分布式温度传感器外文翻译文献

分辨率可编程单总线数字温度传感器——DS18B201 概述1.1 特性：⏹独特的单总线接口，只需一个端口引脚即可实现数据通信⏹每个器件的片上ROM 都存储着一个独特的64 位串行码⏹多点能力使分布式温度检测应用得到简化⏹不需要外围元件⏹能用数据线供电，供电的范围3.0V～5.5V⏹测量温度的范围：-55℃～+125℃（-67℉～+257℉）⏹从-10℃～+85℃的测量的精度是±0.5℃⏹分辨率为9-12 位，可由用户选择⏹在750ms 内把温度转换为12 位数字字（最大值）⏹用户可定义的非易失性温度报警设置⏹报警搜索命令识别和针对设备的温度外部程序限度（温度报警情况）⏹可采用8 引脚SO（150mil）、8引脚μSOP和3引脚TO-92 封装⏹软件兼容DS1822⏹应用范围包括：恒温控制、工业系统、消费类产品、温度计和任何的热敏系统图1 DS18B20引脚排列图1.2 一般说明DS18B20数字温度计提供9至12位的摄氏温度测量，并具有非易失性的用户可编程触发点的上限和下限报警功能。

DS18B20为单总线通信，按定义只需要一条数据线（和地线）与中央微处理器进行通信。

DS18B20能够感应温度的范围为-55~+125℃，在-10~+85℃范围内的测量精度为±0.5℃，此外，DS18B20 可以直接从数据线上获取供电（寄生电源），而不需要一个额外的外部电源。

每个DS18B20都拥有一个独特的64位序列号，因此它允许多个DS18B20作用在一条单总线上，这样,可以使用一个微处理器来控制许多DS18B20分布在一个大区域。

受益于这一特性的应用包括HAVC 环境控制、建筑物、设备和机械内的温度监测、以及过程监测和控制过程的温度监测。

注意： A "+"符号在封装上也标有图2 订购信息表1 DS18B20详细引脚说明* 表中所有未列出的引脚都是NC （空接）2 工作原理及功能2.1 温度测量DS18B20 的核心功能是它的直接数字温度传感器器，其分辨率可由用户配置为9、10、11 或者12 位，相应的增量值分别0.5℃、0.25℃、0.125℃和0.0625℃。

Distributed Temperature and Humidity Acquisition SystemBased on IA4421Abstract-Nursery sheds have the characteristics of staying closely, quantity, parameter changing slowly, a small amount of data, so the article presents a distributed centralized monitoring system based on a short-range radio transceiver IA4421 chip.The front-end system circuit choose single-chip STC89LE52RC as the control of the core, complete a humidity sensor HSl101, the temperature sensor DS18B20 circuit and IA4421 peripheral circuit design, method of CRC, after completing front-end systems and hardware design of data center ,design gives the software design , the corresponding flow chart and some instances.Keywords-IA4421;DS18B20; HSllOl; CRC; wireless transmission; distributed I. INTRODUCTIONThe short-range wireless transmission technology can get more than one nursery shed parameters of temperature and humidity and pooled centralized monitoring , this type of scene temperature and humidity parameters changes slowly , it takes more interval time in data acquisition, and the amount of data value for each sample is small ; from a technical perspective ,with the monitoring system of this type with many monitoring points ,it is more suitable to use the advanced zigbee wireless network . However, examine from an economic point of view, such programs are too much expensive. In this paper a program came up with a distributed centralized monitoring based on the wireless chip IA4421, the program is suitable for the above-mentioned type of scene, and it has obvious advantages in cost .II. SYSTEM AND HARDWARE DESIGNA. System componentsWith too many distributed multi- monitoring points which the distance is short ( d < 100m ) and distribution, system decide to adopt a short-range wirelesscommunication chip to form a distributed wireless monitoring system , shown in Figure 1 .There are m front-end monitors and a wireless monitoring system center, each front-end monitor has a microcontroller core, collected by the temperature and humidity sensors to get temperature and humidity parameters , the microcontroller send the parameters to the wireless monitoring center through front-end wireless communications chips.Figure 1. Distributed wireless acquisition systemWireless monitoring center is the center of the whole system, it has taken to the polling work, and give instructions which were issued to the various front-end monitoring units , the front-end monitoring units only received its own polling command and then decided to launch out of the unit data. The system is designed every 3 seconds polling program , every minute can be polled to 20 monitoring units and it is better to extend the polling cycle or decrease the pollmg interval to solve the larger-scale monitoring site .B. Front-end monitoring unitsFront-end monitoring unit is responsible for the collection site of the temperature and humidity parameters , and send the collected to the wireless monitoring center , the circuit schematic shown in Figure 2. Design uses STC89LE52RC as the controller core , the controller has the advantage ofdownloading the program through serial port. The instructions and the codes are fully compatible with the 51 MCU within six interrupt sources , four mterrupt priority levels , a watchdog timer (WDT), the clock frequency up to 40MHz [1] . The system is supplied with DC6V, using 3.3V voltage regulator chip ASM1117 -3.3 to supply microcontroller and wireless chip.Dallas company's I-Wire bus digital temperature sensor DS 18B20 is used in temperature measurement circuit. The design uses a 3-pin TO-92 small-size package , the temperature measurement range of -55 to 125°C , programmable for 9-12 bit A/D conversion and the precision temperature resolution up to 0.0625 ° C , The digital format of temperature with converted of 12 bit takes the maximum time of 750 ms [2] . The design uses 9 bit digital format, the default conversion accuracy is 0.5 °C , the conversion time is about 100ms[3].Figure 2. Circuit of front-end monitoring unitsHumidity acquisition uses humidity sensor HS1101 and NE555 in the circuit,HS1101 can affect the oscillation frequency of the NE555 circuit when the outside humidity changes and the capacitor value of both end of the HS1101 is changed , thereby changing the output frequency of thetiming circuit. The MCU system calculate the humidity field through the measurement of the frequency of its output . The site humidity and the output frequency corresponding relationship[4] is shown in Table1.TABLEI HUMIDITY AND THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY CORRESPONDING RELATIONSHIPRF 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Fr 7224 7100 6976 6853 6728 6600 6468 6330 6186 C. Wireless transceiver portion and the wireless monitoring center circuitIntegration Associates production of short-range wireless transceiver chip IA4421 is used in this design. This is a fully integrated , low power consumption and requires very few external components, multi-channel , programmable , low-cost , high-performance wireless communications chip [5] .Chip has a programmable PLL frequency synthesizer with high-precision, and the sending letter frequency offset and receiver bandwidth is also programmable, it has great flexibility in applications. The chip uses FSK modulation mode, the operating band is optional for the 433M, 868M and 915M , the largest sending letter power up to 8dBm, when the receiver sensitivity is -109dBm and the bit error rate is 10-3 , the air rate up to 115.2kbpS,sending letter current less than 24mA , receiving current is less than 10mA . standby current is only 0.3uA the maximum communication distance is 100 meters to 200 meters [6] .In addition to the crystal oscillator and the antenna the IA4421 peripheral circuit has only two inductors and two capacitors , and their specific parameters depend on the system of communication frequency selecting. The specific parameters shown in Table 2 . Other connection with the MCU pin names are shown in Table 3, pin8 of IA4421 outputs clock signal , there is no use .When IA4421 chip is in transmitting mode , the NFFS pin of the MCU is setting high, then the microcontroller sends initialization commands to the transmitter to set initialization settings , which set thepreamble of AAH , synchronous format is setting of 2004 , the baud rate is 9600bps , the operating frequency is 915MHz , and then send the command 8238H to tum on the transmitter .Pin nSEL sets low when sending data, and then write data through the SDI, each clock cycle write one bit. When reading out the status flag bit SDO is 1, that means transmitter has sent a byte , the microcontroller will write the next byte of data . When the chip is in receiving mode, the NFFS pin is setting low , the output buffer of FIFO connected directly to the SDO pin . Set of synchronous format, baud rate, operating frequency with the transmit mode. The IA4421 has an internal 16 RX data FIFO and receiver has FFIT receiving interrupt , when the received data bits reaches a preset number , FFIT pin outputs high level, and instruct the microcontroller to read out the data from the SDO pin . Wireless monitoring of the central part of the circuit using the same microprocessor and wireless transceiver chip as the front-end monitoring unit, RS232 interface circuit is increased in this circuit.TABLE II IA442 1 CIRCUIT PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCYFreq（MHz） C6、C7（pF） L2（nH） L1(nH）433 4.7 27 390868 3 6.8 100915 3 6.8 100TABLE3 IA4421 PINSPin Name Type FunctionPin1 SDI DI Data input of the serial control interfacePin2 SCK DI Clock input of the serial control interfacePin3 nSEL DI Chip select input of the serial control interface (active low) Pin4 SDO DO Serial data output with bus holdPin5 NIRQ DO Interrupt request output (active low)Pin6 NFFS DI FIFO select input (active low）Pin7 FFIT DO FIFO interrupt (active high)Pin8 CLK DO Microcontroller clock outputIII. SYSTEM SOFTWARE OESIGNA. Software design of front-end monitoring unitThe main function of the front - end monitoring unit is to collect temperature and humidity parameters , and send to the information center , so its MCU software in addition to the main program , including temperature data acquisition and humidity data acquisition, the controlling of the wireless sending letter logic . In order to reduce power consumption, the microcontroller is always work in sleep mode [7] , it won't go into the collection and sending letter states until the wireless chip is woken up by the interrupt.In the system after the initialization is completed, the MCU directly go into the sleep mode, then set flag B = 0 . When the wireless chip receives a wake-up signal, when external interrupt happens the interrupt request flag NIRQ output low to wake up the MCV . The external interrupt will set flag B=1, and then the system will collect data. The system flow chart is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3. Microcontroller controlling program flow chartPart of the main program of the front-end monitoring unit is shownbelow. void main(){ZHU_Init();IA_Init();While(1){if(B==1){WEN();SHI();CRC();FA();B=0;}}}In order to ensure the reliability of data transmission, designadds an 8-bit CRC (cyclic redundancy check ) character, the CRCgenerator polynomial is :1)(4678++++=X X X X X GThe generator polynomial of the logic circuit is shown in Figure 4. Atthe receiving end using the same CRC calculation in the data receiving,if the remainder is zero, then the checksum result is correct, or else itis the wrong data. InputMSB LSBFigure 4. 1)(4678++++=X X X X X G logic circuitFront - end monitoring units send five bytes each time to the monitoringcenter when sending data, its frame format is shown in Figure 5.A WDH WDL SHI CRCFigure 5. The data frame format sending from front-end monitoring unitFigure 6. The flow chart monitoring center systemAmong them, the first byte A represents the serial numbers of front-end monitoring units, such as O1H, 02H and 03H. The second byte WDH is on behalf of 8 high bits of temperature data. The third byte WDL is on behalf of 8 low bits of temperature data. The fourth byte of SHI is converted humidity data . The fifth byte CRC is represented the remainder of the first four bytes of CRC which is encoded.B. Microcontroller software design of monitoring centerThe monitoring center's main function is to send polling signals, and to receive the collected temperature and humidity data . If the data is correct, the data will be sent to the host computer via RS232 . Monitoring center systemflow chart is shown in Figure 6 .After the polling signal is issued, the monitoring center will wait for 2 seconds to receive data, if the data is error or not received, then the system will record the polling data signal and find the cause of the error to facilitate as soon as possible.IV. CONCLUSIONThis paper presents a new low-cost distributed temperature and humidity acquisition system. The system can collect data of different locations for centralized monitoring. The experiments show that the system design is reasonable, the transmission of the data is accurate and reliable, the transmission distance is about 100 meters. Wireless system is convenient and flexible, it can meet the needs of a variety of collection sites, it is broad prospects for development.REFERENCES[1] Mei Lifeng, Single Chip Microcomputer Principle and Interface Technology [ M] Beijing : Tsinghua University Press , 2007 .[2] Zhang Kefan , Shu Hua . IA442 1 digital wireless temperature sensor design [ J ] . Modem electronic technology, 2008,20: 189 - 19 1 .[3] Liu Xiaoyang , Zhou Yantao , I-line bus structure of the DSI8B20 serial number search algorithm [ J ]. Computing Technology and Automation , 2010,29 ( 1) :38 -42 .[4] Zhang Ping, Increased dual 555 Timer digital method of measuring humidity [J]. Automation Technology and Applications, 2007, (09) .[5] Pan Yuanyuan , Yan Guozheng,Huang Biao, IA4420 miniature bidirectional RF communication system [1]. Control Technology, 2006,25(5) :8 1- 83 .[6] Zou Qihong , Liu Lan , Zhao Jun ,LPC2 13 1 and IA442 1 - based wireless data acquisition system [ J ]. Information and Electronic Engineering , 2009 , (02) .[7] Ting Huang, Shi Guoliang, Wong Kwan. Single-chipwirelesscommunication system design [J]. Microprocesso , 20 10 , (03) .基于IA4421分布式温度和湿度采集系统摘要—苗圃棚具有密植、数量大、参数变化缓慢、数据少的特点，所以本文提出了一种基于短程无线电收发机IA4421芯片的分布式集中监测系统。

