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能源科普英文作文英文：Energy is a crucial part of our daily lives. It powers our homes, cars, and businesses. However, many of us don't fully understand where our energy comes from or how it's produced. In this article, I will provide a brief overviewof energy sources and production methods.Firstly, there are two main categories of energy sources: renewable and non-renewable. Non-renewable sources include fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These sources are finite and will eventually run out. Onthe other hand, renewable sources include solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power. These sources are replenished naturally and can be used indefinitely.Secondly, there are various methods of producing energy. One method is through thermal power plants, which burnfossil fuels to heat water and produce steam that drivesturbines. Another method is through nuclear power plants, which use nuclear reactions to generate heat and produce steam. Renewable sources are typically harnessed through solar panels, wind turbines, hydroelectric dams, and geothermal plants.It's important to note that each energy source and production method has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, non-renewable sources are often cheaper and more reliable, but they also contribute to climate change and pollution. Renewable sources are cleaner and more sustainable, but they can be less reliable and more expensive.In conclusion, understanding energy sources and production methods is crucial for making informed decisions about our energy use. By choosing cleaner and more sustainable sources, we can help protect our planet and ensure a brighter future for generations to come.中文：能源是我们日常生活中至关重要的一部分。
外文原文：ENERGY FROM THE SUNThe sun has produced energy for billions of years. Solar energy is the solar radiation that reaches the earth. Solar energy can be converted directly or indirectly into other forms of energy, such as heat and electricity. The major drawbacks (problems, or issues to overcome) of solar energy are: (1) the intermittent and variable manner in which it arrives at the earth's surface and, (2) the large area required to collect it at a useful rate. Solar energy is used for heating water for domestic use, space heating of buildings, drying agricultural products, and generating electrical energy.In the 1830s, the British astronomer John Herschel used a solar collector box to cook food during an expedition to Africa. Now, people are trying to use the sun's energy for lots of things.Electric utilities are trying photovoltaics, a process by which solar energy is converted directly to electricity. Electricity can be produced directly from solar energy using photovoltaic devices or indirectly from steam generators using solar thermal collectors to heat a working fluid. Out of the 14 known solar electric generating units operating in the US at the end of 2004, 10 of these are in California, and 4 in Arizona. No statistics are being collected on solar plants that produce less than 1 megawatt of electricity, so there may be smaller solar plants in a number of other states. PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGYPhotovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity through a photovoltaic (PVs) cell, commonly called a solar cell. A photovoltaic cell is a nonmechanical device usually made from silicon alloys.Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When photons strike a photovoltaic cell, they may be reflected, pass right through, or be absorbed. Only the absorbed photons provide energy to generate electricity. When enough sunlight (energy) is absorbed by the material (a semiconductor), electrons are dislodged from the material's atoms. Special treatment of the material surface during manufacturing makes the front surface of the cell more receptive to free electrons, so the electrons naturally migrate to the surface.When the electrons leave their position, holes are formed. When many electrons, each carrying a negative charge, travel toward the front surface of the cell, the resulting imbalance of charge between the cell's front and back surfaces creates a voltage potential like the negative and positive terminals of a battery. When the two surfaces are connected through an external load, electricity flows.The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of a PV system. Individual cells can vary in size from about 1 cm (1/2 inch) to about 10 cm (4 inches) across. However, one cell only produces 1 or 2 watts, which isn't enough power for most applications. To increase power output, cells are electrically connected into a packaged weather-tight module. Modules can be further connected to form an array. The term array refers to the entire generating plant, whether it is made up of one or several thousand modules. As many modules as needed can be connected to form the array size (power output) needed.The performance of a photovoltaic array is dependent upon sunlight. Climate conditions (e.g., clouds, fog) have a significant effect on the amount of solar energy received by a PV array and, in turn, its performance. Most current technology photovoltaic modules are about 10 percent efficient in converting sunlight with further research being conducted to raise this efficiency to 20 percent.The pv cell was discovered in 1954 by Bell Telephone researchers examining the sensitivity of a properly prepared silicon wafer to sunlight. Beginning in the late 1950s, pvs were used to power U.S. space satellites. The success of PVs in space generated commercial applications for pv technology. The simplest photovoltaic systems power many of the small calculators and wrist watches used everyday. More complicated systems provide electricity to pump water, power communications equipment, and even provide electricity to our homes.Photovoltaic conversion is useful for several reasons. Conversion from sunlight to electricity is direct, so that bulky mechanical generator systems are unnecessary. The modular characteristic of photovoltaic energy allows arrays to be installed quickly and in any size required or allowed.Also, the environmental impact of a photovoltaic system is minimal, requiring no water for system cooling and generating no by-products. Photovoltaic cells, like batteries, generate direct current (DC) which is generally used for small loads (electronic equipment). When DC from photovoltaic cells is used for commercial applications or sold to electric utilities using the electric grid, it must be converted to alternating current (AC) using inverters, solid state devices that convert DC power to AC. Historically, pvs have been used at remote sites to provide electricity. However, a market for distributed generation from PVs may be developing with the unbundling of transmission and distribution costs due to electric deregulation. The siting of numerous small-scale generators in electric distribution feeders could improve the economics and reliability of the distribution system.SOLAR THERMAL HEATThe major applications of solar thermal energy at present are heating swimming pools, heating water for domestic use, and space heating of buildings. For these purposes, the general practice is to use flat-plate solar-energy collectors with a fixed orientation (position).Where space heating is the main consideration, the highest efficiency with a fixed flat-plate collector is obtained if it faces approximately south and slopes at an angle to the horizon equal to the latitude plus about 15 degrees. Solar collectors fall into two general categories: nonconcentrating and concentrating.In the nonconcentrating type, the collector area (i.e. the area that intercepts the solar radiation) is the same as the absorber area (i.e., the area absorbing the radiation).In concentrating collectors, the area intercepting the solar radiation is greater, sometimes hundreds of times greater, than the absorber area. Where temperatures below about 200o F are sufficient, such as for space heating, flat-plate collectors of the nonconcentrating type are generally used.There are many flat-plate collector designs but generally all consist of (1) a flat-plate absorber, which intercepts and absorbs the solar energy, (2) a transparent cover(s) that allows solar energy to pass through but reduces heat loss from the absorber, (3) a heat-transport fluid (air or water) flowing through tubes to remove heat from the absorber, and (4) a heat insulating backing.Solar space heating systems can be classified as passive or active. In passive heating systems, the air is circulated past a solar heat surface(s) and through the building by convection (i.e. less dense warm air tends to rise while more dense cooler air moves downward) without the use of mechanical equipment. In active heating systems, fans and pumps are used to circulate the air or the heat absorbing fluid.SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTSSolar thermal power plants use the sun's rays to heat a fluid, from which heat transfer systems may be used to produce steam. The steam, in turn, is converted into mechanical energy in a turbine and into electricity from a conventional generator coupled to the turbine. Solar thermal power generation is essentially the same as conventional technologies except that in conventional technologies the energy source is from the stored energy in fossil fuels released by combustion. Solar thermal technologies use concentrator systems due to the high temperatures needed for the working fluid.PARABOLIC TROUGHThe parabolic trough is used in the largest solar power facility in the world located in the Mojave Desert at Kramer Junction, California. This facility has operated since the 1980 and accounted for the majority of solar electricity produced by the electric power sector in 2004.A parabolic trough collector has a linear parabolic-shaped reflector that focuses the sun's radiation on a linear receiver located at the focus of the parabola. The collector tracks the sun along one axis from east to west during the day to ensure that the sun is continuously focused on the receiver. Because of its parabolic shape, a trough can focus the sun at 30 to 100 times its normal intensity (concentration ratio) on a receiver pipe located along the focal line of the trough, achieving operating temperatures over 400 degrees Celcius.A collector field consists of a large field of single-axis tracking parabolic trough collectors. The solar field is modular in nature and is composed of many parallel rows of solar collectors aligned on a north-south horizontal axis. A working (heat transfer) fluid is heated as it circulates through the receivers and returns to a series of heat exchangers at a central location where the fluid is used to generate high-pressure superheated steam. The steam is then fed to a conventional steam turbine/generator to produce electricity. After the working fluid passes through the heat exchangers, the cooled fluid is recirculated through the solar field. The plant is usually designed to operate at full rated power using solar energy alone, given sufficient solar energy. However, all plants are hybrid solar/fossil plants that have a fossil-fired capability that can be used to supplement the solar output during periods of low solar energy. The Luz plant is a natural gas hybrid.SOLAR DISHA solar dish/engine system utilizes concentrating solar collectors that track the sun on two axes, concentrating the energy at the focal point of the dish because it is always pointed at the sun. The solar dish's concentration ratio is much higher that the solar trough, typically over 2,000, with a working fluid temperature over 750o C. The power-generating equipment used with a solar dish can be mounted at the focal point of the dish, making it well suited for remote operations or, as with the solar trough, the energy may be collected from a number of installations and converted to electricity at a central point. The engine in a solar dish/engine system converts heat to mechanical power by compressing the working fluid when it is cold, heating the compressed working fluid, and then expanding the fluid through a turbine or with a piston to produce work. The engine is coupled to an electric generator to convert the mechanical power to electric power.SOLAR POWER TOWERA solar power tower or central receiver generates electricity from sunlight by focusing concentrated solar energy on a tower-mounted heat exchanger (receiver). This system uses hundreds to thousands of flat sun-tracking mirrors called heliostats to reflect and concentrate the sun's energy onto a central receiver tower. The energy can be concentrated as much as 1,500times that of the energy coming in from the sun. Energy losses from thermal-energy transport are minimized as solar energy is being directly transferred by reflection from the heliostats to a single receiver, rather than being moved through a transfer medium to one central location, as with parabolic troughs. Power towers must be large to be economical. This is a promising technology for large-scale grid-connected power plants. Though power towers are in the early stages of development compared with parabolic trough technology, a number of test facilities have been constructed around the world.Last Revised: July 2008Sources: Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual,Form EIA-860, Annual Electric Generator Report database.中文译文：来自太阳的能源太阳产生能量已有数十亿年，太阳能是太阳辐射到地球的能量。
