从广东省海上联合执法的实践看我国海上执法体制的重构

海上联合执法工作简报近年来，随着海洋资源的日益枯竭和海上安全形势的日益严峻，各国纷纷加强了海上执法力度，通过联合执法来维护海洋秩序和保护海洋环境。

海上联合执法工作已经成为国际社会关注的焦点之一。

本文将对我国海上联合执法工作进行简要介绍。

我国海上联合执法工作始于上世纪90年代，经过多年的发展，已经取得了显著的成绩。

首先，我国积极参与国际海上执法合作，与多个国家签订了联合执法协议，建立了联合执法机制。

通过与其他国家的合作，我国成功打击了一大批跨国海上犯罪团伙，有效维护了我国的海洋权益。

其次，我国加强了海上执法力量的建设，提高了执法能力。

我国海警、海军等执法力量的装备和训练水平不断提高，能够有效应对各种海上安全威胁。

再次，我国加强了与相关部门的协调合作，形成了海上执法的整体合力。

海警、海军、边防等部门之间加强了信息共享和联动作战，提高了执法效率。

在海上联合执法工作中，我国注重维护海洋秩序和保护海洋环境。

一方面，我国坚决打击非法渔业活动。

通过加强巡逻和监测，我国成功查处了大量非法捕捞船只，保护了海洋生态系统的稳定。

另一方面，我国积极参与打击海洋污染行动。

通过加强海上巡逻和应急处置能力，我国成功应对了多起海上油污染事件，保护了海洋生态环境的安全。

此外，我国还加强了与周边国家的海上执法合作。

通过与邻国的联合巡逻和联合执法行动，我国成功打击了一大批跨国海上犯罪团伙，维护了地区的海洋安全和稳定。

同时，我国还积极参与国际海上执法合作，与其他国家共同开展联合巡逻和联合执法行动，共同维护国际海洋秩序和安全。

然而，我国海上联合执法工作还面临一些挑战。

首先，海上执法力量的建设仍然存在一定的不足。

虽然我国已经加大了对海警、海军等执法力量的投入，但与一些发达国家相比，仍然存在一定的差距。

其次，海上执法的法律法规体系还需要进一步完善。

目前，我国的海上执法法律法规相对滞后，需要进一步加强立法工作，提高执法的针对性和有效性。

最后，海上联合执法工作中的信息共享和协调合作还需要进一步加强。

我国海洋执法管理现状一、我国海洋行政执法的现状（一）总述我国现行的海洋行政执法体制是传统的分散性行业管理体制，同时也加强并完善了专门的海洋行政执法队伍——中国海监，但是，由于现行海洋法律体系尚不健全，海洋执法的法律地位及执法程序没有清晰地界定或缺失，目前没有一支海上综合执法力量，也没有一个涉海部门能够单独有效地实施海洋综合执法。

海上执法力量分散、多头管理、装备落后的局面仍没有显著改善。

（二）立法现状我国已制定了多部海洋法律、法规，并加入和签署了有关国际海洋公约和例，如：《中华人民共和国领海与毗连区法》、《中华人民共和国专属经济区和大陆法》、《中华人民共和国海上交通安全法》《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》等。

我国在海洋立法方面取得了很大的成就，海洋法律体系已经基本建立。

但是，我国海洋立法很多是一种原则性规定，缺乏可操作性，而且缺乏相关的配套法规，给实际执法造成困难。

（三）执法队伍现状长期以来，我国海洋行政管理体制和海上执法体制高度分散，目前，我国对海洋行驶执法事权的部门多达十余个，主要有交通、农业、公安、能源、环境、土地、海洋、海关，以及海军等部门。

单就海洋海上执法监督队伍而言，我国现有的海上执法队伍分属国务院和地方政府的有关部门。

除军队和武警队外，国务院有4个部门拥有自己的执法监督队伍，他们分别是交通部下辖的中国海事局，农业部下辖的渔政渔港监督、海关总署下辖的缉私警察队伍及国家海洋局下辖的海监队伍。

另外，我国海上执法队伍还有海上边防巡逻大队和海上缉私队伍。

二、与其他国家海洋行政执法管理的比较（一）韩国海洋水产部1.成立前：分散的管理模式；管理权限模糊；管理职责重复；管理效率比较低。

2.成立后：综合各涉海行业门；设立若干个机关职能部门；实现海洋行政一元化；缓解了以往的管理问题。

3.科学措施：公众参与；培养专业人才；加强国际合作；完善法律体系。

4.借鉴之处：海洋执法机构的建立；执法依据的完善；人员及专业人才的培养；公众参与制度的建立。

我国海上行政执法体制的权力配置与协调作者：张国俊来源：《西部学刊》2019年第10期推进海洋治理体系和治理能力现代化是实现海洋强国战略的重要基础。

我国长期以来都存在海洋治理主体的多元化和治理能力不均衡的问题，其突出表现在海上行政执法力量分散、职权重叠方面，“九龙治海”现象导致海上执法成本高、效率低，执法中的推诿扯皮也并不鲜见。

