关于三相变频电源的外文资料翻译

变频器工作原理外文文献翻译、中英文翻译外文资料Converter working principleMain circuit is for induction motors provide voltage variable frequency power source power conversion part, the inverter main circuit in general can be divided into two categories [1]: voltage is voltage source DC converter for AC inverter, the DC loop filter is capacitance. Current model is the current source of the direct streamization AC inverter, the DC circuit filter inductance. It consists of three parts, the power supply conversion for DC power rectifier, absorption produced in converter and inverter voltage ripple "flat wave circuit, and DC power converter for AC power" inverter ".(1) rectifier: Recently a lot of use is diode converter, it is the power supply conversion for the DC power supply. Also available two groups of transistor converters constitute a reversible converter, due to its power direction reversible can regeneration operation.(2) the flat wave circuit: in the rectifier DC voltage, containing 6 times the frequency of power supply ripple voltage, furthermore the inverter produces a pulsating current the DC voltage changes. In order to suppress the voltage fluctuation, the inductance and capacitance absorption pulsating voltage (current). Device volume hours, if power supply and a main circuit component in margin can save inductance of the simple flat wave circuit.(3) inverter: Contrary to rectifier, inverter is the DC power conversion is the desired frequency AC power and to determine the time the six switch device turn-on and off you can get 3 phaseAC output. By voltage type PWM converter as exemplifying the switching time and voltage waveform.Control circuit is to provide a loop control signal to the asynchronous motor power supply (voltage, frequency) of the main circuit, the frequency, the voltage "operation circuit", the main circuit of the "voltage and current detection circuit, the motor" speed detection circuit, operation circuit of control signal amplification drive circuit ", and the inverter and the motor" protection circuit.(1) arithmetic circuit: the external speed, torque and other instructions with the detection circuit of the current, voltage signal comparison operation, determine the output voltage of the inverter, frequency.(2) voltage, current detection circuit: with the main circuit potential isolation detection voltage, current and so on.(3) driving circuit, driving circuit of main circuit devices. It and control isolation circuit enable device in the main circuit turn-on, turn off.(4) speed detection circuit installed in asynchronous motor shaft machine speed detector (TG, PLG) signal for speed signal into the computing circuit, according to the instruction and operation can make the motor run in the speed command.(5) protection circuit: detection of the main circuit of the voltage, current and so on, when the occurrence of overload or over voltage, etc., in order to prevent the inverter and asynchronous motor damage, so that the inverter to stop working or inhibit voltage, current value.中文翻译变频器工作原理主电路是给异步电动机提供调压调频电源的电力变换部分，变频器的主电路大体上可分为两类[1]:电压型是将电压源的直流变换为交流的变频器，直流回路的滤波是电容。