太阳能蒸馏：一种有前途的供水代替技术，它使用免费的能源，技术简单，清洁Hassan E.S.Fath埃及，亚历山大，亚历山大大学机械学院工程系摘要：太阳能蒸馏为盐水淡化提供了一种替代技术，它使用免费的能源、技术简单、清洁，为人类提供所需的部分淡水。
太阳能蒸馏系统的发展已经证明：当天气情况良好，并且需求不太大时，比如少于200立方米／天，它在海水淡化过程中有一定的适用性。
太阳能蒸馏器的产量低这个问题迫使科学家研究许多提高蒸馏器产量和热效率，以此来降低产水的费用。
本文对许多最新发展的单效和多效太阳能蒸馏器进行了整体评论和技术评估。
同时，对蒸馏器构造的发展、各部件在运行过程中出现的问题、对环境的影响也进行了阐述。
关键词：太阳能;海水淡化1.简介在淡水需求超出了淡水资源所能满足的量的地方，对低质量的水进行去盐处理是一种合适的淡水来源途径。
对盐水或海水脱盐处理取得淡水满足了社会基本的需求。
一般说来，它不会对环境造成严重的损害作用。
因此，进行海水淡化的工序和工厂在数量上和能力上都有了巨大的进步。
许多不同的海水淡化技术被用来从盐水中分离淡水，包括有：多级闪蒸（MSF）、多效（ME）、蒸汽压缩(VC)、反渗透（RO）、离子交换、电渗析、相变和溶剂萃取。
但是，这些技术只能产生少量的淡水，因而是昂贵的。
另一方面，用来驱动这些技术的传统能源也会对环境产生消极的作用。
而太阳能蒸馏为盐水淡化技术提供了一种有前途的替代处理过程，它使用免费的能源，技术简单，清洁，并能为人类提供所需的部分淡水。
太阳能蒸馏系统的发展已经证明：当天气情况良好，并且需求不太大时，比如少于200立方米／天，它在海水淡化过程中有一定的适用性。
太阳能蒸馏器的产量和热效率，以此来最小化产水费用。
这些方法中包括被动的和主动的单效蒸馏器。
一些工作者也曾试图都产生的水蒸气在外部凝结（在额外的凝结表面上）。
另一方面，浪费的凝结潜热也被利用，从而增加馏出水的产量和提高效率。
能源科普英文作文高中英文：Energy is an essential part of our daily lives. It powers our homes, businesses, and transportation. However, not all energy sources are created equal. Some are renewable, while others are non-renewable. In this article, I will discuss the different types of energy sources and their impact on the environment.Renewable energy sources are those that can be replenished naturally and sustainably. Examples include solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass. These sources are considered clean because they do not emit greenhouse gases or other pollutants. They also have a lower environmental impact than non-renewable sources. For instance, wind turbines and solar panels can be installed on existing structures, such as rooftops, withoutdisrupting the natural landscape. Additionally, hydroelectric dams can provide clean energy withoutemitting harmful pollutants.Non-renewable energy sources, on the other hand, are those that cannot be replenished naturally or sustainably. Examples include coal, oil, and natural gas. These sources are considered dirty because they emit greenhouse gases and other pollutants. They also have a higher environmental impact than renewable sources. For instance, coal mining can lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and water pollution. Oil spills can devastate marine ecosystems and harm wildlife.In conclusion, the type of energy source we use has a significant impact on the environment. Renewable sources are cleaner and have a lower environmental impact than non-renewable sources. It is important that we prioritize the use of renewable energy sources to reduce our carbon footprint and protect the planet.中文：能源是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
保护能源英文作文英文：As we all know, energy is an essential resource for human beings. However, with the rapid development of industry and technology, the demand for energy is increasing day by day. At the same time, the limited energy resources on earth are gradually being depleted. Therefore, it is of great significance to protect and conserve energy.Firstly, we can start from our daily life. For example, turning off lights and unplugging appliances when not in use can save a lot of energy. Taking public transportation or carpooling can also reduce energy consumption. Secondly, we can promote the use of renewable energy, such as solar energy and wind energy, which are not only environmentally friendly but also sustainable. Thirdly, we can encourage the development of energy-saving technologies and products, which can reduce energy consumption while maintaining the same level of performance.In addition, governments and enterprises should also play a leading role in energy conservation and protection. Governments can formulate relevant policies and regulations to promote energy conservation and the development of renewable energy. Enterprises can invest in research and development of energy-saving technologies and products, and adopt energy-saving measures in production and operation.In short, protecting energy is not only aresponsibility of individuals, but also a common goal of the whole society. Only by working together can we achieve sustainable development and a better future.中文：众所周知，能源是人类必不可少的资源。
分析能源的英语作文有翻译Energy Analysis。
Energy is a vital resource that is essential for the functioning of modern society. It is used for everything from powering our homes and vehicles to running our businesses and industries. However, as the world's population continues to grow and demand for energy increases, it is becoming increasingly important to analyze our energy usage and find ways to make it more sustainable.One of the most important aspects of energy analysis is understanding where our energy comes from. The majority of our energy is generated from fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These resources are finite and their extraction and use have significant environmental impacts, including air and water pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change. As a result, there is a growing need toshift towards renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, which have much lower environmental impactsand are more sustainable in the long term.Another important aspect of energy analysis is understanding how we use energy. The biggest consumers of energy are buildings and transportation. In buildings, energy is used for heating, cooling, lighting, and powering appliances and electronics. In transportation, energy is used for fueling vehicles and powering publictransportation systems. By improving the energy efficiencyof buildings and transportation systems, we cansignificantly reduce our energy usage and associated environmental impacts.There are many ways to improve energy efficiency, including using energy-efficient appliances and electronics, upgrading insulation and windows in buildings, andinvesting in public transportation and electric vehicles. Additionally, individuals and businesses can reduce their energy usage by adopting simple practices such as turningoff lights and electronics when not in use, using natural light instead of artificial light, and adjustingthermostats to more energy-efficient temperatures.In conclusion, energy analysis is an important tool for understanding our energy usage and finding ways to make it more sustainable. By shifting towards renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency, we can reduce our environmental impacts and ensure that we have a reliable and sustainable energy supply for generations to come.能源分析。
关于采煤煤炭方面的外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译附录AProfile : Coal is China's main energy in the country's total primary energy accounted for 76% and above. Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidic mine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction. In this paper, the acidic mine water hazards, and the formation of acid mine water in the prevention and treatment of simple exposition. Keywords : mining activities acidic mine water prevention and correction of the environmental impact of coal a foreword is China's main energy, China accounted for one-time energy above 76%, will conduct extensive mining. Mining process undermined the seam office environment, the reduction of its original environment into oxidizing environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. PH value lower than the six said acidic mine water mine water. Acid mine water in parts of the country in the South in particular coal mine were more widely. South China coal mine water in general pH 2.5 ~ 5.8, sometimes 2.0. Low pH causes and coal of high sulfur closely related. Acid mine water to the formation of ground water have caused serious pollution, whilealso corrosion pipes, pumps, Underground rail, and other equipment and the concrete wall, but also serious pollution of surface water and soil, river shrimp pictures, soil compaction, crops wither and affect human health. An acidic mine water hazards mine water pH is below 6 is acidic, metal equipment for a certain corrosive; pH is less than 4 has strong corrosive influence on the safety in production and the ecological environment in mining areas serious harm. Specifically, there are the following : a "corrosive underground rail, rope and other coal transport equipment. If rail, rope by the pH value "4 acidic mine water erosion, 10 days to Jishitian its intensity will be greatly reduced, Transport can cause accidents; 2 "prospecting low pH goaf water, Quality Control iron pipes and the gate under the flow erosion corrosion soon.3 "acidic mine water SO42-content high, and cement production of certain components interact water sulfate crystallization. These salts are generated when the expansion. After determination of when SO42-generation CaSO4 ? 2H2O, the volume increased by 100%; Formation MgSO4.7H2O, v olume increased 430%; Volume increases, the structure of concrete structures.4 "acidic mine water or environmental pollution. Acid mine water is discharged into rivers, the quality of pH less than 4:00, would fish died; Acidic mine water into the soil, damage granular soil structure, soil compaction, arid crop yields fall, affecting workers and peasants; Acid mine water humans can not drink that long-term exposure, people will limbs broken, eyes suffering, enter the body through the food chain. affect human health. 2 acidic mine water and the reasons are mostly coal strata formed in the reduction environment, containing pyrite (FeS2) formed inthe seam-reduction environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. Acidic mine water that is the main reason for forming the main chemical reaction as follows : a "pyrite oxidation and free sulfate ferrous sulfate : 2FeS2 O2 +7 +2 +2 H2O 2H2SO4 FeSO4 2 "ferrous sulfate in the role of oxygen free Under into sulfate : 4FeSO4 +2 Cp'2Fe2 H2SO4 + O2 (SO4) 3 +2 H2O 3 "in the mine water The oxidation of ferrous sulfate, sometimes not necessarily need to sulfate : 12FeS2 O2 +6 +3 H2O 4Fe2 (SO4) 3 +4 Fe (OH) 3 4 "mine water Sulfate is further dissolved sulfide minerals in various roles : Fe2 (SO4) 3 + MS + H2O + / 2 + O2 M SO4 H2SO FeSO4 +5 " ferric sulfate in the water occurred weak acid hydrolysis sulfate produced free : Fe2 (SO4) 3 +6 H2O two Fe (OH) 3 +3 H2SO4 6 "deep in the mine containing H2S high, the reduction of conditions, the ferrous sulfate-rich mine water can produce sulfuric acid free : 2FeSO4 +5 FeS2 H2S 2 +3 +4 S + H2O H2SO4 acidic mine water in addition to the nature and sulfur coal on the other, with the mine water discharge, confined state, ventilation conditions, seam inclination, mining depth and size, water flow channels and other geological conditions and mining methods. Mine Inflow stability, stability of acidic water; Confined poor, good air circulation, the more acidic the water, Fe3 + ion content more; Instead, the acid is weak, the more Fe2 + ion; more deep mining of coal with a sulfur content higher; The larger the area of mining, water flowsthrough the channel longer, oxidation, hydrolysis reactions from the more full, the water more acidic strong, If not weak. 3 acidic mine water prevention and control ? a three acidic mine water under the Prevention of acidic mine water formation conditions and causes from source reduction, reductions, reduced when three aspects to prevent or mitigate damage. 