海洋治理与海上执法的上述问题在很大程度上制约着我国海洋事业的发展，因此，多年来学界有很多学者都主张建立综合性海上执法机构，以提高海上执法效能。

但是，海上统一执法模式下执法力量的整合毕竟是有限的，除了将提高执法效能作为考量因素以外，执法的专业性应该也是重要的影响因素。

正因如此，交通部海事局作为海上交通与港航执法主体并没有在此次改革中被整合到海警局中。

所以，海事行政执法与其他海上执法主体仍然存在权力配置与执法衔接和协调问题。

鉴于此，本文以近些年来海上砂石运输船舶监管为例，探讨当前我国海上执法的权力配置与协调机制的完善问题。

一、砂石船监管执法权的配置近年来，随着我国经济建设的蓬勃发展，各大水域、港口、码头等地涉水工程项目建设不断推进，作为主要建筑原料的海砂，其价格也水涨船高。

由于目前国内符合安全标准的海砂运输船数量有限，在巨大利益的刺激下，很多内河船、三无船舶、低标船舶等非适航船舶开始频繁参与非法砂石运输。

这些船舶为了节省成本往往牺牲安全适航的标准要求，因而导致船舶遇险的重大财产损失与人身伤亡的海砂运输事故时有发生。

而且这些船舶为躲避执法人员监管，往往还采取夜间采砂运输的方式，更降低了船舶遇险得到及时救援的可能性。

因此，有必要加强对海上非法砂石运输的有效监管执法。

通常来说，海上运输监管属于海事部门的职责范围，但海上非法运输只是砂石交易中的一个环节，海砂开采、使用等其他环节也存在行政监管，而且海上非法运输在很多时候是跨区域进行的，所以，不同部门、不同区域的监管执法存在着职责交叉。

行政监管领域的职责交叉在很大程度上是“条块分割”式监管体制的结果，这种监管体制尽管也能够发挥其效能，但如果“条条”与“块块”之间不能形成某种合力，地方或部门利益就可能影响执法的效力，甚至形成监管的空白地带。

我国海上执法体制建设影响因素分析及其构想初探
苏彦山
【期刊名称】《武警学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2018(034)003
【摘要】梳理影响我国海上执法体制建设的主要因素,分析我国海上执法体制建设面临的突出问题,结合我国海上执法实践,提出海上执法活动面临的国家间或国家与地区间、人与人涉海洋活动间、人与自然间等三类矛盾.重点从解决主要矛盾、把握海上执法活动特点、坚持立足国情与汲取他国先进经验并举、科学区分涉海事务的属性等四个方面,研究探讨建立以政府性行政执法与军事性维权执法相结合,以统为主、统分结合的新型海上执法体制构想.
【总页数】5页(P21-25)
【作者】苏彦山
【作者单位】武警学院研究生队,河北廊坊 065000
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】D993.5
【相关文献】
1.我国海上维权执法体制现状与完善构想——以南海海域维权执法模式为视角 [J], 裴兆斌;翟姝影;陈兴
2.沿海国家海上执法体制研究及对我国海上执法体制建设的启示 [J], 任玲
3.我国海上行政执法体制的权力配置与协调——以海上砂石船监管执法为例 [J], 张国俊
4.日本海上执法管理体制建设研究——以《海上保安厅法》为中心 [J], 米多
5.我国参与海上执法合作初探 [J], 李承奕
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

