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山东大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction,in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject,Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work,for example,judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards,rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological,and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction,however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all,is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors,to group together works by Black authors? Second,how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous?Rosenblatt showsthat Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable,coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years,he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic,and they spring,not surprisingly,from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced,especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance,some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect,or are the authors working out of,or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition,the style of some Black novels,like Jean Toomer’s Cane,verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted,a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions,what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in theprocess some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A]evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.[B]comparing various critical approaches to a subject.[C]discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.[D]summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.2.The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt[A]evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.[B]attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.[C]explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.[D]assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.3.The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as[A]pedantic and contentious.[B]critical but admiring.[C]ironic and deprecating.[D]argumentative but unfocused.4.The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT:[A]rhetorical questions.[B]specific examples.[C]comparison and contrast.[D]definition of terms.5.The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man most probably in order to[A]point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.[B]clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.[C]qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage.[D]give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】A【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。
山东大学考博英语2014年真题(总分：95.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Grammar and Vocabulary (总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Most good writers use every means at their ______ to make the readers way smooth and easy.（分数：0.50）A.willB.disposal √C.requestD.convenience解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
没有at ones will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at ones disposal“可自行支配”；at ones request“应某人请求”；at ones convenience“在某人方便时”。
根据句意，只有B项符合题意。
2.John was so ______ in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.（分数：0.50）A.engagedB.occupiedC.absorbed √D.concentrated解析：[解析] 近义词辨析。
absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbedin(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。
concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。
根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed更符合句意。
故答案为C。
3.Too much ______ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.（分数：0.50）A.exposureB.disclosure √C.contactD.connection解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
山东大学考博英语2014年真题(总分：95.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Grammar and Vocabulary (总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Most good writers use every means at their ______ to make the reader"s way smooth and easy. （分数：0.50）A.willB.disposal √C.requestD.convenience解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
没有at one"s will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at one"s disposal“可自行支配”；at one"s request“应某人请求”；at one"s convenience“在某人方便时”。
根据句意，只有B项符合题意。
2.John was so ______ in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.（分数：0.50）A.engagedB.occupiedC.absorbed √D.concentrated解析：[解析] 近义词辨析。
absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbed in(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。
concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。
根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed 更符合句意。
故答案为C。
3.Too much ______ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.（分数：0.50）A.exposureB.disclosure √C.contactD.connection解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
山东大学博士研究生入学考试分子生物学专业考题1999年名词解释（任选10个，共20分）逆转座子C值悖理半不连续DNA复制GT－AT规律魔斑RNA编辑反式作用因子顺式作用元件基因沉默副密码子拼接体调控密码基因放大简要回答以下问题（任选10题，共60分）组蛋白和非组蛋白的主要特点是什么？SOS修复为什么会导致倾向差错性突变？真核生物mRNA的帽子有几类？其名称和特点是什么?增强子有哪些特征？放线菌酮和氯霉素对蛋白质合成的抑制作用有何不同？各有何用途？真核生物结构基因5‘启动区上游远端顺式作用元件可以采用何种方式参与该基因的表达调控？杂交阻断翻译何杂交释放翻译的原理是什么?RFLP 和RAPD 的原理是什么？DDRT－PCR和phage display 的原理是什么？Tyl/copia因子在真核生物基因组中可能的作用是什么？什么叫核酶？从核酶入手，谈谈对生命进化过程中RNA世界假说的认识？大肠杆菌DNA复制所需RNA引物的合成及组织的起始过程如何？论述题选做其一（20分）试从淋巴细胞分化中DNA重排说明产生免疫球蛋白分子多样性的机理?从真核生物断裂基因mRNA的加工过程说明真核生物基因表达的复杂性？2000年名词解释（20分，12题中任选10题）D－loop 端粒酶GT－AG规律严谨反应RNA饱和杂交试验同型异位突变α－互补作用组织相容性复合体（MHC）Southern－Western blot 朊病毒Cot1/2 YAC载体二．简要回答以下问题（48分，10题中选做8题）1．信号肽与前导肽有何区别？2．何为顺式作用元件？试举例说明3．何为蛋白质剪辑？试举例说明4．原癌基因可通过哪些机制的活化而导致癌变？5．DNA复制与蛋白质合成各用什么机制维持其合成的忠实性？6．什么是基因打靶？其原理是什么？7．Lac＋大肠杆菌转入含Lac的培养基中，Lac操纵子如何开启？加入葡萄糖之后，情况又如何？8．何为生物孵化器？动物乳腺作为孵化器有何优点？9．欲研究一个反式蛋白因子（Trans－activator）与某基因5‘端启动子区接合部位的序列。
山东大学历年经济学博士入学试题2001年经济学博士入学试题一、计算题1、设要素X2和X1之间的技术替代率为－4，如果要使产量保持不变，但X1的使用量又减少了3个单位，请问需要增加多少单位的X2。
（5分）2、垄断厂商有一条用D（P）＝10P-3表示的需求曲线，它的成本函数为C（y）=2y，它的最优产量水平和价格是多少？（5分）3、设法定准备率r＝20％。
某商业银行自愿保存5％的超额准备金。
若这个商业银行接收100万存款，由此创造的银行货币和存款乘数各是多少？（5分）二、论述你所知道的西方学者提出的各种消费函数理论，并给予评析。
（30分）三、论述福利经济学的第一原理和第二原理，给出帕累托最优的条件，并加以评论。
（25分）四、论国有企业产权改革与制度创新的不同模式及其利弊。
（15分）五、论当前中国工业化所处的阶段及其面对的主要矛盾。
（15分）2002年经济学博士入学试题一、消费者最初遇到的预算线P1X1+P2X2=m,随后商品1的价格提高了一倍，商品2的价格提高了7倍，收入增加了3倍，根据原来的价格和收入写出新预算线的方程。
（5分）二、设一个厂商使用几种投入n>2，对于一个既定的产出水平，关于要素价格变化△W i和要素变化△X i，显示的成本最小化原理导出什么不等式？（5分）三、假定有两家厂商，他们面临的是线性需求曲线P（Y）＝a-bY，每家厂商的边际成本不变为C，是求古诺均衡情况下的产量。
（5分）四、根据经济学原理，简明扼要讨论解决我国商品房交易中由于信息不对称造成的问题。
（10分）五、试说明委托－代理理论分析的基本框架（10分）六、试论述浮动汇率下，货币政策对本国经济的作用。
（15分）七、试分析采用扩张性财政政策增加就业的机制和条件。
（20分）八、论述非公有制经济在我国社会主义市场经济中的地位和作用。
（15分）九、论述我国实现经济增长方式转变的必要性与途径。
（15分）2003年经济学博士入学试题1、芒代尔－弗莱明模型（固定汇率情形）2、委托－代理理论。
山东大学考博真题2022年山东大学经济学院考博真题--经济学一、名词解释1、古诺模型和斯塔克尔伯格模型的比较2、社会福利函数理论3、新剑桥模型理论二、计算题2、已知生产函数：Y=K-0.2K^2，Y为人均产出，K为人均资本存量，平均储蓄倾向S=0.1，人口增长率=0.05，求：均衡资本--劳动比率；均衡人均储蓄；均衡人均消费；均衡人均产出。
三、论述题1、公共产品与私人产品相比有哪些特点？公共产品的这些特点怎样使其生产上的市场失灵？2、封闭经济与开放经济的国家宏观政策在操作上有哪些不同？开放经济下浮动汇率与固定汇率条件下货币政策有哪些不同？2022年山东大学博士考试现代经济学前沿试题1.论述新增长理论（内生增长理论）产生的原因和背景，并阐明其主要观点。
2.新凯恩斯主义的主要观点是什么？比较新凯恩斯主义与传统凯恩斯主义的异同。
3.论述孔多塞的投票悖论。
4.阐述非对称信息博弈论与微观经济学的发展，并论述信息经济学的主要观点。
5、论述2022年诺贝尔奖获得者的主要理论贡献。
6、论述诺斯与马克思关于制度变迁的主要内容。
7、用经济学理论（如克鲁格曼的萧条经济学、马克思的危机论、凯恩斯的经济学）解释当前的金融危机。
上述题目中1-4任选二题，5-7任选二题，每题25分。
