On Styles of Literary Translation in Different Periods

文学笔译大赛英语作文Title: The Art of Literary Translation。

Literary translation is a delicate art, requiring both linguistic prowess and a deep understanding of cultural nuances. As translators, we serve as bridges between languages, conveying the essence of a text while preserving its integrity and beauty. In this essay, we will explorethe challenges and rewards of literary translation, as well as the techniques and strategies employed to producefaithful renditions of original works.One of the foremost challenges faced by literary translators is capturing the intricacies of language and style. Every language has its own idiosyncrasies, its own rhythm and cadence, which can be difficult to replicate in translation. Moreover, literary texts often contain wordplay, cultural references, and historical allusionsthat may not have direct equivalents in the target language. As translators, our task is to find creative solutions tothese linguistic puzzles, striving to convey not only the literal meaning of the text but also its emotional resonance and aesthetic appeal.Another significant challenge in literary translationis maintaining fidelity to the original while making necessary adjustments for the target audience. This requires a deep understanding of both the source and target cultures, as well as sensitivity to the nuances of language and context. For example, a joke that elicits laughter in one culture may fall flat in another, requiring the translator to find alternative ways to convey humor. Similarly, cultural references that are familiar to the source audience may need to be explained or replaced with analogues that are more accessible to the target audience.To overcome these challenges, translators employ a variety of techniques and strategies. One common approachis to prioritize the overall meaning and emotional impact of the text over literal accuracy. This may involve paraphrasing or rephrasing certain passages to ensure that they resonate with the target audience. Translators mayalso use footnotes or endnotes to provide explanations or context for cultural references that may be unfamiliar to readers.Another technique used by translators is adaptation, wherein certain elements of the original text are modified to better suit the target audience. This could involve changing names, locations, or cultural references to make them more relatable or comprehensible to readers. While purists may argue that such changes compromise theintegrity of the original work, proponents of adaptation argue that they are necessary for the translation to be successful.In addition to linguistic and cultural challenges, translators must also navigate the ethical dimensions of their work. Literary translation is inherently an act of interpretation, and translators must grapple with questions of fidelity, authorial intent, and the ethics of representation. For example, should a translator strive to faithfully reproduce the author's words and style, even if it means sacrificing clarity or readability? Or should theyprioritize the needs and expectations of the target audience, even if it means taking liberties with the original text?In conclusion, literary translation is a complex and multifaceted endeavor that requires both technical skill and artistic sensibility. Translators must navigate the linguistic, cultural, and ethical dimensions of their work, striving to produce faithful renditions of original texts that resonate with readers in the target language. While the challenges of literary translation are many, so too are the rewards, as translators have the opportunity to bring the rich diversity of world literature to new audiences around the globe.。

US-China Foreign Language, July 2023, Vol. 21, No. 7, 279-286doi:10.17265/1539-8080/2023.07.005 A Study on the Translation of Chinese Four-Character Phrases —Taking the Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the TenBamboo Studio as an ExampleBAO De-wang, XIANG Hua-liNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China The book named Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the Ten Bamboo Studio is a collection of arch andwoodblock paintings of Ming Dynasty, which is translated by the authors of this paper. The translation of this bookis mainly about the notes and provenance of the paintings. The goal of this paper is to describe the translation activityof Chinese four-character phrases with the practical translation methods and techniques including paraphrase,omission, addition, and shift, which is the most difficult part during the translation process of this book. The authorin this paper hopes that the methods for the translation of Chinese four-character phrases will provide certain help forthe understanding and spread of Chinese classical stories from the book Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paperof the Ten Bamboo Studio.Keywords: Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the Ten Bamboo Studio, four-character phrases, translationstrategiesIntroductionIn the process of translating the book Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the Ten Bamboo Studio , 118 cases were selected from the project, including 26 cases applying omission translation method accounting for 22.0% of the total, 45 cases applied shift translation method, accounting for 38.1%, two cases applied addition, accounting for 1.8% of the total, and 45 cases applied paraphrase, accounting for 38.1%. Methods of paraphrase and shift are most frequently used, and the sum of the two reaches 76.2% of the whole. In this paper, the authors will separately illustrate the use of the four translation methods mentioned above in the translation practice, and at the same time the authors also explain the reasons for using these translation methods. It is intended to provide practical suggestions and references for the future translation of the painting, and at the same time contribute to the spread of Chinese culture. Acknowledgements: Thanks to the committee of Jiangsu Social Science. This paper is funded by Jiangsu Social Science Fund: The Iconography of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the Ten Bamboo Studio , which number is 20YYB005. This paper is also funded by Teaching Reform Project for Postgraduate Education (Construction of High-Quality Teaching Resources): Translation Industry Training (No. 2023YJXGG-C25), which is organized by the Postgraduate College of NUAA.BAO De-wang, Ph.D., professor, College of Foreign Languages, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China. XIANG Hua-li, associate professor, College of Foreign Languages, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China.D A VID PUBLISHINGDA STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF CHINESE FOUR-CHARACTER PHRASES280ParaphraseVia a large number of translation cases, the authors found that when the first two words and the last two words of a four-character phrases are parallel, but of different expressions, the translation method of paraphrase can be applied. In addition, in this translation practice, the method of paraphrase also applied to descriptive words which involve behaviors, condition, and allusions.Parallel PhrasesST: 诗句意为韩康不看重金钱名利，自己在云山之中逍遥畅快地采药卖药。