Vol.20No.1Vol.20No.1May 2018The status quo and perfection of maritime lawenforcement system in China-from the perspective of law enforcement of rights and security in theSouth China SeaPEI Zhao-bin,ZHAI Shu-ying,CHENXingChina enjoys historic rights over the South China Sea.It has become acontroversial sea area due to the loopholes in the modern law of the sea.It is competedby neighboring countries for its interests,which exacerbate the tense situation in China'senforcement of maritime rights protection and poses the serious threat to our country'ssovereignty over the South China Sea.The article takes the South China Seacontroversial maritime rights enforcement model as the starting point.It contrasts thestatus quo of maritime rights enforcement system both at home and abroad,andanalyzes the existing laws and regulations of maritime rights protection system in ourcountry,such as the imperfect laws and regulations,the unreasonable establishment oflaw enforcement agencies and the imperfect law enforcement system.It also putsforward the strategy and idea of perfecting the law enforcement system of maritimerights protection in our country,which is of far-reaching significance to the strategy ofsafeguarding the maritime rights and interests of China and building a maritimepower.South China Sea,disputed sea,protecting sea interests,enforcement systemReceived on Jan.8,2018Corresponding author:pzb@The South China Sea is a key runner connecting the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean with abundant oil and gas resources.Since World War II,China has advocating sovereignty over many islands in the South China Sea and has won the recognition of the surrounding countries.In the 1970s,abundant marine resources in the South China Sea were discovered by more and more countries.[1]In 2012,the United States implemented the strategy of rebalancing the Asia-Pacific86Marine Science Bulletin Vol.20 region and instigated the relations between China and the countries around the South China Sea.The"Huangyan Island Incident"and the"Chungjnam incident"further intensified the conflicts between China and Vietnam and the Philippines over the South China Sea dispute.In2016,the Hague Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled the case of the South China Sea Arbitration,which violated the peace principle advocated by the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea.It has further aggravated the conflict situation in the South China Sea.Surrounding countries advocate jurisdiction over the South China Sea.As a result,the sovereignty of the South China Sea has been seriously threatened,which has led to the formation of maritime disputes.And it has led to a more complicated maritime defense law enforcement situation.At the same time,in applying the law,it cannot directly solve the South China Sea disputes on the basis of international treaties such as the"UNCLOS."The"State Council Institutional Reform and Functional Transformation Program (Draft)"was reviewed and approved at the first meeting of the12th NPC.The"State Council Institutional Reform and Functional Transformation Program(Draft)"proposed that a new State Oceanic Administration should be set up under the Ministry of Land and Resources.The newly formed State Oceanic Administration will carry out the maritime rights enforcement and law enforcement in the name of the China Maritime Police Agency.At the same time,it accepts the guidance of the Ministry of Public Security.This model marks an important shift from a decentralized marine management model to a comprehensive model in China.As an important force in maritime law enforcement,the Chinese maritime police,since its being authorized to carry out maritime law enforcement in2007,has played an important role in safeguarding national security,maintaining the order of the marine public security,protecting public property and protecting the personal and property safety of citizens.This role is irreplaceable by other maritime law enforcement forces.However,its specific body,authority and preparation need to be implemented.Under the background of changing the government functions and the reform of the administrative system,how to make the maritime police become the sole maritime law enforcement agencies and how to arrange a three-tier system of maritime law enforcement that forms the basis of coordination,decision-making and implementation will be the focus of the perfection and reconstruction of China's maritime law enforcement system.Therefore,it is necessary to analyze the problems which our maritime right law enforcement system faces and put forward the idea of perfection.It is of great significance to the government in safeguarding the sovereignty of the oceans and building a powerful maritime strategy.No.12.1.1The concept of maritime rights enforcementTo understand the concept of maritime rights enforcement,we must first understand the"right"of maritime rights enforcement.The meaning of"right"is the maritime rights and interests,that is,the maritime rights and interests advocated by the coastal nations. Maritime rights refer to the rights and freedoms enjoyed by coastal States in accordance with the provisions of international law of the sea or of domestic law.Maritime interests refer to the various benefits that coastal States derive from their obligation to protect marine oceans.Such as economic interests,political interests,scientific research interests,ecological and environmental benefits and so on.Enforcement of maritime rights protection is an important part of the administrative law enforcement system.It refers to the activities of the administrative and law enforcement agencies of the State that manage and safeguard their maritime affairs such as marine resources,the marine environment,marine utilization and marine development in accordance with their legal powers and procedures.It mainly includes the system setup of maritime law enforcement agencies,the division of powers and responsibilities,the rights and obligations stipulated by law and so on.In this regard,various countries have formed different maritime law enforcement models.2.1.2On the content of maritime rights protection law enforcementThe enforcement of maritime rights protection is one of the most fundamental elements in safeguarding the peaceful development of the oceans and it is the fundamental guarantee for the protection of marine resources,the maintenance of peace in the oceans and the promotion and utilization of marine resources and its rapid development.The specific contents of enforcement of maritime rights are as follows: First,it is responsible for organizing the drafting of systems and measures for the enforcement of marine rights protection and formulating norms and procedures of law enforcement.Second,it is responsible for the enforcement of rights protection activities in the waters under national jurisdiction.The specific content is guarding and protecting the maritime boundary,guarding against illegal activities such as smuggling at sea,smuggling and drug trafficking and so on,maintaining the national maritime safety and security order.It is also responsible for the security of important targets at sea guards and dealing with maritime emergencies.Third,it is responsible for fishery law enforcement inspection and organizing investigation and handling of fishery production disputes that occur outside PEI Zhao-bin,et al.:The status quo and perfection of maritime law enforcement system in (87)88Marine Science Bulletin