95年一.名词解释(5某4)1边际替代率2资本边际效率3挤出效应4生产可能性曲线(边界)二.简答(15某2)1需求曲线一般是一条由左上方向右下方倾斜的曲线,但也有例外情况,,请举例说明至少三种特殊的需求曲线2.简述”有效需求原理”的基本内容三.论述(25某2)1作图并证明,非线性需求曲线上任何一点的需求价格弹性等于该点沿切线到横轴的距离与到纵轴的距离之比2试述LM曲线的推导过程并说明ISLM分析的意义96年一.名词解释(5某4)1规模收益2完全垄断3通货膨胀4法定准备率二.简答(15某2)1公开市场业务通过哪些传导机制来影响货币供应量2为什么说完全垄断市场是经济效率最底的市场三.论述(25某2)1完全竞争市场条件下厂商的短期均衡和长期均衡是如何实现的2为什么说国民收入流量的决定是宏观经济学的核心问题(试用二部门,三部门和四部门经济模型说明)97年一.名词解释(5某4)1需求收入弹性2等产量线3投资乘数4边际消费倾向二.简答(15某2)1无差异曲线主要有那些性质2如图所示,请说明IS-LM模型中从非均衡点A到均衡点E的调整过程三.论述(25某2)1试述购买替代品的最大效用原则2论述”内在稳定器”的主要内容和作用98年一名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1.替代效应2.机会成本3.加速原理4.边际消费倾向二简要回答下列问题（每题15分，共30分1.简述货币政策的基本问题和主要工具（手段）2.西方生产理论和市场理论所分析的中心问题各是什么？三论述下列问题（每题25分，共50分）1.试述垂直的总供给曲线所建立的假定前提并推导（画）出这条曲线。
2010年一、简答1、李嘉图模型中两产品扩展为多个产品，相对工资怎么确定2、投机活动对外汇市场的影响，导致外汇市场不稳定3、牙买加体系与布雷顿森林体系有什么不同4、绝对购买力平价，相对购买力平价公式，两者有什么不同5、战略性贸易政策的目的性6、贸易创造与贸易转移的静态福利效应，对一国是否加入关税同盟的影响二、论述1、比较优势模型与产业内贸易的假设有什么不同？对两者不同的贸易模式进行比较2、中国与多个亚洲国家签订货币互换协议的作用，意义2009年一、名词解释（60）1、李嘉图模型的局限性2、我国外贸增长方式转变的方向和内容3、布兰德-斯潘塞模型4、费雪效应及其政策含义5、举例说明出口商如何在外汇期货市场实现套期保值6、我国国际收支发展的六阶段理论二、问答题（40）1、市场失灵论能否作为贸易保护的根据2、以我国发展为例说明存款准备金率与宏观调控的作用机制。
2008年一、名词解释（60）1、名义关税率与实际关税率不同的原因2、李嘉图模型的产品由第二阶段到第三阶段相对工资如何确定3、列昂惕夫与H-O为何不一致4、特别提款权如何定价和使用，与一般提款权有什么区别5、出口商如何在外汇期货市场实现套期保值6、债务负担的指标有哪些有何含义二、问答题（40）1、贸易大国征收关税的影响。
2、就中国实际说明宏观政策调控是如何实现对内部平衡与对外部平衡的2007年一、简答;1、为什么进口替代战略在较大的发展中国家比在较小的发展中国家容易成功？2、分析名义关税率、实际关税率和有效关税率的不同与政策含义3、国际收入转移对贸易条件的影响4、J曲线效应产生的原因5、两缺口模型的政策含义6、怎样调控一国的内部均衡与外部均衡二、论述：1、推导垄断竞争模型中的cc、pp曲线2、人民币升值轮的依据有哪些？客观吗？你的看法。
山东大学古典文献学考博题1.古代汉语2.先秦两汉文学3月22日上午古代汉语一、标点30分吳王夫差敗越于夫椒報檇李也遂入越越子以甲楯五千保于會稽使大夫種因吳大宰嚭以行成吳子將許之伍員曰不可臣聞之樹德莫如滋去疾莫如盡昔有過澆殺斟灌以伐斟鄩滅夏后相后緡方娠逃出自竇歸于有仍生少康焉為仍牧正惎澆能戒之澆使椒求之逃奔有虞為之庖正以除其害虞於是妻之以二姚邑諸綸有田一成有衆一旅能布其德而兆其謀以收夏衆撫其官職使女艾諜澆使季杼誘豷遂滅過戈復禹之績祀夏配天不失舊物今吳不如過而越大於少康或將豐之不亦難乎句踐能親而務施施不失人親不棄勞與我同壤而世為仇讐於是乎克而弗取將又存之違天而長寇讐後雖悔之不可食已姬之衰也日可俟也介在蠻夷而長寇讐以是求伯必不行矣弗聽退而告人曰越十年生聚而十年敎訓二十年之外吳其為沼乎三月越及吳平吳入越不書吳不告慶越不告敗也二、翻译40分齊宣王問曰齊桓晉文之事可得聞乎孟子對曰仲尼之徒無道桓文之事者是以後世無傳焉臣未之聞也無以則王乎曰德何如則可以王矣曰保民而王莫之能禦也曰若寡人者可以保民乎哉曰可曰何由知吾可也曰臣聞之胡齕曰王坐於堂上有牽牛而過堂下者王見之曰牛何之對曰將以釁鐘王曰舍之吾不忍其觳觫若無罪而就死地對曰然則廢釁鐘與曰何可廢也以羊易之不識有諸曰有之曰是心足以王矣百姓皆以王為愛也臣固知王之不忍也王曰然誠有百姓者齊國雖褊小吾何愛一牛即不忍其觳觫若無罪而就死地故以羊易之也曰王無異於百姓之以王為愛也以小易大彼惡知之王若隠其無罪而就死地則牛羊何擇焉王笑曰是誠何心哉我非愛其財而易之以羊也宜乎百姓之謂我愛也曰無傷也是乃仁術也見牛未見羊也君子之於禽獸也見其生不忍見其死聞其聲不忍食其肉是以君子逺庖廚也三、文言文写作30分《隋书经籍志》曰: “汉时刘向《别录》、刘歆《七略》, 剖析条流, 各有其部, 推寻事迹, 疑则古之制也。
”请根据对这段话的理解, 写一篇文言文, 规定观点鲜明, 层次清楚, 符合文言行文规范。
不少于300字。
山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题精选文档TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-Passage Four（2004年6月）Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.As an example of what’s going on, consider . Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were chargedautomatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. . Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn’t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, . Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms.And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They’ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn’t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take . Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that “allpersonal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn’t “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know.36. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying onpeople’s privacy ________.A) is practiced exclusively by the FBIB) is more prevalent in business circlesC) has been intensified with the help of the IRSD) is mainly carried out by means of secret taping37. We know from the passage that ________.A) the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protectprivate informationB) most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices ofprivate businessesC) legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacyprotectionD) lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses toinquire into customers’ buying habits38. When the “free trial” deadline is over, you’ll be charged withoutnotice for a product or service if ________.A) you happen to reveal your credit card numberB) you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC) you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD) you find the product or service unsatisfactory39. Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bankaccounts as private because ________.A) it is considered “transaction and experience” informationunprotected by lawB) it has always been considered an open secret by the generalpublicC) its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD) its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the currentprotection policy40. We can infer from the passage that ________.A) banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB) “free trial” practice will eventually be bann edC) privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD) consumers’ privacy will continue to be invaded1997年6月Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes then the face will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye then the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants to not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a fewmoments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves-to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the `precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.36. The author is convinced that the eyes are ________.A) of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB) something through which one can see a person’s inner worldC) of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD) something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate37. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ________.A) whose front view is fully perceivedB) whose face is covered with a maskC) whose face is seen from the sideD) whose face is free of any covering38. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on theirconversation partner’s neck because ________.A) they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB) they need not communicate through eye contactC) they don’t think it polite to have eye contactD) they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eyecontact in babyhood39. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans maybreak down due to ________.A) one temporarily glancing away from the otherB) eye contact of more than one secondC) improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactD) constant adjustment of eye contact40. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for theparticipants ________.A) not to wear dark spectaclesB) not to make any interruptionsC) not to glance away from each otherD) not to make unpredictable pauses1998年1月A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don’t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not so beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers-a piece of paper relating an individual’saccomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.21. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that inpursuing a career as a manager ________.A) a person’s property or debts do not matter muchB) a person’s outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC) women should always dress fashionablyD) women should not only be attractive but also high minded22. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that________.A) people do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestB) women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paidwellC) good looking women aspire to managerial positionsD) attractive people generally have an advantage over those who arenot23. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluateindividuals on certain attributes ________.A) they observe the principle that beauty is only skin deepB) they do not usually act according to the views they supportC) they give ordinary looking persons the lowest ratingsD) they tend to base their judgment on the individual’saccomplishments24. “Good looks cut both ways for women” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that________.A) attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB) good looking women always get the best of everythingC) being attractive is not always an advantage for womenD) attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women inmanagerial positions25. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world________.A) handsome men are not affected as much by their looks asattractive women areB) physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually doquite wellC) physically attractive men and women who are in the public eyeusually get along quite wellD) good looks are important for women as they are for men2000年6月Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoescalled “footwear for yuppies (雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”. They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics (健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company’s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok’s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are availablein about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.36. One reason why Reebok’s managerial personnel don’t like theirshoes to be called “footwear for yuppies” is that ________.A) they believe that their shoes are popular with people ofdifferent age groupsB) new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoesC) “yuppies” usually evokes a negative imageD) the term makes people think of prohibitive prices37. Reebok’s view that “consumers judge the quality of the brand bythe quality of its distribution” (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ________.A) the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of thestore selling itB) the quality of a product determines the quality of itsdistributorsC) the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sellitD) consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores38. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because________.A) its supply of products fell short of demandB) too many distributors would cut into its profitsC) the reduction of distributors could increase its share of themarketD) it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products39. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling itsorders, it ________.A) does not want to further expand its retailing networkB) still limits the number of shoes supplied to storesC) is still particular about who sells its productsD) still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products40. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike’s distribution problems?A) A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discountstores.B) A company should not limit its distribution network.C) A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.D) A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze onthe market.Passage 8（2001年考研英语）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictlycontrol the amount of 35 that can be given to a case 36a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self-regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controlscontained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill,which 43 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and theirfamilies."Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to havereceived payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate theirstories in court to 50 guilty verdict.31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D]such as32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity36.[A]since [B] if [C] before [D] as37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed38.[A]present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guarantee31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [B] 39. [B] 40. [A]41. [B] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [C]46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [D] 50. [C]。
2021年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案2021年山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing. She’s just __6__you out.”A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to__8__effectively. They don‘t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In __10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are outof__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them. In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. The following is a true story：At a national__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoya was__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National??”Montoya read theentire six-page release，__19__ with the statement that he“was repeatedly __20__by applause.” 1.[A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor2.[A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble3.[A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion4.[A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening5.[A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless6.[A] turning[B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging 7.[A] rising [B] arising [C] raising[D] arousing8.[A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact 9.[A] relates[B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts 10.[A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise11.[A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported 12.[A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch 13.[A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting 14.[A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal 15.[A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted 16.[A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue17.[A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18.[A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight19.[A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded 20.[A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped 阅读理解第一篇 I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction(区别)and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying tocapture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen. Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.1 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” in the writing process, he means . A．one cannot use them at the same time B．they cannot be regarded as equally important C．