中英文资料外文翻译文献1. DESCRIPTIONThe introduction to The DS18B20The DS18B20 digital thermometer provides 9-bit to 12-bit Celsius temperature measurements and has an alarm function with nonvolatile user programmable upper and lower trigger points. The DS18B20 communicates over a1-Wire bus that by definition requires only one data line for communication with a central microprocessor. It has an operating temperature range of-55°C to +125°C and isaccurate to ±0.5°C over the range of-10°C to +85°C. In addition, theDS18B20can d erive power directly from the data line (―parasite power‖), eliminating the need for an external power supply.Each DS18B20 has a unique 64-bit serial code, which allows multiple DS18B20s to function on the same 1-Wire bus. Thus, it is simple to use onemicroprocessor to control many DS18B20s distributed over a large area. Applications that can benefit from this feature include HV AC environmental controls, temperatur e monitoring systems inside buildings, equipment, or machinery, and process monitoring and control systems.2.FEATURESUnique 1-Wire® Interface Requires Only One Port Pin for CommunicationEach Device has a Uniqu e 64-Bit Serial Code Stored in an On-Board ROMMulti-drop Capability Simplifies Distributed Temperature-Sensing ApplicationsRequires No External Components1Can Be Powered from Data Line; Power Supply Range is 3.0V to 5.5VMeasures Temperatures from -55°C to +125°C (-67°F to +257°F)±0.5°C Accuracy from -10°C to +85°CThermometer Resolution is User Selectable from 9 to 12 BitsConverts Temperature to 12-Bit Digital Word in 750ms (Max)User-Definable Nonvolatile (NV) Alarm SettingsAlarm Search Command Id entifies and Addresses Devices Whose Temperature isOutside Programmed LimitsSoftware Compatible with the DS1822Applications Include Thermostatic Controls, Industrial Systems, ConsumerProducts, Thermometers, or Any Thermally Sensitive System3.OVERVIEWFigure 1 shows a block d iagram of the DS18B20, and pin descriptions ar e givenin the Pin Description table. The 64-bit ROM stores the device’s unique serial code.The scratchpad memory contains the 2-byte temperature register that stores the digitaloutput from the temperature sensor. In addition, the scratchpad provides access to the1-byte upper and lower alarm trigger registers (TH and TL) and the 1-b yteconfiguration register. The configuration register allows the user to set the resolutionof the temperature to-digital conversion to 9, 10, 11, or 12 bits. The TH, TL, andconfiguration registers are nonvolatile (EEPROM), so they will retain data when th edevice is powered down.The DS18B20 uses Maxim’s exclusive 1-Wire bus protocol that implements buscommunication using one control signal. The co ntrol line requires a weak pull upresistor since all devices are linked to the bus via a 3-state or open-drain port (the DQpin in the case of the DS18B20). In this bus system, the microprocessor (the masterdevice) identifies and addresses devices on the bus using each device’s unique 64-bitcode. Because each dev ice has a unique code, the number of devices that can beaddressed on one DS18B20 bus is virtually unlimited. The 1-Wire bus protocol,2外文翻译（原文）including detailed explanations of the commands and “time slots,‖ is covered in the 1-Wire Bus System section.Another feature of the DS18B20 is the ability to operate without anexternal power supply. Power is instead supplied through the 1-Wire pull up resistor via the DQ pin when the bus is high. The high bus signal also charges an internal capacitor(CPP), which then supplies power to the device when the bus is low. This method ofderiving power from the1-Wire bus is referred to as ―parasite power.‖ As an alternative, the DS18B20 may also be powered b y an external supply on VDD.Vpu4.7K PARASITE POWER CIRCUIT LOGICDQ TEMPERATURE SENSOR GND ANDALARM LOW TRIGGER (TL)CONFIGURATIONVdd SUPPLYSENSE 8-BIT CRC GENERATORFigure 1.DS18B20 Block Diagram4.OPERATION —MEASURING TEMPERATURThe core functionality of the DS18B20 is its direct-to-digital temperature sensor. The resolution of the temperature sensor is user-configurable to 9, 10, 11, or 12 bits, corresponding to increments of 0.5°C, 0.25°C, 0.125°C, and 0.0625°C, respectively. The default resolution at power-up is 12-bit. The DS18B20 powers up in a low-power idle state. To initiate atemperature measurement and A-to-D conversion, the master must issue a Convert T [44h] command. Following theconversion, the resulting thermal data is stored in the 2-b yte temperature register in the scratchpad memory and the DS18B20 returns to its idle state. If the DS18B20 is powered by an external supply, the master can issue ―read time slots‖ (seethe 1-Wire Bus System section) after the Convert T command and the DS18B20 will respond by transmitting 0 while MEMORY CONTROL 64-BIT ROM 1-WIRE PORTCppREGISTER POWER-3外文翻译（原文）the temperature conversion is in progress and 1 when the conversion is done. If theDS18B20 is powered with parasite power, this notification technique cannot be used since the bus must be pulled high by a strong p ull up during the entire temperatureconversion.The DS18B20 output temperature data is calibrated in degrees Celsius; for Fahrenheit applications, a lookup table or conversion routine must be used.Thetemperature data is stored as a 16-bit sign-extended two’s complement nu mber in the temperature register (see Figure 2). The sign bits (S) indicate if the temperature ispositive or negative: for positive numbers S = 0 and for negative numbers S = 1. Ifthe DS18B20 is configured for 12-bit resolution, all bits in the temperature registerwill contain valid data. For 11-bit resolution, bit 0 is undefined. For 10-bit resolution,bits 1 and 0 are undefined, and for 9-bit resolution bits 2, 1, and 0 are undefined.Table 1 gives examples of digital output data and the corresponding temperatur ereading for 12-bit resolution conversions.bit7bit6bit5bit4bit3bit2bit1bit0bit15bit14bit13bit12bit11bit10bit9bit8Figure 2.Temperatu re Register Format5.64-BIT LASERED ROM CODE4外文翻译（原文）Each DS18B20 contains a unique 64–bit code (see Figure 3) stor ed inROM.The least significant 8 bits of the ROM code contain the DS18B20’s 1-Wire familycode: 28h. The next 48 bits contain a unique serial number. The most significant 8bits contain a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) byte that is calculated from the first56 bits of the ROM code. The 64-bit ROM code and associated ROM functioncontrol logic allow the DS18B20 to operate as a 1-Wire device using the protocoldetailed in the 1-Wire Bus System section.Figure 3.64-Bit Lasered ROM Code6.MEMORYThe DS18B20’s memory is organized as shown in Figure 4. The memory consists of an SRAM scratchpad with nonvolatile EEPROM storage for the high and low alarm trigger registers (TH and TL) and configuration register. Note that if theDS18B20 alarm fun ction is not used, the TH and TL registers can serve asgeneral-purpose memor y.Byte 0 and byte 1 of the scratchpad contain the LSB and the MSB of thetemperature register, respectively. These bytes are read-only. Bytes 2 and 3 provideaccess to TH and TL registers. Byte 4 contains the configuration register data. Bytes 5,6, and 7 are reserved for internal use b y the device and cannot be overwritten. Byte 8 of the scratchpad is read-only and contains the CRC code for b ytes 0 through 7 of the scratchpad. The DS18B20 generates this CRC using the method described in the CRC Gener ation section.Data is written to bytes 2, 3, and 4 of the scratchpad using the Write Scratchpad [4Eh] command; the data must be tr ansmitted to the DS18B20 starting with the leastsignificant bit of byte 2. To verify data integrity, the scratchpad can be read (using theRead Scratchpad [BEh] command) after the data is written. When readingthescratchpad, data is transferred over the1-Wire bus starting with the least significant5外文翻译（原文）bit of byte 0. To transfer the TH, TL and configuration data from the scratchpad to EEPROM, the master must issue the Copy Scratchpad [48h] command.Figure 4.DS18B20 Memory Map 7.CONFIGURATION REGISTERByte 4 of the scratchp ad memory contains the configurationregister, which is organized as illustrated in Figure 5. The user can set the conversion resolution of theDS18B20 using the R0 and R1 bits in this register as shown in Table 2. The power-up default of these bits is R0 = 1 and R1 = 1 (12-bit resolution). Note that there isa direct tradeoff between resolution and conversion time. Bit 7 and bits 0 to 4 in the configuration register are reserved for internal use by the device and cannot beoverwritten.BIT7 BIT6 BIT5 BIT4 BIT3 BIT2 BIT1 BIT0TM R1 R0 1 1 1 1 1Figure 5.Configuration Register60 0 1 111910111293.75ms187.5ms375ms750ms Table 2.Thermometer Resolution Configuration8.1-WIRE BUS SYSTEMThe 1-Wire bus system uses a single bus master to control one or more slave devices. The DS18B20 is always a slave. When th ere is only one slave on the bus, the system is referred to as a ―single-drop‖ system; the system is ―multi-drop‖ if there are multiple slaves on the bus. All data and commands are transmitted least significant bit first over the 1-Wire bus. The following discussion of the 1-Wire bus system is broken down into three topics: hardware configuration, transaction sequence, and1-Wire signaling (signal types and timing).9.TRANSACTION SEQUENCEThe transaction sequence for accessing the DS18B20 is as follows:Step 1. InitializationStep 2. ROM Command (followed b y any required data exchange)Step 3. DS18B20 Function Command (followed by any required data exchange)It is very important to follow this sequence every time the DS18B20 is accessed, as the DS18B20 will not respond if any steps in th e sequence are missing or out of order. Exceptions to this rule ar e the Search ROM [F0h] and Alarm Search [ECh] commands. After issuing either of these ROM commands, the master must return to Step 1 in the sequence.（1）INITIALIZATIONAll transactions on the 1-Wire bus begin with an initialization sequence. The initialization sequence consists of a reset pulse transmitted by the bus master followed7by presence pulse(s) transmitted by the slave(s). The presence pulse lets the bu smaster know that slave d evices (such as the DS18B20) are on the bus and are ready to operate.