Vol.20 the line of the fishing trawl bottom trawl fishing line and fishing grounds of specific fishery resources.Fourth,it is responsible for law enforcement inspection of sea area use,island protection and development and utilization of non-resident islands,protection of marine ecological environment,exploration and exploitation of marine mineral resources,laying of submarine cable ducts,survey and measurement of oceans and marine scientific research activities involving foreign countries.Fifth,it is responsible for guiding and coordinating local maritime law enforcement.Sixth,it is responsible for participating in the emergency rescue at sea,organizing or participating in the investigation and handling of marine fishery production safety accidents in accordance with the law and investigate and dealing with marine environmental pollution incidents according to the prescribed authority.2.1.3On the principle of law enforcement at seaAs a kind of administrative law enforcement,the enforcement of marine rights protection law must follow the general principle of administrative law enforcement,that is, administration by law and stressing the principle of efficiency.Among them,administration by law is the most basic principle of law enforcement.It means that the administrative organ must manage according to the statutory authority,legal procedures and the spirit of the rule of law,and the over-power is invalid.This is the most basic principle of the administrative activities of the modern rule of law.The reason why administration by law is a basic principle of law enforcement is determined by the state's compulsion,initiative and unilateralism of administrative law enforcement itself.This principle helps to prevent the abuse of power by the executive authorities,avoids and overrules the arbitrariness and contingency that may arise in the administrative activities themselves,and guarantees the stability and social development of the country.The law-based administration mainly includes two aspects:on the one hand,its contents are the specific ways and means for the management of social life and state affairs through legal means stipulated by law,which provide a clear legal basis for the administrative activities of the administrative organs.On the other hand,it sets limits,restrictions and procedures on the exercise of executive power so as to prevent the abuse of administrative power physically and procedurally.It can be said that administration by law much depends on a clear and specific basis for law enforcement.It helps to create a reasonable balance between the discretion of the executive authorities and the legitimate interests of the public.And it makes the executive authorities to maximize the role of law enforcement under thepremise of the necessaryconstraints.No.1handling maritime disputes.There is no uniform regulation among the countries about the concept of disputed sea area.When the International Permanent Court is trying the case "Mavromamat v Britain",it interprets"controversy"as a non-uniform opinion or conflict of interest after the parties have two or more legal relationship[2],Disputed sea area refers to the disputes arising from the sovereignty,maritime resources,maritime rights and interests,and maritime use of the subject of international law(mainly among nations)in the international maritime system.It has international and political characteristics.At the same time,China enjoys historic rights over the South China Sea.All in all,the disputed sea area of the South China Sea should be defined as the ownership conflicts existing among the maritime countries in the South China Sea.The disputed subjects in the disputed sea area of the South China Sea are the states.The disputed areas include the Exclusive Economic Zone and the continental shelf.These disputed areas are usually caused by the coincidence between other coastal nations and China in their claim to maritime rights.Most of controversial content is the ownership of maritime resources development disputes,maritime research rights disputes,navigation rules set disputes,ownership of ownership disputes and so on.Most coastal States in the South China Sea issued a statement in favor of the Exclusive Economic Zone and the continental shelf.For example,Vietnam's"Statement on the Territorial Sea,Contiguous Zone,Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf of Vietnam"of1977[3],Presidential Decree No.1599issued by the Philippines in1978[4], Fisheries Bill promulgated by Brunei in1982and so on.In the meantime,the five state of South China Sea countries believe that Chinese historic claim of"Nine-section line"rights to the South China Sea has been covered by the Exclusive EconomicZone or continental shelf advocated by other coastal nations.Therefore,they disagree with the ownership of the relevant rights in the South ChinaSea.2.3.1Maritime law enforcement agencies in South China SeaAt present,the main law enforcement forces in the sea area of the South China Sea are the four teams as follows:First,the South China Sea Branch of the Chinese Maritime Police(chips).After the system reform in2013,the South China Sea Branch of China Maritime Police carried out the maritime law enforcement activities in the South China Sea in the name of the South China Sea Branch of China Maritime Police.It has become the leading force in the enforcement of the maritime law in the South China Sea at this stage.Its mission is to be responsible for daily cruise control of the South China Sea. Second,it’s China's maritime law enforcement system.China's maritime sector also undertakes the mission of safeguarding the maritime rights in the South China Sea.For example,Hainan Maritime Safety Administration,Guangdong Maritime Safety PEI Zhao-bin,et al.:The status quo and perfection of maritime law enforcement system in (89)90Marine Science Bulletin Vol.20 Administration and Guangxi Maritime Bureau have all conducted maritime rights enforcement activities in the South China Sea.Third,it’s the navy.The"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea"and Chinese"Territorial Sea and Adjacent Zone Law" stipulate that"warships and military aircraft may exercise their power to crack down on pirates,board or inspect and carry out hot pursuit."It shows that the Navy has the right to enforce the law in the South China Sea.Fourth,they are maritime law enforcement forces in Sansha City.Sansha City enjoys the jurisdiction of the law enforcement within the South China Sea based on the principle of territorial jurisdiction.The specific law enforcement subject is Sandsha City Comprehensive Law Enforcement Maritime Comprehensive Law Enforcement Detachment.The above-mentioned maritime law enforcement entities in the South China Sea have different jurisdictions and law enforcement powers,so there is no unified maritime law enforcement agency in the South China Sea.