Documenting Sources

注明参考资料的来源(Documenting Sources)注明参考资料的来源有几个目的：一是为了避免抄袭或剽窃行为；二是可以提供资料信息，提高读者查阅效率；三是可以增强论据的权威性和论文的说服力。

注明参考资料的来源包括写注释（notes）和写参考文献，并且要遵循MLA或APA（American Psychological Association）两种格式。

文科英语论文的写作都应参照MLA格式。

一、写注释(Writing Explanation Notes)注释的功能主要表现在两个方面：一是对论文中的某个要点、术语或观点进行进一步解释或说明, （称为Explanation Notes）。

例如：（论文原文）The V olstead Act provided for enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment by empowering federal agents to prosecute bootleggers and other violators.①（注释）①The law, passed in 1919, was named for its sponsor, Andrew Joseph V olstead, congressman from Minnesota.二是引导读者参阅与论文相关的文献资料（称为Reference Notes），例如：（论文原文）Mark Twain was convinced that the novels of Sir Walter Scott had infected the south with false romantic notions.④（注释）④For a full account of Twa in’s opinion of Scott, see Sydney J.Krause, Mark Twain as Critic (Baltimore: Johns Hopking UP, 1967)148-149从位置上看，注释可分为脚注(footnotes)和尾注(endnotes)，脚注位于当页的下端，而尾注则位于论文的末尾。

英语作文如何降低查重How to Reduce Plagiarism in Writing。

Plagiarism is a serious issue in writing, and it can have severe consequences. Whether you are a student working on an academic paper or a professional writer creating content for a website, it is essential to avoid plagiarism at all costs. Fortunately, there are several strategies you can use to reduce the risk of plagiarism in your writing.One of the most effective ways to lower the chances of plagiarism is to use a plagiarism checker. There are many plagiarism checkers available online, and they can help you identify any instances of plagiarism in your writing. By running your work through a plagiarism checker before submitting it, you can catch any potential issues and make the necessary corrections.Another way to reduce plagiarism in your writing is to properly cite your sources. Whenever you use informationfrom a source, whether it is a direct quote or a paraphrased passage, be sure to cite the original author. This not only gives credit to the original source but also shows that you have done your research and are using credible information in your writing.Additionally, it is important to take thorough notes when conducting research for your writing. By carefully documenting the sources you use and the information you gather, you can easily keep track of where your ideas and information come from. This will help you avoid unintentional plagiarism and make it easier to properlycite your sources.Furthermore, it is crucial to develop your own writing style. When you rely too heavily on the writing of others, it becomes easier to accidentally plagiarize their work. By developing your unique voice and style, you can create original content that is less likely to be mistaken for someone else's work.Moreover, seeking feedback from peers or mentors canalso help in reducing plagiarism. By sharing your work with others, you can gain valuable insights and suggestions that can help you refine your writing and ensure that it is original and free of plagiarism.In conclusion, plagiarism is a serious concern in writing, but there are several strategies you can use to reduce the risk of plagiarism in your work. By using a plagiarism checker, properly citing your sources, taking thorough notes, developing your writing style, and seeking feedback from others, you can create original, high-quality content that is free of plagiarism. By following these strategies, you can ensure that your writing is both credible and original.。

《学术论文写作》教学大纲一、课程说明1. 课程代码：12. 课程中文名称：学术论文写作3. 课程英文名称：Academic Thesis Writing4. 课程总学时数：165. 课程学分数：16. 授课对象：英语专业四年级学生7. 本课程的性质、地位和作用本课程是《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》中规定的必修课，也是我院针对英语专业四年级学生开设的一门专业选修课，在学科体系中居重要地位。

本课程有利于培养学生进行科学研究的能力，并帮助、指导学生顺利完成毕业论文写作。

毕业论文写作是大学英语专业教学计划中一个不可缺少的部分和实践环节，是考查学生综合能力、评估学业成绩的一个重要方式，是高校英语专业教学质量评估的重要内容。

毕业论文写作的优劣决定学生毕业时可否被授予学士学位。

本课程可以培养学生的科研创新意识、严谨工作态度，良好学术道德，锻炼学生的思维组织能力，训练学生的语言运用能力，激活学生的知识输出与输入。

通过教学，使学生了解毕业论文的写作要求和撰写规范，知道，并掌握写作论文的方法。

二、教学基本要求1. 本课程的目的、任务本课程的教学目的在于培养学生撰写毕业论文的能力，要求学生对文献材料有一定的综合分析能力、并能用自己的语言表达个人观点和意见，同时还要求学生学会正确地引用他人的观点，避免有意或无意的抄袭现象。