（2）ROM COMMANDSAfter the bus master has detected a presence pulse, it can issue aROMcommand. These commands operate on the unique 64-bit ROM codes of each slavedevice and allow the master to single out a specific device if many are present on the1-Wire bus. These commands also allow the master to determine how many and what types of devices are present on the bus or if any device has experienced an alarmcondition. There are five ROM commands, and each command is 8 bits long. Themaster device must issue an appropriate ROM command before issuing aDS18B20function command.1.SEARCH ROM [F0h]When a system is initially powered up, the master must identify th e ROM codesof all slave devices on the bus, which allows the master to determine the number ofslaves and their device types. The master learns the ROM codes through a process of elimination that requires the master to perform a Search ROM cycle (i.e., SearchROM command followed by data exch ange) as many times as necessary to identifyall of the slave devices. If there is only one slave on the bus, the simpler Read ROM command can be used in place of the Search ROM process.2.READ ROM [33h]This command can only be used wh en there is one slave on the bus. Itallowsthe bus master to read the slave’s 64-bit ROM code without using the Search ROMprocedure. If this command is used when there is more than one slave present on the bus, a data collision will occur when all the slaves attempt to respond at the sametime.3.MATCH ROM [55h]The match ROM command followed by a 64-bit ROM code sequence allows8外文翻译（原文）the bus master to address a specific slav e device on a multi-drop or single-drop bus.Only the slave that exactly matches the 64-bit ROM code sequence will respond tothe function command issued by the master; all other slaves on the bus will wait for a reset pulse.4.SKIP ROM [CCh]The master can use this command to address all devices on thebussimultaneously without sending out any ROM code information. For example, the master can make all DS18B20s on the bus perform simultaneous temperature conversions by issuing a Skip ROM command followed by a Convert T [44h]command. Note that the Read Scratchpad [BEh] command can follow the Skip ROM command only if there is a single slave device on the bus. In this case, time is savedby allowing the master to read from the slave without sending the device’s 64 -bitROM code. A Skip ROM command followed by a Read Scratchpad command willcause a data collision on the bus if there is more than one slave since multiple deviceswill attempt to transmit data simultaneously.5.ALARM SEARCH [ECh]The operation of this command is identical to the operation of the SearchROMcommand except that only slav es with a set alarm flag will respond. This commandallows the master device to determine if an y DS18B20s experienced an alarmcondition during the most recent temperature conversion. After every Alarm Search cycle (i.e., Alarm Search command followed by data exchange), the bus master must return to Step 1 (Initialization) in the transaction sequence.（3）DS18B20 FUNCTION COMMANDSAfter the bus master has used a ROM command to address the DS18B20withwhich it wishes to communicate, the master can issue one of the DS18B20 functioncommands. These commands allow the master to write to and read from theDS18B20’s scratchpad memory, initiate temperature conversions and determine the power supply mode.9外文翻译（原文）1.CONVERT T [44h]This command initiates a single temperature conversion. Following theconversion, the resulting thermal data is stored in the 2-byte temperature register inthe scratchpad memory and the DS18B20 returns to its low-power idle state. If thedevice is being used in p arasite power mode, within 10µs (max) after this command isissued the master must enable a strong pull up on the1-Wire bus. If the DS18B20 ispowered by an external supply, the master can issue read time slots after the ConvertT command and the DS18B20 will respond by transmitting a 0 while the temperatureconversion is in progress and a 1 when the conversion is done. In parasite powermode this notification technique cannot be used since the bus is pulled high by thestrong pull up during the conversion.2.READ SCRATCHPAD [BEh]This command allows the master to read the contents of the scratchpad.Thedata transfer starts with the least significant bit of byte 0 and continues through thescratchpad until the 9th byte (byte 8 –CRC) is read. The master may issue a reset toterminate reading at an y time if only part of the scratchpad data is needed.3.WRITE SCRATCHPAD [4Eh]This command allows the master to write 3 bytes of data to theDS18B20’sscratchpad. The first data byte is written into the TH register (byte 2 of thescratchpad), the second byte is written into the TL register (byte 3), and the third byteis written into the configuration register (byte 4). Data must be transmitted leastsignificant bit first. All three bytes MUST be written before the master issues a reset,or the data may b e corrupted.4.COPY SCRATCHPAD [48h]This command copies the contents of the scratchpad TH, TL and configurationregisters (bytes 2, 3 and 4) to EEPROM. If the device is being used in parasite powermode, within 10µs (max) after this command is issued the master must enable a10外文翻译（原文）strong pull-up on the1-Wire bus. 5.RECALL E [B8h]This command recalls the alarm trigger values (TH and TL) and configurationdata from EEPROM and places the data in b ytes 2, 3, and 4, respectively, in thescratchpad memory. The master device can issue read time slots following the Recall E command and the DS18B20 will indicate the status of the recall by transmitting 0 while the recall is in pr ogress and 1 when the recall is done. Therecall operation happens automatically at power-up, so valid data is available in the scratchpad as soon as power is applied to the device.6．READ POWER SUPPL Y [B4h]The master device issues this command followed by a read time slot todetermine if any DS18B20s on the bus are using parasite power. During the read time slot, parasite powered DS18B20s will pull the bus low, and externally poweredDS18B20s will let the bus remain high.10.WIRE SIGNALINGThe DS18B20 uses a strict 1-Wire communication protocol to ensure data integrity. Several signal types are defined by this protocol: reset pulse, presence pulse, write 0, write 1, r ead 0, and read 1. The bus master initiates all these signals, with the exception of the p resence pulse.（1）INITIALIZATION PROCEDURE —RESET AND PRESENCE PULSESAll communication with the DS18B20 begins with an initializationsequence that consists of a reset pulse from the master followed by a presence pulse from theDS18B20. This is illustrated in Figure 6. When the DS18B20 sends thepresence pulse in response to the reset, it is indicating to the master that it is on the bus and ready to operate.During the initialization sequence the bus master transmits (TX) the reset pulse by pulling the 1-Wire bus low for a minimum of 480µs. The bus master then releases 2 211外文翻译（原文）the bus and goes into receive mode (RX). When the bus is released, the 5kΩ pull-upresistor pulls the 1-Wire bus high. When the DS18B20 detects this rising edge, itwaits 15µs to 60µs and then transmits a presence pulse by pulling the 1-Wire bus lowfor 60µs to 240µs.Master Rx480µs minimumMaster Tx Reset Pulse DS18B20 waits DS18B20 presence pulse480µs minimum15~60µs60~240µsVpu1-Wire BusGNDDS18B20 InitializationTimingBus master pulling lowDS18B20 pulling lowResistor pullupFigure 6.Initialization Timing（2）READ/WRITE TIME SLOTSThe bus master writes data to the DS18B20 during write time slots andreadsdata from the DS18B20 during read time slots. One bit of data is transmitted over the1-Wire bus per time slot.1.WRITE TIME SLOTSThere are two types of write time slots: ―Write 1‖ time slots and ―Write 0‖ timeslots. The bus master uses a Write 1 time slot to write a logic 1 to the DS18B20 and aWrite 0 time slot to write a logic 0 to the DS18B20. All write time slots must be aminimum of 60µs in duration with a minimum of a 1µs recovery time betweenindividual write slots. Both types of write time slots are initiated by the master pullingthe 1-Wire bus low (see Figure 7).To generate a Write 1 time slot, after pulling the 1-Wire bus low, the bus mastermust release the 1-Wirebus within 15µs. When the bus is released, the 5kΩpull-upresistor will pull the bus high. To generate a Write 0 time slot, after pulling the 1-Wire12外文翻译（原文）bus low, the bus master must continue to hold the bus low for the duration of the time slot (at least 60µs).The DS18B20 samples the 1-Wire bus during a window that lasts from 15µsto 60µs after the master initiates the write time slot. If the bus is high during the sampling window, a 1 is written to the DS18B20. If the line is low, a 0 is written tothe DS18B20.START OF SLOT START OF SLOTMASTER WRITE ―1‖ SLOT MASTER WRITE ―0‖ SLOT >1us >1usVcc1-wire BusGND DS18B20 Samples DS18B20 Samples15us 30us 15us 30usDS18B20Write Time SlotBus master pulling low Resistor pullupFigure 7.DS18B20 Write Time Slot2.READ TIME SLOTSThe DS18B20 can only transmit data to the master when the master issues readtime slots. Therefore, the master must generate read time slotsimmediately after issuing a Read Scratchpad [BEh] or Read Power Supply [B4h] command, so that the DS18B20 can provide the requested data. In addition, the master cangenerate read time slots after issuing Convert T [44h] or Recall E[B8h] commands to find out the status of the operation.All read time slots must be a minimum of 60µs in duration with a minimum of a 1µs recovery time between slots. A read time slot is initiated by the master device pulling the 1-Wire bus low for a minimum of 1µs and then releasing the bus (see Figure 8). After the master initiates the read time slot, the DS18B20 will begin transmitting a 1 or 0 on bus. The DS18B20 transmits a 1 by leaving the bus high and 60us<Tx<120u s MIN TYP MAX MIN TYPMAX 15us 15us 213transmits a 0 by pulling the bus low. When transmitting a 0, the DS18B20 will releasethe bus by the end of the time slot, and the bus will be pulled back to its high idlestate b y the pull up resister. Output data from the DS18B20 is valid for 15µs after thefalling edge that initiated the read time slot. Therefore, the master must release thebus and then sample the bus state within 15µs from the start of the slot.MASTER READ ―1‖SLOTMASTER READ ―0‖ >1usVcc SLOT1-wire bus>1usGNDMaster samples >1us Master samples15us30us15us15usDS18B20 read time slotBus master pulling low Resistor pullupDS18B20 pulling lowFigure 8.DS18B20 Read Time Slot14151.说明DS18B20介绍DS18B20数字式温度传感器提供9位到12位的摄氏温度测量，并且有用户可编程的、非易失性温度上下限告警出发点。

毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献外文资料DS1722 Digital ThermometerWith scientific and technological progress and development of the types of temperature sensors increasingly wide range of application of the increasingly widespread, and the beginning analog toward digital, single-bus, dual-bus and bus-3 direction. And the number of temperature sensors because they apply to all microprocessor interface consisting of automatic temperature control system simulation can be overcome sensor and microprocessor interface need signal conditioning circuit and A / D converters advant ages of the drawbacks, has been widely used in industrial control, electronic transducers, medical equipment and other temperature control system. Among them, which are more representative of a digital temperature sensor DS18B20, MAX6575, the DS1722, MAX6636 other. This paper introduces the DS1722 digital temperature sensor characteristics, the use of the method and its timing. Internal structure and other relevant content.FEATURES:Temperature measurements require no external components;Measures temperatures from -55°C to +120°C. Fahrenheit equivalent is -67°F to +248°F;Thermometer accuracy is ±°C;Thermometer resolution is configurable from 8 to 12 bits (°C to °C resolution);Data is read from/written to via a Motorola Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) or standard 3-wire serial interface;Wide analog power supply range ( - );Separate digital supply allows for logic;Available in an 8-pin SOIC (150 mil), 8-pin USOP, and flip chip package;PIN ASSIGNMENTFIGURE 1 PIN ASSIGNMENTPIN DESCRIPTION:SERMODE - Serial Interface Mode.CE - Chip Enable.SCLK - Serial Clock.GND – Ground.VDDA - Analog Supply Voltage.SDO - Serial Data Out.SDI - Serial Data In.VDDD - Digital Supply Voltage.DESCRIPTION:The DS1722 Digital Thermometer and Thermostat with SPI/3-Wire Interface provides temperature readings which indicate the temperature of the device. No additional components are required; the device is truly a temperature-to-digital converter. Temperature readings are communicated from the DS1722 over a Motorola SPI interface or a standard 3-wire serial interface. The choice of interface standard is selectable by the user. For applications that require greater temperature resolution, the user can adjust the readout resolution from 8 to 12 bits. This is particularly useful in applications where thermal runaway conditions must be detected quickly.For application flexibility, the DS1722 features a wide analog supply rail of - . A separate digital supply allows a range of to . The DS1722 is available in an 8-pin SOIC (150-mil), 8-pin USOP, and flip chip package.Applications for the DS1722 include personal computers/servers/workstations, cellular telephones, office equipment, or any thermally-sensitive system.OVERVIEW:A block diagram of the DS1722 is shown in Figure 2. The DS1722 consists offour major components:1. Precision temperature sensor.2. Analog-to-digital converter.3. SPI/3-wire interface electronics.4. Data registers.The factory-calibrated temperature sensor requires no external components. The DS1722 is in a power conserving shutdown state upon power-up. After power-up, the user may alter the configuration register to place the device in a continuous temperature conversion mode or in a one-shot conversion mode. In the continuous conversion mode, the DS1722 continuously converts the temperature and stores the result in the temperature register. As conversions are performed in the background, reading the temperature register does not affect the conversion in progress. In the one-shot temperature conversion mode, the DS1722 will perform one temperature conversion, store the result in the temperature register, and then eturn to the shutdown state. This conversion mode is ideal for power sensitive applications. More information on the configuration register is contained in the “OPERATION-Programming”section. The temperature conversion results will have a default resolution of 9 bits. In applications where small incremental temperature changes are critical, the user can change the conversion resolution from 9 bits to 8, 10, 11, or 12. This is accomplished by programming the configuration register. Each additional bit of resolution approximately doubles the conversion time. The DS1722 can communicate using either a Motorola Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) or standard 3-wire interface. The user can select either communication standard through the SERMODE pin, tying it to VDDD for SPI and to ground for 3-wire. The device contains both an analog supply voltage and a digital supply voltage (VDDA and VDDD, respectively). The analog supply powers the device for operation while the digital supply provides the top rails for the digital inputs and outputs. The DS1722 was designed to be Logic-Ready.DS1722 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM Figure 2OPERATION-Measuring Temperature:The core of DS1722 functionality is its direct-to-digital temperature sensor. The DS1722 measures temperature through the use of an on-chip temperature measurement technique with an operating range from -55°to +120°C. The device powers up in a power-conserving shutdown mode. After power-up, the DS1722 may be placed in a continuous conversion mode or in a one-shot conversion mode. In the continuous conversion mode, the device continuously computes the temperature and stores the most recent result in the temperature register at addresses 01h (LSB) and 02h (MSB). In the one-shot conversion mode, the DS1722 performs one temperature conversion and then returns to the shutdown mode, storing temperature in the temperature register. Details on how to change the setting after power up are contained in the “OPERATION-Programming”section. The resolution of the temperature conversion is configurable (8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 bits), with 9-bit readings the default state. This equates to a temperature resolution of °C, °C, °C, °C, or °C. Following each conversion, thermal data is stored in the thermometer register in two’s complement format; the information can be retrieved over the SPI or 3-wire interface with the address set to the temperature register, 01h (LSB) and then 02h (MSB). Table 2 describesthe exact relationship of output data to measured temperature. The table assumes the DS1722 is configured for 12-bit resolution; if the evince is configured in a lower resolution mode, those bits will contain 0s. The data is transmitted serially over the digital interface, MSB first for SPI communication and LSB first for 3-wire communication. The MSB of the temperature register contains the “sign” (S) bit, denoting whether the temperature is positive or negative. For Fahrenheit usage, a lookup table or conversion routine must be used.AddressLocation S 2625242322212002h MSB (unit = ℃) LSB2-12-22-32-40 0 0 0 01hTEMPERATURE DIGITAL OUTPUT(BINARY) DIGITAL OUTPUT(HEX)+120℃0111 1000 0000 0000 7800h+ 0001 1001 0001 0000 1910h+ 0000 1010 0010 0000 0a20h+ 0000 0000 1000 0000 0080h0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000h1111 1111 1000 0000 Ff80h1111 0101 1110 0000 F5e0h1110 0110 1111 0000 E6f0h-55 1100 1001 0000 0000 C900h OPERATION-Programming:The area of interest in programming the DS1722 is the Configuration register. All programming is done via the SPI or 3-wire communication interface by selecting the appropriate address of the desired register location. Table 3 illustrates the addresses for the two registers (configuration and temperature) of the DS1722.Register Address Structure Table 3CONFIGURATION REGISTER PROGRAMMING:The configuration register is accessed in the DS1722 with the 00h address for reads and the 80h address for writes. Data is read from or written to the configuration register MSB first for SPI communication and LSB first for 3-wire communication. The format of the register is illustrated in Figure 2. The effect each bit has on DS1722 functionality is described below along with the power-up state of the bit. The entire register is volatile, and thus it will power-up in the default state.CONFIGURATION/STATUS REGISTER Figure 21SHOT = One-shot temperature conversion bit. If the SD bit is "1", (continuous temperature conversions are not taking place), a "1" written to the 1SHOT bit will cause the DS1722 to perform one temperature conversion and store the results in the temperature register at addresses 01h (LSB) and 02h (MSB). The bit will clear itself to "0" upon completion of the temperature conversion. The user has read/write access to the 1SHOT bit, although writes to this bit will be ignored if the SD bit is a "0", (continuous conversion mode). The power-up default of the one-shot bit is "0".R0, R1, R2 = Thermometer resolution bits. Table 4 below defines the resolution of the digital thermometer, based on the settings of these 3 bits. There is a direct tradeoff between resolution and conversion time, as depicted in the AC Electrical Characteristics. The user has read/write access to the R2, R1 and R0 bits and the power-up default state is R2="0", R1="0", and R0="1" (9-bit conversions).THERMOMETER RESOLUTION CONFIGURATION Table 4SD = Shutdown bit. If SD is "0", the DS1722 will continuously perform temperature conversions and store the last completed result in the temperature register. If SD is changed to a "1", the conversion in progress will be completed and stored and then the device will revert to a low-power shutdown mode. The communication port remains active. The user has read/write access to the SD bit and the power-up default is "1" (shutdown mode).SERIAL INTERFACE:The DS1722 offers the flexibility to choose between two serial interface modes. The DS1722 can communicate with the SPI interface or with a standard 3-wire interface. The interface method used is determined by the SERMODE pin. When this pin is connected to VDDD SPI communication is selected. When this pin is connected to ground, standard 3-wire communication is selected.SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE (SPI):The serial peripheral interface (SPI) is a synchronous bus for address and data transfer. The SPI mode of serial communication is selected by tying the SERMODE pin to VDDD. Four pins are used for the SPI. The four pins are the SDO (Serial Data Out), SDI (Serial Data In), CE (Chip Enable), and SCLK (Serial Clock). The DS1722 is the slave device in an SPI application, with the microcontroller being the master. The SDI and SDO pins are the serial data input and output pins for the DS1722, respectively. The CE input is used to initiate and terminate a data transfer. The SCLK pin is used to synchronize data movement between the master (microcontroller) and the slave (DS1722) devices. The shift clock (SCLK), which is generated by the microcontroller, is active only when CE is high and during address and data transfer to any device on the SPI bus. The inactive clock polarity is programmable in somemicrocontrollers. The DS1722 offers an important feature in that the level of the inactive clock is determined by sampling SCLK when CE becomes active. Therefore, either SCLK polarity can be accommodated. There is one clock for each bit transferred. Address and data bits are transferred in groups of eight, MSB first.3-WIRE SERIAL DATA BUS:The 3-wire communication mode operates similar to the SPI mode. However, in 3-wire mode, there is one bi-directional I/O instead of separate data in and data out signals. The 3-wire consists of the I/O (SDI and SDO pins tied together), CE, and SCLK pins. In 3-wire mode, each byte is shifted in LSB first unlike SPI mode where each byte is shifted in MSB first. As is the case with the SPI mode, an address byte is written to the device followed by a single data byte or multiple data bytes.外文资料译文DS1722数字温度传感器随着科学技术的不断进步和发展，温度传感器的种类日益繁多，应用逐渐广泛，并且开始由模拟式向着数字式、单总线式、双总线式和三总线式发展。