文学色彩英文翻译作文Title: Exploring Literary Nuances: Translating Cultural Colors。

Literature, like a vibrant tapestry, is woven with myriad hues of cultural expressions and linguistic subtleties. When tasked with the intricate art of translating literary works, one delves into the realm of preserving not just words, but also the essence and colors of the original text. Let us embark on a journey to explore the nuances of translating literature into English.At the heart of literary translation lies the challenge of capturing the essence of a work while navigating the cultural landscapes embedded within its words. Each language carries its unique palette of colors, imbued with historical, social, and linguistic undertones. Translating these hues requires more than mere linguistic proficiency; it demands a deep understanding of the cultural tapestry from which the text emerges.One of the foremost challenges in translatingliterature is preserving the cultural nuances and idiosyncrasies that lend a distinctive flavor to the original work. Take, for instance, the concept of "mono no aware" in Japanese literature, encapsulating thebittersweet awareness of the impermanence of beauty. Translating this concept into English requires more than a literal rendering; it necessitates conveying the delicate interplay between transience and appreciation that defines the Japanese sensibility.Moreover, translating literature involves navigating the intricate web of idiomatic expressions, metaphors, and literary devices that adorn the original text. These linguistic embellishments not only enrich the narrative but also pose formidable challenges to translators. Consider the task of translating Gabriel García Márquez's "magical realism" into English, where everyday occurrencesintertwine with fantastical elements. Capturing the surreal yet familiar quality of his prose demands a delicate balance between fidelity to the original and readability inEnglish.Furthermore, translating literature entails grappling with the untranslatable—that which defies linguistic transposition without losing its essence. Poetic forms, regional dialects, and culturally specific references often resist seamless translation, presenting translators with dilemmas that transcend linguistic boundaries. For instance, the Portuguese term "saudade" encapsulates a profound sense of longing and nostalgia, intertwined with the melancholic beauty of memory. Translating this multifaceted emotioninto English requires not just finding an equivalent word but also evoking the same depth of sentiment it carries in its native context.In addition to linguistic challenges, translators must navigate the socio-political dimensions that shape both the original work and its translation. Censorship, cultural sensitivities, and ideological differences can profoundly impact the way a work is received in translation. Certain themes or expressions deemed acceptable in one culture may provoke controversy or censorship in another, highlightingthe complex interplay between artistic freedom and cultural relativism.Despite these challenges, the art of literary translation serves as a bridge that connects diverse cultures and fosters mutual understanding. Through skillful translation, readers gain access to worlds beyond their linguistic borders, enriching their understanding of human experience and cultural diversity. As translators, we bear the responsibility of faithfully conveying the colors of the original work while ensuring its resonance with a global audience.In conclusion, translating literature is a multifaceted endeavor that requires linguistic dexterity, cultural sensitivity, and a deep appreciation for the nuances of both the source and target languages. It is a process of transmutation, where words metamorphose into new forms while retaining the essence of their cultural origins. In this alchemy of languages, translators wield their pens as brushes, painting vivid portraits of worlds unseen yet intimately felt.。