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)always adopts mechanical tinplate to measure. There are some shortcomings that the measurement precision falls with machine abrasion, single time period setting and strong manpower [2]. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-rate three-phase watt-hour meter based on AT89LV52. This multi-rate three-phase watt-hour meter adoptsAD7752 for measurement. It has the characteristics which are time-sharing measurement, accurate measurement, LCD display, automatic meter reading, flexible time period setting, timely emendation, low cost and novel design. II. STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLEThe novel multi-rate three-phase watt-hour meter proposed in this paper is based upon AT89LV52 singlechip [3]. AT89LV52 has the flash memorizer with 8k bytes, cryptographical program memorizer with third class, RAM with 256 bytes, 32 programmable I/O lines, three time/ counter with 16 bits and a two class halt with six vectors. The interface circuit adopts I2C bus unit which is a 8 bits singlechipwith good performance and suitable price. The system structure diagram is shown in figure 1.Figure 1. System structure diagramThe principle of this multi-rate watt-hour meter is reading in themulti-rate time segments using RS485 bus and noting in X25045 then take over correctional clock with RS485 bus and write in clock CMOS chip S3530A. Thethree-phase AC voltage and electric current pass through potentiometer and mutual inductance instrument respectively so as to produce small signal which is sent toAD7752 to complete measurement. The clock CMOS chip S3530A gives clockinformation per second in the course of automatic move and analyze this clock belongs to which period of time according to advance periods of time set in X25045 then save the electrical energy in RAM memorizeraccording to corresponding period of time. We write it to corresponding address ofX25045 when the electrical energy achieves one degree in order to make the multi-rate measurement come true. This watt-hour meter hasfunctions of clear LCD display, missing phase detection, burthen control, halt electricity check and storage, automatic meter reading and so on.III. THE DESIGH OF HARDWARE CIRCUITA． Electrical energy measurementThe three-phase electrical energy measurement is realized by the low consume CMOS chip AD7752 of ADI company. The inside of AD7752 adopts digital circuit besides ADC, filter and multiplication circuit which can eliminate noises effectively. The sampling course of voltage and electric current in three-phase AC power supply loop is shown in figure 2 in which IA stands for voltage sampling of A phase. The sampling circuits of B phase and C phase are similar to A phase. The power after integral is transformed to electrical pulse for output. The pulse of fan-out CF enters into interregnum INT0 of AT89LV52 through photoelectricity insulation 4N25. CPU measures the electrical energy [4]. We adjust the pulse number of CF by combining the state of S1 and S2. The connection of electrical energy and pulse is W = M C . In which, W is the electrical energy with the unit of kilowatt-hour, M is the total pulse number,C is the pulse number of ammeter. We choose C equals to 3000 that is to say every kilowatt-hour is 3000pulses.Figure 2. Circuit schematic diagramof watt-hour meterB． LCD displayThe LCD display [6] adopts HT1621 CMOS chip of HOLTEK Company toachieve twelve bits digital display. HT1621 is the LCD drivers with 128 segments (32×4) inner memorizer. The interior of HT1621 consists ofcontrol and time circuits, RAM, LCD drive and watch timer. It hasthe merits of small volume and low cost so that it is suit to watt-hour meter. We use serial interface which only has four lines between HT1621 and AT89LV52. The detailed connection is shown in figure 3. P20, P21, P22 and P23 of AT89LV52 connect to CS, RD, WR and DATA respectively with the use to refurbish the display of RAM. HT1621 drive CMOS chip has 48 nodes in which COM0, COM1, COM2, COM3 connect to the communal end and drive output of LCD and SG0, SG1, SG2, SG3 connect to drive output of every segment respectively. In addition, an adjustable resistance of 20kΩ is put between VDD and VLCD to adjust the display contrast of LCD. Experiment shows that the contrast is better with VDD=5V and VLCD=4V. C． Serial memorizerSerial memorizer adopts low power consumption chip X25045 of XICORcompany .It has three functions which are watchdog timer WTD, voltage supervision and serial memorizer E2PROM with 512 bytes. WTD can be set 200ms, 600ms and 1400ms time intervals. The software program is read into X25045. During the normal running of program, WTD receives the trigger signal in time intervals in order to ensure the normal running of program. X25045 will output a high potential through RESET line if WTD does not receive trigger signal in time intervals. The trigger watt-hour meter reset in order to prevent program flying away. As the serial memorizer chip, 512 bytes of X25045 are used to storage the watt-hour meter code, multi-rate periods of time, the apex electricity, smooth electricity, vale electricity and total electricity of last month and this month. Storage can be divided into two same areas. One is used as data storage. The other is used for backup. The number of storagecan be revised 100,000 times. Data can be stored for 100 years. It is connected withAT89LV52 by SPI agreement bus. The connection is shown in figure 3.D． Clock circuitThe clock circuit is completed by S3530A chip. It is a low powerconsumption clock chip that supports I2C Bus. It sets the clock and calendar according to the data received by CUP communicating with RS485. At the same time, it continues to walk time by its own oscillation. The crystaloscillator of 32.768 kHz is put between Xin and Xout of S3530A which is connected with CPU through latching. SDA foot and SCL foot connect to P1.6 and P1.7 ofAT89LV52 respectively. There are two interrupt alarming foots can be set as second output or minute output synchronizing pulse which supply interrupt signal toAT89LV52 with one second period. Single-chip system will readout the current time through I2C communication interface according to this signal and calculate the period of time that this moment belongs to so as to realize the electrical energy measurement in different periods of time [5]. This clock circuit has spare lithium battery. The powersupply VCC supply power in normal wiring and electrified for lithium battery of 3.6V. When there is power off, the system will automatically convert lithium battery to clock circuit for power supply. The clock will still running accurately even the power is off.Figure 3. Partial circuit figure of watt-hour meterE． RS485 CommunicationMAX485 chip can implement RS485 communication control ofmulti-rate watt-hour meter. MAX485 chip has RS485 communication protocol. It can take 128 hypogenous computers. Its transmission distance is greater than 1km and its transfer rate is up to 250kb per second. The watt-hour meter connects with the unit controller through the RS485 bus. Each unit has a cell controller can manage 128 multi-rate watt-hour meter. The cell controller connects to power management computer.Each watt-hour meter has one and only meter number with eight bits of hex. The electrician should write the user’s information and meter number and then import to the power management computer for initial installation so ad to complete the connection of user and management computer. Management computer sends setting of period of time and clock information with the manner of broadcast communication without address information. PC uploads information by the way of calling address. F． Lack Phase detection and relay controlIt can achieve relay control [7] with P27 of AT89LV52. P27 cancontrol relays using 4N25 photoelectricity isolator so as to complete powersupply and power control. Lack Phase detection gets the signal from fan-out of the relay and connects to 1 foot of photoelectricity isolator after passing a 75K resistance, the diode half-wave rectifier and capacitive filtering respectively. We detect the 4 foot of isolator to determine whether there is the lack of phase. If there is lack of phase, we detect again after 2 seconds overtime. We break off the power immediately if there is lack of power after the twice confirmation. In power protection circuit, it uses the INT1 interrupt foot of AT89LV52 to detect signal.When there is a sudden power off, INT1 jumps into a low voltage and the INT1 interrupt enters to the power protection program relying on the energy storage capacitor to save data. In the system, pulse output of AD7752, relay control port and the inputs of lack phase detection all use photoelectric isolator 4N25. It sends electrical signal by light coupling which can enhance the ability of anti-jamming. IV. THE DESIGN OF SOFTWAREA．The distribution of resourceThe software program includes main program, X25045 read and write program, RS485 serial communication program, interrupt serve program, timer handling program,HT1621 display control program, electrical energy measurement in different period of time and power down protection program, and system self-checking andanti-interference handling program. Interrupt resource distribution of system is: INT0 interrupt is used as AD7752 pulse measurement, INT1 as synchronization detecting, timer T0 as 100 ms timing, T1 as 1ms timing, and T2 as baud rate generator for serial communication program. RS485 asynchronous communication is set to receive interrupt and check information for sending.B． Module desighThe flow chart of main program is shown in figure 4. The watt-hourmeter should be able to initialize at each power up time. The initializing program includes setting working mode of timers, serial stomata and interrupts for AT89LV52,writing control word into X25045, S3530A and HT1621. This system sets three periods of time. The singlechip reads clock value from S3530A per second then analyze this clock belongs to which period of time according to advance periods of time set inX25045 then save the electrical energy in RAM memorizer according to corresponding period of time. We write it to corresponding address of X25045 when the electrical energy achieves one degree. The LCD display with 16 bits shows period of time and electrical energy information in turn. Figure 4. Flow chart of main program V. TESTING RESULTError measurement and running test have been made in Zibo Billion Electron Co., Ltd. The epigenous computer completes the setting of time management. There arethree-rate period of time. The first period of time is vale electricity from 00 point 00 minute to 06 point 30 minutes. The second period of time is apex electricity from 06 point 30 minutes to 22 point 30 minutes. The third period of time is smooth electricity from 22 point 30 minutes to 24 point 00 minute. The setting of rate period of time is sent to computer management system by electric power company according to national policy and saved in X25045. The apex electricity, smooth electricity, vale electricity and total electricity per month read saved in electrical energy meter and sent to epigenous computer through cell controller. The communication baud rate is 9600 bits per second. The checkout platform of 0.1 grade standard electronic power meter is used as standard meter and the multi-rate watt-hour meter is the tested meter. Billion Electron Company has carried out testing according to different load running. The measured data is shown in table 1 with the burthen of 30kW.TABLE I. COMPARE OF NORMAL METER AND TESTING METERThe testing result indicates that the error of this multi-ratewatt-hour meter is less than 1%, belongs to 1.0 grade. The return reading of electrical energy is precision and the emendation of time is timely and right. By testing, the method of decreasing errors for electricity metering can be obtained. Firstly, adjust the sampling resistance of AD7752 to accurate value. Secondly, the value of this resistance is needed less varying with temperature. Thirdly, during electricity metering progress, when mantissa portion of electricity is less than0.01, the remaining pulse should be accessed together, thus cumulative error caused by lack of 0.01degree energy loss could be avoided.VI. CONCLUSION AND EXPECTATIONThe multi-rate watt-hour meter achieves electrical energycomputation in different time according to different time setting. It adopts RS485 for serial communication and realizes automatic meter reading and real-time emendation. The results of production in Billion Electron Company showthat the multi-rate three-phase watt-hour meter proposed in this paper has the characteristics of novel design technique, accurate measurement, and flexible time period setting. Various technical indexes achieve the technique standard for national intelligent card watt-hour meter. Therefore, it has wide application. REFERENCES [1] Bu Zhengl iang, Yin Xianggen, Tu Guangyu. “Development of HV Watt-hour meter.” Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2006, 30(19): 89-93.[2] Kosukegawa M., Sakumoto Y. “Traceability system of electric energy standard and tendency in static watthour meter developmen t in Japan.” Sixth International Conference on Metering Apparatus and Tariffs for Electricity Supply, 1990,4: 259-263.[3] Xuehai Li. Applied tutorial of singlechip. Electronic industry publishing company, 2003.[4] Al-Khateeb Tarik, Blundel Martin. “An el ectronic meter for measuring the saving in electrical power.” The Ninth Arab International Conference on Solar Energy (AICSE-9), Kingdom of Bahrain, 2007,4 (209):328-333.[5] Liu Ying, Liu Qingyu. “Development of a self-calibration precision electricalmea suring meter.” Proceedings of the 1998 Conference Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, 1998,7:276.。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：Electric Power Systems Research78(2008)276-289附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

指导教师评语：签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文三相，电能质量改进的直/交变频器概要除了谐波功率和无功功率的其他来源，电力电子变频器的广泛使用大大影响着谐波的产生和在电力系统的无功潮流。

单相，电能质量改进的变频器在国内设计，开发和成功应用，商业和工业环境已经使三相，电能改进的变频器的设计和发展成为可能，而且它们广泛使用在不同的应用。

本文将对三相，电能改进的变频器配置，控制方法，对供应方和负载性能的输入功率因数计算，总谐波失真和完善管理，缩减波纹直流输出，额定功率，成本和特定应用选择做全面的探讨。

它还提供了国家在电能质量改善的变频器对工作在三相，开关式交直交变频器的研究人员，设计师和工程师而言最先进的技术。

内容1 说明交直交电源变频器广泛应用于各种应用，如电源供应器、直流马达驱动，调速交流驱动器、直流输出、开关电源前端变频器、实用接口与非传统能源来源。

在工艺技术，如焊接、电信系统的电源供应器、航空航天、军事环境等。

传统上，交直交电源变频器已主要由二极管或作为对电力系统非线性负载和在谐波的丰富，供应不足的功率因数的相控整流器作为借鉴，然而出现了配电网络和附近其他电器的整流系统的电能质量问题。