[5]2.3.2The South China Sea maritime law enforcement modelAt present,the maritime law enforcement activities in the South China Sea are embodied in the model of joint law enforcement.There are two forms of this model:the first one is joint law enforcement among different law enforcement agencies.For example,during the campaign of safeguarding the typhoon No.15"Seagull"in2014,the Haikou Maritime Safety Administration conducted joint law enforcement activities with maritime police and fishery administrations.The second one is the joint enforcement of maritime law across the South China Sea at different levels in the law enforcement subject of the same department.For example,in2013,China Maritime Safety Administration Guangdong and Hainan Maritime Unions conducted a joint enforcement of the South China Sea.However,the current two modes of joint law enforcement are both temporary.They are just a joint law enforcement system that is formed on an ad hoc basis for urgent maritime incidents and are not permanent law enforcement agencies. After the advent of temporary incidents,all maritime law enforcement officials still exercise their powers within their own jurisdiction.Although China adopted the above-mentioned two modes of law enforcement in the South China Sea issue,in the overall model,maritime law enforcement in the South China Sea of our country is still the traditional law enforcement of decentralized rights protection.The model makes the law enforcement powers dispersed.It cannot concentrate on the formation of law enforcement forces,which greatly increase the difficulty of resolving disputes in the South China Sea.PEI Zhao-bin,et al.:The status quo and perfection of maritime law enforcement system in (91)No.1modes.rights enforcement can be summarized as the followingIn the United States,the United States Coast Guard,the National Oceanic Commission and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States represent the three levels of US marine management in law enforcement, deliberation and decision-making respectively.Among them,the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States is part of the United States Department of Commerce.They are central governing bodies whose primary function is to provide and collect information and to map their work.The members of the National Oceanic Commission include the heads of departments responsible for marine management and ministers of ministries.It is a deliberative institution.It is also the presidential commission governed directly by the president.The US Coast Guard is the only maritime formal law enforcement agency in the US government that includes coastal defense,customs,and marine environmental protection[6].Its responsibilities include maritime law and order, maritime traffic,maritime safety,marine environment and resource protection.It is also an institution that uniformly exercises maritime law enforcement powers.At the same time, as one of the five major U.S.Arms,the Coast Guard is also responsible for the defense of the territory.It is a multi-tasking maritime armed law enforcement integrated force in America.There is Marine Guard figures behind the U.S.ocean affairs.Therefore,the United States maritime administration and law enforcement power are concentrated in the United States Coast Guard,this system of management and law enforcement can better92Marine Science Bulletin Vol.20world.deal with disputes over the sea.It is worth learning from all countries in theAfter the reorganization in2001,Japan has established a decision-making advisory and coordination body for marine management in particular in order to make up for the shortcomings in decentralization of maritime affairs.The specific functions are to be held by the three departments of the Marine Science and Technology Development and Promotion Liaison Association,the Ocean Development Council and the marine development departments and agencies joint meeting.In marine management,there are mainly the following departments involved in maritime administration:They are Coast Guard,Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries Department,Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Culture,Science and Technology,Defense Agency and Trade and Industry Department and so on.One of the most important maritime law enforcement agencies is the Coast Guard,whose law enforcement powers are not integrated as the US Coast Guard.However,as part of the national military force,it plays an important role in enforcing the maritime rights.In the course of the continuous development of the international law of the sea,such a model inevitably develops into a"dual centralized"model of lawenforcement.PEI Zhao-bin,et al.:The status quo and perfection of maritime law enforcement system in (93)No.1autonomy in law enforcement and almost all of the official vessels are managed by the Coast Guard,they are still only affiliated with the Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans.They still cannot exercise the powers of other law enforcement departments and have no unified command over other departments.This model does not have a complete set of laws and regulations on maritime rights enforcement or maritime policies that have limitations under the current frequent maritime disputes.At present,countries rarely adoptthismethod.At present,China's maritime law enforcement agencies include five teams as follows: anti-smuggling,fishery,maritime,border and maritime surveillance law enforcement teams.Among them,at the national level,the Customs anti-smuggling police,Chinese fishery administration,public security border police and China's maritime surveillance have been integrated and collectively referred to as the Chinese maritime police.And the Chinese government newly established the South China Sea Branch of the State Oceanic Administration and its affiliated maritime detachment.At the local level,however,the maritime surveillance and fishery policies are not integrated and are still subject to the two law enforcement agencies.Public Security Frontier is responsible for the jurisdiction over the coastline of maritime disputes.At the same time,some regions also set up maritime law enforcement agencies by themselves,and the national maritime law has given the military,the state-owned assets department and the oil authority the power to enforce the maritime law enforcement.The government has also set up a number of coordinating agencies for the enforcement of maritime rights and law enforcement management in order to coordinate maritime law enforcement work and strengthen mutual cooperation among different departments.Although the current coordinating agencies can ease the conflicts of law enforcement,the law enforcement model of the ocean is still a decentralized model,the maritime law enforcement model is still a decentralized model. There are still many phenomena such as law enforcement duplication,overlap of powers,94Marine Science Bulletin Vol.20division of powers and chaossituation.4.1.1There are no specific legal provisions in domestic lawAt present,there is no special law of the sea in our country.When Maritime law enforcement agencies carries out law enforcement activities,they can only carry out law enforcement activities in accordance with the provisions of the"Administrative Penalties Law","Administrative Procedural Law",local laws and regulations and other legal documents relating to the sea.There is no uniform basic law as a support.At the same time,there are very few punishments in our country concerning the illegal acts at sea. Illegal activities punished are mainly to the mainland.It led to the lack of legal basis for enforcing the maritime rights and presents a state in which"single law exists in their existence,there is a gap between them".At present,the United States,Japan and other countries have already carried out special legislation on maritime law enforcement activities in order to clarify the qualification of maritime law-enforcement authorities and their division of powers.In contrast,our country does not regulate the legal status and terms of reference of maritime rights enforcement law