1 "by the source : the seizure election made use of mineral acid, being the case. The main coal-bed mineral create acid when in a mixture of coal pyrite nodules and coal with a sulfur content itself. Coal mining rate is low and residual coal pillars or floating coal lost, abandoned pyrite nodules underground goaf, in which long-term water immersion, Acidic water produced is a major source. Face to reduce the loss of float coal, theuse of positive seized election pyrite nodules, can reduce the production of acidic water substances. Intercept surface water, reduce infiltration. For example, the filling of waste, control of roof to prevent collapse fissures along the surface water immersion goaf. In Underground, particularly old or abandoned wells closed shaft, the mine water discharge appropriate antibacterial agent, kill or inhibit microbial activity, or reduce the microbial mine water quantity. By reducing microbial sulfide on the effective role and to control the generation of acid mine drainage purposes. 2 "reduced discharge : the establishment of specialized drainage system, centralized emission acidic water, and storing up on the surface, it evaporated, condensed, then to be addressed to remove pollution. 3 "to reduce emissions of acid water in time : to reduce the underground mine water in the length of stay, in a certain extent, to reduce the microbial coal oxidation of sulphides, thus helping to reduce acid mine water. Containing pyrite, sulfur, surface water leakage conditions for agood shallow seam, or have formed strong acidic water stagnant water in the old cellar, the pioneering layout to weigh the pros and arrangements, not early in the mine prospecting or mining, leaving the end of mine water treatment avoid long-term emissions acidic water. ? 2 3 acidic mine water treatment in certain geological conditions, Acidic water with calcium sulfate rock or other basic mineral occurrence and the reaction decreases acidity. Neutralizer with caustic soda used for less, less sludge is generated, but the total water hardness is often high, while reducing the acidity of the water. However, an increase in the hardness, and the high cost is no longer. Currently, treatment for a neutralizer to the milk of lime, limestone for the neutralizer and limestone -- lime, microbiological method and wetlands treatment. Neutralizer milk of lime treatment method applicable to the handling of a strong acid, Inflow smaller mine water; Limestone -- lime applied to various acidic mine water. especially when acidic mine water Fe2 + ions more applicable, but also can reduce the amount of lime; microbiological method applied when the basic tenets of iron oxide bacterial oxidation than iron, bacteria from the aquatic environment intake of iron, then to form ferric hydroxide precipitation-iron in their mucus secretions, Acidic water at the low iron into high-iron precipitates out and then reuse limestone and free sulfuric acid, can reduce investment, reduce sediment. Wetlands Act also known as shallow marshes, this method is low cost and easy operation, high efficiency, specific methods not go into details here. Conclusions Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidicmine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction, Meanwhile harmful to human health caused some influence. Based on the acidic mine water cause analysis, and to take certain preventive and treatment measures, reduce acid mine water pollution in the groundwater, environmental and other facilities and the damage caused to human health effects. References : [1] Wang Chun compiled, "hydrogeology basis," Geological Press, Beijing. [2] Yuan Ming-shun, the environment and groundwater hydraulics research papers on the topic, the Yangtze River Academy of Sciences reported that 1994,3.[3], Lin Feng, Li Changhui, Tian Chunsheng, "environmental hydrogeology," Beijing, geological Press, 1990,21.附录B简介：煤炭是我国的主要能源，在我国一次性能源中占76％以上。
能源资源中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)土耳其的能源需求摘要：本研究的目的是预测在土耳其使用Box-Jenkins方法论2007 - 2015年期间的一次能源需求。
由能源和自然资源部规定的期限1970至2006年的年度数据进行的研究中使用。
考虑到单位根检验的结果，能源需求的系列是一阶差分平稳。
位居其后的替代模型可以发现，最合适的模型是能源需求的系列ARIMA （3,1,3）。
根据这个模型，估计结果表明，能源需求也将继续增加的趋势，在预测期内。
据预计，在一次能源需求将在2015年达到119.472 TOE与相比，应设计用于在土耳其的需求不断增加2006.因此能源政策增加约22％。
介绍经济政策的最终目标是维持社会福利水平的增加。
有必要通过有效地利用资源，以实现在社会福利的增加，以增加产量。
出于这个原因，可以看出，已内化到新的增长模式的技术因素是一个快速发展。
在技术的发展也有助于在对能源的需求的增加。
事实上，在与工业革命发生在18世纪末和19世纪初，生产过程中采用新技术，以及无论在国家的基础，并在全球范围内增加能源消耗带来的。
然而，随着工业化在一起因素，例如人口和城市化也起到了作用，显著作为能源消费的增加解释变量。
能量需求，这取决于上面提到的因素，表现出动态结构的未来值，是非常重要的在于要今天实施的政策方面，由于所使用在我们的日常生活中的大部分能量资源具有一个不平衡各地区和储量分布中一直在稳步下降。
上面提到的局限性迫使国家在考虑到可持续增长做出预测已经塑造他们的能源政策。
本研究的目的是预测在土耳其通过Box-Jenkins方法的基础上规定的期限1970年至2006年的年度数据对能源的需求期间二零零七年至2015年。
土耳其是不被认为是丰富的化石燃料，诸如石油，天然气和煤炭的国家之列。
出于这个原因，正确的能量需求预测携带在设计在国内实施的策略一个显著值。
在土耳其和世界能源需求：为了满足能源需求，一方面是国家继续寻找新的能源资源，另一方面，他们专注于项目，将提供更有效和高效地利用现有资源（DPT，1996）。
能源矿产介绍英文作文范文Introduction to Energy and Mineral Resources。
Energy and mineral resources are essential componentsof modern society. They are used to power our homes, businesses, and transportation systems, and provide the raw materials for the products we use every day. In this essay, we will explore the different types of energy and mineral resources, their uses, and their impact on the environment.Energy Resources。
There are several types of energy resources, including fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable energy sources.Fossil Fuels。
Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. They include coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are the primary sourceof energy for most of the world's electricity generation, transportation, and heating needs.However, the use of fossil fuels has significant environmental impacts. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to global climate change. Fossil fuel extraction can also damage ecosystems and pollute air and water resources.Nuclear Energy。
常见能源英文作文Title: Common Sources of Energy。
Energy is an indispensable component of our modern world, driving everything from transportation to communication and powering industries and households alike. Understanding the diverse sources of energy is crucial for comprehending our global energy landscape and making informed decisions about sustainability and resource management. In this essay, we will explore some of the most common sources of energy, their characteristics, and their impacts on the environment and society.1. Fossil Fuels:Fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas, have long been the primary sources of energy worldwide. They are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that were buried and subjected to high pressure and heat over millions of years. Fossil fuels are highlyenergy-dense, making them efficient for transportation, electricity generation, and heating. However, their combustion releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, contributing significantly to climate change and air pollution. Moreover, fossil fuel extraction and processing can have devastating environmental impacts, such as habitat destruction and water pollution.2. Renewable Energy:In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on renewable energy sources as alternatives to fossil fuels. These sources, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, and biomass energy, harness natural processes that are continually replenished, making them more sustainable in the long term. Solar energy, derived from the sun's radiation, is abundant and widely accessible, with photovoltaic panels converting sunlight directly into electricity. Wind energy utilizes the kinetic energy of the wind to turn turbines and generate power, while hydroelectric power relies on the gravitational force of flowing water to spin turbines. Biomass energy involves thecombustion or fermentation of organic materials, such as wood, agricultural residues, and biofuels, to produce heat or electricity.3. Nuclear Power:Nuclear power, derived from the fission of uranium or plutonium atoms, is another significant source of energy. Nuclear reactors generate heat through controlled nuclear reactions, which is then used to produce steam and drive turbines connected to generators. Unlike fossil fuels, nuclear power does not emit greenhouse gases during operation, making it a low-carbon energy option. However, nuclear energy comes with its own set of challenges, including the risk of accidents, such as Chernobyl and Fukushima, and the long-term management of radioactive waste. Public concerns about safety and proliferation have led to debates over the future role of nuclear power in the global energy mix.4. Geothermal Energy:Geothermal energy harnesses the heat stored beneath the Earth's surface, typically in the form of steam or hotwater reservoirs. This renewable energy source is most commonly used for heating and electricity generation in areas with accessible geothermal resources, such as geysers, hot springs, and volcanic regions. Geothermal power plants utilize the steam or hot water to drive turbines andproduce electricity, while geothermal heat pumps transfer heat from the ground into buildings for heating and cooling purposes. Geothermal energy is considered environmentally friendly, with minimal greenhouse gas emissions and a small land footprint, but its widespread deployment is limited by geographical constraints and the high upfront costs of exploration and drilling.In conclusion, the global demand for energy continuesto rise, driving the exploration and development of diverse energy sources to meet this demand sustainably. Whilefossil fuels remain dominant, there is a growing shift towards renewable energy alternatives, driven by concerns over climate change, air pollution, and energy security. Each energy source has its own advantages and challenges,and the choice of energy mix will depend on factors such as resource availability, technological advancements, and policy priorities. Ultimately, achieving a sustainable energy future will require a comprehensive approach that integrates energy efficiency, renewable energy deployment, and responsible resource management.。