其他与这些变频器相关的问题包括：（1）从要求配电设备的处理大功率的电力系统大量无功功率由整流器得出，从而增加其伏安评级。

（2）电压在总线下降。

（3）较高的输入电流谐波导致扭曲的线电流，往往扭曲线电压波形。

这往往造成在同一总线上的敏感设备可靠运行的问题。

（4）在设备中增加损失（由于谐波）如变压器和电机连接到实际应用。

（5）与附近的通信线路电磁干扰。

（6）由于来自共振的高电压和电流与线路阻抗和电容故障，保险丝对电容器功率因数校正。

外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Motor type1. The Power Supply Category:Motor power supply according to the different work can be divided into DC motor and AC motor. AC Motor is also divided into the three-phase single-phase motors and motor.2. according to the structure and working principle of classification: Structure and working principle of electric motors can be divided into direct current motor, asynchronous motor and synchronous motor. Synchronous motor can be divided into permanent magnet synchronous motors, reluctance synchronous motors and hysteresis synchronous motor.Induction motor can be divided into induction motor and AC commutator motor. Divided into three-phase induction motor asynchronous motor, single-phase asynchronous motor and shaded pole induction motors. AC commutator motor is divided into single-phase series motor, AC and DC motors and repulsion motor.DC motor according to the structure and working principle can be divided into brushless DC motor and a brush DC motor. Brushed DC motors can be divided into permanent magnet DC motor and electromagnetic DC motor. Electromagnetic DC motor is divided into series excited DC motor, and Li DC motor, DC motor and re-excited DC motor excitation. Permanent magnet DC motor is divided into rare earth permanent magnet DC motor, Ferrite permanent magnet DC motor and Alnico permanent magnet DC motor.3. Click Start and Run Category:By starting and running motors can be divided into single-phase capacitor start induction motor, capacitor run single phase induction motor, capacitor start single phase induction motor operation and sub-phase single-phase induction motor.4. by use classification:Motor driven by purpose can be divided into motor and control motor.Drive motor is divided into power tools (including drilling, polishing, polishing, grooving, cutting, reaming and other tools) with the motor, household appliances (including washing machines, electric fans, refrigerators, air conditioners, tape recorders, VCRs, DVD machines, vacuum cleaners, cameras, hair dryer, electric shaver, etc.) with General Motors and other small machinery and equipment (including a variety of small tools, small machinery, medical equipment, electronic equipment, etc.) electric motor.Stepper motor control is divided into motor and servo motors.5. The rotor structure by Category:Motor can be divided according to the structure of the rotor cage induction motor (the old standard called the squirrel cage induction motor) and the wound rotor induction motor (the old standard called Winding Induction Motor).6. classification of motor speed by running by running speed can be divided into high-speed motor, low speed motor, constant speed motor, speed motor. Low-speed motor is divided into gear motor, electromagnetic deceleration motor, torque motor, and claw-pole synchronous motors.In addition to speed motors can be divided into a class constant speed motor, motor level constant, there infinitely variable speed motor and variable speed motors, it can also be divided into electromagnetic speed motor, DC motor speed control, PWM frequency conversion motor and switch Reluctance Motor.Servo motor servo motor servomotor Automatic control device for the implementation of components of micro-special motor. Also known as the implementation of motor. Its function is to convert electrical signals into the shaft angular displacement or angular velocity.Servo motor points of AC and DC types. AC servo motor works the same with the AC induction motor. There are two phases in the stator spatial displacement of 90 ° angle and control winding field winding Wf WcoWftake a constant AC voltage applied to the Wc on the use of AC voltage or phase changes, to control motor operation purposes. AC servo motor has a stable, controllable, fast response, high sensitivity and mechanical properties and regulation characteristics of the nonlinearity index strict (requiring less than 10%, respectively 15% and less than 15% ~ 25%), etc. characteristics. DC servo motor works the same with the general DC motor. Change Ua or change φ, can control the DC servo motor speed, but generally use the armature voltage control method. In the permanent magnet DC servo motor, the field winding is replaced by a permanent magnet, magnetic flux φ constant.DC servo motor has a good linear adjustment characteristics and fast time response.Servo: from the Greek word "slave" means. People want to "servo" docile when a handy tool, subject to the requirements of the movement control signal. Before the signal to the rotor stationary; signal arrived, the rotor rotation immediately; when the signal disappears, stop the rotor immediately turn on their own. Because of its "servo" performance, hence the name.Servo motors are generally divided into DC Servo and AC Servo.The DC servo motorsAdvantages: accurate speed control, torque speed characteristics of very hard, is simple, easy to use, the price advantage.Disadvantages: brush commutation, speed limits, additional resistance, wear particles generated (for clean room).The AC servo motor Advantages: Good speed control characteristics, the speed control of the region can achieve a smooth, almost without oscillation; high efficiency, 90% or more, do not heat; high-speed control; high-precision position control (depending on which encoder); rated operation in the region, to achieve constant torque; low noise; no brush wear, maintenance-free; not produce wear particles, there is no spark for clean rooms, easy to violent environment, low inertia.Disadvantages: more complex control, drives, PID parameters need toadjust the tuning scene, the need for more connectionDC servo motor applications:DC servo motor characteristics than the AC servo motor hard. Often used in larger power systems, such as servo position control system.AC servo motor applications: AC servo motor output power is generally 0.1-100 W, power frequency sub 50Hz, 400Hz and so on. Its application is very broad, such as used in a variety of automatic control, the system automatically recordsPLC Controllers1 Programming a PLC controllerPLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer(usual way),but also through manual progammers(consoles).This practically means that each PLC controller can progarmmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming.Today’stransmission computers are ideal for reprogamming a PLC controller in factory itself.This is of great importance to industry.Once the system is corrected,it is also inportant to read the right program into a PLC again.It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed.This helps to avoid hazardous situation s in factory rooms(some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs).Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as:forced switching on and off of the system inputs/outputs(I/O lines),program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram.This documenging is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions.Programmer can add remarks,names of input or output devices,and commengs that can be useful when finding errors,or with system maintenance.Adding comments and remarks enables any technician(and not just a person who developed the system)to understand a ladder diagram right mengs and remraks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed.This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts.The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on theprogram,so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done.Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.2 Power supplyElectrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit.Most PLCcontrollers work either at 24 VDS or 220 V AS.On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module.Those are usually bigger PLC controllers,while small and medium series already contain the supply er has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current.Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current.This electrical supply is usually not used to start external inputs or er has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs or outputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller.With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly.Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.3 PLC controller inputsIntelligence of an antomated system depengs largely on the ability of a PLC controller to read signals from different types of sensons and input devices.Keys,keyboards and by functional switches are a basis for man versus machine relationship.On the other hand,in order to detect a working piece,view a mechanism in motion,check pressure or fliud level you need specific automatic devices such as proximity sensors,marginal switchesm,photoelectric sensors,level sensors,etc.Thus,input signals can belogical(on/off) or analogue,Smaller PLC controllers usually have only digital input lines while larger also accept analogue inputs through special units attached to PLC controller.One of the most frequent analogue signals are a current signal of 4 to 20 mA and millivolt voltage signal generated by various ensors.Sensors are usually used as inputs for PLCs.You obtain sensors for different purposes.They can sense presence of some parts,measure temperature,pressure,or some other physical dimensionm,etc.(ex. Inductive sensors can register metal objects).Other devices also can serve as inputs to PLC controller.Intelligent devices such as robots,video systems,etc.often are capable of sending signals to PLC controller input modules(robot for instance,can send a signal to PLC controller input as information when it has finished moving an object from one place to the other.)4 Input adjustmeng interfaceAdjustment interface also called an interface is placed between input lines and a CPU unit.The purpose of adjustment interface is to protcet a CPU from disproportionate signals from an outside world.Input adjustment module turns a level of real logic to a level that suits CPU unit(ex. input from a sensor which works on 24 VDC must be converted to a signal of 5 VDC in order for a CPU to be able to process it).This is typically done through opto-isolation.Opto-isolation means that there is no electrical connection between external world and CPU unit.They are “optically”separated,or in other words,signal is transmitted through light.The way this works is simple.External device brings a signal which turns LED on,whose light in turn incites photo transistor which in turn starts conducting,and a CPU sees this as logic zero(supply between collector and transmitter falls under1V).When input signal stops LED diode turns off,transistor stops conducting,collector voltage increases,and CPU receives logic 1 as information.5 PLC controller outputAutomated system is incomplete if it is not connected with some output devices.Some of the most frequently used devices are motors,solenoids,relays,indicators,sound signalization and similar.By starting a motor,or a relay,PLC can manage or control a simple system such as system for sorting products all the way up to complex systems such as service system for positionging head of CNC machine.Output can be of analogue output is used to generate the analogue signal（ex. motor whose speed is controlled by a voltage that corresponds to a desired speed）.6 Outout adjustment interfaceOutput interface is similar to input interface.CPU brings a signal to LED diode and turns it on.Light incites a photo transistor which begins to conduct eletricity,and thus the voltage between collector and emitter falls to 0.7V,and a device attached to this output sees this as a logic zero.Inversely it means that a signal at the output exists and is interpreted as logic one.Photo transistor is not directly connected to a PLC contriller output .Between photo transistor and an output usually there is a relay or a stronger transistor capable of interruoting stronger signals.7 Extension linesEvery PLC controller has a limited number of input/output lines.If needed this number can be increased through certain additional modules by system extension through extension lines.Each module can contain extension both of input and output lines.Also,extension modules can have inputs and outputs of a different nature from those on the PLC controller(ex.in case relay outputs are on acontroller,transistor outputs can be on an extension module).中文翻译：电动机的种类1.按工作电源分类：根据电动机工作电源的不同，可分为直流电动机和交流电动机。