中英文资料外文翻译文献SHT11/71传感器的温湿度测量Assist.Prof.Grish Spasov,PhD,BSc Nikolay KakanakovDepartment of Computer Systems,Technical University-branch Plovdiv,25,”Tzanko Djustabanov”Str.,4000Plovdiv,Bulgaria,+35932659576, E-mail:gvs@tu-plovdiv.bg,kakanak@tu-plovdiv.bg 关键词：温湿度测量，智能传感器，分布式自动测控这篇论文阐述了智能传感器的优点，介绍了SHT11/71温湿度传感器（产自盛世瑞公司）。

该传感器是一种理想的对嵌入式系统提供环境测量参数的传感器。

常规的应用时将SHT11/71放于实际的工作环境当中。

应用于分布式的温湿度监测系统。

使用单片机与集成网络服务器来实现对传感器的信息交流与关系。

这个应用是可实现与测试的。

1.介绍温湿度的测量控制对于电器在工业、科学、医疗保健、农业和工艺控制过程都有着显著地意义。

温湿度这两种环境参数互相影响，因为这至关重要的一点，在一些应用中他们是必须并联测量的。

SHT11/71是利用现代技术把温度、湿度测量元件、放大器、A/D转换器、数字接口、校验CRC计算逻辑记忆模块和核心芯片集成到一个非常小的尺寸上[1][3]。

采用这种智能传感器可以缩短产品开发时间和成本。

整合入传感器模数转换和放大器的芯片使开发人员能够优化传感器精度和长期问的的元素。

并不是全结合形式的数字逻辑接口连通性管理的传感器。

这些优点可以减少整体上市时间，甚至价格[1][3]。

本文以SHT11/71（产自盛世瑞公司）智能传感器为例，介绍他的优势和测量程序给出一个实用实例来说明该工作的实现条件。

这个应用时可行可测试的。

2.智能传感器——SHT11/71SHT11/71是一个继承了温度和湿度组建，以及一个多元化校准数字器的芯片。

毕业论文外文文献翻译Sensor-technology传感器技术毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：传感器技术文献、资料英文题目：Sensor-technology文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14Sensor technologyA sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque , pressure , temperature , humidity , speed , acceleration , or vibration .Traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators and switches )have been used to set limits on the performance of machines .Common examples are (a) stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements ,(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features , and (c) governors on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . Sensor technology has become an important aspect of manufacturing processes and systems .It is essential for proper data acquisition and for the monitoring , communication , and computer control of machines and systems .Because they convert one quantity to another , sensors often are referred to as transducers .Analog sensors produce a signal ,such as voltage ,which is proportional to the measured quantity .Digital sensors have numeric or digital outputs that can be transferred to computers directly .Analog-to-coverter(ADC) is available for interfacing analog sensors with computers .Classifications of SensorsSensors that are of interest in manufacturing may be classified generally as follows:Machanical sensors measure such as quantities aspositions ,shape ,velocity ,force ,torque , pressure , vibration , strain , and mass .Electrical sensors measure voltage , current , charge , and conductivity .Magnetic sensors measure magnetic field ,flux , and permeablity .Thermal sensors measure temperature , flux ,conductivity , and special heat .Other types are acoustic , ultrasonic , chemical , optical , radiation , laser ,and fiber-optic .Depending on its application , a sensor may consist of metallic , nonmetallic , organic , or inorganic materials , as well as fluids ,gases ,plasmas , or semiconductors .Using the special characteristics of these materials , sensors covert the quantity or property measured to analog or digital output. The operation of an ordinary mercury thermometer , for example , is based on the difference between the thermal expansion of mercury and that of glass.Similarly , a machine part , a physical obstruction , or barrier in a space can be detected by breaking the beam of light when sensed by a photoelectric cell . A proximity sensor ( which senses and measures the distance between it and an object or a movingmember of a machine ) can be based on acoustics , magnetism , capacitance , or optics . Other actuators contact the object and take appropriate action ( usually by electromechanical means ) . Sensors are essential to the conduct of intelligent robots , and are being developed with capabilities that resemble those of humans ( smart sensors , see the following ).This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.Tactile sensing is the continuous of variable contact forces , commonly by an array of sensors . Such a system is capable of performing within an arbitrarythree-dimensional space .has gradually shifted from manufacturing tonon-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristicsIn visual sensing (machine vision , computer vision ) , cameral optically sense the presence and shape of the object . A microprocessor then processes the image ( usually in less than one second ) , the image is measured , and the measurements are digitized ( image recognition ) .Machine vision is suitable particularly for inaccessible parts , in hostile manufacturing environments , for measuring a large number of small features , and in situations where physics contact with the part may cause damage .Small sensors have the capability to perform a logic function , to conducttwo-way communication , and to make a decisions and take appropriate actions . The necessary input and the knowledge required to make a decision can be built into a smart sensor . For example , a computer chip with sensors can be programmed to turn a machine tool off when a cutting tool fails . Likewise , a smart sensor can stop a mobile robot or a robot arm from accidentally coming in contact with an object or people by using quantities such as distance , heat , and noise .Sensor fusion . Sensor fusion basically involves the integration of multiple sensors in such a manner where the individual data from each of the sensors ( such as force , vibration ,temperature , and dimensions ) are combined to provide a higher level of information and reliability . A common application of sensor fusion occurs when someone drinks a cup of hot coffee . Although we take such a quotidian event for granted ,it readily can be seen that this process involves data input from the person's eyes , lips , tongue , and hands .Through our basic senses of sight , hearing , smell , taste , and touch , there is real-time monitoring of relative movements , positions , and temperatures . Thus if the coffee is too hot , the hand movement of the cup toward the lip is controlled and adjusted accordingly .。