本课程的任务是使学生了解从选题、文献调研、资料分析、列提纲、起草、修改到编辑的写作基本方法和基本技能，了解毕业论文开题报告、文献综述、摘要、引言、正文、结语的写作方法及文献引用方法等，为学生毕业论文写作提供指导和帮助，对学生进行基本的科研能力训练，培养学生的创新意识及独立思维、科学探索的能力。

2. 本课程的教学要求（1）系统了解毕业论文写作的主要过程和基本方法；（2）系统了解选题方法以及文献检索的主要方法和途径；（3）系统掌握开题报告、文献综述的写作方法；（4）掌握学校规范编制毕业论文的注释、参考文献以及引文的主要方法；（5）查阅教学法、语言学、文学、翻译等方面的汉英语论文，了解毕业论文的语言、结构、切入展开方法，熟悉学校毕业论文的写作规范；（6）通过论文写作的训练，提高研究性学习的能力和创新思维能力。

英语学术论文写作纲要英语学术论文写作Course Title: Effective Academic Writing in English: an Essential GuideCourse Numbers: 1800000106Type of course: Major compulsoryHours per week: 1Credit: 1Duration: 18 hoursText and Materials:Aimin cheng, Shouhua Qi, Effective Academic Writing in English：An Essential Guide,2010, Shanghai Foreign Education Press, ISBN:9787810956819Course description:Academic Writing is one of the key courses for university students majoring in English in China. This course is designed to help students learn how to write a course paper and/or a BA thesis and to lay a foundation for writing more advanced academic papers in English for their future career. The course is an essential guide to effective academic writing in English, by that it does not to cover every single one of all the important issues that are related to academic writing. That would have been a much more ambitious project with a much more comprehensive approach than has been adopted by the book.Course contents:Part 1 General features of Academic WritingChapter 1 Academic Writing: An Introduction●Academic writing: A definition●Characteristics of Good Academic WritingGood writing calls for critical reading and critical thinkingGood writing involves thoughtful revisionGood writing is directed toward an audienceGood writing achieves a clear purposeGood writing expresses ideas clearlyGood writing pluses with creativityChapter 2 Kinds of Academic Writing●Writing to summarize●Writing to synthesize●Writing to explainWriting to informWriting to explain processesWriting to explain●Writing to ArgueThe logical AppealThe Emotional AppealThe Ethical AppealFive Basic Components●Writing to propose●Writi ng to analyze●Writing to evaluateChapter 3 The rhetorical context and characteristics of Academic Writing●The rhetorical contestTopic or subjectAudiencePurpose and role●Characteristics of Academic papersPart ⅡProcess of Effective Academic WritingChapter 4 Finding a Topic●Process of Writing●Assessing your Prior Interest and Knowledge●Narrowing the Topic-Creating a Good Title●Techniques for InventingFree writingBrainstormingBranchingCubingQuestioning or Journalistic Formula●Generating New Ideas by Critical ReadingChapter 5 Researching the Topic●Field researchObservingInterviewingUsing questionnaire●Library researchTaking notesInternet research●Keeping track of your research● A six-step Approach to ResearchChapter 6 Outlining●The structure of a paper●Storing out your notes and other Materials●OutliningDraft OutlineFormal OutlineTwo Commonly Used patterns of Formal outlines Formulating the thesis statementChapter 7 drafting, Revising, Editing and Proofreading ●DraftingRevising for content and Organization-Macro-revisionRevising for detail-Micro-Revision●Final Editing and ProofreadingPart III Strategies for Effective Academic Writing Chapter 8 organizing the paper●Five basic Organizational patternsGeneral to specific/ abstract to concreteSpecific to general /concrete to abstractOrder of ImportantChronological OrderSpatial OrderOther Organizational Patterns●IntroductionNarrativeDescriptivePreparatoryCorrectiveInquisitiveStating a problemGiving a surprising fact or statisticsUsing a striking quote●ConclusionRestating the Main PointsReferring back to the thesis and the introductionSuggesting a solution further study or predicting an outcomeGiving a humorous comment or unexpected twistUsing a striking or Memorable QuoteChapter 9 strategies for DevelopmentSentence definitionExtended definitionHistorical definitionStipulate definition●ClassificationChoosing the principle to classifyTesting the effectivenessExplaining each subgroup●ExampleRelevant examplesSpecific examplesSufficient examples●Comparison and contrastPoints for comparing and contrastingTwo ways for organizing comparison and contrast Transitional words and phrases●Course and effectDistinguishing between cause and EffectNecessity, sufficiently and mill’s methodsOrganizing cause and effect analysisTransitional words and phrases for cause and effect analysis ●Generalization●Visual elementsChapter 10 Use of Sources and Documentation●Importance of Using and Documenting Sources●Three Ways to Use Sources●Styles of Documentation●MLA StyleIn-text CitationExplanatory notesList of works cited●APA styleIn-text citationExplanatory NotesList of References or Bibliography。