三相50KVA变频电源技术参数（OYHS-98350）产品共同特点输出电压：单相0-300V连续可调，三相0-520V连续可调（可特殊定制做至1000V）输出频率：60HZ，50HZ，40-499.9HZ连续可调超臷能力强，瞬间电流可承受三倍额定电流故障时一键停机功能，反应速度快，反应时间在2ms以内具有过流，过压，过温，短路，过载等多重保护及报警功能高精度的稳频稳压功能，快速调节电压，频率主要元器件均采用原装进口品牌，品质可靠三进三出变频电源技术参数型号（OYHS）98350输出容量（50KVA）50电路方式IGBT/PWM脉宽调制方式交流输入相数三相波形SINEWAWE电压380V/220V±15%频率波动范围50HZ or60HZ±15%功率因数﹥0.9交流输出相数三相波形SINE WAVE低档电压单相电压0-150V连续可调，三相电压0-260V连续可调高档电压单相电压0-300V连续可调，三相电压0-520V连续可调频率60HZ，50HZ，40-499.9HZ连续可调频率稳定率≤0.01%低档最大电流（A）138.9A（0-260V）高档最大电流（A）69.5A（0-520V）整机性能电源稳压率﹤1%负载稳压率﹤1%波形失真度﹤1%效率﹥90%反应时间≤2ms波峰因子3：1保护装置具有过压，过流，超载，输入欠压，过高温，短路等多重保护显示显示介面数位式LED显示电压4位数，数位电压表，解析度0.1V电流4位数，数位电流表，解析度0.1A功率4位数，数位瓦特表频率4位数，数位频率表环境及其它冷却装置高速变频风扇冷却，强制冷风工作温度-10℃to50℃相对湿度0～90%（非凝结状态）海拔高度≤1500m重量（KG）600尺寸(H*D*W）mm1310*800*600注：1以上尺寸不含脚输高度2可根据顾客要求规格特别定制3本公司产品规格不断研发改进,规格若有变更,恕不另行通知。

三相四线制英文表达Three-phase Four-wire System: English ExpressionIntroduction:The three-phase four-wire system is a commonly used electrical power distribution system. It is characterized by three active conductors and one neutral conductor. In this article, we will explore the English expression related to the three-phase four-wire system, including its components and key concepts.1. Voltage and Current:In the three-phase four-wire system, the voltage is typically referred to as line-to-line voltage (VLL) or phase voltage, while the current is denoted as line current (IL). The line-to-neutral voltage (VL-N) can also be calculated. These parameters play crucial roles in determining the power consumption and distribution within the system.2. Phases and Neutrals:The three-phase four-wire system consists of three phases: phase A, phase B, and phase C. These phases carry the main electrical load, and their combination provides a balanced flow of power. The neutral conductor acts as the reference point and completes the circuit by connecting all the currents returning from the loads.3. Power Distribution:Power distribution in the three-phase four-wire system can be represented by the power triangle. The power triangle illustrates therelationship between active power (P), reactive power (Q), and apparent power (S). The power factor (PF) is another important concept, indicating the efficiency of power utilization within the system.4. Load Connections:Various load connections are possible in the three-phase four-wire system. The most common configurations include star (Y) and delta (Δ) connections. In a star connection, the loads are connected between each phase and the neutral conductor. In a delta connection, each load is connected directly between two phases. These configurations offer flexibility in distributing power to different types of loads.5. Advantages and Applications:The three-phase four-wire system has several advantages over other power distribution systems. It offers a higher power transfer capacity, improved efficiency, and balanced load distribution. Consequently, it is widely used in industrial applications, commercial buildings, and large-scale electrical networks.Conclusion:The three-phase four-wire system is a fundamental aspect of electrical power distribution. It provides a reliable and efficient means of delivering electricity for various applications. Understanding the key components and concepts associated with this system is essential for professionals in the field of electrical engineering. Mastering the English expression related to the three-phase four-wire system will further enhance communication and collaboration within the industry.(Note: The word count may vary slightly based on formatting and expansion of certain sections)。

变频技术1.1变频技术的普及前景电机交流变频调速技术是当今节电、改善工艺流程以提高产品质量和改善环境、推动技术进步的一种主要手段。

变频调速以其优异的调速和起制动性能，高效率、高功率因数和节电效果，广泛的适用范圉及其它许多优点而被国内外公认为最有发展前途的调速方式。

电气传动控制系统通常山电动机、控制装置和信息装置3 部分组成，电气传动关系到合理地使用电动机以节约电能和控制机械的运转状态, 实现电能■机械能的转换，达到优质、高产、低耗口的。

电气传动分成不调速和调速两大类，调速乂分交流调速和直流调速两种方式。

不调速电动机直接山电网供电，但随着电力电子技术的发展这类原本不调速的机械越来越多地改用调速传动以节约电能(节约15%^20%或更多)，改善产品质量，提高产量。

在我国60% 的发电量是通过电动机消耗的，因此调速传动是一个重要行业，已经得到国家重视，目前已有一定规模。

近年来交流调速中最活跃、发展最快的就是变频调速技术，变频调速是交流调速的基础和主干内容。

上个世纪变压器的出现使改变电压变得很容易，从而造就了一个庞大的电力行业。

长期以来，交流电的频率一直是固定的，变频调速技术的出现使频率变为可以充分利用的资源。

这10年来，变频技术的应用在我国有很大的发展，并取得了良好的效果可以说，变频技术已为大多数用户所接受，但是不能不指出，我国在变频技术的应用方面，与发达国家的水平尚有很大差距，LI前，我国在用的交流电动机使用变频调速运行的仅6%左右，而下业发达国家已达(60%^70%),日本在风机、水泵上变频调速的采用率已达10%,而我国还不足0.01%.在日本，空调器的70%采用了变频调速，而我国才刚刚起步。