第一章测试1【判断题】(5分) Peopledoresearchinordertohaveabetterunderstandingofourworld.A.对B.错2【判断题】(5分)Wedon’tneedtobecreativeinresearchasanyresearchisbasedonevidences.A.错B.对3【判断题】(5分)Goodresearchquestionsareimportantinresearch.A.错B.对4【判断题】(5分) Literaturereviewisneededinsomeresearchpapers.A.对B.错5【判断题】(5分) Agoodresearchpaperneedscarefulrevisingandproofreading.A.错B.对6【判断题】(5分) Unintentionalplagiarismcanbeexcusedasitisnotcommitteddeliberately.A.对B.错7【判断题】(5分) Academicfalsificationisonecommontypeofacademicdishonesty.A.对B.错8【多选题】(5分) Whatroledoesaliteraturereviewplayinaresearchpaper?A.Itenhancesthecredibilityofyourpaper.B.Itprovestheexistenceofaresearchgap.C.Itsynthesizestheexistingstudiesinyourarea.D.Itprovidesevidencesforyourargument.9【单选题】(5分) WhichofthefollowingisNOTanessentialstepinaresearchpaperwriting?A.ChoosingatopicB.ConsultinginstructorsC.LocatingsourcesD.OutliningthePaper10【多选题】(5分) Whichofthefollowingmayleadtoacademicdishonesty?A.AcademicplagiarismB.AcademicpromotionC.AcademicinterestD.Academicfabrication第二章测试1【多选题】(5分)Inchoosingaresearchtopic,whichofthefollowingdoweneedtoconsider?A.PublicationpossibilitiesB.AcademicimportanceC.OurresearchinterestD.Ourmanageability2【判断题】(5分)Tocheckthevalidityofaresearchtopic,weneedtobecriticalenough.A.对B.错3【判断题】(5分) Itisanactofplagiarismifonesimplyparaphrasesabookforaresearchpaper.A.对B.错4【判断题】(5分) StudentsshouldbebraveenoughtotrychallengingissuesfortheirBAtheses.A.对B.错5【判断题】(5分) Carefulreadingofliterarytextisimportantinliterarystudies.A.对B.错6【判断题】(5分) Literarytheoriestakepriorityoverliterarytextsinliteraryanalysis.A.错B.对7【判断题】(5分) ICstudycanbechallengingbutinterestingandpracticalinlife.A.错B.对8【判断题】(5分) Expertssharesimilarunderstandingsoverthestandardsoftranslation.A.错B.对9【判断题】(5分) Translationstrategiesandtranslationtechniquesaredifferentconceptsintranslation.A.对B.错10【判断题】(5分) Sociolinguisticsisoneofthebranchesofappliedlinguistics.A.对B.错第三章测试1【判断题】(5分) Aworkingbibliographyincludesthesourceswehavesofarcollectedforaresearchproject.A.对B.错2【判断题】(5分) Knowingwhatsourcesyouneedisofvitalimportanceinevaluatingyoursources.A.错B.对3【判断题】(5分) Sourcesfromleadingscholarscanbeveryusefultoyourresearch.A.错B.对4【判断题】(5分)Inreadingsources,weneedtobecriticalandformourpersonalresponses.A.对B.错5【判断题】(5分) Theplanforanempiricalresearchshouldcoveritspurpose,method,subjects,andprocedure.A.错B.对6【判断题】(5分) Itiswisefortheobservernottotakepartintheactivityobservedatalltime.A.错B.对7【多选题】(5分)InBooleanLogic,ifonewantstosearchonlyforsourcesrelevantwithcomputervirus,thesearchformul ashouldbe_______.A.computernotvirusB.computernearvirusC.computerorvirusD.computerandvirus8【多选题】(5分) Theannotationofasourceinanannotatedbibliographymayhaveyour____:A.reflectionofthesourceB.adaptationofthesourceC.summaryofthesourceD.assessmentofthesource9【单选题】(5分)Inaquestionnaireentitled“ASurveyontheThirdYearEnglishMajors’EnglishVocabularyinXXUniv ersity”,the“thethirdyearEnglishmajors”shouldbe：A.ThetimeofthesurveyB.ThesubjectofthesurveyC.ThecontentofthesurveyD.Themodeofthesurvey10【单选题】(5分)Inanexperimententitled“AStudyontheEffectsofWriting-after-ReadingActivityonEnglishMajors EnglishVocabulary”,students’languageproficiencyshouldbe:A.IrrelevantvariableB.dependentvariableC.Independentvariable第四章测试1【判断题】(5分)Aresearchproposalshouldbepersuasiveinnature.A.错B.对2【判断题】(5分) Wecanaskforsuggestionsfromtheexpertsforourresearchinourproposal.A.错B.对3【判断题】(5分) Weneedtoputforwardourresearchquestionsinourresearchproposals.A.错B.对4【判断题】(5分) Aresearchproposaldemonstratesthesignificanceofourproposedresearch.A.错B.对5【判断题】(5分) Theliteraturereviewsectioninaproposalprovestheexistenceofaresearchgap.A.对B.错6【判断题】(5分)The“ApplicationoftheResearch”tellshowyourresearchwillbenefitinpractice.A.