APA Citation StyleWhen a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical material join the names with an ampersand (&).as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998)In the narrative text, join the names with the word "and."as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstratedWhen a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) foundIn all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of publication.Kahneman et al. (1991) foundWorks by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007)When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without difficulty.(NIMH, 2007)Works with no authorWhen a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.on climate change ("Climate and Weather," 1997)Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices(1981)Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)Specific parts of a sourceTo cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem to be reaching ... from the hands of philosophers" (p. 218).If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as Web-based journals), provide the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation "para." or the heading and following paragraph.(Mönnich & Spiering, 2008, para. 9)Reference ListReferences cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or bibliography.This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source.Order:Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.Authors:Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work. . Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.Titles:Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.Pagination:Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These abbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.Indentation*:The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".Underlining vs. Italics*:It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and journals.Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online.Internet Address**: A stable Internet address should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital object identifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-based databases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from.Date:If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, include the date that you retrieved the information.*The APA has special formatting standards for the use of indentation and italics in manuscripts or papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication. For more detailed information on these publication standards, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, or consult with your instructors or editors to determine their style preferences.** See the APA Style Guide to Electronic References for information on how to format URLs that take up more than one line.Examples:Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapersReferences to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.Journal article, one author, accessed onlineKu, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in escalation of commitment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105(2), 221-232. doi:Journal article, two authors, accessed onlineSanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities consultation and outreach strategies for university settings. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 59(4), 286-295. doi:1065-Journal article, more than two authors, accessed onlineVan Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past. AmericanPsychologist, 63(3), 182-196. doi:Article from an Internet-only journalHirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright restoration, and the difficulty of determining copyright status. D-LibMagazine, 14(7/8). doi:july2008-hirtleJournal article from a subscription database (no DOI)Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth , 158(2), 73-79. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO. Retrieved fromMagazine article, in printKluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love. Time, 171(4), 54-60.Newspaper article, no author, in printAs prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9.Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in printDelaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5). Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its online options. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.BooksReferences to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.No Author or editor, in printMerriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.One author, in printKidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company.Two authors, in printFrank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics(3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed onlineAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Tasmanian year book 2000(No. .Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Retrieved fromEdited bookGibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of color: Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth. San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.DissertationsReferences for dissertations should include the following elements: author, date of publication, title, and institution (if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university collections).If there is a UMI number or a database accession number, include it at the end of the citation.Dissertation, accessed onlineYoung, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to sustainable cities(Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 327681)Essays or chapters in edited booksReferences to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.One authorLabajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco.In T. Magrini (Ed.), Music and gender: perspectives from theMediterranean(pp. 67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Two editorsHammond, K. R., & Adelman, L. (1986). Science, values, and human judgment.In H. R. Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds.),Judgement and decision making: An interdisciplinary reader(pp. 127-143). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Encyclopedias or dictionaries and entries in an encyclopediaReferences for encyclopedias must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online, include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.Encyclopedia set or dictionarySadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2002). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians(2nd ed., Vols. 1-29). New York, NY: Grove.Article from an online encyclopediaContainerization. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2008, fromEncyclopedia articleKinni, T. B. (2004). Disney, Walt (1901-1966): Founder of the Walt Disney Company. In Encyclopedia of Leadership(Vol. 1, pp. 345-349). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Research reports and papersReferences to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization assigned a number ., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the URL.Government report, accessed onlineU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005).Medicaid drug price comparisons: Average manufacturer price to published prices(OIGpublication No. OEI-05-05- 00240). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from 05-05-00240Government reports, GPO publisher, accessed onlineCongressional Budget Office. (2008). Effects of gasoline prices on driving behavior and vehicle markets: A CBO study(CBO Publication No.2883). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from Technical and/or research reports, accessed onlineDeming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood(NBER Working Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.Retrieved July 21, 2008, fromDocument available on university program or department siteVictor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain. Retrieved from Stanford University, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Web site:Audio-visual mediaReferences to audio-visual media must include the following elements: name and function of the primary contributors ., producer, director), date, title, the medium in brackets, location or place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed.Videocassette/DVDAchbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J. (Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2004). The corporation[DVD]. Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation.Audio recordingNhat Hanh, T. (Speaker). (1998). Mindful living: a collection of teachings on love, mindfulness, and meditation[Cassette Recording]. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Audio.Motion pictureGilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/Director). (1980). Nine to five[Motion Picture]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.Television broadcastAnderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20). 60 Minutes[Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.Television show from a seriesWhedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14). Hush [Television series episode]. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin, S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K.(Executive Producers),Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros..Music recordingJackson, M. (1982). Beat it. On Thriller[CD]. New York, NY: Sony Music.Undated Web site content, blogs, and dataFor content that does not easily fit into categories such as journal papers, books, and reports, keep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source material.For electronic and online materials, include stable URL or database name. Include the author, title, and date published when available. For undated materials, include the date the resource was accessed.Blog entryArrington, M. (2008, August 5). The viral video guy gets $1 million in funding. Message posted toProfessional Web siteNational Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels. Retrieved May 6, 2008, fromData set from a databaseBloomberg . (2008). Return on capital for Hewitt Packard 12/31/90 to 09/30/08.Retrieved Dec. 3, 2008, from Bloomberg database.Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Botswana. (2008). Gross domestic product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008[statistics].Available from CEIC Data database.。