they are in constant conflict with each other D．no one can be both creative and critical2 What prevents people from writing onis . A．putting their ideas in raw form B．ignoring grammatical soundness C．attempting to edit as they write D．trying tocapture fleeting thoughts 3 What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A．To organize one’s thoughts logically. B．To get one’s ideas down. C．To choose an appropriate topic. D．To collect raw materials.4 One common concern of writers about “free writing” isthat . A．it overstresses the role of the creative mind B．it does not help them to think clearly C．it may bring about too much criticism D．it takes too much time to edit afterwards 5 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A．It allows him to sit on the side and observe. B．It helps him to come up with new ideas. C．It saves the writing time available to him. D．It improves his writing into better shape.第二篇 2002年1月六级\world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss.\If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog ( 烟雾 )to global climate change, from the felling ( 砍伐 ) of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous. But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in re-sponse to popular pressure. That is why, today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new famp3ing and crop technology. The long temp3 trend has been downwards.It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign ( 良性的 ) trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.1. According to the author, most students________.A) believe the world's environment is in an undesirable conditionB) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to be C) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environment D) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment 2. The huge increase in world production and population ________. A) has made the world a worse place to live in B) has had a positive influence on the environment C) has not significantly affected the environment D) has made the world a dangerous place to live in3. One of the reasons why the long-temp3 trend of prices has been downwards is that________. A) technological innovation can promote social stability B) political instability will cause consumption to drop C) new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproduction D) new sources are always becoming available4. Fish resources are diminishing because________. A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantitiesB) they are not owned by any particular entityC) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing groundsD) water pollution is extremely serious5. The primary solution to environmental problems is________. A) to allow market forces to operate properly B) to curb consumption of natural resources C) to limit the growth of the world population D) to avoid fluctuations in prices第三篇 2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming. But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “ black carbon” --- the organic particles from camp fires and charred (烧成炭的) wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burnfarming. “ The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils,” says Glaser.Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.“Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn’t completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood,”says Glaser. “It can be better than manure (粪肥).” Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: “ Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils.”Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prized by farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery (陶器) confirms the soil’s human origins.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin”forest.During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built between AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that _______. A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforest B) it destroys rainforest soils C) it helps improve rainforest soilsD) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils 2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because _________. A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstable B) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth 3. Glaser made his discovery by __________.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon B) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizations C) test-burning patches of trees in the central Amazon D) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils 4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely. C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation. D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming 5. From the passage it can be inferred that __________. A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests 第四篇 2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. \stay alive,\processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdalaappraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, \system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear.\Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwireddanger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.。
2012年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Grammar 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingGrammar1．All the major cities of the United States, ______the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, began as centers of the trade.A．and to includeB．which includingC．includedD．including正确答案：D解析：本题考查句子结构和动词形式。
根据题干，主语为cities，谓语为began，可初步判断空格处应该填入非谓语动词形式或者从句。
B选项中which可引导定语从句，但including为非谓语形式，不可充当定语从句的谓语，故不能选。
由此可知，including为现在分词结构，表示“包含”，符合句法要求。
2．Settled by English Puritans in 1630, Boston became______.A．the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyB．the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capitalC．it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyD．so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony正确答案：A解析：本题考查句子结构。
该句空格处应该填入became的表语，只有A和B符合要求。
B选项of结构表达错误，故本题正确答案为A。
3．Navigators on ships and aircraft use a compass to determine______they are heading.A．the direction in whichB．to where the directionC．that direction of whichD．where the direction正确答案：A解析：本题考查句子结构和定语从句。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-山东大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that _______ the speakers stopped for refreshments.问题1选项A.at largeB.at intervalsC.at easeD.at random【答案】B【解析】介词词组辨析。
at large “整个地”；at intervals “不时”；at ease “不紧张”；at random“随机”。
句意：讨论太长并且令人筋疲力尽，以至于说话的人时不时停下来吃点点心。
选项B符合题意。
2.单选题To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must ______ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.问题1选项A.improveB.enhanceC.guaranteeD.gear【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。
improve “改善”；enhance “加强”；guarantee “保证”；gear “开动，使……合适”。
句意：为了在国家激烈的贸易竞争中生存，我们必须使我们生产产品的数量和种类适合市场需求。
选项D符合题意。
3.单选题（）there was not a soul around except some cars passing occasionally.问题1选项A.Over nightB.At duskC.In the dead of nightD.Fortnight【答案】C【解析】词组短语辨析。
