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浓缩蛋白质溶液(5篇)以下是网友分享的关于浓缩蛋白质溶液的资料5篇，希望对您有所帮助，就爱阅读感谢您的支持。
篇一：浓缩蛋白质溶液丙酮浓缩蛋白溶液步骤操作步骤：1）2）3）4）5）步骤2;1，cold acetone（-20℃）2，1体积样品+4体积冷丙酮；混匀，-20℃过夜3，12000g 离心10分钟4，小心吸去上清5，放在桌上风干，大约20来分钟（自己看着半，剩余的丙酮量不一样，各地方条件也不一样）6，加1乘的sds sample buffer（量自己根据实验目的定），仔细洗离心管远离转轴侧面的管壁（特别对于微量蛋白）。
votex ，煮，冷，上样sds-page 。
加1mL 冷丙酮（-20℃）至200μL 样品溶液，混匀。
-20℃放置2 h。
-4℃离心15 min。
弃去上清液，用丙酮清洗沉淀2-3次。
使沉淀风干，于1-2倍沉淀体积的缓冲液中再悬浮沉淀。
我的步骤：Protocol ：1. 将蛋白样品沸水煮3min ，混匀后离心，取250μL ，加入-20℃预冷的丙酮1mL ，-20℃冰箱静置3h 。
2.-4℃离心（12000r/min）20min ，弃上清（直接倒掉）。
3.200μL 丙酮洗涤沉淀2次。
4. 室温静置风干25min 。
5. 加入裂解buffer 20μL ，votex ，室温静置2min ，加入5μL loading buffer ，沸水煮3min 。
6.12000r/min离心1min ，上样，电泳，考染。
篇二：浓缩蛋白质溶液Protein Desalting/Buffer Exchange ProtocolAll Solulink protein modification protocols require that proteins first be desalted prior to modification. Desalting removes small, interfering amine contaminants from the sample while exchanging the proteins into specially optimized reaction buffers. Solulink recommends the use of Zeba™ Desalt Spin Columns (Pierce Chemical Inc.) for this purpose. Zeba column are available in 2 sizes. The 0.5 ml spin columns are capable of desalting volumes up to 130 ul. The 2 ml size can process sample volumes up to 700 ul (see Figure 1 below). Choose the size column for the appropriate sample volume.NOTE -Zeba™ is a registered trademark of Pierce ChemicalI MPORTANT -Always use 1X Modification buffer pH 7.4to desalt proteins prior to modification and 1X Modification buffer pH 6.0 to desalt proteins after modification. A slightly basic solution (pH 7.4) is required for optimal modification of proteins and a slightly acidic solution (pH 6.0) is required for optimal conjugation of modified proteins.NOTE - larger 2 ml ZebaTM Spin Column do not fit into high-speed microcentrifuges that holds standard 1.5 ml tubes. The larger ZebaTM spin column requires a tabletop or floor-based centrifuge capable of spinning 15 ml conical tubes.0.2 ml 0.5 ml0.4ml 2 mlFigure 1. Zeba TM Desalt Spin Columns (0.5 and 2 ml) used to desalt proteins before and after biotinylation.Materials requiredZeba Desalt Spin Columns (0.5 ml (Cat # 89882) or 2 ml (Cat. # 89889) available from Pierce ChemicalMicrocentrifuge (holds 1.5 ml tubes)T able T op Centrifuge (holds 15 ml conical tubes)P-100 and 1000 pipettesZeba™ Desalt/Buffer Exchange Protocol0.5 ml ZebaTM Spin ColumnColumn Preparation (130 ul max. sample processing volume)1. Remove spin column’s bottom closure and loosen the top cap (do not remove cap).2. Place spin column in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge collection tube.3. Centrifuge at 1500xg for 1 minute to remove storage solution.4. Place a mark on the side of the column where the compacted resin is slanted upward. Place column in the microfuge with the mark facing outward in all subsequentcentrifugation steps.5. Add 300 ul of 1x Modification buffer (pH 7.4) to the top of the resin bed and centrifuge at 1500xg for 1 minute, discard flow-through from collection tube.6. Repeat step 4 and 5 two additional times, discarding buffer from the collection tube each time.7. Column is now ready for sample loading.Protein Sample Loading1. Place the equilibrated spin column into a new 1.5 ml collection tube, remove cap and slowly apply up to a 130 µl sample volume to the center of the compact resin bed.NOTE- for sample volumes less than 70 µl apply a 15 ul buffer (stacker) to the top of the resin bed after the sample has fully absorbed to ensure maximal protein recovery. Avoid contact with the sides of the column when loading.2. Centrifuge at 1500xg for 2 minutes to collect desalted sample.3. Discard column after use.4. Protein sample is now desalted/buffer exchanged and ready for use.2 ml ZebaTM Spin ColumnColumn Preparation (700 ul max. sample processing volume)1. Twist off the column’s bottom closure and loosen the top cap. Place column in a 15 ml conical collection tube.2. Centrifuge column at 1000xg for 2 minute to remove storage solution.3. Place a mark on the side of the column where the compacted resin is slanted upward. Place column in the centrifuge with the mark facing outward in all subsequent centrifugation steps.4. Add 1ml of 1x Modification buffer (pH 7.4) to the top ofthe resin bed.5. Centrifuge at 1000xg for 2 minute to remove buffer.6. Repeat step 4 and 5 two or three additional times, discarding buffer from the collection tube each time.7. Column is now ready for sample loading.Protein Sample Loading1. Place spin column into a new 15 ml conical collection tube, remove cap and slowly and apply a sample volume (240-700 ul) to the center of the compact resin bed.NOTE- for sample volumes less than 350 µl apply additional buffer (stacker) to the top of the resin bed (i.e. 40 ul) after the sample has fully absorbed to ensure maximal protein recovery. Avoid contact with the sides of the column when loading.2. Centrifuge at 1000xg for 2 minutes to collect desalted sample.3. Discard column after use and retain the desalted protein in the 15 ml conical tube.4. Protein sample is now desalted/buffer exchanged and ready for further use.篇三：浓缩蛋白质溶液TCA-DOC沉淀的蛋白质含量非常低1)一个卷的蛋白质溶液,添加2%的1/100 vol. DOC(Na脱氧胆酸盐、洗涤剂)。
2 ＤＯＩ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１－５２５６．２０２３．０１．０２８细胞器之间相互作用在非酒精性脂肪性肝病发生发展中的作用刘天会首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院肝病中心，北京１０００５０通信作者：刘天会，ｌｉｕ＿ｔｉａｎｈｕｉ＠１６３．ｃｏｍ（ＯＲＣＩＤ：００００－０００１－６７８９－３０１６）摘要：细胞器除了具有各自特定的功能外，还可与其他细胞器相互作用完成重要的生理功能。
细胞器之间相互作用的异常与疾病的发生发展密切相关。
近年来，细胞器之间相互作用在非酒精性脂肪性肝病（ＮＡＦＬＤ）发生发展中的作用受到关注，特别是线粒体、脂滴与其他细胞器之间的相互作用。