芝加哥论文格式范例篇一：APA,哈佛, MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式引用指导和对比 APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and Turabian citing style citing guidance and comparisonAPA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的引用指导和对比Prepared by 李连发Date: January 17, 2021Content list (目录)Chapter one definition and application of APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago andTurabian citingstyle ............................................................... .. (3)第一章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的定义和应用 .................... 3 Chapter two citing guidance and example APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago andTurabian citingstyle ............................................................... .. (4)第二章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的引用指导和范例 (4)2.1 MLA CITINGSTYLE ............................................................... .. (4)2.1.1 MLA CITING STYLEbooks ............................................................... .. (4)2.1.2 MLA CITING STYLE--Magazine ............................................................ .. (4)2.1.3 MLA CITING STYLE --JournalArticle. ............................................................ .. (5)2.1.4 MLA CITING STYLE. Website withauthor. (5)2.2 APA CITING STYLE................................................................ (6)2.2.1 APA CITING STYLE–book .............................................................. . (6)APA CITING STYLE –book in adatabase ............................................................ .. (6)2.2.2 APA CITING STYLE--magazine ............................................................ . (7)APA CITING STYLE --magazine articleonline (7)2.2.3 APA CITING STYLE -Journalarticle ............................................................. (7)APA CITING STYLE -Journal articleonline .............................................................. .. (7)2.2.3 APA CITING STYLE –website with anauthor (8)2.3 Vancouer CITINGSTYLE ............................................................... .. (8)2.3.1 Vancouver CITING STYLE--books ............................................................. .. (8)2.3.2 Vancouver CITING STYLE --JournalArticle. (9)2.3.3 Vancouver CITING STYLE---Website. ......................................................... . (10)2.4 CHICAGO / Turabian CITINGSTYLE ............................................................... (10)2.4.1 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style--books ............................................................102.4.2 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style --Magazine (10)2.4.3 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style --JournalArticle. (11)2.4.4 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style---Website. (11)Chapter three Comparison between APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and Turabiancitingstyle ............................................................... ..................................................................... (12)第三章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的对比 (12)3.1 citation ofbooks ............................................................... . (12)3.2 citation ofjournals ............................................................ (12)3.3 citation ofWebsite ............................................................. (13)Chapter one definition and application of APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and Turabian citing style第一章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的定义和应用 APA citing style.APA格式APA citing style refers to the rules and conventions for source used in academic paper which is established by the American Psychological Association . Its documenting sources are author/date based style. This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it.APA格式是美国心理协会制定的学术论文参考文献的规则和约定。