enforcement agencies.For example,the re-established CNOOC's legal basis in exercising maritime law enforcement remains the"Fisheries Law"and other industrial laws,which may bring many difficulties to enforcing maritime law and order under the influence of trade interests.4.1.2The laws and regulations relating to the sea are vagueThe ambiguous situation is reflected in the determination of jurisdiction."The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone"stipulates that China has the right to exercise control over the illegal acts in the contiguous zone. "The Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China"stipulates the principle of territorial jurisdiction.Our sovereign realms include territory,airspace,territorial waters and internal waters.Since the territorial sea is within the sea area of the territorial sea,the maritime police can only enjoy absolute jurisdiction within the baseline of the territorial sea.As a result,the maritime law enforcement power of the maritime police is weakened and the purpose of law enforcement cannot be met.And in the practice of enforcing the law,there often appears the phenomenon of jurisdiction over jurisdiction.For example,Liaoning Province has not yet stipulated a territorial sea point,and when an illegal act occurs,the question that whether the powers of the law enforcement agencies being exercised has become a controversial issue.In the process of enforcing the maritime rights based onPEI Zhao-bin,et al.:The status quo and perfection of maritime law enforcement system in (95)No.1the"Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China",Yingkou and Huludao of Liaoning Province are rich in sea sand resources.In recent years,there has been a lot of rampant piracy and sea grabbing,like theirated mining of sea sand.In the actual process of handling cases,although"Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Specific Application of Law in the Trial of Illegal Mining and Destructive Mining Criminal Cases"made a provision that this behavior needs to be appraised by the provincial mineral resources department,However,the Ministry of Land and Resources has said that the situation at sea is particularly difficult to identify the value of causing mineral resource destruction,which has led to the piracy of sea sand in the province have not been subjected to criminal strikes,while other coastal provinces have even cracked down on the crime of theft of sea sand.It shows that its qualitative has great difficulty.4.1.3"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea"shall not directly serve asa basis for enforcement of maritime rightsThe"UN Convention on the Law of the Sea"is the international regulation on maritime rights that can be used as the basis for determining the maritime sovereignty of our country internationally.However,the convention cannot be directly used as a basis for enforcement of maritime rights.The application of the Convention to our country is taken in the way that the transformation is applicable.There are several reasons for that as follows:Firstly,the scope of application is wide.However,different countries have different national conditions and legal systems;it also dictates that most of the matters stipulated in the Convention are principled and abstract.The role it plays is often more declarative and instructive.Secondly,the content stipulated in the"Convention"is too general.The object of marine rights enforcement is always directly related to the maritime rights and interests of our country.If law enforcement agencies carry out their law enforcement in accordance with the"Convention,"they may also exercise a great degree of discretion in the form of law.Once they handle it inadvertently,it will most likely affect the overall situation of safeguarding the rights and interests of our country's oceans and seas.Thirdly,the contents of the"Convention"cannot meet the needs of our country for the protection of maritime rights and interests.For example,our country advocates the rights and interests of the"Nin-Dash Line"in the South China Sea.Other South China Sea dispute countries invaded the vast waters within the"Nine-Dash Line"of our country in accordance with the Exclusive Economic Zone and the continental shelf as delineated in the"Convention."However,the rights of our country in the South China Sea marked by the"Nine-Dash Line"have more than half a century of history,which have long been recognized and recognized as early as the further development and establishment of the modern maritime legal system represented by the"Convention".Marine Science Bulletin Vol.204.2.1Law enforcement departments are numerous and scattered,the scope of the law enforcement subject is cross-cuttingAt present,there are a large number of law enforcement agencies in Chinese law enforcement system for maritime rights protection,which are fragmented.And maritime law enforcement subject is not clear.The terms of reference of law enforcement officers at sea are ambiguous.Although there are five existing law enforcement forces in China, there are more than five departments that actually enjoy the right to enforce the law in the sea.In addition to the subordinate departments of the sea surveillance,maritime affairs, fishery administration,border defense,customs,etc.，some localities,cities and districts have also set up their own auxiliary law enforcement departments.[7]Not only failed to achieve good law enforcement effectiveness,but also created a waste of resources.At the same time,decentralized law enforcement model allows different law enforcement agencies to enjoy different powers and scopes of law enforcement.However,the institution of cross-jurisdictional and vague functions often occur in practice.In some areas,overlapping will lead to disputes over the ownership of enforcement powers between law enforcement agencies.Vacancies in some areas have led to illegal sanctions are not available.All these will have a negative impact for Chinese maritime rights and interests.At present,the State Oceanic Administration and the Coast Guard Bureau of China belong to two sets of agencies but a set of people.Only in the law enforcement can use the name of the police station,we can see that our decision-making power and the executive power are combined,which can easily lead to the Administration's failure to monitor and abuse power.For example,one of the responsibilities of the State Oceanic Administration is"responsible for establishing and perfecting the relevant systems of marine management and drafting the draft laws and regulations on the sea areas under the jurisdiction of islands,sea areas and coastal areas,and so on",This responsibility reflects the decision-making power of the State Oceanic Administration in formulating the marine management system.In the meantime,the State Oceanic Administration also carried out the maritime safeguard of law enforcement in the name of the China Maritime Police Agency,which shows that it is very difficult to achieve"both as a referee and a goalkeeper".It is difficult to achieve just law enforcement and strictly enforce the law.4.2.2The preparation of law enforcement officers is insufficientAs the main maritime law enforcement agency in our country,the Marine Police Force Marine Police Force has the obligation to safeguard national maritime security and peace,prevent and punish a series of illegal activities at sea(such as smuggling,drug trafficking,smuggling).The enforcement of rights protection is its most fundamental 96。