over night “过夜”；at dusk “傍晚；黄昏时刻”；in the dead of night “夜深人静之时”；fortnight “两星期”。
2014山大考博英语2014-04-07语法词汇题比较难，30个单选题，一个0.5分，基本上是考查词意的完型题20个，一个0.5分，01年考研真题阅读理解4篇，每个题 1.5分，30分，都是六级和考研原题（最近两年阅读没出专八题）7选5，共10分，关于奥巴马的英译汉五个，一个3分，长句子翻译比较难，费得时间比较长作文20分，关于children surfing the net2013山大考博英语Part I Grammar and Vocabulary1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that __________ the speakers stopped for deferments.A. at largeB. at intervalsC. at easeD. at random2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’ checks, which providea secure__________ to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB. selectionC. inferenceD. alternative3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.A. graciousB. suspiciousC. uniqueD. particular4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this__________produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered__________of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A. IndistinctlyB. separatelyC. irrelevantlyD. independently6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December25th__________the birth of Jesus Christ.A. in accordance withB. in terms ofC. in favor ofD. in honor of7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must__________the qualities and varieties of products we make t o the world market demand.A. improveB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed __________and means of packing.A. specimensB. inspectionsC. samplesD. specifications9. Many of the conditions that __________population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. give rise toC. feed up withD. result from10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just aseasily__________for a month or a year as for a single day.A. put upB. stay upC. speed upD. make up11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats__________provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.A. infrequentlyB. irregularlyC. unsteadilyD. uneverny12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird __________a set ofactions to protect its offspring.A. hastensB. releasesC. devisesD. initiates13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas canbe__________to tourist spending?A. attributedB. appliedC. contributedD. attached14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and __________for us inan advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shadewhen we grow old.A. ingredientB. relianceC. shelterD. inclination15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to__________wonderful bargains in the market.A. pick upB. bump intoC. pile upD. bring back16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree __________because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.A. livelyB. aliveC. livingD. live17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New Y ork City __________shock and anger throughout the world.A. temptedB. provokedC. summonedD. enveloped18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that __________girls in school wasprobably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing worldtoday.A. enrollingB. assigningC. involvingD. consenting19. The UN o fficial said aid programs will be __________until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.A. multipliedB. arrestedC. spannedD. suspended20. Despite almost universal__________of the vital importance of women’s literacy, education remains a dream for many women i n far too many countries of the world.A. confessionB. identificationC. acknowledgementD. compliment21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives mustnow __________much of their food.A. deliverB. importC. produceD. develop22. Because Jenkins neither __________nor defends either management or thestriking workers, both aides admire his journalisticA. criticizes...acumenB. attacks,neutralityC. confronts,aptitudeD.dismis ses,flair23. Some anthropologists claim that a few aps have been taught a rudimentarysign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only __________their trainers.A. imitatingB. condoningC. instructingD. acknowledging24. It is ironic that the__________insights of the great thinkers are voicedso often that they have become mereA. oriinal, clichesB. banal, beliefsC. dubious, habitsD.philosophical-questions 25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are theinevitable__________, when weight loss if not stops.A. moods, acceleratesB. feasts, haltsC. holidays, contractsD. plateaus, slows26. Since the author’s unflattering references to her friends were so__________, she was surprised that her__________were recognized.A. laud atory, stylesB. obvious, anecdotesC. oblique, allusionsD.critical, eulogies27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does notthe erosion of religion herald the __________of moraliy?A, regulation B. basis C. belief D. collapse28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be __________,and therefore external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.A. learned, immune toB. innate, unaffected byC. intricate, belong toD.specific, confused with29. Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy __________at any price.A. orderB. emancipationC. hopeD. liberty30. As a person who combines care with _________, Marisa completed her dutieswith__________as well as zeal.A. levity, resignationB. enthusiasm, meticulousnessC. vitality,willingness D. empathy, rigorPartⅡ CloseThe study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry calledbiotechnology. As the name __31__ , it combines biology and modern technology through such __32__ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, __33__ in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that __34__ disease, drought and frost,and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. __35__ such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some h ave raised __36__ about genetically engineered crops. "In nature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits,"says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. "A rose can becrossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, but a lose will __37__ cross with apotato ..." Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genesfrom one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to __38__ a desiredproperty or character. This could mean, __39__ , selecting a gene which leads tothe production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, andjoining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes __40__ from bacteria, viruses, insects,animals or even humans. __41__ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break thegenetic walls that __42__ species. Like the green revolution, (43)what some callthe gene revolution (44)contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) –some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical copies,or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have onus a nd the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new (49) of agriculturalbiotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potensial(50) , ‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.31. A. suggests B. recalls C. concerns D. advises32. A. concepts B. views C. techniques D. courses33. A. participate B. focus C. specialize D. involve34. A. treat B. avoid C. oppose D. resist35. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. As36. A. demands B. topics C. concerns D. lessons37. A. sometimes B. never C. frequently D. eventually38. A. convey B. transfer C. select D. collect39. A. for example B. for one thing C. on one hand D. in any case40. A. resulted B. evolved C. injected D. taken41. A. In contrast B. In that C. In case D. In essence42. A. separate B. form C. create D. vary43. A. what B. where C. as D. so44. A. combines B.contributes mands D. breaks45. A. that B.because C. if D. when46. A. like B. for example C. as D. is47. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical48. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals49. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme50. A. navigations B. mystery C. outcomes D. destinationsPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionPassage 1The Carnegie Foundation report says that many col leges have tried to be ―all things to all people‖. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. Thecurrent crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learningto productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work hasno context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offereda variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, drivenby careerism, ―the nation’s colleges and universities are more successful inproviding credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for theirstudents. ―The report concludes that the special challenge confronting theundergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across thedisciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. ― Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie studyfound that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, theydo much to undermine it. As one professor observed: ―Teaching is important, we aretold, and yet faculty know th at research and publication matter most.‖ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed tograduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicatedthemselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among y oung scholars is that ―There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of thepublications.‖51. When a college tries to be ―all things to al people‖ (Lines 1-2, Para.1) it aims to ________.A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB) focus on training students in various skillsC) encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends52. By saying that ―in too many a cademic fields, the work has no context‖ (Lines 4-5, Pare. 1) the author means that the teaching in these areas ________.A) ignores the actual situationB) is not based on the right perspectiveC) only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students53. One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges anduniversities is that ________.A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB) students don’t have enough f reedom in choosing what they want to learnC) skills are being taught as a means to an endD) students are only interested in obtaining credentials54. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of theirfour-year degree candidates because ________.A) most of them lack high-quality facultiesB) the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC) there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching55. It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for ________. A) putting academic work in the proper contextB) a commitment to students and effective teachingC) the practice of putting leaning to productive endsD) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge答案51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. BPassage 2Endangered Species Endangered species are plants and animals that are inimmediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many m ore species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes ofclimate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the world’s envir onments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes throughnatural selection.Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primarycause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and damconstruction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the varioussurroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands‖ lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes.Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases andparasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another importantcause of their extinction.Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save decliningspecies. Laws were made i n some c ountries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations.Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulatingand restricting trade in certain species. How e ffective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施 ) and support by the people andthe courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segmentsof society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch andkill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.56 According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinction of man species since the 17th century?A Human b eings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species.B Some e ndangered species have already reached the end of their life span in evolution.C The development of human society has greatly affected natural ecology systems.D The world’s climate has ch anged so greatly that most species cannot survive.57 In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word islands refers toA the lands that are completely surrounded by water.B the wild animals’ breeding grounds protected by lawC the pieces of land separated by modern buildings and roads.D the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species.58 This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinctionof man species exceptA natural selection of species.B various natural disasters.C commercial trade and killing.D destruction of natural surroundings.59 According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving declining species?A Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species.B People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings.C Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.D Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals.60 How d oes the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct?A Worried.B Optimistic.C Indifferent.D Confident.Passage 3Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foreseethat the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressivearmies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances thereare of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against itcan always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being movedthrough the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In thosewith high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just theopposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize thecirculation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test ofendurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air,the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-classcarriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards,while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode e xcept speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat,but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man w as seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquiredinto.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-andthird-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railwaysmust have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the openthird-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rainfrom whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, fromwhose searching power there was no escape.61. All boys and girls in large families know thatA) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB) people tend to be together more than they used to beC) a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD) Railway leads the world to peace62. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself shouldinclude all the following except .A) the railway enables people travel fastB) the railway brings comfort to peopleC) the railway makes the world peacefulD) the railway leads the world to war as well.63. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but .A) tunnels are dangerous to public healthB) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nervesC) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungsD) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die64. We may safely conclude that .A) the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB) the author belongs to the for-railway groupC) the author speaks highly of the railwayD) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers65. What is the tone of this passage?A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated答案61.C 62.D 63.D 64.A 65.C PassagePassage 4The Myth of College Many of you young persons out there are seriously thinkingabout going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely relatedto college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly twothousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread outover four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates.Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college:Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to makecollect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas.Things you will not need to know in later life (1,998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on.The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books,then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have tostay in college for the rest of your life.It's very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college,I had to memorize - don't ask me why - the names of the metaphysical poets otherthan John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember thatthe other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw.Sometimes, when I'm trying to remember something important, like whether my w ife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. It's a terrible waste of braincells. After you've been in college for a year or so, you're supposed to choose amajor, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things about. Here is a very important piece of advice: be sure to choose a major that does notinvolve Known Facts and Right Answers.This means t hat you must not major in mathematics, physics, biology or chemistry, because these subjects involve actual facts. If, for example, you major inmathematics, you're going to wander into class one day and the professor will say: "Define the cosine integer of the quadrant of the rhomboid binary axis, andextrapolate your result to five significant vertices." If you don't come up withexactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same i s true of chemistry: if you write in your exam book that carbon and hydrogen combine to form oak, yourprofessor will flunk you. He wants you to come up with the same answer he and allthe other chemists have agreed on. Scientists are extremely snotty about this.68. When should the college students choose a major?A. The moment they go to collegeB. After they have been in college for nearly two yearsC. After they have been in college for a year or soD. When they become a senior69. The word ―flunk‖ in the last paragraph meansA. floatB. failC. ridiculeD. dupe70. What is the beat title for the passage?A. The Myth of CollegeB. What Can You Learn in College?C. How to Enjoy Your College LifeD. The Importance of CollegePart Ⅳ Use of LanguageThe psychology of warranties保单心理学Protection racket保护之诈tend If extended guarantees are overpriced, why are they so popular? CUSTOMERSto agonise over the relative merits of different models of electronic goods suchas digital cameras or plasma televisions. But when they get to the till, many spend freely on something they barely think about at all: an extended warranty, which is often more profitable to the retailer than the device it covers.Shoppers typically pay 10-50% of the cost of a product to insure it beyond theterm covered by the manufacturer’s guarantee. 71 . Yet products rarely break within the period covered, and repairs tend to cost no more than the warranty itself. 72l.So why, asks a paper published in the December issue of the Journal of Consumer Research, do so many consumers still buy extended warranties? The authors—Tao Chen of the University of Maryland, Ajay Kalra of Rice University and Baohong Sun ofCarnegie Mellon University—examined purchase data from a big electronics retailerfor over 600 households from November 2003 to October 2004. 73 .If a customer is about to buy something fun (ie, a plasma television rather than a vacuum cleaner), he will be more inclined to splash out on extra insurance. Thisis because consumers value ―hedonic‖ items over utilitarian ones, regardless ofthe actual price tag. 74 . The study also found that poorer consumers are more likelyto buy ―potentially unnecessary and overpriced insurance‖, because they are more worried about the expense of replacing a product if it breaks.75 . But although most policies go unused, he admits that the emotionaltranquillity that comes with buying a new warranty is not in itself without value,even if ―rationally, it doesn’t make sense‖．A. This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpectedbargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased.B. The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one andfour years.C. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant powerto alter the nature of his world.D. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant powerto alter the nature of his world.E. They concluded that the decision to buy a warranty had a great deal to dowith a shopper’s mood.F. The popularity of warranties should logically depend on the likelihood ofa product’s failure, says Mr Kalra.G. That makes warranties amazingly profitable: they generate over $16 billionannually for American retailers, according to Warranty Week, a trade journal答案B G E A FPart Ⅴ Translation1. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food.”2. According to a growing body of exidence, the chemicals that make up manyplastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up inyour body.3. Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, they’ ll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.4. The bodies who play major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fitthe growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.5. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult tocontinue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yieds.Part Ⅵ WritingAs the society develops, interpersonal relationships are getting more and more indifferent. Please make comment on the phenomena。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-山东大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as a factor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more we are together — the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds，catarrhs （黏膜炎）and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy （中风）. Thesudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; butfrom the few modes except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic （滑稽的）press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second- and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape.1.All boys and girls in large families know that______.2.According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except______.3.According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but_____.4.We may safely conclude that_____.5.What is the tone of this passage?问题1选项A.a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB.people tend to be together more than they used to beC.a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD.railway leads the world to peace问题2选项A.the railway enables people to travel fastB.the railway brings comfort to peopleC.the railway makes the world peacefulD.the railway leads the world to war as well问题3选项A.tunnels are dangerous to public healthB.the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people’s nervesC.the rapid speed through the air does d amage to people’s lungsD.to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die问题4选项A.the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB.the author belongs to the for-railway groupC.the author speaks highly of the railwayD.the author may never take train because of its potential dangers问题5选项A.Practical.B.Satirical.C.Humorous.D.Exaggerated.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。
2008年山东大学经济学院考博真题--经济学一、名词解释古诺模型和斯塔克尔伯格模型的比较2、社会福利函数理论3、新剑桥模型理论二、计算题2、已知生产函数：Y=K-0.2K^2，Y为人均产出，K为人均资本存量，平均储蓄倾向S=0.1，人口增长率=0.05，求：均衡资本--劳动比率；均衡人均储蓄；均衡人均消费；均衡人均产出。
三、论述题1、公共产品与私人产品相比有哪些特点？公共产品的这些特点怎样使其生产上的市场失灵？2、封闭经济与开放经济的国家宏观政策在操作上有哪些不同？开放经济下浮动汇率与固定汇率条件下货币政策有哪些不同？2009 年山东大学博士考试现代经济学前沿试题1.论述新增长理论（内生增长理论）产生的原因和背景，并阐明其主要观点。
2.新凯恩斯主义的主要观点是什么？比较新凯恩斯主义与传统凯恩斯主义的异同。
3.论述孔多塞的投票悖论。
4.阐述非对称信息博弈论与微观经济学的发展，并论述信息经济学的主要观点。
5、论述2008 年诺贝尔奖获得者的主要理论贡献。
6、论述诺斯与马克思关于制度变迁的主要内容。
7、用经济学理论（如克鲁格曼的萧条经济学、马克思的危机论、凯恩斯的经济学）解释当前的金融危机。
上述题目中1-4 任选二题，5-7 任选二题，每题25 分。
95 年一.名词解释(5’×4)1 边际替代率2 资本边际效率3 挤出效应4 生产可能性曲线(边界)二.简答(15’×2)1 需求曲线一般是一条由左上方向右下方倾斜的曲线,但也有例外情况,,请举例说明至少三种特殊的需求曲线2.简述”有效需求原理”的基本内容三.论述(25’×2)1 作图并证明,非线性需求曲线上任何一点的需求价格弹性等于该点沿切线到横轴的距离与到纵轴的距离之比2 试述LM 曲线的推导过程并说明ISLM 分析的意义96 年一.名词解释(5’×4)1 规模收益2 完全垄断3 通货膨胀4 法定准备率二.简答(15’×2)1 公开市场业务通过哪些传导机制来影响货币供应量2 为什么说完全垄断市场是经济效率最底的市场三.论述(25’×2)1 完全竞争市场条件下厂商的短期均衡和长期均衡是如何实现的2 为什么说国民收入流量的决定是宏观经济学的核心问题(试用二部门,三部门和四部门经济模型说明)97 年一.名词解释(5’×4)1 需求收入弹性2 等产量线3 投资乘数4 边际消费倾向二.简答(15’×2)1 无差异曲线主要有那些性质2 如图所示,请说明IS-LM 模型中从非均衡点A 到均衡点E 的调整过程三.论述(25’×2)1 试述购买替代品的最大效用原则2 论述”内在稳定器”的主要内容和作用98 年一名词解释（每题5 分，共20 分）1.替代效应2.机会成本3.加速原理4.边际消费倾向二简要回答下列问题（每题15 分，共30 分1.简述货币政策的基本问题和主要工具（手段）。
2. 西方生产理论和市场理论所分析的中心问题各是什么？三论述下列问题（每题25 分，共50 分）1. 试述垂直的总供给曲线所建立的假定前提并推导（画）出这条曲线。
2. 已知预算线BL 与无差异曲线u1 相交于H，两点，W 与无差异曲线u2 相切于V 点（如图）问：（1）.什么是预算线和无差异曲线？（2）.证明：V 点的总效用为最大。
99 年一.名词解释(5’×5)1 国民生产总值2 挤出效应3 寡头垄断4 规模经济5 边际效益二.简答(10’×3)1IS 曲线是如何推导出来的2 何谓挤出效应?那些因素影响挤出效应的大小?3.名义GDP,实际GDP 与潜在GDP 的联系与区别三.运用市场结构理论,说明竞争程度对市场机制在资源配置方面的影响(25)四.选做题.(任选一题)(20) 1.论述均衡价格的形成,变化及其应用 2.论述需求弹性理论的基本内容2000 年一.设需求曲线的方程为Q=10－2P,求其点弹性值为多少?怎样调整价格,可以使总收益增加?(6 分)二.运用供求原理说明“谷贱伤农”的道理。
分）（7三，假设厂商面临两个分割市场A，B 市场需求分别为PA=15-2QA,PB=20-3QB 厂商的固定成本为15 元，单位变动成本为2 元。
试求差别价格比统一价格能多获利多少？（10 分）四，基数效用论是怎样解释需求曲线是向右下方倾斜的？（7 分）五，试评价完全竞争市场配置资源的效率。
（20 分）六，什么是资本边际效率？为什么资本边际效率递减？(15 分)七，货币的供给与需求如何影响货币市场的均衡？（20 分）八，下列两题认选一题：（各15 分）1，银行体系是怎样进行货币创造的？2，“挤出效应”是如何产生的？有哪些因素会影响“挤出效应”。
2001 年一、名词解释（每题5 分，共20 分）1.边际消费倾向2.工资刚性3.均衡价格4.帕雷托最优二、简要回答下列问题（每题10 分，共40 分）1.用支出法核算的国内生产总值包括那些项目？2.简述流动性陷阱假说。
3.什么是消费者剩余？并分析它是如何受商品价格变化影响的？4. 画图说明理性厂商的合理投入区域是如何决定的？三、论述题（每题20 分）1.如何理解“挤出效应”对财政政策的影响？（下列二题任选一题）2. 利用均衡价格理论分析消费者收入变化对商品价格的影响。
3.比较不同的市场结构（组织）的效率。
2002 年一.名词解释(5’×4)1 奥肯定律2 正常利润3 成本推动的通货膨胀4 等成本线二简答（每题5 分共20 分）1 为什么短期边际成本与长期边际成本都呈U 型特征2 已知某消费者的效用函数为：u(x,y)=alnx+blny,消费者的收入为m,xy 两种商品的价格分别是pxpy,求：对于X,Y 两种商品的需求函数2）px=1py=2m=120 时，当该消费者的边际替代率是多少？1）此时对两种商品的需求价格弹性和需求收入弹性各是多少？3 试述绝对收入假说4 何谓投资乘数？它与边际消费倾向有何关系?三论述题(20’×2)1 必答题假设经济体系已经达到充分就业状态，请问扩张性财政政策和货币政策会对实际产出，利率和价格水平产生什么影响2 任选一题A 试用无差异曲线图说明如何划分正常物品,劣等品,和吉芬物品,并推导吉芬物品的需求曲线 B 以需求的价格弹性为例,说明需求的价格弹性的五种类型,导致需求弹性差异的主要因素有哪些2003 年一.名词解释(6’×5)1.恩格尔定律2.规律报酬递减3.寡头市场4.充分就业5.总需求曲线二.简答题.(10’×4)1.简述宏观经济政策的目标2.简述国民生产总值的三种核算方法3.一个企业主在考虑再雇佣一名工人时,在劳动的平均产量和边际产量中他更关心哪一个?为什么?4.在价格领导模型中.为什么其他厂商愿意跟着支配厂商定价格?三.计算题(15‘×2)1．一国经济中平均税率占国民收入的27﹪，充分就业时的国民收入为9800 亿美元,为保持充分就业的收入水平,政府必须在私人投资及其它注入之外,保持其开支在2960 亿美元的水平. (1)计算政府在充分就业时预算盈余或赤字额(2)计算充分就业预算在收入水平在9700 亿美元时的盈余或赤字额2.设垄断厂商面临的需求函数和成本函数分别为P=12-0.4Q 和TC=0.6Q×Q+4Q+5 求(1)Q 为多少时,总利润最大?价格,总收益及总利润各为多少?(2)Q 为多少时,总收益最大?与此相应的价格, 总收益和总利润各为多少?四.论述题(25×2)1.试述新古典经济增长模型的主要内容2.内部均衡与外部均衡的同时实现有什么矛盾?应如何实现内部均衡和外部均衡?2004 年一.名词解释(6’×5)1 价格歧视2 规模报酬递减3 收入效应4MPS 5 资本边际效率二.简答题.(10’×4)1 垄断厂商可以随便定价,对吗?2 为什么说减少商品消费会增加边际效用?3 为什么不同商品的需求价格弹性不同?4 为什么会产生规模经济?其影响因素是什么?三.计算题(15‘×2)1 已知Q=L1/2K1/2 K=4 PK=25 PL=10 1) 求L 的产量函数2)求总成本,边际成本,平均成本函数3)当总收益最大时,求产量和总收益求1)边际消费倾向2)画图,并标出纵坐标,2 已知C=20+0.75(Y-T) T=0.2Y I=380 G=400 斜率3)求均衡时Y 4)均衡时政府预算赢余5)当G=410 是，求政府支出乘数,并说明为什么和1/1-MPC 不一致四.论述题(25×2)1 投资支出变化对IS,LM 曲线有没有影响?并说明政府有没有必要采取以利率和货币量为目的的政策?2 说明不同的总供给曲线下,当总需求变动时对价格,收入的影响2005 年一.名词解释(5’×6)1 规范分析和实证分析2 基数效用论和序数效用论3 边际收益产品与边际产品价值4GDP 与GNP5 平均消费倾向与边际消费倾向6 投资乘数与加速数二简答题(15‘×8)1 用图形说明蛛网模型的三种情况2 用图形说明规模报酬的三种形式3 用图形说明价格歧视4 什么是逆向选择和败德行为5 用图形说明三部门经济均衡国民收入的决定6 财政政策的挤出效应7 商业银行货币创造机制8 哈罗德经济增长模型2008 年一.名词解释(6’×5)1 流动性陷阱2MPS 3GNP 4 补偿性财政政策5 菲力普斯曲线二简答题(10‘×4)1 简单国民收入决定理论的假设条件2 货币流动速度极小时会对货币需求有何影响？什么时候会发生这种情况?3 为何转移支付不计入GDP?4 什么是公开市场业务?有哪些优点?三.计算题(15‘×2)1 已知收入中的0.9 用来消费,税收为收入的0.25,投资为600 亿,贸易逆差为25 亿,政府支出为2700 万,均衡时国民收入为10600 万,求:1)当前的财政赤字2)充分就业时的财政赤字2 Q=－0.1L3+6L2+12L 求1)平均产量和边际产量2)工资为360 时,产品价格为30,求利润最大时的工人人数四.论述题(25×2)1 为什么IS-LM 是凯恩斯宏观经济学的核心2 什么是自动稳定器?它的内容和作用是什么?山东大学2008 年考博经济学试题一、简答题（15 分×3=45 分）1、斯塔克尔伯格模型和古诺模型有何差异？2、简述社会福利函数。
3、新剑桥增长模型及特点。
二、计算题（15 分）y=k-0.2k2，k 为人均资本存量。
边际储蓄倾向s=0.1，人口增长率n=0.05。
求：(1)均衡人均资本存量。