对B.错7【判断题】(5分)A“PreliminaryBibliography”isalistofthesourcesyouhavecitedinyourproposal.A.错B.对8【判断题】(5分) Thesignificanceofyourresearchemphasizespossibleresearchcontributions.A.对B.错9【判断题】(5分)Simpleasitis,aBAthesisproposalincludesalltheelementsinagrantresearchproposal.A.错B.对10【多选题】(5分)WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedinthree-moveschemeoftheproposalsummary?A.researchneedB.potentialcontributionsC.possiblelimitationsD.researchmethod第五章测试1【判断题】(5分) Theuseofsignalphrasesincitationcanenhancethefluencyofwriting.A.对B.错2【判断题】(5分) Theintegrationofthesourcesmustfitourwritinginstructureandgrammar.A.错B.对3【判断题】(5分) Researchlimitationisacompulsoryelementinallresearchpapers.A.错B.对4【判断题】(5分) CARSModelisapatternforintroductionwritinginresearchpapers.A.对B.错5【判断题】(5分)Inrevising,weneedtofocusontheerrorslikegrammarandspelling.A.错B.对6【判断题】(5分) Aliteraturereviewmainlypresentsasummaryofeachsourceinchronologicalorder.A.错B.对7【单选题】(5分) Characteristicsofacademicwritingincludesallthefollowingexcept________.A.thefirst-personviewB.aformaltoneC.aclearfocusD.precisewordchoice8【单选题】(5分) Itisessentialtoalwaysacknowledgethesourceofborrowedideasinyourpaper.Todootherwiseisconsi dered_________.A.IgnoranceB.CarelessnessC.Plagiarism9【单选题】(5分)Whichofthefollowingarefeaturesofagoodtitle?A.ClearB.AlloftheaboveC.Attractive.D.Direct10【单选题】(5分)Abstractscanbedividedintotwotypes accordingto their_________.A.functionsB.length第六章测试1【判断题】(5分)MLAin-textcitationrequiresthattheauthorinformationshouldbeputeitherinthetextofthepaperorint heparentheticalcitation.A.错B.对2【判断题】(5分)InMLAdocumentation,parentheticalcitationinthetextofthepapermustalwaysincludetheauthor’sn ameandthework’stitle.A.错B.对3【判断题】(5分)MLAworkscitedlistisorganizedalphabeticallybytheauthor’slastnames(orbytitleforaworkwithnoa uthor).A.错B.对4【判断题】(5分)Whenawork’sauthorisunknown,theworkislistedunder“Anonymous”inthelistofMLAworkscited.A.错B.对5【单选题】(5分)Lee(2007)stated,“Theabilitytothinkcriticallyisneededinthisrevolutionaryageoftechnologicalcha nge”(p.82).Thein-textcitationusedhereis__________.A.integratedB.non-integrated6【多选题】(5分)WhatarethefunctionsofAPAdocumentation?A.Tociteothers’ideasandinformationusedwithinyourpaperB.TodemonstratethetypeofresearchconductedC.ToindicatethesourcesintheReferenceslist7【单选题】(5分)Writethelistofworkscited,usingtheAPAformat.Aparaphraseofanideafrompage121ofWritingSpace:TheComputer;Hypertext,andtheHistoryofWr iting,byJayDavidBolter.This1991bookwaspublishedbyLawrenceErlbaumAssociatesofHillsdale, NewJersey.Whichofthefollowingiscorrectfortheauthor’sname?A.Bolter,J.DB.J.D.BolterC.Jay,D.BolterD.Bolter,JayDavid【单选题】(5分)Writethelistofworkscited,usingtheAPAformat.Aquotationfrompage78ofanarticlebyBartKoskoandSatornIsakafromtheJuly1993issueofScientifi cAmerican,amonthlypublication.Thearticleisentitled"FuzzyLogic"andappearsonpages76to81in volume239,ofthejournal. Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectformatforthevolumeandpagernumber?A.ScientificAmerican,239,78B.ScientificAmerican,239,76-81C.ScientificAmerican,239:76-81D.ScientificAmerican,239,76-81.9【多选题】(5分)Bohren,M.A.,G.J.Hofmeyr,C.Sakala,R.K.Fukuzawa,andA.Cuthbert.(2017).Continuoussupportf orwomenduringchildbirth.CochraneDatabaseofSystematicReviews,2017(7).https:///10.1 002/14651858.CD003766.pub6Errorsmadeinthisentryinclude_________.A.authors’namesB.issuenumberC.theword“and”D.doinumber10【单选题】(5分)Perrey,S.(2017).Doweperformbetterwhenweincreaseredbloodcells?TheLancetHaematology,17, 2352-3026.https:///10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30123-0.RetrievedAugust23,2018.Whatinfo rmationisNOTneededinthisentry?A.ThedateofretrievalB.ThepagerangeC.Thedoinumber。