从广东省海上联合执法的实践看我国海上执法体制的重构【摘要】本文从分析目前我国海上执法体制管理模式入手，通过探讨广东省开展海上联合执法的实践经验，分析现阶段联合执法存在的问题，对改革我国现有海上执法体制、构建综合执法体制提出大胆设想。

【关键词】广东省海上执法；联合执法；海上综合行政执法体制我国现行的海上行政执法体制是在上世纪末国家行政体制改革的基础上形成的，即以行业部门分工管理为主，行政管理部门的职能由陆地向海洋延伸的一种分散性的管理模式。

分散的管理体制决定了分散的执法队伍，目前我国就有公安部的边防海警部队，海关总署的缉私局，国家海洋局的中国海监，交通部的中国海巡和农业部的中国渔政等5支海上执法队伍，俗称“五龙闹海”。

这些从上到下众多的涉海部门，各有各的职责与权限范围，对内难以公正执法，对外形不成合力，处于一种被动、无力、难有作为的状态。

一、沿海省市开展海上联合执法的尝试对于目前国内在海洋执法方面存在的诸多问题，有的学者认为可以采取加强执法协作或者开展联合执法的方式。

对此，我国一些沿海省市在实践中进行了大胆的探索。

比如2004年，中国海监天津市总队同渔政、国土资源等执法部门组成联合执法检查组，在天津港主航道、大沽锚地、塘沽区等一代海域开展了海上联合执法检查行动，密切了行政综合执法部门之间的沟通和协作。

2005年2月，《厦门市海上联合执法工作制度》颁布施行，将13个分别隶属于中央、省、市海洋专项管理及众多的间接涉海管理部门纳入联合执法工作机制。

二、广东省海上行政执法体制的沿革及现状1991年，广东省政府批准成立广东省海洋局，负责广东海岸带资源调查和组织海洋资源开发。

1994年，广东省委、省政府决定在广东省海洋局、广东省水产局的基础上，合并组建省海洋与水产厅。

在2000年政府机构改革中，海洋与水产厅改组为省海洋与渔业局。

目前，广东海洋与渔业行政管理体制至今仍然沿袭2000年机构改革后的模式，全省海洋与渔业行政管理体系逐渐形成。

浅析我国现行海洋执法体制问题与改革思路
和先琛
【期刊名称】《海洋开发与管理》
【年(卷),期】2004(021)004
【摘要】1994年《联合国海洋法公约》生效后，建立了新的国际海洋法律制度，扩大了国家管辖海域的范围，丰富了海洋权益的内容。

于是世界各国改革了海洋执法体制，建立了海上综合执法队伍，强化了立法、执法力度和综合管理工作。

但是由于诸多原因，我国的海洋执法体制仍是传统的分散性行业管理体制，没有一支海上综合执法力量。

目前也没有一个涉海部
【总页数】5页(P42-46)
【作者】和先琛
【作者单位】公安海警高等专科学校
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】K928.19
【相关文献】
1.论我国现行征地制度存在的问题与改革思路 [J], 范天森;华兴夏;孙杭生
2.我国现行征地制度存在的问题与改革思路 [J], 姚寿福
3.我国农村现行税费制度的问题与改革思路 [J], 姚德奎
4.我国现行农村集体经济组织存在的问题与改革思路 [J], 孙合珍
5.现行财税体制问题与改革思路 [J], 吴强
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

我国海上执法体制有效运行的困境与出路海上执法体制是我国行政体制的重要组成部分，海上执法体制改革是全面深化改革的重要内容。

海警局作为我国海上执法的主体力量，其优化整合对于完善海上执法体制、推进全面深化改革具有重要的导向意义。

目前海警局面临着机构设置的法律依据与行政合法性原则不尽相符，行政层级与职能范围难以有效契合，外事经验难以满足国际海洋事务快速发展需求，原有分散海洋执法模式制约统合执法模式成熟等困境。

促进我国海上执法体制有效运行，需要坚持渐进式改革与跨越式发展相协调的基本路径，明晰海警局的定位和职能，合理设计海警局内部组织结构，使海警局在执法实践中做到内外统筹并举，以海警局的有效整合，为全面深化改革提供经验借鉴。

标签：中国海警局；海上执法体制；部门整合；全面深化改革海上执法是个内涵丰富的概念，包括对内行政执法和对外维权执法，其中海上维权执法是现阶段我国海上执法的主体活动。