从这个现实出发，变频技术尚有很大的发展空间，应该锲而不舍地做好推广应用工作。

且随着控制技术和控制手段的不断提高，变频调速乂山变压变频控制的变频调速发而展到了矢量控制变频调速，通过控制交流电动机里相当于并励直流电动机励磁绕组的磁通变化，提高变频器的恒转矩输出范围和动静态特性，使得交流电动机变频调速系统的性能超过了直流电动机调压调速系统的性能。

The three-phase induction motor speed control methodThree-phase asynchronous motor speed formula: N = 60f / p (1-s) Can be seen from the above formula, change the power supply frequency f, motor pole number p and the slip s may be too much to change the speed of purpose. From the speed of the essence of view, is simply a different way to change speed synchronous AC motor does not change the sync transfer speed or two.Widespread use in production machines without changing the synchronous speed of motor speed control method Wound Rotor Series Resistance Speed, chopper speed control, cascade control, and application of electromagnetic slip clutch, fluid couplings, clutches and other film speed. Change the synchronous speed of change on the number of stator pole multi-speed motor to change the stator voltage and frequency to frequency conversion with no change to the motor speed and so on.Energy from the speed point of view when, with high speed method and inefficient methods of two kinds of speed: high speed when the slip refers to the same, so no slip losses, such as multi-speed motors, Slip frequency control and loss can speed recovery methods (such as cascade control, etc.). A deteriorating loss of speed control methods are inefficient speed, such as series resistance of the rotor speed method, the energy loss in the rotor circuit on; Electromagnetic Clutch The speed method, the energy loss in the clutch coils; fluid coupling speed, energy loss in the fluid coupling of the oil. General deterioration in loss increased with the expansion speed range, if not speed range, the energy loss is minimal.1, variable speed control method of pole pairsThis speed is then used to change the stator winding way to change the red cage motor stator pole pairs to achieve speed control purposes, the followingfeaturesWith hard mechanical properties, good stability;No slip loss, high efficiency; Wiring simple, easy to control, low price;A level speed, differential large, can not get smooth speed control;With pressure and speed adjustment, with the use of electromagnetic slip clutch,smooth and efficient access to high speed characteristics.This method is suitable for the production does not require variable speed machinery, such as metal cutting machine Bed , Lift , Lifting equipment, Fans Water Pump And so on.2, Frequency Control Method Frequency control is to change the motor stator Power supply Frequency, thus changing the speed of its synchronous speed method. Frequency control system main equipment is to provide variable frequency power supply Inverter , Inverter can be divided into AC - DC - AC inverter and AC - AC converter two categories, most of the current domestic use of AC - DC - AC inverter. Its characteristicsHighefficiency, speed the process without additional loss;Wide range of applications, can be used for cage induction motor;Speed range, features a hard, high accuracy;Technical complexity, high cost, difficult maintenance and overhaul.This method is suitable for the high accuracy, good speed performance occasions.3, cascade control method Cascade control is wound into the rotor circuit in the series of additional potential can be adjusted to change the motor's slip, to achieve speed control purposes. Most of the deterioration in power to be in series with the added potential absorbed, re-use generate additional devices to absorb the deterioration in power to return power to use or conversion of energy. Slip-power absorption under way, cascade control can be divided into Motor Cascade control, mechanical and thyristor cascade control cascade control, and multi-use cascade control thyristor, characterized byCan speed the process of deterioration in loss of feedback to the network or productionmachinery, more efficient;Installed capacity and speed range in direct proportion to investment, applicable speed range 70% -90% rated speed of production machinery;peed device failure can switch to full speed, to avoid the cut-off;Thyristor cascade speed low power factor, harmonics greater impact.This method is suitable for fans, pumps and rolling mills, mine hoist, extrusion machines.4, wound rotor motor speed control method of Series ResistanceWound Rotor Motor additional resistance in series, so that the motor slip up, motor running at low speed. The greater the resistance in series, the motor speed is lower. This method is simple, easy to control, but deteriorate the power consumption in the form of heat in the resistor. Is a class speed, soft mechanical properties.5, the stator pressure and speed adjustment methodStator voltage when changing the motor, you can get a different set of mechanical properties of curves, which were different speeds. Since the motor torque and voltage proportional to the square, the largest decline in a lot of torque, speed range of its small cage motors in general and difficult to apply. In order to expand the speed range, pressure and speed adjustment should be larger rotor resistance value cage motors, such as dedicated voltage regulator with speed torque motor, or series wound motor frequency sensitive resistors. In order to expand the range of stable operation, when the speed of 2:1 or more occasions in the feedback control should be adopted to achieve the purpose of automatic adjustment of speed.Pressure and speed adjustment is a key device to provide power supply voltage, the current way of a tandem common saturation voltage regulator Reactor , Auto Transformer And several other Thyristor Surge. Thyristor Surge is the best way. Adjusting Speed featuresPressure and speed adjustment circuit is simple, easy to realize automatic control;Poor power surge process to heat transfer in the rotor resistance in the form of consumption, low efficiency.Pressure and speed adjustment generally applies to 100KW below production machinery.6.electromagnetic speed regulating motor speed control method of electromagneticspeed regulating electric motor squirrel cage motor, electric slip clutch and DC excitation power supply (Controller) consists of three parts. DC excitation power small, usually consisting of single phase half-wave or full wave rectifiers thyristors composition, change thyristor conduction angle, you can change the magnetizing current size.Electromagnetic slip clutch armature, poles and excitation windings composed of three parts. Armature and the latter has no mechanical contact, are free to rotate. Armature motor coaxial connection active part, driven by motors; docking with the load axis magnetic pole coupling from the moving parts. When the armature poles are at rest, such as excitation windings for DC, along the circumferential surface will form a number of air gap on the n, s, of alternating polarity poles, the magnetic flux through the armature. Dang electric armature with drag motor rotating Shi, due to electric armature and pole between relative movement, and makes electric armature induction produced Eddy, this Eddy and magnetic pass mutual role produced go moments, led has pole of rotor by same direction rotating, but its speed constant below electric armature of speed N1, this is a go difference adjustable speed way, changes go difference clutch device of DC Lai magnetic current, will can change clutch device of output go moments and speed. Characteristics of electromagnetic speed regulating motor speed:appliances, structure and control circuit is simple, reliable operation, easymaintenance; speed and smooth, stepless speed regulationthe power network harmonic effects;lost speed, low efficiency.This method applies to medium and small power, requires low speed when the smooth, short run production machinery.7. the hydraulic coupler speed regulating hydraulic Coupler is a device for hydraulic drive, is made up of the pump and turbine, they collectively work wheels, placed in a sealed case. Shell filled with a certain amount of working fluid, when pump is impulse driven by rotation, in which liquid propelled by blades which rotate, and under the action of centrifugal force along the outer wheels when entering the turbine pump, to thrust to the turbine blades on the same turn, make it drive production machinery running. Power transfer capacity of the hydraulic coupler and shell filled with fluid volume sizes are consistent. In the course of work, changing the filling rate can change the coupler of turbine speed, stepless speed regulation, characterized by:power scope, can meet the needs of from a couple of different power 10-kilowattto shuqianqian;simple structure, reliable performance, easy to operation and maintenance, andlow cost;small size, capacity;easy to adjust, easy to fulfill automatic control.This method applies to the speed of the fan and water pump.三相异步电动机的几种调速方式三相异步电动机转速公式为：n=60f/p(1-s)从上式可见，改变供电频率f、电动机的极对数p及转差率s均可太到改变转速的目的。

