across Cultures: Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 20017. Beamer, Linda, Iris Varner. Intercultural Communication in the Global Workplace. Beijing: Qinghua University Press. 20038. Stewart, Edward C, Bennett Milton J.American Culture Patterns: A Cross-cultural Perspective. Beijing: Intercultural Press. 19859. Francis L K hsu. Americans and Chinese: Passage to Difference.Honolulu:University of Hawaii. 198110. Brislin, Richard W, et al. Intercultural Interaction: A Practical Guide. Sage Publications. 1986。

跨文化交际课程教学大纲一、课程的基本信息适应对象：英语专业本科四年级学生课程代码：07007926学时分配：30赋予学分：2先修课程：《普通语言学》、《英美概况》、《英美文学史》、《欧洲文化入门》后续课程：二、课程性质与任务当今世界发生的翻天覆地的变化使社会对外语人才的需求也相应提高。

近年来对交际能力的要求除听、说、读、写四种语言运用能力外，还需要具备社会文化能力，即文化素养。

《跨文化交际学》是外语专业本科四年级的任意选修课程。

它以促进学生整体素质发展为根本，注重学生在技能、知识、情感、策略和文化素质等各方面的综合发展。

作为一门新兴学科，《跨文化交际学》集社会语言学、文化语言学、语用学、翻译学、传播学、人类学、外语教学等领域的研究成果于一体，着重文化与交际过程以及文化对交际过程的影响，从而提高外语学习者对文化的敏感和跨文化交际的能力。

《跨文化交际学》除研究文化的定义与特点、交际的定义与特征以及文化与交际的关系外，着重讨论干扰交际的文化因素。

这些因素包括语言、非语言手段、社会准则、社会组织、价值观等。

其中，语言包括词语的文化内涵、篇章结构、逻辑思维以及翻译等值等方面；非语言手段包括手势、身势、服饰、音调高低、微笑、沉默、对时间与空间的不同观念等；社交准则泛指人们交往中必须遵循的各种规则以及某些风俗习惯；社会组织指家庭中各成员的关系、同事朋友关系、上下级关系等；价值观念包括人与自然的关系、宗教观念、道德标准以及人生观、世界观等。

语言是文化的载体，不同文化背景的人们从事交际势必会遇到文化差异的问题。

因此，研究跨文化交际、深入了解语言、文化与交际之间的关系，不仅对于语言研究者，而且对于将要从事外语教学、翻译和外事工作的外语专业的学生是十分必要和大有裨益的。

三、教学目的与要求同英语国家的人们用英语进行有效的交际是学习英语的重要目的之一。

然而有效的交际不仅仅是一个语言技巧问题，还涉及到许多文化因素。

本课程要求学生掌握文化的定义和特征，交际的定义和特征，影响跨文化交际活动的各种因素、跨文化交际的途径以及跨文化交际学的研究方法等。

《⾼级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译）【圣才出品】第2章从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译⼀、语⾔⽂化对⽐的层次对⽐就是在两种语⾔的各个层⾯上去发现相似性和差异性，以便为⽇后的翻译活动打下⼀个扎实的基础。

语⾔对⽐的层次为：(1) 语⾳和书写系统的对⽐(2) 语义的对⽐(3) 句法的对⽐(4) 话语和篇章结构的对⽐(5) 社会、⽂化等语⾔外因素的对⽐⼆、语⾳和书写系统的对⽐1. ⾳节、声调不同(1) 汉语⼀个字⼀个⾳节，⽽英语⼀个词则可能有多个⾳节，汉语有四个声调，英语没有。

(2) 对翻译的影响①失去语⾳承载的特殊意义。

例：“四⼗四只⽯狮⼦”这句话的语义可译为(forty-four stone lions)，但⽆法体现汉语特殊的语⾔特征。

②⾳译时，汉语的声调⽆法体现，英汉的⾳节数可能会⽆法对应,发⾳⽆法完全相同。

例：a. “王洪宝”和“王洪豹”这两个⼈名译成英语时都是Wang Hong-bao，没有差别。

b. Dallas译成“达拉斯”，但原⽂两个⾳节，S不构成⼀个⾳节，中⽂则是三个⾳节。

c. Reagan译成“⾥根”，但是R和“⾥”中的L完全不同。

2. ⾳韵和节奏的对⽐(1) 任何语⾔都有⾳韵和节奏，因为⼈们在交流过程中也希望取得⼀些“额外”的效果。

(2) 英汉⾳韵和节奏差异的根源①英语形合和汉语意合的区别。

形合的句⼦，为了结构的严谨，表意的精确有时会牺牲⾳韵和节奏。

例：A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention.[译⽂]这是⼀种体积⼩、造价低的⽆⼈驾驶型飞机。

[分析]原⽂并未考虑到⾳韵、节奏⽅⾯，但在翻译为意合的汉语时，做出了调整，使其结构整齐，考虑到了⾳韵与节奏。

If North America and Europe renew their moral life, build on their culture commonality, and develop closer forms of economic and political integration…a third Euroamerican phase of western affluence and political influence.[译⽂]如果北美和欧洲能在道德⽣活⽅⾯得以重振，在共同的⽂化基础上进⾏发展，在政治经济领域进⼀步整合，以此作为在北约安全合作外的补充，那么将可衍⽣出经济富甲天下，政治⼀⾔九⿍的欧美第三阶段。