关键词：非酒精性脂肪性肝病；细胞器；线粒体；脂肪滴基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上项目（８２０７０６１８）ＲｏｌｅｏｆｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆｎｏｎａｌｃｏｈｏｌｉｃｆａｔｔｙｌｉｖｅｒｄｉｓｅａｓｅＬＩＵＴｉａｎｈｕｉ．（ＬｉｖｅｒＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒ，ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＦｒｉｅｎｄｓｈｉｐＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌ，ＣａｐｉｔａｌＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００５０，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇａｕｔｈｏｒ：ＬＩＵＴｉａｎｈｕｉ，ｌｉｕ＿ｔｉａｎｈｕｉ＠１６３．ｃｏｍ（ＯＲＣＩＤ：００００－０００１－６７８９－３０１６）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｉｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎｔｏｉｔｓｏｗｎｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ，ａｎｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｃａｎａｌｓｏｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｗｉｔｈｏｔｈｅｒｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｓｔｏｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｅｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒｓｏｆｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｃｌｏｓｅｌｙａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆｖａｒｉｏｕｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓ．Ｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ，ｔｈｅｒｏｌｅｏｆｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｈａｓａｔｔｒａｃｔｅｄｍｏｒｅａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆｎｏｎａｌｃｏｈｏｌｉｃｆａｔｔｙｌｉｖｅｒｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａ，ｌｉｐｉｄｄｒｏｐｌｅｔｓ，ａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｓ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ｎｏｎ－ａｌｃｏｈｏｌｉｃＦａｔｔｙＬｉｖｅｒＤｉｓｅａｓｅ；Ｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅｓ；Ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａ；ＬｉｐｉｄＤｒｏｐｌｅｔｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｆｕｎｄｉｎｇ：ＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＮａｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＦｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｈｉｎａ（８２０７０６１８） 细胞器可以通过膜接触位点与其他细胞器相互作用，完成物质与信息的交换，形成互作网络［１］。
2021届上海市卢湾高级中学高三英语三模试卷及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项ASheffieldLincoln College of EnglishClasses for foreign students at all levels.3 months, 6 months, 9 months and one year course.Open all year.Small class (at most 12 students).Library, language laboratory and listening center.Accommodation (住宿)with selected families.25 minutes from London.Course fees for English for one year are￡1,380 with reduction for shorter periods of study.1.This passage is probably taken from _______.A.an advertisementB.a noticeC.a posterD.a piece of news2.Who will be accepted by this college?A.Both foreign and native students.B.Only foreign beginners and the advanced.C.Foreign students from beginners to the advanced.D.Only foreign students advanced.3.While you stay there, who will take care of you?A.Your parents.B.Your classmates.C.The school where you study.D.The family you have chosen.BA team of researchers from several institutions in the UK and one in Estonia has created a type of buoy（浮标）that has proven to be effective at frightening seabirds, thus preventing them from getting caught in gillnets—a type of vertical fishing net that is made of a material that makes it nearly invisible underwater.Every year, hundreds of thousands of seabirds die when they get caught in gillnets. Some estimates suggest that up to a half-million birds are caught in them each year. Over the years, researchers have created devices（装置）to prevent the birds from trying to catch fish near or in gillnets, but those didn't work well.To find a way that would work for all seabirds, the researchers first studied seabirds in a general sense, looking to find things that they would avoid. They noted that seabirds avoided eye contact with other creatures. Then the researchers came up with a simple idea—they put a small pole to a regular buoy and then attached a pair of googly eyes（金鱼眼）to the top of it. They made the eyes big enough so that even birds with poor eyesight, such as geese, would see them. Adding to the effectiveness of the device, waves made the eyes move back and forth. And the wind made the buoy spin very slowly, making sure that birds from every direction would get a good look at the eyes.To test their idea, the researchers selected several sites near gillnets and counted how many birds approached and how many attempted to catch fish near the nets. They then set up their googly-eyed buoys and once again counted birds. Over the course of 62 days, they found the number of birds that tried to catch fish near the gillnets dropped by approximately 25% for a distance of up to 50 meters. They also found that the birds were less likely to fish near where the buoys had been for up to three weeks after they had been removed.4. What is the function of paragraph 2?A. Introducing a new topic to discuss.B. Providing background information.C. Summarizing the previous paragraph.D. Pointing out the main idea of the text.5. Why did the researchers make the googly eyes big?A. To ensure all the seabirds can see them.B. To clearly observe seabirds' eye contact.C. To allow them to survive the strong wind.D. To effectively identify the right direction.6. What does the researchers' test result mainly suggest?A. The new device still needs improvingB. Gillnets are a death valley for seabirds.C. Seabirds hardly catch fish near the nets.D. The googly-eyed buoy proves effective.7. What is the text mainly about?A. A group of researchers interested in seabirds.B. A way to help seabirds catch fish effectively.C. A device keeping seabirds safe from gillnets.D. A googly-eyed buoy guiding seabirds to hunt.COnce small farmers in Masii, a remote village in Kenya, have picked their crops, all they can do is wait until a buyer trucks through. The system works fairly well for beans and corn, but mangoes-the area’s other maincrop-spoil (腐烂) more quickly. If the trader is late, they rot.However, a simple coating could change that. A company, SmartTech, has created a product that doubles the shelf life of fresh produce, enabling farmers to access far-off, larger markets. More time forfresh produce on grocers’ shelves also means less food waste-a $2.6 trillion problem, according to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).James Rogers, CEO of SmartTech, wanted to solve the problem for food much in the same way that oxide barriers preventing rust (锈) have achieved for steel. Fortunately, researchers have found when plants made the jump from water to land, they developed cutin(蜡质), a barrier which is made of fatty acids that link together to form a seal around the plant, helping keep water in.The cutin was such a grand strategy that today you’ll still find it across the plant kingdom. SmartTech discovered through researches that an orange can last longer than a strawberry not so much because of the thickness of its skin, but because of the difference in the arrangement of those cutin molecules (分子)on the surface. After extensive trials, Rogers and his team developed a natural and tasteless protective coating from plant material-stems, leaves and skins. The product extends the sweet spot between ripening and rot. And best of all, the treated produce doesn’t require refrigeration.