2024年高考英语写作风格与文体单选题30题1. The passage is vividly describing a beautiful landscape. What writing style is it?A. NarrativeB. DescriptiveC. ArgumentativeD. Expository答案：B。

本题考查写作风格的判断。

选项A“Narrative”是记叙文风格，通常讲述一个故事。

选项B“Descriptive”是描写文风格，着重对事物进行生动的描写，题干中描述美丽的风景，符合描写文风格。

选项C“Argumentative”是议论文风格，以论证观点为主。

选项D“Expository”是说明文风格，用于解释说明事物。

2. The text is presenting facts and figures about a historical event. What writing style is it?A. NarrativeB. DescriptiveC. ArgumentativeD. Expository答案：D。

选项 A 记叙文讲述故事。

选项 B 描写文描写事物。

选项 C 议论文论证观点。

选项 D 说明文解释说明事物，题干中呈现历史事件的事实和数据，符合说明文风格。

3. The author is trying to persuade the readers to take an action. Whatwriting style is it?A. NarrativeB. DescriptiveC. ArgumentativeD. Expository答案：C。

选项 A 记叙文不是为了说服读者采取行动。

选项B 描写文主要是描写。

选项 C 议论文通过论证来劝说读者采取行动。

选项D 说明文主要是解释说明。

4. The passage tells a story about a brave hero. What writing style is it?A. NarrativeB. DescriptiveC. ArgumentativeD. Expository答案：A。