外文资料翻译Fossil energy and nuclear energy are considered nonrenewable energy types. Nonrenewable energy is obtained from sources at a rate that exceeds the rate at which the sources are replenished. For example, if the biogenic origin of fossil fuels is correct, we could consider fossil fuels renewable over a period of millions of years, but the existing store of fossil fuels is being consumed over a period of centuries. Because we are consuming fossil fuels at a rate that exceeds the rate of replenishment, we consider fossil fuels nonrenewable. Similar comments apply to nuclear fuels such as uranium, as we observe in later chapters. Solar energy is considered a renewable energy for the following reasons.1 Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources at a rate that is less than or equal to the rate at which the source is replenished. In the case of solar energy, we can use only the amount of energy provided by the sun. Because the remaining lifetime of the sun is measured in millions of years, many people consider solar energy an inexhaustible supply of energy. In fact, solar energy from the sun is finite, but should be available for use by many generations of people. Solar energy is therefore considered renewable. Energy sources that are associated with solar energy, such as wind and biomass, are also considered renewable. Solar radiation may be converted to other forms of energy by several conversion processes. Thermal conversion relies on the absorption of solar energy to heat a cool surface. Biological conversion of solar energy relies on photosynthesis. Photovoltaic conversion generates electrical power by the generation of an electrical current as a result of a quantum mechanical process. Wind power and ocean energy conversion rely on atmospheric pressure gradients and oceanic temperature gradients to generate electrical power. In this chapter we focus on thermal conversion.We first discuss the source of available solar energy, and then consider solar energy technology in two of its three forms: passive solar, and active solar. The third form of solar energy, solar electric, is discussed in the next chapter. We end this chapter with a discussion of solar power plants.Fossil fuels in the petroleum and natural gas is the world's major one-time energy World Energy Council, according to statistics, has proven oil and gas recoverable reserves, according to the output of countries in 1992 terms, respectively, only the exploitation of 44 years and 60 years; although they may be recoverable reserves there will be new discoveries, but also the growth needs of the community, especially taking into account the economic development of Third World countries, the exploitation of oil and gas fuel for a long time. In fossil fuels, although the most abundant coal reserves, but the serious pollution caused by coal-fired so that it can not become large the major source of energy worldwide. On the other hand, nuclear fusion reactions can provide clean energy, in the ocean contains about 42 trillion tons of the major nuclear fusion of deuterium-reactive substances; fusion reactor but it is very difficult to study, it is estimated that the next century to the late nuclear polysubstation be possible to achieve widespread commercialization. Therefore, in the 21st century, the prospects for energy, you may have to face the depletion of oil and gas resources, the commercialization of fusion power failure during the period of temporary shortage of such people. During this period in order to ensure sufficient human clean energy supply, use of solar energy for power generation is an inevitable choice.Solar energy is the most important renewable sources of energy, the planet with all kinds of energy are closely related. In fact, the sun in Earth's evolution, biological reproduction and human development, plays a very important role, but also provides a human inexhaustible source of energy. Solar interior ongoing response to the release of a high-temperature nuclear fusion power of about 3. 8 ×1026 watts of huge radiation, of which only arrived in regard to the atmospheric level二十亿分之一; through the atmosphere, about 30% reflected, 23% be absorbed, only half (approximately 8 ×1016 watts) of energy reaching the earth's surface. Even so, as long as they can make use of the very few, will be able to meet all the needs of humanity today. However, due to its low energy density, but also by the day and night, seasons, climate, location and other factors, on the ground by the use of solar energy to power a lot of constraints. In order to avoid these shortcomings, natural to consider the use of solar power in space of the feasibility of the possibility.Power generation in 2010 is expected to the practical use of spaceSpace Solar Power is the first way of Engineers first proposed by P. Glaser. The basic idea is in the earth's outer space or the moon to establish a base of solar power satellites, and then through the microwave energy transmitted to the scene to the receiving device, and then beam microwave energy into electrical energy for human use. Advantage of this program is to make full use of solar energy outside the atmosphere, the elimination of solar energy in the ground, changes in the density of small and large shortcomings, without a huge energy storage device, not only to reduce the square, but also save a lot of equipment investment. It can be expected, with the photoelectric conversion materials and delivery areas such as technology, space solar power generation costs will be greatly reduced.The idea is proposed, subject to national attention. 1977 -1980 in the United States Department of Energy and NASA organizations to the concept of space solar power study, believe that its implementation does not exist insurmountable technical difficulties. At that time, a design known as the "reference system" of power generation systems; from 60 to solar panels, each block 10 kilometers long, five kilometers wide, generating 5,000,000 kilowatts, with a total capacity of 300 million kilowatts. With such a power generation satellites, the United States will be able to replace all of the ground station. As the system is too large, about 3,000 of the money to invest 100 billion U.S. dollars, at that time under the conditions of the Cold War can hardly be supported. With the energy of all the outstanding progress in space technology in 1995, NASA set up a study group to re-examine this issue, a more comprehensive analysis of space solar power generation technical and economicfeasibility of the program also are very different: adopted a progressive self-development model, that is, the first 100-150 to launch a 100 million U.S. dollars investment for 250,000 kilowatts of power satellites, the sale of electricity in order to recover their investment and profit, and then expand the scale of power generation satellites. The research group estimates that after 2010, space power will be practical. At present, a number of other countries and international organizations, space solar power generation is also carried out work.SolarSolar (Solar) generally refers to the sun's radiation energy. Carried out in the solar interior from "H" together into a "helium" the nuclear reaction, kept a huge release of energy, and continue to the space radiation energy, which is solar energy. This solar nuclear fusion reaction inside the can to maintain the hundreds of millions of百亿年first time. Solar radiation to space launch 3.8x10 ^ 23kW power of the radiation, of which 20 billionth of the Earth's atmosphere to reach. Solar energy reaching the Earth's atmosphere, 30% of the atmosphere reflectance, 23% of atmospheric absorption, and the rest to reach the Earth's surface,Its power of 80 trillion kW, that is to say a second exposure to the sun's energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal combustion heat release. The average per square meter in the atmosphere outside the area of energy per minute to receive about 1367w. A broad sense of the solar energy on earth many sources, such as wind energy, chemical energy, potential energy of water and so on. The narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.At this stage, the world's solar energy is still the focus of the study of solar energy power plant, but the diversification of the use of the condenser, and the introduction of flat-plate collector and a low boiling point working fluid, the device gradually expanded up to maximum output power 73.64kW, Objective To compare the clear and practical, cost remains high. The construction of a typical device are as follows: 1901, California built a solar-powered pumping devices, the use of truncated cone condenser power: 7.36kW; 1902 ~ 1908 years, built in the United States five sets of double-cycle solar-powered engines, the use of flat-panel collector and a low boiling point working fluid; in 1913,Human use of solar energy has a long history. China more than 2000 years ago, back in the Warring States period, one will find that the use of four steel mirror to focus sunlight ignition; use of solar energy to dry agricultural products. The development of modern, solar energy has become increasingly widespread use, it includes the use of solar energy solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and solar energy use, such as the photochemical use. The use of solar photochemical reaction, a passive use (photo-thermal conversion) and the photoelectric conversion in two ways.A new solar power and renewable sources of energy use.Silicon photovoltaic cells mainly in the absorption of solar light energy emitted by silicon photocell is mainly extracted from the sand by the development of Bell Labs. Solar energy is the internal or the surface of the sun sunspot continuous process ofnuclear fusion reactions produce energy. Earth's orbit on the average solar radiation intensity for the 1367w / ㎡. Circumference of the Earth's equator to 40000km, and thus calculated the Earth's energy can be obtained 173000TW. At sea level standard for peak intensity 1kw/m2, a point on the Earth's surface 24h of the annual average radiation intensity 0.20kw / ㎡, which is equivalent to have 102000TW energy Human dependence on these energy to survive, including all other forms of renewable energy (except for geothermal energy resources), although the total amount of solar energy resources is the human equivalent of the energy used by ten thousand times, but low energy density of solar energy, and it vary from place to place, from time to time change, the development and utilization of solar energy which is facing a major problem. These features will make solar energy in the integrated energy system of the role of subject to certain restrictions.The use of solar cells, through the photoelectric conversion to solar energy conversion is included in electricity, the use of solar water heaters, the use of solar heat hot water and use water for power generation, using solar energy for desalination. Now, the use of solar energy is not very popular, the use of solar power costs are high there, the problem of low conversion efficiency, but for satellite solar cells to provide energy has been applied.Although the Earth's atmosphere solar radiation to the total energy only 22 billionths of a radiation energy, it has been as high as 173,000 TW, that is to say a second exposure to the sun's energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal. Earth wind energy, hydropower, ocean thermal energy, wave energy and tidal energy as well as some comes from the sun; even in the face of the earth's fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) that is fundamentally Since ancient times the storage of solar energy down, so by including a broad range of solar energy is very large,The narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.Solar energy is the first time, but also renewable energy. It is rich in resources, can use free of charge, and without transportation, without any pollution to the environment. For mankind to create a new life, so that social and human energy into a era of reducing pollution.Solar cells have to respond to a light and convert solar energy to power the device. Photovoltaic effect can produce many kinds of materials, such as: single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium. They are basically the same principle of power generation is now crystal as an example to describe the process of light generation. P-type crystalline silicon available after phosphorus-doped N-type silicon, the formation of P-N junction. When the surface of solar light, the silicon material to be part of photon absorption; photon energy transfer to the silicon atom, electronic transitions have taken place, as a free-electron concentration in the PN junction formed on both sides of the potential difference, when the external circuit connected when the effects of the voltage, there will be a current flowing through the external circuit have a certain amount of output power. The substance of this process are: photon energy into electrical energy conversion process."Si" is our planet's abundance of storage materials. Since the 19th century, scientists discovered the properties of crystalline silicon semiconductor, it almost changed everything, even human thought, end of the 20th century. Our lives can be seen everywhere, "silicon" figure and role of crystalline silicon solar cells is the formation of the past 15 years the fastest growing industry. Production process can be divided into five steps: a, purification process b, the process of pulling rod c, slicing the process of d, the process of system battery e, the course package.Solar photovoltaicIs a component of photovoltaic panels in the sun exposure will generate direct current power generation devices, from virtually all semiconductor materials (eg silicon) are made of thin photovoltaic cells composed of solid. Because there is no part of activity, and would thus be a long time operation would not lead to any