英文引用芝加哥第17版格式全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Chicago Style Citation: The Ultimate GuideThe Chicago Manual of Style, commonly referred to as CMS or CMOS, is one of the most widely used style guides for writing and citation in the humanities and social sciences. The 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, published in 2017, offers a comprehensive set of guidelines on formatting, referencing, and citing sources. In this guide, we will provide an overview of the key elements of Chicago style citation and how to apply them in your writing.1. Basic Principles of Chicago StyleChicago style citation follows the author-date andnotes-bibliography systems. The author-date system is commonly used in the natural and social sciences, while the notes-bibliography system is preferred in the humanities. In both systems, sources are cited in footnotes or endnotes and listed in a bibliography at the end of the text.2. Formatting CitationsIn Chicago style, citations are formatted differently depending on whether they are in the text or in a footnote or endnote. In-text citations include the author's last name, the publication year, and page number(s) if applicable, e.g., (Smith 2010, 25). Footnotes and endnotes provide more detailed information about the source, including the author's full name, the title of the work, publication information, and page numbers.3. Creating a BibliographyThe bibliography in Chicago style includes all sources cited in the text. Each entry should include the author's name, the title of the work, publication information, and page numbers if relevant. The bibliography is arranged alphabetically by the author's last name or by the title if there is no author.4. Citing Different Types of SourcesChicago style provides specific guidelines for citing various types of sources, including books, journal articles, websites, and more. When citing a book, for example, you should include the author's full name, the title of the book in italics, the publication information, and the publication year. For journal articles, you need to include the author's name, the title of the article, the journal title, publication information, and page numbers.5. The Importance of ConsistencyConsistency is key when using Chicago style citation. Make sure your citations follow the same format throughout your paper and that your bibliography is properly organized and formatted. Pay attention to details such as punctuation, capitalization, and italics to ensure your citations are accurate and consistent.6. Using Citation Management ToolsTo simplify the process of formatting citations in Chicago style, consider using citation management tools such as Zotero, EndNote, or RefWorks. These tools can help you organize your sources, generate citations automatically, and create bibliographies with ease.In conclusion, Chicago style citation is a widely used and respected system for documenting sources in academic writing. By following the guidelines outlined in the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, you can ensure that your writing is clear, credible, and properly referenced. Whether you are a student, researcher, or writer, mastering Chicago style citation will enhance the quality and professionalism of your work.篇2Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition is a comprehensive guide for authors, editors, and publishers in various academic and professional fields. This document provides guidelines for writing and formatting scholarly articles, books, and other written works in accordance with the Chicago Manual of Style.The Chicago Manual of Style is a widely used style guide for academic writing in the humanities and social sciences. It provides detailed guidelines on citation and bibliography formatting, as well as general rules for grammar, punctuation, and manuscript preparation.One key feature of the Chicago Manual of Style is its citation system, which uses footnotes and a bibliography to credit sources in written work. Footnotes allow readers to see the source of a quotation or idea at a glance, while the bibliography provides a full list of works cited in the text.In addition to citation guidelines, the Chicago Manual of Style also covers a wide range of topics related to manuscript preparation, including capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, and punctuation. The manual offers clear and concise rules for formatting headings, block quotations, and lists, as well as guidance on the use of italics, bold, and other typographical elements.Overall, the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition is an essential resource for anyone engaged in academic writing or publishing. With its detailed guidelines on citation, grammar, and manuscript preparation, the Chicago Manual of Style helps authors and editors produce clear, accurate, and well-organized written works in accordance with academic standards.篇3The Chicago Manual of Style is a widely-used style guide for writing and publishing in the English language. The 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, published in 2017, provides detailed guidelines on formatting, citation, and other aspects of writing. In this article, we will provide an overview of the key features of the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition.One of the most important aspects of the Chicago Manual of Style is its citation system. The manual provides two main citation styles: the notes and bibliography system and the author-date system. Under the notes and bibliography system, footnotes or endnotes are used to provide information about sources, while a bibliography is included at the end of the document. In the author-date system, in-text citations are used to provide information about sources, and a reference list is included at the end of the document.In addition to citation guidelines, the Chicago Manual of Style also provides detailed guidance on other aspects of writing, such as punctuation, grammar, and word usage. The manual includes information on topics such as the use of commas, semicolons, and colons, as well as guidance on how to use hyphens, ellipses, and other punctuation marks. The manual also includes a comprehensive guide to grammar, covering topics such as subject-verb agreement, pronoun usage, and sentence structure.Another important feature of the Chicago Manual of Style is its guidance on formatting manuscripts. The manual provides detailed guidelines on how to format headings, margins, and page numbers, as well as how to format citations, references, and bibliographies. The manual also includes information on how to use italics, boldface, and other formatting elements in a document.Overall, the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition is an invaluable resource for writers, editors, and publishers. Its comprehensive guidelines on citation, formatting, and other aspects of writing make it an essential reference for anyone working in the English language. Whether you are writing an academic paper, a book, or a business document, the ChicagoManual of Style can help you ensure that your writing is clear, consistent, and professional.。