翻译理论与技巧(A)试题集及答案work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR翻译理论与技巧(A)试题集及答案(红色为自己所出题)一 Fill in the blanks.1.According to sociosemiotic theories, meaning consists of three aspects:_________, ___________ and ____________ .2.As far as communicative function is concerned, English sentences can beclassified into four types: ____________ , ___________ , _____________ and___________ .3.Professor Xu Yuanzhong ever proposed that literary translation shouldconform to the principle of “____________, __________ and ___________”.4.The basic procedures of translation are made up of three steps: __________,___________ and ___________ .5.Peter Newmark divided the function of language into six kinds, among whichthe most important four functions are ____________, ___________ ,__________ and ___________ .6.“Literal translation” is based on -language-oriented principle, while“liberal translation” is based on -language-oriented principle.7.Translators often abide by -oriented principle when they translateliterary works8.When we see th e sun, we often think of hope. It’s the meaning of thesun we in fact think of.9.Yan Fu’s standard for good translation is , and .10.According to Peter Newmark, the expression “How do you do” performs___________ function.11.We should analyze , and before we really put somethinginto the target language.12.According to the structure, English sentences can be classified intosentences, ___________ sentences, sentences and sentences.13.The three principles for translation advocated by Alexander Fraser Tytler are:①②③14.The sentence “The earth goes around the sun” performs the function oflanguage.15.When we hear somebody speaks ungrammatically, we know that he is notwell-educated. Here the language carries the meaning.16.According to the different signs that translation deals with, translation can beclassified into , , .17.Translation can be regarded as a , a or a .18.According to different topics, translation can be classified into translation,translation and translation.二 Translating the following sentences into Chinese.1Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.2The crafty enemy was ready to launch a new attack while holding out the olive branch.3Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened.4The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature.5 It’s not easy to become a member of that club—they want people who haveplenty of money to spend, not just every Tom , Dick, and Harry.6 The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was nearcollapse, barely able to move her swollen feet.7 But my mother had not passed this way for years. And the slimness and thestride were long past, too.8 I was limp as a dish rag. My back felt as though it had been beaten with wires.9 As you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we havebeen forced to cut our prices to the minimum.10 I sat with his wife in their living room, looking out the glass doors to thebackyards, and there was Allen’s pool, still covered wi th black plastic that hadbeen stretched across it for winter.11 Time did not spoil the beauty of the walls, nor the palace itself, lying like ajewel in the hollow of a hand.12It is obvious that this was merely a case of robbing Peter to pay Paul. There was no real clearing up of the outstanding debt.13He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs allover again, without end.14There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expanse than to have her guest so interested in talking politics orbusiness with her husband that he fails to notice the flavour of the coffee,the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may beher chief interest and pride.15English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so.16When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assumea Quaker-Oats look.17The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was near collapse, barely able to move her swollen feet.18“It is true that the enemey won the battle, but theirs is but a Pyrrhic victory.”said the General.19 A dirty-yellow sky had threatened rain all day and a hollow stillness hungover the valley.20I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my kneestogether and let my hands rest loosely on them.21One day, while out on the bleak moors, Pip is startled by a hulking, menacing man who threatens him if he does not bring him some food immediately.22Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regimen; and how much more this poor old nervous victim?23Our Band-Aid approach to economic development must be changed.24It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time, as all did, since I had voluntarily come to the church.25It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion.26Father’s attitude toward anybody who wasn’t his kind used to puzzle me.27Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants.28We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.29She stopped listening. She felt as though she had been slapped to the extreme outer edge of life, into a cold darkness.30Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallup, may well have the final say.31Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels.32The hungry boy was wolfing down his dinner.33I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of the skin but by the content of their character.34The importance of oceanography as a key to the understanding of our planet is seldom as well appreciated.35I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them.36There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists. 37 A country that wishes to become a member of WTO is to send in itsapplication before a working party is formed by WTO for examination of the specific conditions of the country.38When prices range from $34,500 to $50,000 per car, evidence that these machines are more than a cut above the rest is essential.39One of the most heartwarming aspects of people who are born with a facial disfigurement, whether minor or major, is the number of them who do not allow it to upset their lives, even reaching out to help others with the same problem.40The heavily laden infantry, though enjoying a superiority of six-to-one, simply could not keep to schedule and lost 60000 men in one day.41I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora’s dinner.42The world is scraping bottom in the deepest economic slump in a half-century.43Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress.44Military strategy may bear some similarity to the chessboard but it is dangerous to carry the analogy too far.45Studies show that otherwise rational people act irrationally when forced to stand in line or wait in crowds, even becoming violent.46Prolonged high unemployment will threaten the current leadership in other capitals as well, and it could ignite violent upheavals in some of the most hard-pressed land.47Many advocated strong action to bring the Prime Minister into line.48He cannot wholly detach himself from the technicalities and personal inconveniences which accompany the battle for intelligence.49I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders.50Although the recession has reached every corner of the planet, the impact is uneven.51I think lawyers mistakenly believe complex language enhances the mystique of the law.52Not long ago, a foreign visitor whose English is extremely good told me of his embarrassment in a tea shop.53Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance between teaching and research.54We have created a faculty of scholars frequently so narrow in their studies and specialized in their scholarship they are simply incapable of teaching introductory courses.55Then the players find out the lottery is not particularly good bet and they find other forms of gambling.56The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree.57There has always been a close cultural link, or tie between Britain and English-speaking America, not only in literature but also in the popular arts, especially music.58We must just make the best of things as they come along.59But once I made the decision, I went at it with all flags flying.60 Autumn’s mellow ha nd was upon the woods, as they owned already, touchedwith gold and red and olive.