loss. Simple photovoltaic cells for watches and computers to provide energy, and more complex PV systems to provide lighting for the housing and power supply. Photovoltaic panels can be made into components of different shapes, and components can be connected to generate more power. In recent years, the surface of the roof and building will be the use of photovoltaic panels components,Even be used as windows, skylights or sheltered part of devices, which are often called photovoltaic facilities with PV systems in buildings.Solar thermalModern technology solar thermal polymerization sunlight and use its energy produced hot water, steam and electricity. In addition to the use of appropriate technology to collect solar energy, the building can also make use of the sun's light and heat energy is added in the design of appropriate equipment, such as large windows or use of the south can absorb and slowly release the sun heat the building materials .According to records, human use of solar energy has more than 3,000 years of history. To solar energy as an energy and power use, only 300 years of history. The real solar as "the near future to add much-needed energy," "the basis of the future energy mix" is the latest thing. Since the 20th century, 70s, solar technology has made rapid advances, solar energy use with each passing day. Solar energy utilization in modern history from the French engineers in 1615 in the Solomon and Germany Cox invented the world's first solar-powered engines run. The invention is a use of solar energy heating the air to the expansion and pumping machines acting.In 1615 ~ 1900, between the developed world and more than one solar power plant and a number of other solar energy devices. Almost all of these power plants collect the sun means the use of condenser, engine power is not, the working fluid is water vapor, which is very expensive, not practical value, the majority of individual studies for manufacturing solar enthusiasts. 100 years of the 20th century, the history of the development of solar energy technology in general can be divided into seven stages.化石能源和核能被认为是不可再生的能源类型。
再生能源可持续能源相关中英对照外文文献翻译毕业设计论文高质量A study of the role played by renewable energies inChina’s sustainable energy supplyAbstract:This paper first provides an overview of the context of renewable energy development in China, including the country’s re cent renewable energy legislation. Further, it summarizes the current status of renewable energy development and the role it plays in the national energy supply. Next it introduces the national indicative targets for renewable energies in 2010 and 2020, and conducts a long term scenario of the role of renewable energies in China’s energy system transition till 2050. It discusses the main risksinvolved in China’s renewable energy development, and proposes some policy measures for riskmanagement.Keywords: Renewable energy,Energy supply,Market development,Public policy,China1. IntroductionChina is the largest developing country as well as the secondlargest energy consumer and carbon dioxide emitter in theworld .China’s energy issue has recently bec ome a focus of many talks regardingglobal energy, environment, and security. Domestically, it is thefirst time that the Chinese Central Government set a target for improving energy efficiency of the economy together with the economic growth target in its social and economic development plan during the11th Five-Year-Plan period 1, whichwas endorsed by the Congress in March 2006. The features of China’s energy system evolution in thefuture will have significant implications on global energy investment, energy market restructuring, and environmental protection. Increasing the share of renewable energies could be an important dimension of China’s energy system transition.China’s Renewable Energy Law was passed by the Congress on February 28, 2005, and took effect on January 1, 2006. The Law recognizes the strategic role of renewable energies in optimizing China’s energy supply mix, mitigating environmental pollution,improving energy supply security, and promoting rural social development. It alsodirectly relates renewable energy development and utilization toChina’s energysystem transition. More importantly, the Law largely shapes an integrated renewable energy policy framework by providing a set of directives encouraging renewable energies, including national renewable energy targets, a feed-in tariff, a special fiscal fund, tax relief, and public R&D support as well as education and training.It is accepted beyond doubt that an enabling environment for renewable energy development and utilization is emerging in China. While recognizing the new opportunities that the Law brings for China’s renewable energy development and utilization, it must also be noted that the main technological, financial, and institutional risks associated with China’s renew able energy development and utilization still remain.The context of the country’s renewable energy development and utilization has never been thiscomplex .To what extent will renewable energies contribute to China’s sustainable energy system transition?What are the characteristics of the main risks for China’s renewable energy development and utilization?What policies and strategies should be in place to manage the risks? Although these questions have been addressed to some extent by a number of studies in the past , yet those studies were not able to take the context of China’s new complex renewable energy development into account. As a consequence, it is ofsignificance and required to carry out a new study to gain answersto these questions, which would largely contribute to formulating China’s new strategy for renewable energy development and utilization.1The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 gives an overview of the context of renewable energydevelopment in China, including the cou ntry’s recent renewable energy legislation.Section 3 summarizesthe current status of renewable energy development and the role that it plays in national energy supply.Next, it introduces the national indicative targets for renewable energies in 2010 and 2020, and conducts a study of the long term scenario of the role that renewable energies play in China’s energy system transition till2050. It discusses the main risks involved in the country’s renewable energy development, and proposessome policy measures for risk management.2. Context of renewable energy development2.1. Renewable energy resourcesChina has abundant renewable energy resources. The country’s annual solar energy ranges from 3360to 8400 MJ/m2, and two thirds of her area’s solar rad iation is more than 5020 MJ/m2. China’s wind energyresource is pretty rich, too. The development potential of the on-shore wind resource is as much as 253 GW at a 10 m height with an annual electricity generation of more than 50 billion kWh. China’s hydr o power potential amounts to 400 GW; 128 GW of which is for small hydropower plants with an installed capacity below 50MW. The country produces 700 million tons of agricultural residues each year, and approximately 350 million tons of them could be used for energy purposes, equivalentto 170 million tons of coal equivalent (tce). The firewood productionamounts to 220 million tons each year, equivalent to 130 million tce . Further, solid wastes and wastewater discharged from livestock and poultry farms and light industry could be used to produce 31 billion m3 of biogas, equivalent to 26 million tce. The volume of discharge of combustible municipal waste, a renewable source for power generation, has been growing in most Chinese cities. Taking the ase of Beijing for example, it discharged 4.5 million tons of combustible municipal wastes in 2004, and the volume will be growing at 4–5% per year.2.2. Energy supply securityIn general terms, energy security means that a nation’s energy demands could be met at a reasonableprice. The new target for China’s economic development set by the country’s government is to quadruplethe gross domestic product (GDP) accounted for in 2000 by 2020, ensuring China’s attainment of a well-offsociety overall. To achieve this target, the total primary energy consumption will reach approximately 3 billions tce, once thesubstantial energy conservation and economic restructuring efforts are taken into consideration [1]. Under this scenario, the total demand for oil will be 0.45 billion tons with more than 0.2 billion tons relying on imports. Natural gas demand will reach 160 billionm3 with a domestic supply deficiency of 50–60 billion m3. Therefore, there would be a large gap between China’s energy demand andsupply capacity to achieve the country’s new social and economic development target, raising significantenergy security concerns. In addition to strengthening the country’s energy conservation efforts,development and utilization of renewable energies seem to be an inevi table choice to diversify energy supply and ensure China’s long term energy security [2].From an even far-sighted perspective, China’s demand for energy would reach 5.4 billion tce in 2050to maintain her sustainable economic growth and social development. But the domestic2supply capacity of coal, oil, and natural gas would be 2.5–2.7 billion tons, 100–200 million tons, and120–140 billion m3, respectively [3]. The risks involved inChina’s energy supply would be even higherwithout the increasing energy supply from renewable energies.2.3. Environmental managementChina’s total primary energy consumption was approximately 2032 million tce in 2004, of which coal,oil, and natural gas account for 68%, 22.33%, and 2.60%,respectively [4]. The consumption of a hugeamount of fossil fuels has caused severe local, regional, and global environmental pollution. Now, one-third of the whole country area is suffering from acid rain, and the combustion of fossil fuels contributes 90% of the sulfur dioxide emissions causing this problem. The economic damage from air pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels was estimated at 2–3% of GDP [5]. China is currently thesecond largest CO2 emitter in the world, just after the United States. However, there is a possibility that by 2025, China’s CO2 emission would exceed that of the United States, and become the largest CO2 emitting country of the world [6]. China has been under increasing pressure from the world to reduce her CO2 emissions. Increasing theshar e of renewable energies in China’s energy supply mix is one of the mostimportant measures to control the country’s local, regional, and global environmental pollution.2.4. Rural, social, and economic developmentApproximately 27 million people living in remote and mountainousareas of China did not have access to electricity by the end of 2004,and most of them are among the lowest income earners. Electricity supply plays a very important role in promoting social and economic development in remote and mountainous areas, and renewable energy power generating options, such as small hydro system, small-sized wind generating systems, and solar photovoltaic systems are often more cost-effective than the extension of conventional power grids.Some renewable energy technologies can also increase theproductivity of agriculture. Human waste and animal dung after anaerobic fermentation in biogas digesters are quality organic3fertilizers. Both the output and the quality of vegetables andfruits can be increased markedly by using such fertilizers. Moreover,the use of these fertilizers can also lead to a decrease in the use ofpesticides. As a result, biogas digesters cannot only produce the gas to be used for cooking and lighting in rural households, but also help farmers earn more money from agriculture. Geothermal technology can be applied to increase the output and quality of fisheries as well. Solar greenhouses are a common productivity raising technology in the plantation of vegetables, fruits, and flowers.2.5. The renewable energy lawRecognizing the strategic significance of renewable energy development in China, China Renewable Energy Law was passed by the Congress on February 28, 2005, and took effect on January 1, 2006. The Renewable Energy Law has put forward a