“SmartTech has huge potential to turn poor farmers in Africa into commercial farmers,” says Rogers. “That means more money in pockets, and more food in stomachs.” But whether the company can cost-effectively reach small farmers in far-off areas still remains a challenge.8. The author mentions the small farmers in Kenya to ________.A. stress their need for preserving produceB. show their challenge in harvesting cropsC. express their wish to reach larger marketsD. evaluate their loss caused by slow transport9. What can we learn about SmartTech’s product?A. It is financially supported by FAO.B. It is intended to replace refrigeration.C. It is designed to thicken produce’s skin.D. It is based on plants’own defence system.10. What will James Rogers probably focus on next?A. How to expand farms.B. How to earn more money.C. How to produce more tasty food.D. How to profit farmers in remote area.11. The main purpose of the passage is to ________.A. promote a productB. present a technologyC. advertise SmartTechD. introduce James RogersDANew Zealandcouncil has announced a month-long road closure in order to allow a sea lion and her pup to reach the ocean safely.John Wilson Ocean Drive in Dunedin will be closed after the New Zealand sea lions made their home at a nearby golf course and started "regularly crossing the road to get to the beach," according to a Facebook post from Dunedin City Council."You can still visit the area on foot or by bicycle, but please give the sea lions lots of space," continued the post.Locals applauded the decision, and one even called for the closure to be made permanent."No dogs should be on the beach, either," wrote Gaylene Smith. "We need to protect our beautiful sea life."Dogs are known to attack sea lions, and Chisholm Links Golf Course, where the sea lions have made their home, also posted advice to dog walkers in a Facebook update."We're lucky to have sea lions on our coastline and we need to share the space with them,as this is what makes our coastline so unique!" wrote the course on Facebook.The council went on to explain thatNew Zealandsea lions are endangered, and are one of the world's rarest species of sea lion.There are an estimated 12,000New Zealandsea lions left, according to the Department of Conservation. Under local law, anyone who kills a sea lion could face up to two years in prison or a fine of up to NZ$250,000(US$178,000).12. What decision has the Dunedin City Council made?A. Closing an ocean drive for a month.B. Forbidding entry into a golf course.C. Forbidding walking dogs outside.D. Closing the nearby beach temporarily.13. How did the City Council announce the decision?A. By informing on TV.B. By sending out notices.C. By posting on Facebook.D. By advertising in a newspaper.14. What is the attitude of the local people toward the closure?A. Doubtful.B. Supportive.C. Uncaring.D. Critical.15. What can we learn aboutNew Zealandsea lions from the text?A. They are afraid of humans.B. They are a common species.C. They are being killed by dogs.D. They are under legal protection.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
·173CHINESE JOURNAL OF CT AND MRI, JAN. 2024, Vol.22, No.1 Total No.171【通讯作者】张 继，男，副主任医师，主要研究方向：生殖泌尿影像学。
E-mail：***************r o g r e s s o f C T C a r d i a c中国CT和MRI杂志 2024年1月 第22卷 第1期 总第171期有助于临床医生制定个性化治疗策略，应得到更多的重视。
目前，残余分流被认为与LAAC后的不良预后相关[23]。
有文献报道以TEE作为随访方式的研究均说明残余分流会增加缺血性脑卒中的风险，但以CCTA作为随访方式的长期临床不良事件较少[24]。
心脏磁共振成像也是一种无创检查，其能否成为CCTA的替代检查方案还有待进一步研究。
因此，建议定期CCTA随访、围手术期使用抗凝药、选择合适的LAA封堵器尺寸，对封堵成功会产生一定的协同作用[25]。
另外近年来出现几种新兴的针对LAAC后残余分流的封堵技术，如弹簧圈栓塞系统和血管封堵器等也逐渐广泛地应用于临床，CCTA是否适用于残余分流封堵效能的评估也有待进一步研究[26]。
2 CCTA在LAAC后器械相关血栓评估中的价值 DRT是LAAC后并发症之一，LAA封堵器作为一种异物植入人体内，大多数DRT好发封堵器心房侧。
多项研究已探讨DRT发生的危险因素，包括不完全封堵、植入深度、大口径、高CHA2DS2VASc评分、低射血分数、AF持续时间、术后用药方案等[27]。
CCTA可作为LAAC后随访DRT的重要手段，封堵器表面存在低密度影表明产生DRT，延迟期持续性充盈缺损存在，根据缺损形状可分为层状血栓及块状血栓，以前者多见，血栓厚度<1mm 标志着封堵器表面内皮化[28]。
相关文献报道[29]，应用CCTA检出封堵器周围残余分流的存在会增加DRT的风险，残余分流患者的封堵器间隙血流流速下降，可能会导致LAA内出现湍流，封堵器表面容易形成DRT。
医护英语二级考试答案1. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a common cold?A. CoughB. Sore throatC. FeverD. HeadacheAnswer: C. Fever2. What is the medical term for a severe headache that is often associated with a migraine?A. Tension headacheB. Cluster headacheC. Migratory headacheD. Sinus headacheAnswer: B. Cluster headache3. In medical terms, what does the abbreviation "IV" stand for?A. IntravenousB. In vivoC. In vitroD. IntervertebralAnswer: A. Intravenous4. Which of the following is a type of medication used totreat high blood pressure?A. AntibioticB. AntihypertensiveC. AntisepticD. AntihistamineAnswer: B. Antihypertensive5. What is the correct term for a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries of the heart and blood vessels?A. CardiologistB. HematologistC. OncologistD. PulmonologistAnswer: A. Cardiologist6. Which of the following is a common diagnostic tool used to examine the internal structures of the body?A. StethoscopeB. EndoscopeC. ThermometerD. Blood pressure monitorAnswer: B. Endoscope7. What is the term used to describe a condition where the body is unable to regulate its temperature properly?A. HyperthermiaB. HypothermiaC. DysthermiaD. Thermoregulation disorderAnswer: D. Thermoregulation disorder8. Which of the following is a type of imaging technique used to visualize the structure and function of the brain?A. X-rayB. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)C. UltrasoundD. CT (Computed Tomography)Answer: B. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)9. What is the medical term for a condition characterized by an excessive amount of glucose in the blood?A. HypoglycemiaB. HyperglycemiaC. Diabetes insipidusD. GlycosuriaAnswer: B. Hyperglycemia10. Which of the following is a method used to prevent the spread of infections in a healthcare setting?A. Hand hygieneB. SmokingC. OvercrowdingD. Lack of ventilationAnswer: A. Hand hygiene结束语：希望这些答案能帮助你更好地准备医护英语二级考试。