三 Translate the following passage into Chinese.1Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of theirown sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman,you can retort that so are most criminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all, whatever part ofthe world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to allothers. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, weadjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matterwith some non-human mind. The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life ofa small planet in a little corner of the universe, and that for aught we know,other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jelly-fish.2 Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but becauseit makes your mind work. Your own imagination works along with theauthor’s or even goes beyond his. Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop as youunderstand his.Every book stands by itself, like a one-family house, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separate, together they all add up to something; they are connected with each other and with other cities. The same ideas, or related ones, turn up in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but with different solutions according to different writings at different times.Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on books somebody tells you “ought ” to read, you probably won’t have fun. But if you put down a book you don’t like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time—and if you become as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more gentle, you won’t have suffered during the process.3 It is well that the commonest fruit should be also the best. Of the virtues ofthe orange I have not room fully to speak. It has properties of health giving, as that it cures influenza and establishes the complexion. It is clean, forwhoever handles it on its way to your table, but handles its outer covering, its top coat, which is left in the hall. It is round, and forms an excellentsubstitute with the young for a cricket ball. The pip can be flicked at yourenemies, and quite a small piece of peel makes a slide for an old gentleman.But all this would count nothing had not the orange such delightful qualities of taste. I dare not let myself go upon this subject. I am a slave to its sweetness. I grudge every marriage in that it means a fresh supply of orange blossom, the promise of so much golden fruit cut short. However, the world must go on.With the orange we do live year in and year out. That speaks well for theorange. The fact is that there is an honeaty about the orange which appeals to all of us. If it is going to be bad—for the best of us are bad sometimes—it begins to be bad from the outside, not from the inside. How many a pearwhich presents a blooming face to the world is rotten at the core. Howmany an innocent-looking apple is harbouring a worm in the bud. But theorange has no secret faults. Its outside is a mirror of its inside, and if you are quick you can tell the shopman so before he slips it into the bag.4 It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor the Americans pursue prosperityand how they are ever tormented by the shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it.Americans cleave to the things of this world as if assured that they will never die, and yet are in such a rush to snatch any that come within their reach, as if expecting to stop living before they have relished them. They clutch everything but hold nothing fast, and so lose grip as they hurry after some new delight.An American will build a house in which to pass his old age and sell it before the roof is on; he will plant a garden and rent it just as the trees are coming into bearing; he will clear a field and leave others to reap the harvest;he will take up a profession and leave it, settle in one place and soon go off elsewhere with his changing desires. If his private business allows him amoment’s relaxation, he will plunge at once into the whirlpool of politics.Then, if at the end of a year crammed with work he has a little spare leisure, his restless curiosity goes with him traveling up and down the vastterritories of the United States. Thus he will travel five hundred miles in afew days as a distraction from his happiness.Death steps is in the end and stops him before he has grown tired of this futile pursuit of that complete felicity which always escapes him.5 Through all of our history we have pondered the stars and mused whetherhumanity is unique or if, somewhere else in the dark of the night sky, there are other beings who contemplate and wonder as we do, fellow thinkers in the cosmos. Such beings might view themselves and the universe differently.There might be very exotic biologies and technologies and societies. In a cosmic setting vast and old beyond ordinary human understanding, we are a little lonely, and we ponder the ultimate significance, if any, of our tiny but exquisite blue planet. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence is the search for generally acceptable cosmic context for the human species. In the deepest sense, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is a search for ourselves. Along with the growing dedication to a serious search, a slightly negative note has merged which is nevertheless very interesting. A few scientists have lately asked a curious question: if extraterrestrial intelligence is abundant, why have we not already seen its manifestations?6 A real woman, by my definition, neither despises nor worships men, but isproud not to have been born a man, does everything she can to avoidthinking or acting like one, knows the full extent of her powers, and feels free to reject all arbitrary man-made obligations. She is her own oracle of rightand wrong, firmly believing in her five sound senses and intuitive sixth. Oncea real woman has been warned by her nose that those apples are tasteless orassured by her finger-tips that this material is shoddy, no salesman in theworld can persuade her to the contrary. Nor, once she has met some personage in private and summed him up with a single keen glance as weak, vain or crooked, will his mounting public reputation convince her otherwise. She takes pleasure in the company of simple, happy, undemanding women; but seldom or never finds a friend worthy of her full confidence.翻译理论与技巧（A）答案一 1 designative meaning or referential meaning, linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning2 declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences3beauty of meaning, beauty of sound and beauty of form4comprehension, expression and testing5informative function, expressive function, vocative function and aesthetic function6source, target7Aesthetics8Associative9Faithfulness, Expressiveness, Elegance10phatic11Grammar, meaning and structure.12Simple, compound, complex, compound complex131) A translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work; 2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; 3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.14informative15indexical meaning.16Intralingual translation, interlingual translation, intersemiotic translation17science, art, skill(craft)18professional translation, literary translation, general translation二 1他们的主人，又是割啊，又是倒啊，又是上菜啊，又是切面包啊，又是说啊，又是笑啊，又是敬酒啊，忙个不停。