comprehensive renewable energypolicy framework, and institutionalized a number of policies and instruments for China’s renewable energy4development and utilization. Among others, the major policies and/or institutions covered by the Law include, Directives on setting indicative renewable energy targets;, Directives on renewable energy planning;, Directives on functions and responsibilities of the relevant government agencies in renewableenergy management;, Directives on removal of barriers of renewable energy products to entry energy market;, Directives on grid connection of renewable power generation project;, Directives on feed-in tariff of renewable power generation;, Directives on taxation measures;, Directives on special fiscal fund of renewable energy development; and, Directives on renewable energy technology standards and certification.3. Current status of renewable energy development3.1. Small hydroIn 2005, the installed capacity of small hydro power plants was 38 GW, about 30% of the estimated 128 GW small hydro potential. Small-scale hydro technologies and turbines are improving. Moreover, the performance of the automated control systems has improved, too. Over 30 researchinstitutes are involved in R&D and 160 small-scale hydro equipment manufacturers exist at present. This market grew by 12–15% in 2004, and 10% annual growth in 2005. Domestic industry can meet current development needs.Small hydro technologies have been primarily used for rural electrification, often in small county-size grids. However, in recent years, the development has become more multi-dimensional, with small hydro technologies serving centralized grids, the smaller county grids becoming interconnected, and also replacing or reducing the growth of other small-scale power plants, like small coal plants. In the future, the electrification supply in rural areas will still be the major aimfor small hydro development, including the estimated 7 million rural households that still function without access to electricity.There are a number of factors which could accelerate and improve market development and power plant performance in the future, including market aggregation, better operation and management, improved technology, and standardized tariffs and power delivery.3.2. Wind farmThe rate of growth of wind turbine installations in China is impressive, and this growth could likely continue indefinitely. The installed capacity rose from 550MW in 2003, to 760MW in 2004, and then ultimately to 1250MW in 2005. The growth rate in 2004 was 65%, on top of a 40% growth in 2003. Only one domestic manufacture dominates thedomestic market, constituting 20% of the market share. Imported turbines constitute 75% of the market share.China’s wind technology level has fallen behind Europe, as most of 1–2MW scale turbines have to beimported from Europe. Key R&D priorities for wind are large-capacity turbines, variable speed technologies, variable screw distance, and off-shore turbines and wind farm designs. The production costs have been decreasing, in line with the international costs, over the past decade, and these cost declines need to continue among Chinese manufacturers.53.3. Solar photo voltaic (PV)A total of 65MW solar PV was installed as of 2004, about 50% of this in rural (off-grid) areas. Communications and industry account for most of the other 50%, with consumer products constituting a small share. The grid-connected PV is still marginal, falling on the order of a few MW. The domestic market is growing fast, with 20MW added during 2004. The solar PV installation in China amounted to 70MW.China’s PV industry is growing faster than perhaps any othercountry in the world, but from a smallinitial base. As of 2004, China had a module production capacity of 100MW of PV, compared to the total world production capacity of 1200MW. Chinese production capacity doubled during 2004, from 50MW in 2003, and most production is exported. Cell production capacity was 65MW in 2004, and wafer production capacity was 15MW.As production increases rapidly in the coming years, a rapid declining share of production will go to domestic installation, as the domestic market does not keep pace with the production. This is because the grid-connected applications, which are now the predominant market globally, are still in infancy in China, and the price differential between solar PV and conventional power is still very large, on the order of 3 yuan/kW h.The key research areas are quality and cost improvements in materials and components, advanced solar light–heat transforming material, heat collector structure components, new pattern solar cell material and groupware technology, grid-connected and roof solar photovoltaic power system and integrated solar architecture.63.4. Solar hot waterSolar hot water sales continue to boom. The estimation of the total sales volume in 2004 is 13.5 million m2 with the same growth rate of 19% as in 2003, and about 70% were below 1500 yuan/m2. The solar water heater installation was 80 million m2 as of 2005. The glass vacuum tube solar water heater was the most common type in the Chinese market. Ten brands of solar water heaters had annual sale volumes of over 100million yuan. But the market is still highly diverse, as those top 10 brands had a combined market share of only 20%. There are more than 1000 manufacturers throughout the country, and an estimated 250,000 people work in the Chinese solar hot water industry. Some famous household appliance enterprises from outside the sector have also recently entered the solar hot water market, including Haier, Ocma, and Huati.Smaller towns and villages, with a large rooftop area per capita,are likely to continue to be the primary market, although multifamily apartment buildings can effectively use solar hotwater if not too tall.Future priorities include test and certification systems, better quality control, better integration into architectural practice and the construction industry, standardization of products, consumer education and awareness, new financing mechanisms, and favorabletax and tariff policies.3.5. Biomass power generationFor heating and power generation, biomass-fueled combustion technology is mature in China, and there are many biomass boilermanufacturers. Most biomass boilers have small or medium capacity, because their feed stocks are not abundant which are collected from nearby area not from distant area. The advanced biomass power generation efficiency has reached 40%. Biomass gasification has developed strongly in China, with gasifiers up to 6MW in capacity, and system efficiencies reaching 28%.7Biomass power generation capacity was about 2000MW in 2005. Current biomass power generation is dominated by bagasse fueled power plants. In 2005, the capacity of bagasse fueled power plants was about 1700MW or 85% of the total biomass power generation capacity. Power generation capacity from agricultural and forestry wastes, biogas, municipal waste incineration, and land fills was 60MW, 20MW, 200MW, and 20MW, respectively.The uncertainty involved in the biomass-fueled power generation development is still quite high in China. Presumably, with the renewable energy law taking effect, and favorable tariffs for biomass, increases will be seen in power generation. But the use of biomass at the local level is likely to be constrained by resource availability, including competing uses, plus collection, and transport infrastructure and businesses.3.6. BiogasChina leads the world in terms of household biogas technology development and diffusion. Approximately 14 million small-sized biogas digesters were built by 2004 with an annual biogas production of 3.5 billionm3, equivalent to 2.5 Mtce. In addition to providing gas for cooking and lighting purposes in rural households, household biogas technology is an important measure to help farms increase their income. The Chinese government attaches great importance to household biogas technology, and gives special fiscal support for the development and deployment of thetechnology.A remarkable progress has also been achieved in the development of large- and medium-sized biogas plants in China. Fifteen hundred large- and medium-sized biogas plants were in operation in livestock breeding farms as of 2004, producing 100 million m3 of biogas, equivalent to 70 thousand tce. Also approximately, 700 large- and medium-sized biogas plants were in use in the food, alcohol, and paper-making industries, producing 1.4 billion m3 of biogas, equivalent to 1 million tce. In addition to producing biogas, these plants serve as the major facility for treating wastes from livestock farms and effluents from alcohol and paper-making companies. Hence, the biogas technology is not only an energy technology but also environmental technology. As of 2005, the total production of biogas from household8systems and large- and medium-size biogas plants reached 8 billionm3, equivalent to 4 Mtce.3.7. BiofuelsChina’s ethanol production was 1.02 million tons in 2005. As oflate 2004, five provinces Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, andAnhui required ethanol to be mixed with gasoline in a 10% ratio (E10). Four other provinces Hebei, Hubei, Shandong, and Jiangsu were added by late 2005.Ethanol distilleries have already been established in China with a production capacity of 1 million tons, to use ‘‘deteriorative’’ grains as feed stocks. Most fuel ethanol production in China currently comes from the ‘‘deteriorative’’ grain. In 2005, China produced 50 thousand tons of biodiesel. Most biodieselproduction currently comes from waste oil.Sorgo plantations have been set up in Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang Uygar A.R., Liaoning, and Shandong. Sorgo appears to be a promising crop in China for biofuels, as it grows in colder northern climates and is better able to endure drought.Research is continuing on biofuels crops and distillation/production processes. Research is progressing in southern provinces on bio-oils, including colza oil, cottonseed oil, wood oil, Chinese tallow oil, and tea oil.3.8. SummaryIf all renewable energies were taken into account, China’s total primary energy supplywas 2337 Mtcein 2005. Renewable energies contributed approximately 17.8% ofprimary energy supply, of which traditional biomass3 10.7%, and all new renewable energies4 together 7.1% (Fig. 1). Electricity dominated the energy supply from renewable energies (Fig. 2). In 2005, thetotal installed capacity of renewableenergy power systems was 119.7 GW, accounting approximately for23.4% of total installed power capacity of China, of which large and small hydro power was 78 GW and 38 GW, respectively (Fig. 3).Renewable energy technologies can be categorized by four phases: R&D, pilot and demonstration, early commercialized5, and commercialized.Table 1 relates China’s major renewable energy technologies to the four phases. As shown in Table 1, only a small number of the technologies listed are commercialized. They are small hydropowerplants/turbines, solar water heater, solar stove, geothermal space heating, and biomass stoves.94. A long term scenario of China’s renewable energy supplyThe scenario assumes that the implementation of the Renewable Energy Law and China’s Mediumand Long Term Planning for Renewable Energy Development6 will create an enabling environment for thedevelopment of renewable energies in China. The scenario largely represents the economic potential of renewable energy development which is larger than the market potential but smaller than the technological potential.The trajectory of renewable energy supply evolution in China’s primary energy supply mix under thescenario is indicated in Table 5 and Fig. 4. Renewable energies will contribute approximately 21% ofChina’s total primary energy supply by 2050. Please note that the contribution from traditional biomasswill decline from 10.7% in 2005 to 6.8% in 2010, 4.0% in 2020, and 2.3% in 2030. By 2050, traditional biomass will be completely replaced by modernbiomass. The contribution from new renewable energies, however, will grow from 7.1% in 2005 to 12.1% in 2020, 17.3% in 2030, and 21% in 2050, respectively.10Most of the renewable