UPFLOW/DOWNFLOW COILS INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONSIO-284L 1. Important Safety InstructionsThe following symbols and labels are used throughout this manual to indicate immediate or potential safety hazards. It is the owner’s and installer’s responsibility to read and comply with all safety information and instructions accompanying these symbols. Failure to heed safety information increases the risk of personal injury, property damage, and/or product damage.2. Shipping InspectionUpon receiving the product, inspect it for damage from shipment. Shipping damage, and subsequent investigation is the responsibility of the carrier. Verify the model number, specifications, electrical characteristics, and accessories are correct prior to installation. The distributor or manufacturer will not accept claims from dealers for transportation damage or installation of incorrectly shipped units. 2.1 HandlingUse caution when transporting/carrying unit. Do not carry unit with hooks or sharp object. The preferred method of carrying the unit after arrival at the job site is to carry by two-wheel hand truck from the back or sides or by hand by carrying at the cabinet corners.3. Codes & RegulationsThis product is designed and manufactured to comply with national codes. The Product shall be installed in accordance with national wiring regulations. Installation in accordance with such codes and/or prevailing local codes/regulations is the responsibility of the installer. The manufacturer assumes no responsibility for equipment installed in violation of any codes or regulations.The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued various regulations regarding the introduction and disposal of refrigerants. Failure to follow these regulations may harm the environment and can lead to the imposition of substantial fines. Should you have any questions please contact the local office of the EPA.4. Replacement PartsInspect the unit to verify all required components are present and intact. Report any missing components immediately to the manufacturer or to the distributor. Make sure to include the full product model number and serial number when reporting and/or obtaining service parts. Replacement parts for this product are available through your contractor or local distributor. For the location of your nearest distributor consult the white business pages, the yellow page section of the local telephone book or contact:HOMEOWNER SUPPORTDAIKIN COMFORT TECHNOLOGIESMANUFACTURING. L.P .19001 KERMIER ROAD WALLER, TEXAS 77484(855) 770-65785. Pre-Installation Instructions5.1 PreparationKeep this document with the unit. Carefully read all instructions for the installation prior to installing product. Make sure each step or procedure is understood and any special considerations are taken into account before starting installation. Assemble all tools, hardware and supplies needed to complete the installation. Some items may need to be purchased locally. Make sure everything needed to install the product is on hand before starting.5.2 ClearancesRefrigerant lines must be routed depending on configuration of unit to maintain the required 24” minimum clearance for service. Consult all appropriate regulatory codes prior to determining final clearances. In installations that may lead to physical damage (i.e. a garage) it is advised to install a protective barrier to prevent such damage. Always install units such that a positive slope in condensate line (1/4” per foot) is allowed.NOTE: Furnace application requires that the installer MUST review and strictly follow ALL furnace installation clearance guidelines. Failure to do so may result in property/equipment damage, personal injury or death.CONSULT ALL APPROPRIATE REGULATORY CODES WHEN DETERMINING FINAL CLEARANCES.6. Application InformationCoils are designed for indoor installation only and must be installed downstream (discharge air) of the furnace. The CAPF/CAPT product line may be installed in upflow or downflow orientations.7. Condensate Drain PipingIn all cooling applications where condensate overflow may cause damage, a secondary drain pan must be provided by the installer and placed under the entire unit with a separate drain line properly sloped and terminated in an area visible to the owner. This secondary drain pan can provide extra protection to the area under the unit should the primary drain plug up and overflow. As expressed in our product warranty, we will not be liable for any damages, structural or otherwise due to the failure to follow this installation requirement. Condensate drain connections are located in the drain pan at the bottom of the coil/enclosure assembly. Use the female (3/4” FPT) threaded fitting that protrudes outside of the enclosure for external connections. The connectors required are 3/4” NPT male, either PVC or metal pipe, and must be hand tightened to a torque of no more than 37 in-lbs. to prevent damage to the drain pan connection. An insertion depth between .36 to .49 inches (3-5 turns) should be expected at this torque.1. Ensure drain pan hole is NOT obstructed.2. To prevent potential sweating and dripping on finishedspace, it may be necessary to insulate the condensatedrain line located inside the building. Use Armaflex® orsimilar material.A Secondary Condensate Drain Connection, now called for by many building codes, has been provided. Pitch the drain line 1/4” per foot to provide free drainage. Provide required support to drain line to prevent bowing. Install a condensate trap in the primary drain line to ensure proper drainage. If the secondary drain line is required, run the line separately from the primary drain and end it where condensate discharge can be easily seen.8. Refrigerant LinesNOTE: Refrigerant tubing must be routed to allow adequate access for servicing and maintenance of the unit.Do not handle coil assembly with manifold or flowrator tubes. Doing so may result in damage to the tubing joints. Always use clean gloves for handling coil assemblies.8.1 Tubing Size/LengthFor the correct tubing size, follow the specification for the condenser/heat pump. Give special consideration to minimizing the length of refrigerant tubing when installing coils. Refer to Remote Cooling/Heat Pump Technical Publication TP-107* Long Line Set Application R-410A for guidelines for line lengths over 80’. Leave a minimum 3” straight in line set from braze joints before any bends.8.2 Tubing PreparationAll cut ends are to be round, burr free, and cleaned. Any other condition increases the chance of a refrigerant leak. Use a pipe cutter to remove the closed end of the spun closed suction line.8.3 BrazingBraze joints should be made only with the connections provided external to the cabinet. Do not alter the cabinet nor braze inside the cabinet. To avoid overheating after brazing, quench all brazed joints with water or a wet rag.8.4 Special Instructions for Flowrator (Piston) Version Coils in flowrator version are equipped with a check style flowrator for refrigerant management. For most installations with matching applications, no change to the flowrator piston is required. However, in mix-matched