生产运作管理chap03 Process

• Every good or service is made by using some variation of one of four strategies as following:
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Four Process Strategies • Process focus • Repetitive focus
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Process Terms
• Types of processes
single-stage process multiple-stage process
• The first way to categorize a process is to determine whether it is a single-stage or multiple-stage process. • In a single-stage process, all of the activities that are involved in the operation of an organization would be collapsed and analyzed using a single cycle time. • A multiple-stage process has multiple groups of activities that are linked through flows.
• Process Reengineering
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GUIDING CASE: Mass Customization Provides Dell Computer’s Competitive Advantage
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Dell computer start with a single premise. “How are we make the process of buying a computer better?” The answer that its founder, multibillionaire Michael Dell , developed was to undercut other suppliers, thus eliminating a distribution chain whose markup accounted for a high percentage of a PC’s price. Dell’s slick process has made the company a role model for the computer industry and has allowed Dell to grab first place in sales. Dell bypassed IBM IN 1999.
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• Make-to-order 为订单生产(MTO)
– Only activated in response to an actual order. – Both work-in-process and finished goods inventory kept to a minimum.
Many Input
High variety Of Outputs
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Repetitive focus
• A product –oriented production process that uses modules. • Modules mean the parts or components of a product previously prepare, often in a continuous process. • The repetitive process line is the classic assembly line and falls between the product and process focuses.
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Multistage Process
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
blocking Two-stage example: Stage 1 cycle time 30s
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Stage 2 45s
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2.Multistage Process with Buffer
• Objective of PS is to find a way to produce goods and service that meet customer requirements and produce specifications within cost and other managerial constraints.
Section 2: Operations Design & Selection
Chapter 3
Process Strategy
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Outline
• Process Terms • Four Process Strategies • Four Tools for Process Analysis and Design • Process Performance Metrics
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• A process that does not match the needs of the firm will punish the firm every minute that the firm operates. • Analyzing and designing a process allows some important questions to be answered and is essential to ensuring the competitiveness of a company. • When you analyze the process, you should answer:
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Process Terms • What is Process?
The way to produce goods and service. It is any part of an organization that takes inputs and transforms them into outputs.
பைடு நூலகம்
Buffer Stage 1
Stage 2
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Process in parallel
50%
50%
Alternative paths
Simultaneous activities
Different products produced
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.Other Types of Processes • Make-to-order
产品 生产
客户
订单
采购
设计
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• Make-to-stock 为库存生产(MTS/MTI)
– Process activated to meet expected or forecast demand. – Customer orders are served from target stocking level.
1. 2. 3. 4. Is the process design to achieve competitive advantage? Does the process eliminate steps that do dot add value? Does the process maximize customer value as perceived by the customer? Will the process with orders?
• Product focus • Mass customization
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Process Focus
• A production facility organized around processes to facilitate low-volume, high-variety production. • Also called intermittent processes. • Usually in places called “job –shops”
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GUIDING CASE
• Dell has integrated the web into every aspect of its business ---design, production, sales, and service. Despite a long and diverse global supply chain , Dell operates with just 6 days of inventory, a fraction of its competitors. • Dell has also set standards for quick delivery and mass customization. Dell builds computers rapidly, at low cost, and only when ordered. This process has prevented one of the major problems in the fast changing PC market . • Dell has gone further to trim inventory . For instance, It takes delivery of components just minutes before they are needed, a product can be build in 8 hours.