1吨磅秤称量箱 box for weight of 1-ton scale PNPN型开关二极管 PNPN diodePN结激光器 PN junction laserR信号（已收到） signal R ( received)T形线夹 T-shaped wire clipU形插塞 U-linkU形磁铁 horseshoe magnetU形管压力计 U-tube manometerV形接法 V-connection;open delta connectionV形拉线 V-stayguyY－∆接法 Y-delta connectionY－∆形起动器 star-delta starter; Y-delta starterY形结线 Y-connection; star connectionY形拉线 Y-stay艾多福投影机 Eidophor projector安培 ampere安培容量 ampere capacity安培小时 ampere-hour (Ah)安全灯头插口 bayonet safety lamp socket安全开关 safety cut-out; safety switch;safety cut-off安全日光灯座 safety fluorescent lamp socket 安全遥控设备safety remote control equipment 安全载流量 safe carrying capacity安装图installation diagram; installation drawing; erection drawing; erecting drawing 安装误差 erection error按 press; push按钮 button按钮电话 push-button telephone按钮开关push-button; phshbutton; push button; press-button; key button; button按钮控制器 press button control; push-button control暗敷设concealed wiring; laid concealed; concealed laying暗红 dark red暗配线 concealed wiring暗室 dark room暗装的 concealed凹度 concavation白炽灯 incandescent lamp; incandescence lamp; incandescent light; filament lamp; tungsten filament lamp百分数误差 percentage error百分之…………per cent; ……percent; ……% 百叶窗 louver; shutter半闭式循环 semi-closed cycle半波整流器 half-wave rectifier; single-way rectifier半导体二极管 semiconductor diode半导体管电路 transistor circuit半导体激光器 semiconductor laser半导体开关元件 thyristor半封闭式电动机 semi-enclosed type motor; semi-enclosed motor半封闭式开关装置 semi-enclosed switchgear 半负载 half-load半圆球罩 semi-globe lamp shade半圆形灯 dome lamp饱和电抗器saturable reactor; saturation reactor; transductor保安电阻 protective resistance; protective resistor保护断路器 protective circuit breaker保护继电器protective relay; protection relay; protect relay保护接地系统 protection earthing system保护套管 protective sleeve保密码 secret code保险丝 fuse保险丝盒 fuse box报警灯 alarm lamp; guard lamp; warning lamp 报警灯 danger light报警电路 alarm circuit; warning circuit报警继电器 alarm relay; alarming relay报警系统 warning system报警信号 guard signal; alarm signal; warning signal报警装置 alarm device报警装置 alarm device报时信号 time signal爆炸 explosion爆炸危险 explosion hazard备件spare parts; spares; reserve parts; repair part;service parts备用 emergency备用电池 emergency battery; emergency cell; stand-by battery备用电源stand-by power supply; stand-by power source; reserve power supply; emergency power supply备用机组 standby unit, emergency set备用接点 spare contact, standby contact备用容量 reserve capacity; margincapacity; idle capacity背板 backboard背面接线图 back connection diagram被保护设备 equipment being protected被测压力 measured pressure被控系统 controlled system被控制量controlled variable, regulated variable本地广播信道 local channel比例尺 scale比例系数 proportional coefficient闭合 make; closing; closure; close-up闭合电路 close circuit; closed loop闭环控制 closed-loop control闭路电视 closed-circuit television (CCTV)闭式循环 closed cycle闭锁继电器 block relay壁灯 bracket lamp; bracket light; wall lamp 壁挂式 bracket type避雷带 strap type lightning protector避雷器arrester; lightning arrester; lightning protector; surge discharger; spark-gap避雷器开关 arrester switch避雷网 network of lightning conductor避雷针lightning rod; air terminal; lightning conductor; lightning guard编号 code number; serial number; numbering 编码矩阵 encoding matrix编码器 encoder编织电缆 braided cable编织线 braided wire; litz line扁孔插座 receptacle for flat pin扁形电缆 flat cable; ribbon cable; tape cable 变电所 transformer station, substation变电所 substation; transformer substation; transforming station; transformer station变电站 substation; transformer station; transformer substation; transforming station 变电站变压器 substation transformer变化 variation; change变换器converter; convertor; changer; inverter; transverter; transformer变量 variable; variable quantity变流器changer; converter; convertor; transverter变码 garbled code变频器frequency changer; frequency converter; converter; convertor; transverter 变频同步发电机 variable frequency synchro generator变送器 transducer; transmitter变压 voltage transformer变压比transformer ratio; transformation ratio; turns ratio; ratio变压器 transformer变压器低压侧 low voltage side of transformer; step-down side of transformer变压器高压侧 high tension side of transformer; high-voltage side of transformer; step-up side of transformer变压器利用系数transformer utilization factor变压器容量 transformer capacity变压器室 transformer room; transformer vault; transformer compartment变压器损耗 transformer loss变压器铁心 transformer core变压器亭（配电亭） kiosk变压器线圈 transformer coil变压器箱 transformer tank变阻器 rheostat; varistor变阻式调压器 rheostatic voltage regulator标称电路电压 nominal circuit voltage标称电压 nominal voltage; rated voltage标称容量 nominal capacity标记 mark; marking; sign标签 label; tag 标准件 standard parts标准配件 standard fittings标准设备 standard equipment标准设计 standard design标准图 standard drawing; typical drawing标准图目录 list of standard drawing表 table; list; schedule; sheet; meter; gauge 表盖 meter cover表壳 meter case表面高温计 surface pyrometer表面面积 surface area表面式冷凝器 surface condenser表面温度计 surface thermometer表面泄漏电流 surface leakage current并激电动机 shunt motor并联电路 parallel circuit; shunt circuit并联电容器 shunting condenser并联电阻resistance in parallel; parallel resistance; shunt resistance并联绕组 parallel winding并联稳压器 shunt regulator并联阻抗 shunt impedance并列负载 shunt load拨号盘 dial波门录取 gate extraction波绕组 wave winding玻璃纤维 glass fiber; fiber glass; glasswool 播音室 studio播音室广播 studio broadcast播音室广播节目 studio program播音员 announcer铂铂铑热电偶 Pt-Pt-Rh thermocouple铂电阻温度计 platinum resistance thermometer 铂合金 platinum alloy铂热阻 platinum thermistor薄壁穿线钢管 thin wall steel conduit薄膜电线管 light-wall conduit薄片 lamina; lamel; lamella补偿电动机 composted motor补偿电缆 cable for compensation补偿电路 compensation circuit补偿电容器compensating capacitor; compensation condenser; compensating condenser补偿电阻器compensating resistor; compensation resistor补偿过度 over-compensation补偿器 compensator; compensation apparatus 补充 supplement; making-up补救 remedy不便移动式用电设备 stationary appliance不带电的金属外壳non-current carrying metallic case不等速的 non-uniform velocity不定期检查 casual inspection不对称的 asymmetric; dissymmetric; unstmmetrical; non-symmetrical不发火 nonsparking不方便 inconvenience不合格 unguarded不合理的 unreasonable不合适 misfit不间断的操作 non-stop operation; continuous operation不接地中性点 insulated neutral point不可靠性 unreliability不连续性 discontinuity不良导体 poor conductor不良接点 