applications, a piston change may be required. See the piston kit chart or consult your local distributor for details regarding mix-matched piston sizing. If the mix-matched application requires a different piston size, change the piston in the distributor on the indoor coil before installing the coil and follow the procedure shown below.8.5 Tubing Connections for Flowrator Model1. Loosen the 13/16 nut 1 TURN ONLY to allow highpressure tracer gas to escape. No gas indicates a possible leak.2. After the gas has escaped, remove the nut and discardthe plastic or brass cap.3. Remove the check piston to verify it is correct and thenreplace the piston. See piston kit chart in instructions.4. Use a tube cutter to remove the spin closure on thesuction line. DO NOT USE A CUTTING METHOD THAT WOULD RESULT IN THE GENERATION OF COPPER SHAVINGS OR COPPER DUST.5. Slide the 13/16 nut into place on the tailpiece suppliedin the literature bag or with the unit.6.Insert liquid line into the supplied tailpiece.Figure 17. Insert the suction line into the connection, slide theinsulation and the rubber grommet at least 18” away from the braze joint. Braze both liquid and suction line joints.8. AFTER THE TAILPIECE HAS COOLED, confirmposition of the white Teflon® seal and hand tighten the 13/16 nut.9. Torque the 13/16” nut to 10-20 ft-lbs. or 1/6 turn pasthand tight.10. Replace suction line grommet and insulation.8.6 Tubing Connections for TXV VersionTXV models come with factory installed non-adjustable TXV with the bulb permanently located on the suction tube.1. Remove coil access panel.2. Remove access valve fitting cap and depress the valvestem in access fitting to release pressure. No pressure indicates possible leak.3. Replace the refrigerant tubing panel.4. Remove the spin closure on both the liquid andsuction tubes using a tubing cutter. DO NOT USE A CUTTING METHOD THAT WOULD RESULT IN THE GENERATION OF COPPER SHAVINGS OR COPPERDUST.SUCTIONFigure 2.1LIQUIDFigure 2.25. Insert liquid line set into liquid tube expansion and slide grommet about 18” away from braze joint.6. Insert suction line set into suction tube expansion and slide insulation and grommet about 18” away from braze joint.7. Braze suction and liquid line joints.9. Top flanges can be bent for ease in installation to the duct flanges.Figure 310. Filler PlatesFiller plates are supplied on all 17.5, 21, & 24.5 inch chassis to be used for adapting the unit to a furnace one size smaller. If the plenum and furnace openings are the same size, the filler plates must be removed. See Figure 3.If the uncased coil is to be installed on top of a gas furnace, allow enough space between the top to the furnace and the bottom of the plastic coil drain pan to have a free flow of air.A minimum of 2.0” distance from the top of the furnace and the bottom of the coil pan is required.NOTE: The coil must be installed with the line set and drain openings to the front of the furnace.COILX = COIL PAN WIDTHFigure 4NOTE: Water coming from the secondary line means the coil primary drain is plugged and needs immediate attention.Install a trap in the drain line below the bottom of the drain pan (Figure 5). If using a copper drain line, solder a short piece of pipe, minimum 6” length, to the connector before installing a drain fitting.DO NOT over torque the 3/4” copper connector to the plastic drain connection. Using a wet rag or heatsink material on the short piece to protect the plastic drain pan, complete the drain line installation. Use Figure 6 as a template for typical drain pipe routing. This figure shows how to avoidinterference with vent piping.Figure 580.0% FURNACE 92.6% FURNACEFigure 612. Return DuctworkDO NOT TERMINATE THE RETURN DUCTWORK IN AN AREA T HAT CAN INTRODUCE T OXIC OR OBJECTIONABLE FUMES/ODORS INTO THE DUCTWORK.13. Sealing Along The Panel GapIMPORTANT NOTE: To prevent cabinet sweating and airflow leak, apply field provided insulation tape along all joining surfaces between the coil, gas furnace, duct work and panels. See Figure 7.Apply Insulation TapeFigure 714. Aluminum Indoor Coil Cleaning (Qualified Servicer Only)This unit is equipped with an aluminum tube evaporator coil. The safest way to clean the evaporator coil is to simply flush the coil with water. This cleaning practice remains as the recommended cleaning method for both copper tube and aluminum tube residential evaporator coils.It has been determined that many coil cleaners and drain pan tablets contain corrosive chemicals that can be harmful to aluminum tube and fin evaporator coils. Even a one-time application of these corrosive chemicals can cause premature aluminum evaporator coil failure. Any cleaners that contain corrosive chemicals including, but not limited to, chlorine and hydroxides, should not be used.An alternate cleaning method is to use one of the products listed in TP-109* to clean the coils. The cleaners listed are the only agents deemed safe and approved for use to clean round tube aluminum coils. TP-109 is also available on the web site in Partner Link > Service Toolkit.NOTE: Ensure coils are rinsed well after use of any chemical cleaners.Start-up ChecklistTHIS PAGE IS LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK.19001 Kermier Rd. Waller, TX 77484© 2005-2006, 2012-2013, 2015-2021, 2023 Daikin Comfort Technologies Manufacturing, L.P . • ®is a registered trademark of Maytag Corporation or its related companies and is used under license. 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Though not required to get the protection of the standard warranty, registering your product is a relatively short process, and entitles you to additional warranty protection, except that failure by California and Quebec residents to register their product does not diminish their warranty rights. The duration of warranty coverages in Texas differs in some cases.For Product Registration, please register as follows:Goodman ® Brand products: (https:///product-registration).Amana ® Brand products: (/product-registration).You can also scan the QR code on the right for the product brand you purchased to be directed to the Product Registration page.。