使用doxygen文档开发工具时需要进行的配置：可执行文件doxygen 是原代码分析和生成文档的主要工具. 请看doxygen usage 章节来获取更详细的使用帮助.doxytag可执行文件---仅仅是用来实现帮助程序员生成不需要看原代码就能了解工程部署信息的doxygen文档的参考文档( 例如：那些使用doxygen生成的文档).请看doxytag usage 章节来获得更多的使用帮助.doxywizard 可执行文件很容易就能使用,它是用来为doxygen工具提供配置信息的一个图形化工具.下面的图显示了开发工具之间的相互关系信息:http://www.stack.nl/~dimitri/doxygen/infoflow.gif图：doxygen information flowstep 1: 创建一个配置文件doxygen使用一个配置文件来确定它所有的设置. 每个工程都应该有它自己的配置文件.一个工程可以只有一个原文件, 也可以是工程中所有原文件的递归扫描得到的原文件的树状视图。

为了简化doxygen生成配置文件的工作, doxygen 可以为你提供一个模板化的配置文件.1. 为了创建一个模板化的配置文件，只需要调用doxygen并从命令行中敲入-g:doxygen -g <config-file>其中<config-file>是某个模板化的配置文件的文件名. 如果你省略了文件名, doxygen会为你生成一个默认的doxyfile的配置文件. 如果<config-file>是一个已经存在的文件名, doxygen 在生成配置模板之前，将会生成一个<config-file>. bak 备份文件。

2. 如果你使用- (例如：减号) 作为文件名doxygen将会把你从键盘输入的文字当作配置文件名。

配置文件有着和makefile相似的格式.主要是：包含了很多的“标志”分配符格式(tags):例如：tagname = value ortagname = value1 value2 ...在生成文档模板时，你可以使用默认（即：保留大多数的tags）详细信息请看configuration 这一章节来获取更多的信息.如果你不想使用文本编辑工具来编写配置文件,你应该看看doxywizard 章节的描述, 它是一个可以用来创建/读/写doxygen 配置文档的图形化工具，同时它也可以在路径中进行全路径配置来使doxygen正常工作。