上外“国外翻译研究丛书”清单（精）上海外语教育出版社“国外翻译研究丛书”清单1. Susan Bassnett & AndréLefevere Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation《文化构建:文学翻译论集》2. Basil Hatim Communication Across Cultures: Translation Theory andContrastive Text Linguistics《跨文化交际:翻译理论与对比篇章语言学》3. Christiane Nord Translating as a Purposeful Activity: FunctionalistApproaches Explained《目的性行为:析功能翻译理论》4. Leo Hickey (ed. The Pragmatics of Translation《语用学与翻译》5. Peter Newmark Approaches to Translation《翻译问题探讨》6. Wolfram Wilss The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods《翻译学:问题与方法》7. Peter Newmark A Textbook of Translation《翻译教程》8.Basil Hatim & Ian Mason Discourse and the Translator《语篇与译者》9. Eugene A. Nida Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating《语言与文化:翻译中的语境》10. Gideon T oury Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond《描述翻译学及其他》11. George Steiner After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation《通天塔之后:语言与翻译面面观》12. Mary Snell-Hornby Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach《翻译研究:综合法》13. Kathleen Davis Deconstruction and Translation《解构主义与翻译》14. Maria Tymoczko Translation in a Postcolonial Context: Early Irish Literature in English Translation《后殖民语境中的翻译:爱尔兰早期文学英译》15. David Katan Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators《文化翻译:笔译、口译及中介入门》16. Theo Hermans Translation in Systems: Descriptive and System-oriented Approaches Explained《系统中的翻译:描写和系统理论解说》17. Luise von Flotow Translation and Gender: Translating in the ‘Era of Feminism’《翻译与性别:女性主义时代的翻译》18.Ernst-August Gutt Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context《翻译与关联:认知与语境》19. Edwin Gentzler Contemporary Translation Theories (revised 2nd edition 《当代翻译理论》(第二版20. Mona Baker (ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies《翻译研究百科全书》21. Eugene A. Nida Toward a Science of Translating《翻译科学探索》22. Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber The Theory and Practice of Translation 《翻译理论与实践》23. Andr⑥ Lefevere (ed. Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook《翻译、历史与文化论集》24. Andr⑥ Lefevere Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame《翻译、改写以及对文学名声的制控》25. Katharina Reiss Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations《翻译批评:潜力与制约》26. Lawrence Venuti The Translator’s Invisibility: A Hist ory of Translation《译者的隐身:一部翻译史》27. Susan Bassnett Translation Studies(3rd edition《翻译研究》(第三版28. Jenny Wil liams & Andrew Chesterman The Map: A Beginner’s Guide to Doing Research inTranslation Studies《路线图:翻译研究方法入门》29. Mark Shuttleworth & Moira Cowie Dictionary of Translation Studies《翻译学词典》。

COMMUNICATION ACROSS CULTURES Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics跨文化交际----翻译理论与对比篇章语言学Basil Hatim出版前言这是一部将对比语言学、篇章语言学和翻译理论结合起来研究跨文化交际的学术专著。

作者巴兹尔•哈蒂姆是英国爱丁堡赫利奥特----沃特(Heriot-Watt)大学阿拉伯语研究中心主任，篇章语言学界的权威人士、著名理论家，一直走在该研究领域的前列。

本书是他长达10年的科研成果。

针对目前翻译理论、对比语言学、话语分析三个学科自成一体的学术局面，作者试图将三者融会贯通，明确提出在跨语言、跨文化的交际过程中，如果将母语语言、修辞的习惯表达应用与篇章转化，比如翻译实践当中，并在另一语言体系寻求对应表现法，其结果将是大有裨益的。

本专著共分17章。

全书说理透彻，脉络清晰。

首先，作者简单介绍了对比语言理论应用于翻译过程的可行性，即句法与语义性质等语言结构的重要意义，指出文本类型是进行上下文分析研究的中心课题，篇章才是有效信息交流的根本单位；进而，作者从功能语言学的角度，对修辞、文本风格、语域等因素进行了深入讨论。

由于阿拉伯语具有悠久独特的修辞风格，作者通过现在篇章语言学以及传统的阿拉伯语修辞学在语言研究分析中的有利地位，对篇章类型提出了自己的见解。

除此以外，作者还就文本类型、礼貌表达、交际文化、文学作品中的意识形态的分析与翻译、非小说类的散文文学中反语用法的翻译以及口译研究等问题从对比篇章语言学的角度进行了系统化的分析探讨。

本书贯穿书中的指导思想，就是将语篇分析的理论模型应用于笔译、口译及语言教学实践之中，并通过这些目标在实际中的结合来证明翻译的介绍可以加大对比语言学和语篇分析研究的广度和深度。

总之，本书论述系统全面，资料翔实，从理论到实践环环相扣，是一部侧重语言实际运用的学术著作，对于从事语言学、文学理论、话语分析、翻译以及文化等学科研究的人员提供了建设性的知道，是一本不可多得的好书。