Imaging of Spin Dynamics in Closure Domain and Vortex StructuresJ. P. Park, P. Eames, D. M. Engebretson, J. Berezovsky, and P. A. CrowellSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St. SEMinneapolis, MN 55455AbstractTime-resolved Kerr microscopy is used to study the excitations of individual micron-scale ferromagnetic thin film elements in their remnant state. Thin (18 nm) square elements with edge dimensions between 1 and 10 µm form closure domain structures with 90 degree Néel walls between domains. We identify two classes of excitations in these systems. The first corresponds to precession of the magnetization about the local demagnetizing field in each quadrant, while the second excitation is localized in the domain walls. Two modes are also identified in ferromagnetic disks with thicknesses of 60 nm and diameters from 2 µm down to 500 nm. The equilibrium state of each disk is a vortex with a singularity at the center. As in the squares, the higher frequency mode is due to precession about the internal field, but in this case the lower frequency mode corresponds to gyrotropic motion of the entire vortex. These results demonstrate clearly the existence of well-defined excitations in inhomogeneously magnetized microstructures.PACS numbers: 75.40.Gb, 75.75.+a, 75.60.-dThe excitation spectra of ferromagnetic films have been probed in detail using tools such as ferromagnetic resonance,[1] and Brillouin light scattering.[2] In the past several years, there has been an increasing focus on patterned ferromagnetic films with transverse dimensions on the order of 10 microns or less.[2-6] In this limit, there is not necessarily a clear distinction between exchange-dominated excitations (spin-waves) and magnetostatic modes. Even less is known about the appropriate description of excitations in mesoscopic systems that are not homogeneously magnetized. In systems with negligible magnetocrystalline anisotropy, the balance of demagnetization and exchange energies results in flux closure structures such as the four-fold closure domain pattern in thin squares[7] or the vortex state of disks.[8, 9] These types of simple domain structures are ubiquitous in the size regime just above the single-domain limit, and a detailed knowledge of their excitation spectra will be essential in achieving a complete understanding of nanoscale magnetic structures.We have studied the excitation spectra of individual ferromagnetic thin film structures with in-plane dimensions down to 500 nm using time-resolved Kerr microscopy as a local spectroscopic probe. We identify several unique modes of these systems, including excitations localized in domain walls and the gyrotropic mode of a single vortex in submicron diameter disks.[10] The combination of spatial and time resolution allows us to distinguish between simple precessional modes and the more interesting excitations that arise directly from geometric confinement or the presence of domain walls. Micromagnetic simulations show strong qualitative agreement with the experiments, which have been carried out for permalloy (Ni0.81Fe0.19) squares with edge dimensions between 1 and 10 µm and disks with diameters between 500 nm and 2 µm.The thin film structures for the measurements discussed here were prepared by electron beam lithography and lift-off of Ni0.81Fe0.19 films sputtered on GaAs (100) substrates. The thickness of the square samples was 18 nm, and structures with edge dimensions of 10, 5, 3, 2, and 1 micron were studied. Circles with thicknesses of 60 nm and diameters of 2, 1, and 0.5 µm were also prepared. After polishing of the GaAs substrate to a thickness of approximately 25 µm, each sample was placed on a 30 µm wide section of a tapered stripline and positioned under a 100X oil immersion objective with a numerical aperture of 1.25. The time-resolved Kerr microscopy technique used for this work has been described previously by several groups.[11-13] A 76 MHz pulse train of 150 femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser is split into pump and probe beams. The pump pulse is incident on a fast photodiode which converts the optical pulse into a current pulse that is discharged into the stripline. The resulting magnetic field pulse at the sample is in the plane of the film [see Fig. 1(a)] and has an amplitude of approximately 5 Oe and a temporal width of approximately 150 psec. The polar Kerr rotation of the time-delayed probe beam is measured using a polarization bridge. The output of the bridge is read by a lock-in amplifier referenced to a chopper in the pump beam path, so that the measured signal is the change in the z-component of the magnetization due to the pump pulse. The objective is scanned using a piezoelectric stage, and a polar Kerr image of the sample is collected at each time delay. All measurements discussed in this paper were carried out in zero field after reducing the field from saturation.A polar Kerr image of a 5 µm permalloy square during the pump pulse is shown in the inset of Fig. 1(b). Images at later times are shown in the insets of Figs. 1(c) and (d). As for all of the square samples discussed in this paper, the remnant state is a simple closuredomain structure, with four quadrants separated by 90 degree Néel walls. The pulsed field is oriented vertically in the plane of the image, and so the spins in the top and bottom quadrants experience torques of opposite sign while the two side quadrants experience no torque during the pulse. As a result, the observed M z during the pulse in Fig. 1(b) is positive in the top quadrant, negative in the bottom quadrant, and zero elsewhere. The left panels of Figs. 1 (b), (c), and (d) show the time evolution of the polar Kerr rotation at the three positions on the sample indicated by the dots shown in each inset. The respective Fourier transforms are shown in the right-hand panels. The time traces from the top and bottom quadrants differ only by a 180 degree phase shift, while the scan taken near a domain wall shows a distinctly lower oscillation frequency. The two frequencies, 1.8 and 0.8 GHz, observed in Figs. 1(b), (c), and (d) represent the two dominant modes of the system. This is confirmed in Fig. 1(e), which shows the average of the power spectra obtained at all positions on the square.The data of Fig. 1 suggest that the lower frequency mode is associated with the domain walls. To examine this question more closely, we have constructed frequency-domain images of the polar Kerr signal by calculating the Fourier transform of the time-domain data at each position. As expected from Fig. 1(a), the spectral weight is concentrated near 0.8 and 1.8 GHz, and images at these two frequencies are shown in Fig. 2(a). The higher frequency mode is clearly concentrated in the