APA Citation StyleIn the narrative text, join the names with the word "and."as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstratedWhen a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) foundIn all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of publication.Kahneman et al. (1991) foundWorks by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007)When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without difficulty.(NIMH, 2007)Works with no authorWhen a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.on climate change ("Climate and Weather," 1997)Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices(1981)Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)Specific parts of a sourceTo cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem to be•Order:Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.•Authors:Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work. e.g.Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.•Titles:Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.•Pagination:Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These abbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books. •Indentation*:The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".•Underlining vs. Italics*:It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and journals.Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online.•Internet Address**: A stable Internet address should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital object identifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-based databases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from.•Date:If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, include the date that you retrieved the information.*The APA has special formatting standards for the use of indentation and italics in manuscripts or papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication. For more detailed information on these publication standards, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, or consult with your instructors or editors to determine their style preferences.** See the APA Style Guide to Electronic References for information on how to format URLs that take up more than one line.Examples:Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapersReferences to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.Journal article, one author, accessed onlineKu, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in escalation of commitment. Organizational Behavior and Human DecisionProcesses, 105(2), 221-232. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002Journal article, two authors, accessed onlineSanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities consultation and outreach strategies for university settings. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 59(4), 286-295. doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286Journal article, more than two authors, accessed onlineVan Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past. AmericanPsychologist, 63(3), 182-196. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182Article from an Internet-only journalHirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright restoration, and the difficulty of determining copyright status. D-LibMagazine, 14(7/8). doi:10.1045/july2008-hirtleJournal article from a subscription database (no DOI)Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth billions.Fortune, 158(2), 73-79. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO. Retrievedfrom search.ebscohost.Magazine article, in printKluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love. Time, 171(4), 54-60.Newspaper article, no author, in printAs prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9.Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in printDelaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5). Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its online options. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.BooksReferences to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.No Author or editor, in printMerriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.One author, in printKidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company.Two authors, in printFrank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics(3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed onlineAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Tasmanian year book 2000(No.1301.6). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Retrieved .au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/CA89...$File/13016 _2000.pdfEdited bookGibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of color: Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth. San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.DissertationsReferences for dissertations should include the following elements: author, date of publication, title, and institution (if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university collections).If there is a UMI number or a database accession number, include it at the end of the citation.Dissertation, accessed onlineYoung, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to sustainable cities(Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 327681)Essays or chapters in edited booksReferences to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.One authorLabajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco.In T. Magrini (Ed.), Music and gender: perspectives from theMediterranean(pp. 67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Two editorsHammond, K. R., & Adelman, L. (1986). Science, values, and human judgment.In H. R. Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds.),Judgement and decision making: Aninterdisciplinary reader(pp. 127-143). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Encyclopedias or dictionaries and entries in an encyclopediaReferences for encyclopedias must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online, include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.Encyclopedia set or dictionarySadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2002). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians(2nd ed., Vols. 1-29). New York, NY: Grove.Article from an online encyclopediaContainerization. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from search.eb.Encyclopedia articleKinni, T. B. (2004). Disney, Walt (1901-1966): Founder of the Walt Disney Company. In Encyclopedia of Leadership(Vol. 1, pp. 345-349). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Research reports and papersReferences to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization assigned a number (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the URL.Government report, accessed onlineU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005).Medicaid drug price comparisons: Average manufacturer price to published prices(OIGpublication No. OEI-05-05- 00240). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from /oei/reports/oei-05-05-00240.pdfGovernment reports, GPO publisher, accessed onlineCongressional Budget Office. (2008). Effects of gasoline prices on driving behavior and vehicle markets: A CBO study(CBO Publication No. 2883).Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrievedfrom /ftpdocs/88xx/doc8893/01-14-GasolinePrices.pdfTechnical and/or research reports, accessed onlineDeming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood(NBER Working Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.Retrieved July 21, 2008, from /papers/w14124Document available on university program or department siteVictor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain. Retrieved from Stanford University, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Web site: /publications/gazprom_gas_giant_under_strain/Audio-visual mediaReferences to audio-visual media must include the following elements: name and function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director), date, title, the medium in brackets, locationor place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed.Videocassette/DVDAchbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J. (Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2004). The corporation[DVD]. Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation.Audio recordingNhat Hanh, T. (Speaker). (1998). Mindful living: a collection of teachings on love, mindfulness, and meditation[Cassette Recording]. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Audio.Motion pictureGilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/Director). (1980). Nine to five[Motion Picture]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.Television broadcastAnderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20). 60 Minutes[Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.Television show from a seriesWhedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14). Hush [Television series episode]. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin, S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K.(Executive Producers),Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros..Music recordingJackson, M. (1982). Beat it. On Thriller[CD]. New York, NY: Sony Music.Undated Web site content, blogs, and dataFor content that does not easily fit into categories such as journal papers, books, and reports, keep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source material.For electronic and online materials, include stable URL or database name. Include the author, title, and date published when available. For undated materials, include the date the resource was accessed.Blog entryArrington, M. (2008, August 5). The viral video guy gets $1 million in funding.Message posted to .techcrunch.Professional Web siteNational Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from /learning/re_biofuels.htmlData set from a databaseBloomberg L.P. (2008). Return on capital for Hewitt Packard 12/31/90 to 09/30/08. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2008, from Bloomberg database.Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Botswana. (2008). Gross domestic product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008[statistics].Available from CEIC Data database.Entire Web siteWhen citing an entire Web site (and not a specific document on that site), no Reference List entry is required if the address for the site is cited in the text of your paper.Witchcraft In Europe and America is a site that presents the full text of manyessential works in the literature of witchcraft and demonology。