bad contact; imperfect contact不平衡馈电线 unbalance feeder line不平衡三相电路unbalanced three-phase circuit不平衡三相电压unbalanced three-phase voltage不平衡三相负载 unbalance three-phase load不切断切换触点 holding transferring contact 不燃的 non-inflammable; non-combustible不同部门电缆并列parallel arrangement of different purpose cables不透明 opacity不透气的 air-tight; gas-tight不透水的 water-tight不用稿子的广播 unscripted broadcast不圆度 out of roundness不正常电压 abnormal voltage布暗线 concealed wiring布电线 electric wire ( cotton covered )布明线 open wiring; exposed wiring布线电容 wiring capacitance; wiring capacity 步 step步进开关 stepping switch; step switch步进旋转选择器 step-by-step type uniselector 步谈机 walkie-talkie部门 department材料单 bill of material彩色传输 color transmission彩色电视 color TV彩色信号 TV signal参比电压 reference voltage参比频率 reference frequency参比条件 reference condition参比温度 reference temperature参考线 reference line操纵operation; operating; control; manipulation;manoeuver; maneuver操纵按钮 control button操纵板 control pane; control desk操纵设备 control unit; commanding apparatus 操纵室 control chamber; control room操纵台control desk; control console; control panel; control board; operation's desk; bench board操纵系统 control system操作程序 sequence of operations操作工序operational sequence; operation sequence操作平台 operating platform 操作人员operator; operating personnel; operating staff操作失误 misoperation操作误差 operate miss操作须知 operating instruction操作员终端 operator terminal槽式充油油开关 oil bath type oil circuit braker草图sketch; sketch drawing; draft; rough draft; rough drawing侧灯 side lamp; side light测力计 dynamometer测试 test测试设备instrumentation; testing device; test equipment测试用变压器 testing transformer测试用放大器 test amplifier叉形拉线 forked stayguy插接式母线槽 plug-in bus duct插孔板 female receptacle插口灯座 bayonet lamp socket; bayonet holder; bayonet base; bayonet socket插口平灯座 bayonet flush lamp socket插入 inserting; inset in; inlay; plug in插入式 plug-in type; jack-in type插入式保险丝 plug fuse; push-in fuse插入式继电器 plug-in relay插入式熔断器 plug fuse插塞开关 plug switch插塞式保险丝 plug cut-out插塞式熔丝 plug fuse插头 plug; plug pin插头（塞子） plug插头风扇 oscillating fan插座 receptacle; socket; outlet;female receptacle; plug receptacle插座（塞孔） jack, socket查号台 directory enquiry差 difference差动测量 differential measurement差动电流计 differential galvanometer差动式压力表 pressure manometer差动仪表 differential instrument差压式传感器 differential pressure pick-up 拆除 dismantle拆下 detach拆线 cutting the line拆线键 clearing button柴油发电机 diesel dynamo; diesel generator 长波 long wave长方形孔 slot长期过载 prolonged overload长途电话 long distance telephone calls, trunk call, (Am.) long distance call长途电话台 long-distance exchange( operator )常闭触点 normally-closed contact; normally closed contact; normally-made contact常开触点normally open contact;normally-open contact; normally-broken contact; normally opened contact厂区照明illumination of factory site; lighting of plant site厂用电系统 station service system敞开式 open type敞开式保险丝 open fuse敞开式熔断器 open type fuse超短波 ultra short wave超高频 ultra frequency超高压super-voltage; super-tension; super-high tension; super-high voltage超高压电网 supergrid超高压水银灯 super-high voltage mercury lamp 超功率继电器 over-power relay超前电流 leading current超前角 angle of advance; angle of lead; lead angle;advance angle超声波 ultrasonic wave超声波探伤仪 ultrasonic flaw detector超声波探伤仪 ultrasonic flaw detector超正析摄像管 image orthicon超重型 extra-heavy-duty潮湿环境 damp location; location moist潮汐电站 tidal power station车间 shop; workshop; plant; department衬里 liner; lining称重传感器 weight transducer(sensor)撑木 brace成反比的 inversely proportional成套备件 set of spare parts程序 program程序 program; programme; procedure; sequence 程序控制 program control程序控制触点 sequence-controlled contact程序设计系统 programming system持续短路 sustained short-current持续短路电流 steady short-circuit current; sustained short-circuit current持续时间 duration尺寸公差 dimensional tolerance充电电缆 charging cable充电电流 charging current充电电容器charging capacitor; charging condenser充电电压 charging voltage充电电阻 charging resistance充电电阻器 charging resistor充电二极管 charging diode充电指示器 charging indicator充气电缆 gas-filled cable; gas cable充气电容器 gas-filled capacitor充气式温度计 gas-filled thermometer冲击电流 impulse current冲击电压 impulse voltage冲击电压试验 impulse voltage test冲击负载 impulse load; shock load冲击型水轮机 impulse water turbine 冲孔 punch虫胶 lac; shellac虫胶清漆 shellac varnish抽水蓄能式水电站 pump-storage power station 抽头 tap; tapping抽头变压器 tap transformer抽头转换开关 tap changer出厂长度 completed length出线容量 outlet capacity初步加工 pre-treat初步设计 preliminary design; basic design; predesign; outline design初级（一次）屏蔽 primary shield初速 initial velocity除气器 de-aerator储备系数 assurance factor触点 contact触电 electric shock; elelctroshock触电危险 shock hazard触发电路 trigger circuit触发器 trigger; flip-flop触摸式键盘 touch key board触头 contact穿墙进线绝缘导管 wall entrance insulator穿墙套管wall bushing; wall entrance bushing sleeve穿心式绝缘子 shackle insulator穿越套管 thoroughfare bushing传动 drive传感器 sensor, sensing element传呼电话 messenger call传呼电话 messenger call串并联 series parallel串联 series connection串联电路 series circuit; current circuit串联电容 series capacity串联电容器设备 series capacity installation 串联电阻series resistance; resistance in series串联电阻器 series resistor串联扼流圈 series reactor串联过载继电器 series over-current relay串联式相位补偿器 series type phase advancer 串联线圈 series coil垂直度 verticality垂直分量 vertical component垂直天线 vertical antenna瓷大螺口管子灯头 porcelain big screw tube lamp socket瓷管型油断路器 porcelain type oil circuit breaker瓷绝缘子 porcelain insulator瓷绝缘子 porcelain insulator瓷瓶 porcelain insulator瓷质灯头 porcelain knob磁吹避雷器 magnetic blow-out arrester磁带 magnetic tape磁带机 tape handling unit磁带录像 video tape recording( VTR )磁带录音机 tape recorder磁轭 magnetic yoke磁放大器 magnetic amplifier磁化电流 magnetizing current磁化线圈 magnetizing coil磁开关 magnetic switch磁控管 magnetron磁控制器 magnetic controller磁力开关 magnetic switch磁力探伤仪 magnetic flaw detector磁力脱扣器 magnetic trip磁盘 magnetic disk磁盘录像 magnetic disc recording磁探伤法 magnetic fault find method磁探伤仪 magnetic flaw detector磁铁 magnet磁铁制动器 magnetic brake磁通密度 flux density; magnetic flux density 磁性元件 magnetic element次分支 sub-branch次级（二次）屏蔽 secondary shield粗调 coarse regulation; coarse adjustment; rough adjustment粗加工 pre-treat粗线 thick line; heavy line错缝 dislocation错开 stagger错算 miscount错误 E (error)搭接 lap; overlap joint搭接焊 lap welding答问比赛节目 quiz program打错了。