center of the top and bottom domains, although some spectral power appears in the two side quadrants. This mode has nodes along the domain walls and near the center-line of the sample. The node at the center-line is required by symmetry, since the response of the top and bottom halves of the sample must be 180 degrees out of phase. In contrast to the higher frequency mode, the spectralpower at 0.8 GHz is concentrated in the domain walls between the quadrants. A similar two-mode structure is observed for two, three, and ten micron squares. (The lifetime observed in the one micron square was too short to resolve the mode structure.) Some insight into the nature of the two modes is gained through micromagnetic simulations, which we have performed by integration of the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation())()(1,,2i eff i i Si eff i i M t H M M H M M××−×−=∂∂+γαγα, (1) where H eff is the total effective field, which in this case includes the demagnetizing, exchange, and pulsed fields, and M i is the magnetization in each cell. We have used the parameters γ/2π = 2.95 GHz/kOe, exchange constant A = 1.3 × 10-6 erg/cm, magnetization M s = 700 emu/cm 3,[13] and thickness d = 17.5 nm. The calculations were performed using the Object-Oriented Micromagnetic Framework (OOMMF).[14] Each sample was discretized into 400 × 400 × 1 cells and relaxed into its initial state with a damping constant α===0.5. The damping constant was then set to a more realistic value of 0.008 and the pulse was applied. The simulated time-domain data were convolved with an optical resolution function represented by a Gaussian with a FWHM of 540 nm (corresponding to the measured resolution) and resampled on a grid matched to the experimental pixel size.A Fourier transform was then applied to the output in order to produce frequency-domain images. Simulated spectral images at the dominant frequencies are shown for a 5 µmsquare in Fig. 2 (b). As in the experiment, two modes are observed in the simulations, with power concentrated in the top and bottom domains and domain walls, respectively. The frequencies of the two modes as a function of size are shown along with the experimental values in Fig. 2(c). Although the frequency scale in the simulations is higher, both thespectral images and size dependence are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results.Some insight into the physical difference between the two types of modes can be obtained by examining the effective field acting on the spins in the square. The micromagnetic effective field, including the demagnetization and exchange fields, is shown in Fig. 3 as a function of azimuthal angle at a radius of 1.25 µm from the center of the 5 µm square. The demagnetization field makes the dominant contribution to the effective field, even in the domain wall, as is evident from the much smaller scale for the exchange field shown in Fig. 3. The total effective field varies slowly in the center of each domain, and the dynamic response is essentially uniform precession about the local demagnetizing field. This mode has almost purely magnetostatic character and is not fundamentally different from the response of a uniformly magnetized specimen to a spatially inhomogeneous microwave field.[15] The domain wall modes, however, exist in a region of rapidly varying effective field, and it is less clear how to deduce the observed resonant frequencies from a simple physical argument. One approach is motivated by previous work on domain wall dynamics. Argyle et al.[16] studied similar closure domain structures in garnet films at larger length scales and lower frequencies, applying a model in which the vortex that exists at the intersection of the four Néel walls is subject to a restoring force originating from the magnetic poles formed when the walls are displaced. The resonant frequency we calculate based on their model is about a factor of eight smaller than the observed value for the 5 µm square. Another possibility is that the inhomogeneous demagnetizing field creates an effective potential well for spin-waves asfound recently for ferromagnetic wires,[17] [13] but the lower symmetry in the current problem makes an analytical treatment of the spin-wave localization problem difficult. Finally, we consider a somewhat simpler relative of the closure domain structure: a magnetic vortex. In cylindrical nanoparticles with thicknesses of the order of the exchange length L E =2/S M A (~ 18 nm for permalloy) and aspect ratios β = L/R ~ 0.1 – 0.5, where L is the thickness and R the radius, the magnetic ground state is a vortex in which the magnetization curls around the central axis.[8] [18] The core of the vortex is formed by the central singularity at which the magnetization points out of the plane of the film. A schematic of the magnetization in this structure is shown in Fig. 4(a) along with a magnetic force microscope (MFM) image of a cylindrical permalloy disk with a diameter of 500 nm and a thickness of 60 nm. We have studied the dynamical response of disks withdiameters of 2 µm, 1 µm, and 500 nm after each was subjected to a 150 psec field pulse. Each of these disks formed a single vortex in zero field as determined by MFMmeasurements.The time-domain polar Kerr signal obtained at positions near the center of each disk is shown for the three different diameters in Figs. 4 (b), (c), and (d) along with results from the corresponding simulations, which were carried out on 400 × 400 × 1 grids in which the circles were inscribed. The parameters for the simulations were identical to those defined above for the squares. The higher frequency signal that appears in each case is attributed to precession of the magnetization about the local internal field. (Although a high-frequency signal from the 500 nm disk is not evident in Fig. 4(d), it can be observed in the Fourier transform.) However, the extremely long-lived low-frequency signal distinguishes these data from the response observed in the case of the closure domain structures. Thefrequency of this mode increases with decreasing diameter. Although the frequency (0.6 ± 0.1 GHz) of the low-frequency mode for the 500 nm disk is of the same order as for the domain wall modes seen in squares, the observed lifetime is significantly longer, as can be seen by comparing the time traces of Fig. 4 with those of Fig. 1(c).Excitations of vortices in sub-micron disks have been investigated theoretically byGuslienko and co-workers,[10] starting from an equation of motion derived by Thiele.