第一单元语言：汉语与英语Section A 汉语Passage 1 中文的方方面面1汉语是汉藏语系的一个分支，由数百种地方语言组成，其中许多语言互不相通。

据估计，10多亿人的第一语言是某种形式的汉语作。

历史2古汉语是经证明最古老的汉语，是所有现代汉语变体的始祖。

从先秦到晋代都使用过古文。

中国最早的文字记载出现在3000多年前，最早的例子是商代末年甲骨上的占卜铭文。

在随后的周朝，青铜器铭文变得丰富起来。

周朝后半期文学繁荣发展，包括《论语》、《孟子》、《春秋》等经典著作。

这些作品都是文言文的典范。

3中古汉语是南北朝和隋唐宋时期使用的语言，可以分为以韵书《切韵》为标志的早期中古汉语，和以切韵系统的指南“韵表”为标志的晚期中古汉语。

中古汉语是恢复早期汉语发音的口传的起点。

4北宋灭亡后，在晋朝和元朝时期，中国北方出现了一种通用语（现在称为旧官话）。

明清时期的官员们使用基于普通话变体的“官话”来管理国家。

在明清时期的多半时间里，这种语言是以南京地区的方言为基础的，但与任何一种方言都不完全相同。

到1909年，即将灭亡的清朝将北京话定为“国语”5中华人民共和国继续推行共同的国语，于1956年正式确定了中国的标准语言。

普通话是现代汉语的标准形式，以北京语音系统为发音规范，以北方方言为方言基础，以白话文学语言为语法规范。

在中国，普通话现在被用于教育、媒体和正式场合。

汉语是联合国六种官方语言之一。

发音7 汉字不能可靠地指明其发音。

因此，对于那些不识汉字的人来说，将汉语音译成拉丁字母是很有用的。

拼音系统是在20世纪50年代由许多语言学家在早期汉语罗马化形式的基础上发展起来的。

1958年由中国政府出版，并多次修订。

国际标准化组织（ISO）于1982年将拼音作为一项国际标准，随后于1986年被联合国采用。

8声母和韵母构成拼音的基本要素。

普通话的每个音节都可以用一个声母后跟一个韵母拼写，或者在某些情况下只有一个韵母，但特殊音节er或后缀-r被视为音节的一部分时除外。

上海外语教育出版社“国外翻译研究丛书”清单1. Susan Bassnett & AndréLefevere Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation《文化构建：文学翻译论集》2. Basil Hatim Communication Across Cultures: Translation Theory andContrastive Text Linguistics《跨文化交际：翻译理论与对比篇章语言学》3. Christiane Nord Translating as a Purposeful Activity: FunctionalistApproaches Explained《目的性行为：析功能翻译理论》4. Leo Hickey (ed.) The Pragmatics of Translation《语用学与翻译》5. Peter Newmark Approaches to Translation《翻译问题探讨》6. Wolfram Wilss The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods《翻译学：问题与方法》7. Peter Newmark A Textbook of Translation《翻译教程》8.Basil Hatim & Ian Mason Discourse and the Translator《语篇与译者》9. Eugene A. Nida Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating《语言与文化：翻译中的语境》10. Gideon Toury Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond《描述翻译学及其他》11. George Steiner After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation《通天塔之后：语言与翻译面面观》12. Mary Snell-Hornby Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach《翻译研究：综合法》13. Kathleen Davis Deconstruction and Translation《解构主义与翻译》14. Maria Tymoczko Translation in a Postcolonial Context: Early IrishLiterature in English Translation《后殖民语境中的翻译：爱尔兰早期文学英译》15. David Katan Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators,Interpreters and Mediators《文化翻译：笔译、口译及中介入门》16. Theo Hermans Translation in Systems: Descriptive and System-orientedApproaches Explained《系统中的翻译：描写和系统理论解说》17. Luise von Flotow Translation and Gender: Translating in the ‘Era ofFeminism’《翻译与性别：女性主义时代的翻译》18.Ernst-August Gutt Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context《翻译与关联：认知与语境》19. Edwin Gentzler Contemporary Translation Theories (revised 2nd edition)《当代翻译理论》（第二版）20. Mona Baker (ed.) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies《翻译研究百科全书》21. Eugene A. Nida Toward a Science of Translating《翻译科学探索》22. Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber The Theory and Practice of Translation《翻译理论与实践》23. Andr⑥ Lefevere (ed.) Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook《翻译、历史与文化论集》24. Andr⑥ Lefevere Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of LiteraryFame《翻译、改写以及对文学名声的制控》25. Katharina Reiss Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations《翻译批评：潜力与制约》26. Lawrence Venuti The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation《译者的隐身：一部翻译史》27. Susan Bassnett Translation Studies（3rd edition）《翻译研究》（第三版）28. Jenny Williams & Andrew Chesterman The Map: A Beginner’s Guide to Doing Research inTranslation Studies《路线图：翻译研究方法入门》29. Mark Shuttleworth & Moira Cowie Dictionary of Translation Studies《翻译学词典》。