根据《国务院机构改革和职能转变方案》的规定，重组后的国家海洋局以中国海警局（简称海警局）名义开展海上维权执法。

海警局由国家海洋局及其中国海监、公安部边防海警、农业部中国渔政、海关总署海上缉私警察等多支海上执法队伍整合而成，是我国海上执法的主体力量。

海警局的诞生，标志着我国海上执法模式由以往的分散执法演变为综合执法，以应对海洋事务多样化的挑战。

成立海警局并不意味着我国海上执法自此会畅通无阻，提升海上执法实效，还需要系统分析海警局面临的执法环境，找出我国海上执法体制运行中存在的问题并提出相应的解决对策。

一、现阶段海警局有效执法面临的困境海警局的成立意在有效应对日益加剧的国际海洋争端，提升我国海上执法效能，进一步推动我国海洋执法体制改革。

从海上执法实践的需求来看，初创时期的海警局在设立依据、职能划分、执法效能等方面还存在一些问题，其统合执法模式的功能发挥受到了原有分散执法模式的影响和限制。

（一）成立海警局的法律依据与行政合法性原则不尽相符行政合法性原则是行政法的一项基本原则，指行政权力的存在和行政职权的行使必须于法有据，符合法律、法规的相关规定。

论我国海洋区域执法的协调机制建构近年来，我国海洋事务日益复杂，海域开发利用日益加速，涉及的领域也越来越广泛，而相关的执法机构也分别在各自的领域内履行监管职责，这样的分散管理和协调不畅的情况对于维护我国海洋权益、维护海洋生态环境和保证海上安全产生了不利的影响。

因此，构建一套合理的海洋执法协调机制势在必行。

本文将探讨我国海洋区域执法的协调机制建构，并提出一些建议。

一、国家海洋执法机构我国海洋执法机构主要包括海事局、公安机关、国土资源部、农业部、海洋与渔业局、交通运输部、检验检疫部门等。

因为一些历史因素，这些执法机构之间在权限、职责、工作方式等方面往往存在协调不畅、冲突等问题。

为此，国家于2013年设立了海警局，作为海洋执法的主管机构，统一协调海洋公共安全和海洋治理事务，为其他各部门提供协调、配合和支援。

同时，为了更好地协调各部门执法职责，海警局制定了《国家海域执法合作条例》，对各部门执法职责进行了规定，并对不同部门职责的配合协调作了具体安排。

二、属地管理和合作机制在建立主管机构的基础上，海洋区域执法协调机制还应建立属地管理和合作机制。

由于海洋区域涉及很多部门，海域的管理也是分属于各省区市管理的。

因此，需要建立一套有机的联动机制，实现各级海洋执法机构的密切合作，同时发挥各级政府和执法机构的主导作用。

具体地，可以在以下方面展开合作。

1、数据共享数据共享是一切合作的基础。

我国海洋执法机构对海洋环境、生态资源、安全监管等方面进行了大量的调查和研究工作，所得数据的整合和共享是各部门有效合作的先决条件。

因此，各部门应建立相应的数据共享机制，以避免信息孤岛和重复浪费。

2、立法及政策协调我国海洋执法现有法律较为分散，立法相对滞后，还存在重点难点问题。

各部门应通过协商，建立一个更加完善、协调和统一的法律体系，最终达成在执法职责和权利方面的一致性和共识。

3、基层机制建设在实际工作中，各部门应不定期地开展联合执法行动，共同解决海洋执法面临的实际问题，提高各部门在基层的执法水平和能力。

统一建设海上执法力量的思考建设海上执法力量是维护海洋安全和保障海洋利益的重要措施之一。

以下是我对于统一建设海上执法力量的一些思考：
1. 统一的法律体系：为了有效地开展海上执法工作，需要建立统一的法律体系，明确各种违法行为的定义和处理程序，确保各个执法部门在执法中遵循相同的规则和标准。

2. 统一的指挥体系：为了确保各种执法行动的协调和高效，需要建立统一的指挥体系。

这可以通过设立一个海上执法指挥部或者类似机构来实现，负责统筹协调各种执法部门的行动，并根据需要指挥各种资源的调配和使用。

3. 统一的培训体系：为了确保执法人员的素质和能力，需要建立统一的培训体系。

这可以通过设立一个海上执法培训中心或者类似机构来实现，负责为各种执法部门的人员提供必要的培训和训练，提高其执法水平和应对能力。

4. 统一的装备标准：为了确保执法人员的安全和执法行动的有效性，需要建立统一的装备标准。

这可以通过设立一个海上执法装备中心或者类似机构来实现，负责研发、采购和维护各种执法装备，确保其符合标准并能够满足各种执法需要。

5. 统一的信息共享平台：为了加强各种执法部门之间的协作和信息共享，需要建立统一的信息共享平台。

这可以通过建设一个海上执法信息中心或者类似机构来实现，负责收集、整合和分发各种执法信息，以提高执法效率和准确性。

综上所述，建设海上执法力量需要在多个方面进行统一，才能确保其高效、有力地维护海洋安全和保障海洋利益。