DISTRIBUTED TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM BASED ON MULTI-SENSOR DATA FUSIONAbstract:Temperature control system has been widely used over the past decades. In this paper, a general architecture of distributed temperature control system is put forward based on multi-sensor data fusion and CAN bus. A new method of multi-sensor data fusion based on parameter estimation is proposed for the distributed temperature control system. The major feature of the system is its generality, which is suitable for many fields of large scale temperature control. Experiment shows that this system possesses higher accuracy, reliability, good real—time characteristic and wide application prospectKeywords:Distributed control system; CAN bus; intelligent CAN node; multi-sensor data fusion.1. IntroductionDistributed temperature control system has been widely used in our daily life and production, including intelligent building, greenhouse, constant temperature workshop, large and medium granary, depot, and soon[1]. This kind of system should ensure that the environment temperaturecan be kept between two predefined limits. In the conventional temperature measurement systems we build a network through RS-485 Bus using a single-chip metering system based on temperature sensors. With the aid of the network, we can carry out centralized monitoring and controlling. However, when the monitoring area is much more widespread and transmission distance becomes farther, the disadvantages of RS-485 Bus become more obvious. In this situation, the transmission and response speed becomes lower, the anti-interference ability becomes worse. Therefore, we should seek out a new communication method to solve the problems produced by RS-485 Bus.During all the communication manners, the industrial control-oriented field bus technology can ensure that we can break through the limitation of traditional point to point communication mode and build up a real distributed control and centralized management system. As a serial communication protocol supporting distributed real-time control, CAN bus has much more merits than RS-485 Bus, such as better error correction ability, better real-time ability, lower cost and so on. Presently, it has been extensively used in the implementation of distributed measurement and control domains.With the development of sensory technology, more and more systems begin to adopt multi-sensor data fusion technology to improve their performances. Multi-sensor data fusion is a kind of paradigm for integrating the data from multiple sources to synthesize the new information so that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts . Andit is a critical task both in the contemporary and future systems which have distributed networks of low-cost, resource-constrained sensors 2.Distributed architecture of the temperature control systemThe distributed architecture of the temperature control system is depicted in the Figure 1. As can be seen, the system consists of two modules—several intelligent CAN nodes and a main controller. They are interconnected with each other through CAN bus. Each module performs its part into the distributed architecture. The following is a brief description of each module in the architecture.3．1main controllerAs the system’s main controller, the host PC can communicate with the intelligent CAN nodes. It is devoted to supervise and control the whole system, such as system configuration, displaying running condition, parameter initialization and harmonizing the relationships between each part. What’s more,we can print or store the system’s history temperature data, which is very useful for the analysis of the system performance3.2. Intelligent CAN nodeEach intelligent CAN node of the temperature control system includes five units: MCU—a single chip, A/D conversion unit, temperature monitoring unit—sensor group, digital display unit and actuators—a cooling unit and a heating unit. The operating principle of the intelligent CAN node is described as follows.In the practical application, we divide the region of the control objective into many cells, and lay the intelligent CAN nodes in some of the typical cells. In each node, MCU collects temperature data from the temperature measurement sensor groups with the aid of the A/D conversion unit. Simultaneously, it performs basic data fusion algorithms to obtain a fusion value which is more close to the real one. And the digital display unit displays the fusing result of the node timely, so we can understand the environment temperature in every control cell separately.By comparing the fusion value with the set one by the main controller, the intelligent CAN node can implement the degenerative feedback control of each cell through enabling the corresponding heating or cooling devices. If the fusion result is bigger than the set value in the special intelligent CAN node, the cooling unit will begin to work. On the contrary, if the fusion result is less than the set value in the node the heating unit will begin to work. By this means we can not only monitor the environment temperature, but also can make the corresponding actuator work so as to regulate the temperature automatically. At the same time every CAN node is able to send data frame to the CAN bus which will notify the main controller the temperature value in the cell so that controller can conveniently make decisions to modify the parameter or not. Since the CAN nodes can regulate the temperature of the cell where they are, the temperature in the whole room will be kept homogeneous. What’s more, we can also c ontrol the intelligent node by modifying the temperature’s setting value on the host PC.Generally, the processors on the spot are not good at complex data processing and data fusing, so it becomes very critical how to choose a suitable data fusion algorithm for the system. In the posterior section, we will introduce a data fusion method which is suitable for the intelligent CAN nodes。

中英文资料外文翻译文献原文：Temperature Sensor ICs Simplify DesignsWhen you set out to select a temperature sensor, you are no longer limited to either an analog output or a digital output device. There is now a broad selection of sensor types, one of which should match your system's needs.Until recently, all the temperature sensors on the market provided analog outputs. Thermistors, RTDs, and thermocouples were followed by another analog-output device, the silicon temperature sensor. In most applications, unfortunately, these analog-output devices require a comparator, an ADC, or an amplifier at their output to make them useful.Thus, when higher levels of integration became feasible, temperature sensors with digital interfaces became available. These ICs are sold in a variety of forms, from simple devices that signal when a specific temperature has been exceeded to those that report both remote and local temperatures while providing warnings at programmed temperature settings. The choice now isn't simply between analog-output and digital-output sensors; there is a broad range of sensor types from which to choose.Classes of Temperature SensorsFour temperature-sensor types are illustrated in Figure 1. An ideal analog sensor provides an output voltage that is a perfectly linear function of temperature (A). In the digital I/O class of sensor (B), temperature data in the form of multiple 1s and 0s are passed to the microcontroller, often via a serial bus. Along the same bus, data are sent to the temperature sensor from the microcontroller, usually to set the temperature limit at which the alert pin's digital output will trip. Alert interrupts the microcontroller when the temperature limit has been exceeded. This type of device can also provide fan control.Figure 1. Sensor and IC manufacturers currently offer four classes of temperature sensors."Analog-plus" sensors (C) are available with various types of digital outputs. The V OUT versus temperature curve is for an IC whose digital output switches when a specific temperature has been exceeded. In this case, the "plus" added to the analog temperature sensor is nothing more than a comparator and a voltage reference. Other types of "plus" parts ship temperature data in the form of the delay time after the part has been strobed, or in the form of the frequency or the period of a square wave, which will be discussed later.The system monitor (D) is the most complex IC of the four. In addition to the functions provided by the digital I/O type, this type of device commonly monitors the system supply voltages, providing an alarm when voltages rise above or sink below limits set via the I/O bus. Fan monitoring and/or control is sometimes included in this type of IC. In some cases, this class of device is used to determine whether or not a fan is working. More complex versions control the fan as a function of one or more measured temperatures. The system monitor sensor is not discussed here but is briefly mentioned to give a complete picture of the types of temperature sensors available.Analog-Output Temperature SensorsThermistors and silicon temperature sensors are widely used forms of analog-output temperature sensors. Figure 2 clearly shows that when a linear relationship between voltage and temperature is needed, a silicon temperature sensor is a far better choice than a thermistor. Over a narrow temperature range, however, thermistors can provide reasonable linearity and good sensitivity. Many circuits originally constructed with thermistors have over time been updated using silicon temperature sensors.Figure 2. The linearity of thermistors and silicon temperature sensors, two popular analog-output temperature detectors, is contrasted sharply.Silicon temperature