[19]A moving vortex experiences a Magnus force perpendicular to velocity, and it therefore undergoes a spiral motion as it approaches the equilibrium position after an in-planemagnetic field pulse. Guslienko et al. show that the frequency of this gyrotropic motion is)0(2120χξγωS M =, (2)where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio and M S is the saturation magnetization. The parameter ξ and the susceptibility χ(0) depend on the magnetization distribution in the displaced vortex. The simplest model assumes that the entire vortex moves rigidly, although this requires free poles to exist at the edges of the disk. It was shown in Ref. [10] that analternative model that avoids edge poles[18] gives eigenfrequencies calculated from Eq. 2 that are significantly closer to those determined from a full micromagnetic calculation. In our case, both the experimental and simulated frequencies are closer to the “pole-free” model, within 20 % for the 1 µm and 500 nm disks, than the rigid vortex result, for which the discrepancy is at least 50 %.[10] We note that although the gyrotropic motion of a vortex has been inferred previously from the analysis of domain wall resonance in closure domain structures,[16] the data of Fig. 4 represent the first direct observation of this mode in an isolated vortex.In summary, we have identified the low-lying excitations of inhomogeneously magnetized microstructures, including the simple closure domain structure in squares and the vortex state of disks down to 500 nm in diameter. A domain-wall mode in the squares and a gyrotropic mode of the vortices are identified in addition to more conventional precessional modes at higher frequencies. Although the qualitative agreement between experiment and micromagnetic simulations is good, there remain a number of outstanding questions, including the appropriate physical description of the domain-wall modes as well as the origin of the observed damping times.This work was supported by NSF DMR 99-83777, the Research Corporation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the University of Minnesota MRSEC (DMR 98-09364), and the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute. We acknowledge helpful discussions with C. E. Campbell and M. Yan.References[1] U. Ebels, L. Buda, K. Ounadjela, and P. Wigen, in Spin Dynamics in ConfinedMagnetic Structures I, edited by B. Hillebrands and K. Ounadjela,(Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002).[2] S. O. Demokritov, B. Hillebrands, and A. N. Slavin, Phys. Rep. 348, 441 (2001).[3] C. Mathieu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3968 (1998).[4] J. Jorzick et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3859 (1999).[5] Z. K. Wang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 027201 (2002).[6] W. K. Hiebert, G. E. Ballentine, and M. R. Freeman, Phys. Rev. B 65, 140404 (2002).[7] C. Kittel, Rev. Mod. Phys. 21, 541 (1949).[8] R. P. Cowburn et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1042 (1999).[9] K. Yu. Guslienko et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 3848 (2001).[10] K. Yu. Guslienko et al., J. Appl. Phys. 91, 8037 (2002).[11] W. K. Hiebert, A. Stankiewicz, and M. R. Freeman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1134 (1997).[12] Y. Acremann et al., Science 290, 492-5 (2000).[13] J. P. Park et al., cond-mat/0207022 (2002).[14] M. J. Donahue and D. G. Porter, OOMMF User's Guide, Version 1.0, in InteragencyReport NISTIR 6376. 1999, National Institute of Standards and Technology.[15] L. R. Walker, Phys. Rev. 105, 390 (1957).[16] B. E. Argyle, E. Terrenzio, and J. C. Slonczewski, Phys. Rev.Lett. 53, 190 (1984).[17] J. Jorzick et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 047204 (2002).[18] K. L. Metlov and K. Yu. Guslienko, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 242-245, 1015 (2002);another approach is provided by B. A. Ivanov and C. E. Zaspel, Appl. Phys. Lett.81, 1261 (2002).[19] A. A. Thiele, Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 230 (1973).Figure CaptionsFig. 1: (a) Schematic of the experiment, showing the orientation of the pulsed magnetic field. All measurements were made in zero static field after the samples were demagnetized. (b), (c), (d) The polar Kerr signal measured as a function of pump-probe delay (left) and its Fourier transform (right) for a 5 µm permalloy square at the three locations on the sample indicated in the insets. Each inset shows a polar Kerr image of the sample at the times indicated, with 0 psec corresponding to the peak of the pump pulse. White and black indicate positive and negative signal respectively. (e) The average of the frequency power spectrum over the entire sample, showing peaks at 0.8 and 1.8 GHz.Fig. 2: (a) Experimental spectral images of the response of a 5 µm square at the two frequencies corresponding to the peaks in the average spectrum of Fig. 1(e). (b) Spectral images obtained from the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert simulation using the parameters described in the text. The frequencies shown correspond to the peaks in the simulated spectra, which are slightly higher than their experimental counterparts. (c) Values of the domain center (closed symbols) and domain wall (open symbols) frequencies as a function of square size. Experimental and simulation results are shown by squares and circles respectively.Fig. 3: Total static effective field (solid curve), including demagnetization and exchange fields, in the remnant state of the 5 µm square, shown for points around the perimeter of a circle at a radius of 1.25 µm from the center of the square. Only the circumferentialcomponent of the field is shown. The sharp negative peaks correspond to domain walls. The exchange contribution to the effective field is shown as the dotted curve.Fig. 4: (a) Schematic of a vortex structure (left) and a magnetic force microscope image (right) of a 500 nm disk. The bright spot at the center of the disk in the image is due to the large z-component of the magnetization. (b), (c), (d) Experimental (left) and simulated (right) time-domain polar Kerr signals for vortex structures of diameters 2 µm, 1 µm, and 500 nm near the center of each disk. The low-frequency signal that is particularly prominent in the case of the 500 nm disk is the gyrotropic mode discussed in the text.Fig. 4: Park et al.。