energy supply is in the form ofelectricity.Table 6 and Fig. 5 show the pictureof China’s power generation capacit y installations till 2050 under the reference scenario. The installed capacity of renewable based power generation systems will reach 141 GW in 2010, 362 GW in 2020, 733 GW in 2030, and 1130 GW in 2050, respectively. The share of renewable based generation capacity will increase from 23.4% in 2005 to 30.8% in 2020, 40.8% in 2030 and 43.1% in 2050, respectively. Renewable energies willplay a very important role in diversifying China’s power generation sources.5. Risks and uncertainties5.1. Financial risksAs shown in Table 1, most renewable energy technologies fall either in the R&D stage, in the pilot and demonstration stage, or in the early commercialization stage, and a few of them have also been fully commercialized. Often the substantive input of the financial resource is needed before a renewable energy technology is able to compete with conventional fossil energy technologies. Private companies are often reluctant to invest in the demonstration, and preliminary commercialization stage due to low economic return. Further private companies often have difficulties borrowing money from banks and other financial institutions due to the high risks involved in these stages. Due to the free-rider issue private companies are also not willing to invest in the R&D stage. As a result, financial resources are often under-provided during the R&D, demonstration, and preliminary commercialization stage. Financial risks are important barriers that impede China’s renewable energy development in the future.5.2. Market entry risksConventional energy enterprises dominate China’s current energy industry. They stay in anadvantageous position in competition with renewable energy companies in terms of both company scale and market penetration. The power grid is often not willing to accept electricity generated from renewable energy sources, such as wind, biomass, solar PV, and small hydro mainly because of higher cost and smaller scale of renewable electricity compared with the coal-fired electricity.On the other ha nd, China’s oil market is monopolized by three large groups: China NationalPetroleum Corp (CNPC), China Petrochemical Corp (Sinopec Group), and China National Offshore Oil Corp (CNOOC). To safeguard a market share of liquid fuels from renewable energies, such as biodiesel, substantive investment is needed to build or restructure the current production and sale infrastructure. The11cooperation from the three companies is of critical importance inthis regard.5.3. Technological risksChina holds a leading position in terms of development and deployment of household biogas technology and small hydro technology. However, there is a large technological gap that China has to bridge in the future for most other renewable energy technologies. Although the size of mainstream wind turbines in the European market is as large as 1–1.5MWper unit, China does not yet have the capacity to manufacture wind turbines of more than 1MW. The country does not yet have the property rights of the core technologies for manufacturing solar PV cells. So far China has heavily depended on importing technologies and systems to develop her biomass-fuel power generation industry. In context of the large scale biogas plants, the technological gap between China and the world advanced level is still big in some aspects. More importantly, there is a lack of qualified researchers and engineers to conduct renewable technology R&D, design, and manufacture in China.12AcknowledgementThis study is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (grant no. 90410016). References[1] Zhou DD, editor. China sustainable energy scenarios for 2020. Beijing: China Environment Science Press; 2003.[2] Shi LS. China’s energy issues and renewable energy planning. Energy Policy Research 2004;(No.4)::17–21.[3] Available from: <;. [4] China energy statistical yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press; 2006.[5] Wang YQ. ‘China’s energy consumption and environment protection’. China Development Forum,November 2003. Beijing: 2003.[6] ERI (Energy Research Institute), editor. Climate change mitigation. Beijing: Meteorological Press; 2004.[7] Sijim JPM. The performance of feed-in tariffs to promote renewable electricity in European Countries. The Netherlands: Working Paper, ECN-C-083; 2002.[8] Bechberger M, Reiche D. Renewable energy policy in Germany: pioneering and exemplary regulations. Energy for Sustainable Development 2004;8:47–57.[9] Langni? O. ‘International best practice for renewable energy legislations’ Senior Forum of R enewableEnergy Legislation Issue, May 15–16, 2004. Beijing: 200413一项关于再生能源在中国可持续能源供应中地位的研究摘要本文首先提供了中国范围内可再生能源的发展，包括该国最近的可再生能源法的概况。
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文翻译英文原文Historical Review of Solar EnergySolar generally refers to the suns radiation energy. Carried out in the solar interior from H together into a helium the nuclear reaction, kept a huge release of energy, and continue to the space radiation energy, which is solar energy. This solar nuclear fusion reaction inside the can to maintain the hundreds of millions of first time. Solar radiation to space launch 3.8x10 ^ 23kW power of the radiation, of which 20 billionth of the Earths atmosphere to reach. Solar energy reaching the Earths atmosphere, 30% of the atmosphere reflectance, 23% of atmospheric absorption, and the rest to reach the Earths surface.Its power of 80 trillion kW, that is to say a second exposure to the suns energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal combustion heat release. The average per square meter in the atmosphere outside the area of energy per minute to receiveabout 1367w. A broad sense of the solar energy on earth many sources, such as w ind energy, chemical energy, potential energy of water and so on. The narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.At this stage, the worlds solar energy is still the focus of the study of solar energy power plant, but the diversification of the use of the condenser, and the introduction of flat-plate collector and a low boiling point working fluid, the device gradually expanded up to maximum output power 73.64kW, Objective To compare the clear and practical, cost remains high. The construction of a typical device are as follows: 1901, California built a solar-powered pumping devices, the use of truncated cone condenser power: 7.36kW; 1902 ~ 1908 years, built in the United States five sets of double-cycle solar-powered engines, the use of flat-panel collector and a low boiling point working fluid; in 1913,Human use of solar energy has a long history. China more than 2000 years ago, back in the Warring States period, one will find that the use of four steel mirror to focus sunlight ignition; use of solar energy to dry agricultural products. The development of modern, solar energy has become increasingly widespread use, it includes the use of solar energy solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and solar energy use, such as the photochemical use. The use of solar photochemical reaction, a passive use (photo-thermal conversion) and the photoelectric conversion in two ways. A new solar power and renewable sources of energy use.Silicon photovoltaic cells mainly in the absorption of solar light energy emitted by silicon photocell is mainly extracted from the sand by the development of Bell Labs. Solar energy is the internal or the surface of the sun sunspot continuous process of nuclear fusion reactions produce energy. Earths orbit on the average solar radiation intensity for the 1367w / ㎡. Circumference of the Earths equator to 40000km, and thus calculated the Earths energy can be obtained 173000TW. At sea level standard for peak intensity 1kw/m2, a point on the Earths surface 24h of the annual average radiation intensity 0.20kw / ㎡, which is equivalent to have 102000TW energy Human dependence on these energy to survive, including all other forms of renewable energy (except for geothermal energy resources), although the total amount of solar energy resources is the human equivalent of the energy used by ten thousand times, but low energy density of solar energy, and it vary from place to place, from time to time change, the development and utilization of solar energy which is facing a major problem. These features will make solar energy in the integrated energy systemof the role of subject to certain restrictions.The use of solar cells, through the photoelectric conversion to solar energy conversion is included in electricity, the use of solar water heaters, the use of solar heat hot water and use water for power generation, using solar energy for desalination. Now, the use of solar energy is not very popular, the use of solar power costs are h igh there, the problem of low conversion efficiency, but for satellite solar cells to provide energy has been applied.Although the Earths atmosphere solar radiation to the total energy only 22 billionths of a radiation energy, it has been as high as 173,000 TW, that is to say a second exposure to the suns energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal. Earth wind energy, hydropower, ocean thermal energy, wave energy and tidal energy as well as some comes from the sun; even in the face of the earths fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) that is fundamentally Since ancient times the storage of solar energy down, so by including a broad range of solar energy is very large, he narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.Solar energy is the first time, but also renewable energy. It is rich in resources, can use free of charge, and without transportation, without any pollution to the environment. For mankind to create a new life, so that social and human energy into a era of reducing pollution.Solar cells have to respond to a light and convert solar energy to power the device. Photovoltaic effect can produce many kinds of materials, such as: single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium. They are basically the same principle of power generation is now crystal as an example to describe the process of light generation. P-type crystalline silicon available after phosphorus-doped N-type silicon, the formation of P-N junction.When the surface of solar light, the silicon material to be part of photon absorption; photon energy transfer to the silicon atom, electronic transitions have taken place, as a free-electron concentration in the PN junction formed on both sides of the potential difference, when the external circuit connected when the effects of the voltage, there will be a current flowing through the external circuit have a certain amount of output power. The substance of this process are: photon energy into electrical energy conversion process.Si is our planets abundance of storage materials. Since the 19th century,scientists discovered the properties of crystalline silicon semiconductor, it almo st changed everything, even human thought, end of the 20th century. Our lives can be seen everywhere, silicon figure and role of crystalline silicon solar cells is the formation of the past 15 years the fastest growing industry. Production process can be divided into five steps: a, purification process b, the process of pulling rod c, slicing the process of d, the process of system battery e, the course package.Solar photovoltaicIs a component of photovoltaic panels in the sun exposure will generate direct current power generation devices, from virtually all semiconductor materials (eg silicon) are made of thin photovoltaic cells composed of solid. Because there is no part of activity, and would thus be a long time operation would not lead to any loss. Simple photovoltaic cells for watches and computers to provide energy, and more complex PV systems to provide lighting for the housing and power supply. Photovoltaic panels can be made into components of different shapes, and components can be connected to generate more power. In recent years, the surface of the roof and building will be the use of photovoltaic panels components,Even be used as windows, skylights or sheltered part of devices, which are often called photovoltaic facilities with PV systems in buildings.Solar thermalModern technology solar thermal polymerization sunlight and use its energy produced hot water, steam and electricity. In addition to the use of appropriate technology to collect solar energy, the building can also make use of the su ns light and heat energy is added in the design of appropriate equipment, such as large windows or use of the south can absorb and slowly release the sun heat the building materials .According to records, human use of solar energy has more than 3,000 years of history. To solar energy as an energy and power use, only 300 years of history. The real solar as the near future to add much-needed energy, the basis of the future energy mix is the latest thing. Since the 20th century, 70s, solar technology has made rapid advances, solar energy use with each passing day. Solar energy utilization in modern history from the French engineers in 1615 in the Solomon and Germany Cox invented the worlds first solar-powered engines run. The invention is a use of solar energy heating the air to the expansion and pumping machines acting.In 1615 ~ 1900, between the developed world and more than one solar power plant and a number of other solar energy devices. Almost all of these power plantscollect the sun means the use of condenser, engine power is not, the working fluid is water vapor, which is very expensive, not practical value, the majority of individual studies for manufacturing solar enthusiasts. 