Style is an essential part of literary works. It is the most important embodiment of the original text’s artistic life. Literary translation cannot go without the research of style. Is style translatable? This question, being in a long time argumentation in the translation field, has already found out its answer in a great deal of translation practice. A great many of scholars hold that style is not only translatable, but also has to be translated. The translation of literary works should be laid equal stress on the original style and contents. Those that don't reflect the original style are not real or faithful translations. In the domain of literary translation, there are many translated versions that are not only faithful to the original text in terms of content but also skillfully reproduce the original artistic style. These translations are the best exemplifications.风格是文学作品中不可或缺的一部分，是原著艺术生命最重要的体现。

各种各样的英文翻译There are various types of English translations available today, each serving a different purpose and catering to various needs. Here is a list of some common types of English translations:1. Literal Translation: This type of translation focuses on maintaining a word-for-word correspondence between the original text and the translated version. It aims to preserve the original sentence structure and grammar, often leading to a more literal representation of the source text.2. Interpretive Translation: Interpretive translation focuses on conveying the intended meaning and tone of the original text rather than adhering strictly to the exact words. The translator may use creative techniques to capture the essence of the original text while adapting it to the target language and cultural context.3. Technical Translation: This type of translation deals with specialized fields, such as scientific, legal, or technical texts. It requires in-depth knowledge and expertise in the specific subject matter to accurately convey complex information to the target audience, often using terminologies and jargon specific to the field.4. Literary Translation: Literary translation involves translating works of literature, including novels, poems, and plays. The main focus here is not just on conveying the literal meaning but also capturing the style, rhythm, and cultural nuances of the original text. It requires a high level of creativity and literary skill to recreate the literary experience for the target audience.5. Localization: Localization is the process of adapting a product or content to a specific locale or culture. It involves not only translating the text but also adapting it to suit the cultural, linguistic, and regional conventions of the target audience. This can include modifying date formats, currency, units of measurement, and even colors and images to make the content resonate with the local culture.6. Subtitling: Subtitling is the process of translating spoken dialogue into written text displayed on the screen, often used in movies, TV shows, or videos. Subtitles aim to provide an accurate translation while maintaining synchronization with the audio and being concise enough to fit within the time constraints of the viewer.7. Legal Translation: Legal translation deals with translating legal documents such as contracts, deeds, patents, or court transcripts. It requires specialized knowledge of legal terminology and precision in translating the content to ensure accuracy and avoid any misunderstandings or misinterpretations.8. Machine Translation: Machine translation involves using computer algorithms to automatically translate text from one language to another. While it can be a useful tool for getting a quick understanding of a text, it is not always accurate and may require human intervention for further editing and refinement. 9. Simultaneous Translation: Simultaneous translation is used in conferences or live events where an interpreter translates the speaker's words in real-time, often through headphones. Thisrequires exceptional linguistic skills and quick thinking to accurately convey the message while maintaining the pace and flow of the speech.These are just a few examples of the various types of English translations available. Each type has its own purpose and requires different skills and expertise. Translators choose the appropriate approach based on the specific requirements of the project and the target audience.。