Photovoltaic Power Pupply Pine Pave Inverter Based On68HC908MR16 MCU1 IntroductionWith the growing energy crisis and increase the environmental awareness of mankind,the development and utilization of new energy is reccining increasing attention. And solar energy as an inexhaustible supply of highly efficient non-polluting energy has more people of all ages. In this paper, the photovoltaic power system is sinusoidal inverter suitable for a household, especially for electricty without electricity in remote areas of the western region of a power systm users, as China’s western development will be its market prospects will become more and more broad.2 Structure and principle of the inverter system2.1 The basic structure of the systemFirst of all, by the solar array to the battery charging circuit in order to get a basic stability of the DC voltage, and then by the inverter ciruit will be high-frequency alternationg current into direct current recerse, and finally by the frequency step-up transformer and filter circuit filtering into 50Hz,220V sinusoidal AC voltage.Control of the whole system is completed by a single-chip MR16.The core part of the formation of SPWM wave and the output AC voltage according to the feedback form, composed of sampling digital PI regulator part.2.2Single-chip on the MR1668HC908MR 16 single chip is a low-cost, high-performance single-chip 8. It has 32k bytes of rewritable flash memory-chip FLASH,with 768 bytes of RAM,this system completely enough;with a dedicated motor for 6-channel PWM output PWMMC modules, suitable for in single-phase, three-phase inverter, at the same time the module was also devoted to the protection Fsult FAULT pin 4, whem the fault does not occur in the case of interruption caused by the rapid blockade of the PWM output to achieve the purpose of protection; with the option external crystal clock or internal clock phase-locked loop clock generator modul, the system chosen by the internal PLL clock can producc accurate 8MHz internal bus frequency, so as to ensure the accuracy of the frequency of the system; with programmable AD clock. AD fastest conversion time only 2μs,to minimize disroption of program execution tim;with SCI serial communication interface, can work infull-duplex or half-duplex mode, in this system can reliably be completed with the outside world keyboard monitor serial communication system.2.3 Inverter Main CircuitSwitching device is appropriate for low-power devices, with switching speed, high frequency characteristics of the power MOSFET. Switch gate drive signal from the single-chip MR16 wave generated by the SPWM signal driver circuitl Full-bridge inverter SPWM output for high-frequency wave, the step-up transformer and filter immediately be 220V,50Hz standard AC ovltage sinusoidal.2.4 SPWM wave formation68HC908MR16 with a special single-chip motor control can be used to work in threepairs of complementary mode or standalone mode, including 6-channel PWM output module PWMMC, Initialization of the system in its work in three pairs of complementary patterns in the same bridge that the two PWM signal arm is complementary, in the initialization of dollars to write a value to the PMOD(H:L) in orde to determine the carrier frequency that is switching frequency. Real-time wave PWM pulse width calculation is completed by the interruption of the procedure, each PWMMC module PCTN(H:L) register, single-chip will PV ALX(H:L) of the value of PMOD(H:L) after the value in the automatic generation of SPWM signal sent by the PWM pin,. In order to prevent the same bridge arm of the two tubes at the same tine the phenomenon of conduction occurred in the absence of signal generator DEADTIME in DEADTM writes a register balue to determine the dead time. The design of the system time for 2.5μs, the carrier frequency to 10KHz, including 200 made to enlarge the value of the sine sine table. There are 4modules PWMMC fault protection port FAULT1~FAULT4,when the port when high, PWMMC initialization can be set to block in accordance with the corresponding PWM output, the sstem is the use of the over-current protection function, When over0current, it FAULT1 home port in order to place all six road blockade PWM port. PWMMC work the system so that the center alignment mode, in the PWM clock frequency of 8MHz carrier under its formula for the cycleCarrier cycle =1/10k=PMOD(H:L)×(1/8M)×2Therefore, the system must be initialized PMOD(H:L) =＄0190(Note: ＄for the MR16 in hexadecimal notation)2.5 System control structureThe system through the digital PI regulator to control realization of regulators. The control system block diagram shown in figure 3.AC voltage feedback signal from the AD sample. In order to ensure accuracy, the system uses sampling voltage transformer,Just start to set output voltage from the soft-start, soft-start is generated at startup in order to avoid large peak currentl. Soft-start the use of successive incremental increases to a voltage required for the method,after the soft-start voltage is set to correspond to 220V voltage values, In order to enhance the speed, the system uses a feedforward control and feedback control of the control method of combining.In order to enhance the output characteristics of the dynamic system. The system changes in accordance with the ratio of deviation of the size of coefficient and integral coefficient of the fuzzy control method, when the deviation is larger, the proportion coefficient and integral coefficient is aslo larger., when the deviation of the proportion of small coefficients and imtergral coefficient smaller, thus reducing the overshoot, it iseasy to make the system stable,the total elimination of the integral saturation phenomenon,but also to enhance the adaptability of the system.3 Serial CommunicationIn order to enhance the system's ability to adapt to different environments,it is necessary to monitor and control system to monitor and modify the parameters of regulation,this system uses a serial communication technology keyboard monitoring system with the outside world to communicate.Procedures on the use of inquiry methods to the outside world periodically send test data,test data including the solar cell voltage,charge current, battery voltage,DC current ,output voltage,output current, heat sink temperature,when the event of the failure priority send faultsignal,when the need to modify parameters and modify data on the reception of the corresponding parameters,and use the methods of calibration and calibration test of the accuracy of data communication. MAXIM's hardware as a MAX485 interface chip to work in half-duplex mode, while the system optocoupler isolation systems approach to enhance anti-interference ability and reliability.4 System software designThe modular design of system software, including the initialization module, the protection module, regulator modules, communication modules, such as interruption of program modules,in addition to disruption of modules outside the main program on the remaining modules, which will completion of system initialization main module initialization, the variable unit, given the initial value of the register unit.Protection module in accordance with voltage and current sample values to determine fault and the fault occurs in the PWM output of the blockade. Protection,including under-voltage battery voltage, over-voltage protection can be achieved since the restoration, that is, the battery voltage is detected and returned to normal, the system re-soft start and resume normal work. Overcurrent protection as a result of the rapid response they need to protect the use of hardware, when the over-current at the time of the blockade as soon as all the PWM output, but also sealed off all the driving circuit, only to return to work can be rest, software can determine whether there has been over-current protection.Regulator module to complete the system of the PI regulator output voltage regulation, entrance to the output parameters for the soft-start exports to the disruption module M parameters involved in the calculation of PWM pulse width. Through real-time adjustment of the value of the parameter value can be changed so that the output pulse width given to follow.Interruption of program modules to complete the issue of SPWM waveform, AC voltage, AC current parameters of the sample. Interruption of the entrance parameters of PI regulator for the output parameter M, the parameters involved in the calculation of pulse width that is PV ALX(H:L) values calculated, thus changing the duty cycle which regulates the output voltage 2 in accordance with the the rules of SPWM sampling methods, combined with the initialization of PWMMC set formula for calculating real-time pulse width for real-time pulse width forIs a half cycle:PV ALX(H:L)=PMOD(H:L)/2+M*SIN(PTR)Negative half-cycle:PV ALX(H:L)=PMOD(H:L)/2-M*SIN(PTR)One PTR pointer to sine table, SIN (PTR) for the corresponding sine value of the pointer PTR.5 ConclusionPrototype made in accordance with the above thinking, the last to be relatively standard 220V,50Hz sinusoidal voltage, soft-start is also very stable, its frequency error <=0.1%,the output voltage err of <=0.5%. As a result of the carrier frequency of 10KHz, in the transformer primary side to be 20kHz high-frequency signals without noise. Under the above-mentioned control can ensure the system load or a sudden reduction in load to maintain output voltage stability quickly. Keyboard and monitor system with the outside world of the scrial. Communication good,strong practicality and reliability.基于68HC908MR16单片机的光伏正弦波逆变电源1 引言随着能源危机的日益加剧和人类环保意识的提高，新能源的开发利用越来越受到人们的重视。