sensors come with different output scales and offsets. Some, for example, are available with output transfer functions that are proportional to K, others to °C or °F. Some of the °C parts provide an offset so that negative temperatures can be monitored using a single-ended supply.In most applications, the output of these devices is fed into a comparator or a n A/D converterto convert the temperature data into a digital format. Despite the need for these additional devices, thermistors and silicon temperature sensors continue to enjoy popularity due to low cost and convenience of use in many situations.Digital I/O Temperature SensorsAbout five years ago, a new type of temperature sensor was introduced. These devices include a digital interface that permits communication with a microcontroller. The interface is usually an I²C or SMBus serial bus, but other serial interfaces such as SPI are common. In addition to reporting temperature readings to the microcontroller, the interface also receives instructions from the microcontroller. Those instructions are often temperature limits, which, if exceeded, activate a digital signal on the temperature sensor IC that interrupts the microcontroller. The microcontroller is then able to adjust fan speed or back off the speed of a microprocessor, for example, to keep temperature under control.This type of device is available with a wide variety of features, among them, remote temperature sensing. To enable remote sensing, most high-performance CPUs include an on-chip transistor that provides a voltage analog of the temperature. (Only one of the transistor's two p-n junctions is used.) Figure 3 shows a remote CPU being monitored using this technique. Other applications utilize a discrete transistor to perform the same function.Figure 3. A user-programmable temperature sensor monitors the temperature of a remote CPU's on-chip p-n junction.Another important feature found on some of these types of sensors (including the sensor shown in Figure 3) is the ability to interrupt a microcontroller when the measured temperature falls outside a range bounded by high and low limits. On other sensors, an interrupt is generated when the measured temperature exceeds either a high or a low temperature threshold (i.e., not both). For the sensor in Figure 3, those limits are transmitted to the temperature sensor via the SMBus interface. If the temperature moves above or below the circumscribed range, the alert signal interrupts the processor.Pictured in Figure 4 is a similar device. Instead of monitoring one p-n junction, however, it monitors four junctions and its own internal temperature. Because Maxim's MAX1668 consumes a small amount of power, its internal temperature is close to the ambient temperature. Measuring the ambient temperature gives an indication as to whether or not the system fan is operating properly.Figure 4. A user-programmable temperature sensor monitors its own local temperature and the temperatures of four remote p-n junctions.Controlling a fan while monitoring remote temperature is the chief function of the IC shown in Figure 5. Users of this part can choose between two different modes of fan control. In the PWM mode, the microcontroller controls the fan speed as a function of the measured temperature by changing the duty cycle of the signal sent to the fan. This permits the power consumption to be far less than that of the linear mode of control that this part also provides. Because some fans emit an audible sound at the frequency of the PWM signal controlling it, the linear mode can be advantageous, but at the price of higher power consumption and additional circuitry. The added power consumption is a small fraction of the power consumed by the entire system, though.Figure 5. A fan controller/temperature sensor IC uses either a PWM- or linear-mode control scheme.This IC provides the alert signal that interrupts the microcontroller when the temperature violates specified limits. A safety feature in the form of the signal called "overt" (an abbreviated version of "over temperature") is also provided. If the microcontroller or the software were to lock up while temperature is rising to a dangerous level, the alert signal would no longer be useful. However, overt, which goes active once the temperature rises above a level set via the SMBus, is typically used to control circuitry without the aid of the microcontroller. Thus, in thishigh-temperature scenario with the microcontroller not functioning, overt could be used to shut down the system power supplies directly, without the microcontroller, and prevent a potentially catastrophic failure.This digital I/O class of devices finds widespread use in servers, battery packs, and hard-disk drives. Temperature is monitored in numerous locations to increase a server's reliability: at the motherboard (which is essentially the ambient temperature inside the chassis), inside the CPU die, and at other heat-generating components such as graphics accelerators and hard-disk drives. Battery packs incorporate temperature sensors for safety reasons and to optimize charging profiles, which maximizes battery life.There are two good reasons for monitoring the temperature of a hard-disk drive, which depends primarily on the speed of the spindle motor and the ambient temperature: The read errors in a drive increase at temperature extremes, and a hard disk's MTBF is improved significantly through temperature control. By measuring the temperature within the system, you can control motor speed to optimize reliability and performance. The drive can also be shut down. In high-end systems, alerts can be generated for the system administrator to indicate temperature extremes or situations where data loss is possible.Analog-Plus Temperature Sensors"Analog-plus" sensors are generally suited to simpler measurement applications. These ICs generate a logic output derived from the measured temperature and are distinguished from digital I/O sensors primarily because they output data on a single line, as opposed to a serial bus.In the simplest instance of an analog-plus sensor, the logic output trips when a specific temperature is exceeded. Some of these devices are tripped when temperature rises above a preset threshold, others, when temperature drops below a threshold. Some of these sensors allow the temperature threshold to be adjusted with a resistor, whereas others have fixed thresholds.The devices shown in Figure 6 are purchased with a specific internal temperature threshold. The three circuits illustrate common uses for this type of device: providing a warning, shutting down a piece of equipment, or turning on a fan.Figure 6. ICs that signal when a temperature has been exceeded are well suited forover/undertemperature alarms and simple on/off fan control.When an actual temperature reading is needed, and a microcontroller is available, sensors that transmit the reading on a single line can be useful. With the microcontroller's internal counter measuring time, the signals from this type of temperature sensor are readily transformed to a measure of temperature. The sensor in Figure 7 outputs a square wave whose frequency is proportional to the ambient temperature in Kelvin. The device in Figure 8 is similar, but theperiod of the square wave is proportional to the ambient temperature in kelvins.Figure 7. A temperature sensor that transmits a square wave whose frequency is proportional tothe measured temperature in Kelvin forms part of a heater controller circuit.Figure 8. This temperature sensor transmits a square wave whose period is proportional to the measured temperature in Kelvin. Because only a single line is needed to send temperature information, just a single optoisolator is required to isolate the signal path.Figure 9, a truly novel approach, allows up to eight temperature sensors to be connected on this common line. The process of extracting temperature data from these sensors begins when the microcontroller's I/O port strobes all the sensors on the line simultaneously. The microcontroller is then quickly reconfigured as an input in order to receive data from each of the sensors. The data are encoded as the amount of time that transpires after the sensors are strobed. Each of the sensors encodes this time after the strobe pulse within a specific range of time. Collisions are avoided by assigning each sensor its own permissible time range.Figure 9. A microcontroller strobes up to eight temperature sensors connected on a common line and receives the temperature data transmitted from each sensor on the same line.The accuracy achieved by this method is surprisingly high: 0.8°C is typical at room temperature, precisely matching that of the IC that encodes temperature data in the form of the frequency of the transmitted square wave. The same is true of the device that uses the period of the square wave.These devices are outstanding in wire-limited applications. For example, when a temperature sensor must be isolated from the microcontroller, costs are kept to a minimum because only one optoisolator is needed. These sensors are also of great utility in automotive and HVAC applications, because they reduce the amount of copper running over distances.Anticipated Temperature Sensor DevelopmentsIC temperature sensors provide a varied array of functions and interfaces. As these devicescontinue to evolve, system designers will see more application-specific features as well as new ways of interfacing the sensors to the system. Finally, the ability of chip designers to integrate more electronics in the same die area ensures that temperature sensors will soon include new functions and special interfaces.翻译：温度传感器芯片简化设计当选择一个温度传感器时，将不再局限于模拟输出或数字输出设备。

基于多数据融合传感器的分布式温度控制系统摘要：在过去的几十年，温度控制系统已经被广泛的应用。

对于温度控制提出了一种基于多传感器数据融合和CAN总线控制的一般结构。

一种新方法是基于多传感器数据融合估计算法参数分布式温控系统。

该系统的重要特点是其共性，其适用于很多具体领域的大型的温度控制。

实验结果表明该系统具有较高的准确性、可靠性，良好的实时性和广泛的应用前景。

关键词：分布式控制系统；CAN总线控制；智能CAN节点；多数据融合传感器。

1介绍分布式温度控制系统已经被广泛的应用在我们日常生活和生产,包括智能建筑、温室、恒温车间、大中型粮仓、仓库等。

这种控制保证环境温度能被保持在两个预先设定的温度间。

在传统的温度测量系统中，我们用一个基于温度传感器的单片机系统建立一个RS-485局域网控制器网络。

借助网络,我们能实行集中监控和控制.然而,当监测区域分布更广泛和传输距离更远,RS-485总线控制系统的劣势更加突出。

在这种情况下，传输和响应速度变得更低，抗干扰能力更差。

因此，我们应当寻找新的通信的方法来解决用RS-485总线控制系统而产生的问题。

在所有的通讯方式中，适用于工业控制系统的总线控制技术，我们可以突破传统点对点通信方式的限制、建立一个真正的分布式控制与集中管理系统，CAN总线控制比RS-485总线控制系统更有优势。

比如更好的纠错能力、改善实时的能力，低成本等。

目前，它正被广泛的应用于实现分布式测量和范围控制。

随着传感器技术的发展，越来越多的系统开始采用多传感器数据融合技术来提高他们的实现效果。

多传感器数据融合是一种范式对多种来源整合数据,以综合成新的信息，比其他部分的总和更加强大。

无论在当代和未来，系统的低成本，节省资源都是传感器中的一项重要指标。

2分布式架构的温度控制系统分布式架构温度控制系统如图中所示的图1。

可以看出，这系统由两个模块——两个智能CAN节点和一个主要的控制器组成。

每个模块部分执行进入分布式架构。

外文出处：Prasan Kumar Sahoo著,Proc of Computing, and Communications Conference, 2005.[C]出版社：IEEE，2005年附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文基于拓扑结构的分布式无线传感器网络的功率控制摘要无线传感器网络由大量的传感器节点电池供电,限制在一定区域内的随机部署的几个应用。

由于传感器能量资源的有限,他们中的每一个都应该减少能源消耗,延长网络的生命周期。

在这篇文章中,一种分布式算法的基础上,提出了无线传感器网络的构建一种高效率能源树结构,而无需定位信息的节点。

节点的能量守恒是由传输功率控制完成的。

除此之外,维护的网络拓扑结构由于能源短缺的节点也提出了协议。

仿真结果表明,我们的分布式协议可以达到类似集中算法的理想水平的能量守恒，可以延长网络的生命周期比其他没有任何功率控制的分布式算法。

关键词：无线网络传感器，分布式算法，功率控制，拓扑结构1.引言近年来在硬件和软件的无线网络技术的发展,使小尺寸、低功耗、低成本、多功能传感器节点[1]的基础上,由传感、数据处理及无线通信组件组成。

这些低能量节点的电池,部署在数百到成千上万的无线传感器网络。

在无线传感器网络系统、音视频信号处理系统,使用更高的发射功率和转发数据包相似的路径是种主要消费传感器的能量。

除此之外,补充能量的电池更换和充电几百节点上的传感器网络应用的大部分地区,特别是在严酷的环境是非常困难的,有时不可行。

因此,节能[2],[3],[4]的传感器节点是一个关键问题,如传感器网络的生命周期的完全取决于耐久性的电池。

传感器节点一般都是自组织建立了无线传感器网络,监察活动的目标和报告的事件或信息多跳中的基站。

有四种主要的报告模式的传感器网络:事件驱动、队列驱动、期刊、查询和混合的报告。

在事件驱动模型,节点报告接收器,同时报告遥感一些事件,例如火灾或水灾而敲响了警钟。

定期报告中,节点模型的数据收集和可聚合所需资料,成为集,然后定期的发送到上游。