100 years of the 20th century, the history of the development of solar energy technology in general can be divided into seven stages.1. The First Stage (1900---1920)In this stage, the research focus of solar energy in the world were still on the solar-powered device which variable photospot method were applied and flat plate heat collector and low boiling point actuating medium were started to use; the capacity of the device was gradually expanded with the max. output power of 73.46kW; device was utilized with the definite end-use and in higher cost.The typical built device included: one set of solar energy pumping device constructed in California of U.S in 1901 which employed truncation taper photospot with the power of 7.36kW; 5 sets of twin-circulated solar-powered engine built in U.S in 1902 to 1908 which employed the flat plate heat collector and low boiling point actuating medium; 1 set of solar energy pump comprised of 5 parabolic mirror in a length of 62.5m, width of 4m built in Cairo of Egypt in which the total light collecting area could reach 1250m2.2. The Second Stage (1920-1965)For these 20 years, the research of solar energy was implementing on the poor stage, which the mandate to participate in the development and the research projects had been widely declined due to the mass utilization of fossil fuels and the second world war (1935---1945) while the s olar energy couldn’t satisfy the urgent demand upon the energy. Therefore, the research and development of solar energy was due to be gradually deserted.3. The Third Stage (1945-1965)For these 20 years after the Second World War, some foresight person has noticed that the petroleum and natural gas resources had been rapidly decreased and called for attention on these issues in order to gradually promote the recovery and development of the solar energy research. Solar energy institutes were setup and academic exchanges and exhibitions were held which raised the research upsurge again on solar energy.In this period, great progress was achieved in the research of solar energy, in particular: the foundation theory of selective paints proposed in the First International Solar Thermal Academic Conference in 1955, which black nickel had been developedas the practical selective paints, contributing to development of high-effective heat collector; the practical silicon solar cells developed by Bell Lab in U.S in 1954 which laid the foundation for large scale utilization of photovoltaic generation.Furthermore, there were still other significant results, including:a. One set of 50kW solar stove was built by French National Research Center in 1952;b. The worldwide prototype ammonia-water absorbing air conditioning system heated by flat plate heat collector with the capacity of 5 tons was built in Florida of U.S in 1960;c. An engine equipped with silicon window was invented in 1961.In this stage, research on foundation theory and foundation material of solar energy was reinforced and academic breakthrough, i.e. selective paints and silicon solar cells were achieved. The flat plate had been well developed and ripe in technologies. Progress had been achieved in the research of solar energy absorbing air conditioners and a batch of pilot solar room was established. Preliminary research was conducted on the engine and tower type solar-powered generation technologies.4. The Fourth Stage (1965---1973)In the stage, the research work on solar energy was standstill due to the reason that the utilization technologies of solar energy had entered into the growing stage which was no ripe in process, heavy in investment and lower in effect. Thus it cannot compete with conventional energy, which resulted in the absence of attention and support from the public, enterprise and government.5. The Fifth Stage (1973---1980)After petroleum played a leading role in the worldwide energy structure, it has been a key factor to control the economic and determine the fatal, development and declining of a country. After the explosion of Middle East War at Oc., 1973, OPEC employed the method of declining the production and increasing the price to support the struggle and safeguard the national benefits which resulted in heavy economic attack for those countries that relied on importing large amount of inexpensive petroleum from the region of Middle East. Thus, some people in the western countries were frightened to call that the energy or petroleum crisis had been launched in the world. This crisis made people realized that the existing energy structure should be completely changed and transition to the future energy structure should be speed up.From that on, many countries, especially the industrialized countries turned their attention towards the support on the research and development of solar energy andother renewable energy technologies. The upsurge of developing and utilizing solar energy had been raised again in the world. In 1973, U.S drew up a government scale sunlight power generation program which the research budget for solar energy were increased in a large amount, and solar energy development bank was to established to facilitate the solar energy products to be commercialized. In 1974, Japan published the sunlight program made by the government, among which the solar energy development projects included solar room, industrial-use solar energy system, solar thermal generation, solar cells production system, scattered and large scale photovoltaic generation system. In order to implement this program, the government of Japan input large amount of manpower, material resources and financial resources.The upsurge on the utilization of solar energy raised in 1970s in the world also impacted on China. Some foresight technicians started to devote to the solar energy industry one after another and positively proposed to the relative department of the government and published books and periodicals to introduce the international trends on the utilization of solar energy. Solar stove was popularized and utilized in countryside; solar water heater was launched in the city; solar cells used in space have started to be applied in the ground. In 1975, the first national solar energy utilization working exchanges conference held in An yang, Henan Province further promoted the development of solar energy industry in China. After this meeting, the solar energy research and promotion had been brought into the government program and awarded support of specialized fund and material. In some universities and institutes, solar energy task team and research departments were established one after another. Solar energy research institutes were also launched in some places. At that time, an upsurge on utilization of solar energy was emerging in China.During this period, research and development of solar energy entered into an unprecedented well-developed stage with the following characteristics:a. Each country enhanced planning on solar energy research. Many countries worked out short term and long-term sunlight program. The utilization of solar energy had been a governmental action with intensive support. The international cooperation was very active which some developing countries had started to participate in the utilization of solar energy.b. The research field was expanding; research work was developed day by day and significant results achieved, for example, CPC, vacuum heat collecting pipe, non-crystal silicon solar cells, water-photolyzed hydrogen production and solar energy thermal power generation.c. The solar energy development program worked out by each country existed the problems that the requirement was too high and urgent and insufficient expectation on difficulty in implementation. They have thought to replace the mineral energy in the short time and to utilize the solar energy in large scale. For example, U.S has once scheduled to build a small size solar energy demonstration satellite power station in 1985 and one set of 5 million kW space solar energy power station in 1995. In fact, this program has been adjusted in later, and the space solar energy power station has not yet been realized.d. Products such as solar water heater and solar cells were started to commercialize. The solar energy sector has been preliminarily established with a small scale and ineffective economic effects.6. The Sixth Stage (1980-1992)The upsurge on utilization of solar energy emerged in 1970s was fallen into a stage of being developed in a low and slow step in 1980s. Many countries in the world declined the research budget for solar energy in successive in a large amount, in particular the U.S.The main reasons resulted in this situation were that the international oil price was corrected in a large range while solar energy product cost was still remaining as before which may be of no competitive capability; no any significant breakthrough on solar energy technologies to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost which led to break down people’s confidence to develop solar energy; increased development on nuclear power which may restrain on a certain degree on the development of solar energy.Influenced on the turndown of solar energy in the worldwide in 1980s, research work in China also declined in a certain degree. Due to the reason that the utilization of solar energy was heavy in investment, ineffective in results, difficult in energy storage and large in land covering, solar energy should be considered as the future energy. Some person even proposed that the technology could be introduced after it would be developed successfully. Only few people supported such viewpoint, but it was very harmful which will result in unfavorable influence on the development of solar energy industry.During this period, although the research budget has been mitigated in a large amount, the research work remained uninterruptedly, among which some projects achieved progress which facilitated people to investigate seriously on the program and goads worked out before and to adjust the research focus so that to strive for greatachievement by less input.7. The Seventh Stage (1992---Until Now)Excessive burning of fossil fuel led to worldwide environmental pollution and ecological destruction, which has been threatened the substance and development of human beings. Under such circumstance, UN held the international environment and development conference in Brazil in 1992. On this meeting, a series of importan t document were published including the Environment and Development Manifesto,Agenda of 21st century and UN Framework Pact on Climate Changing in which the environment and development were brought into the integrated framework, and sustainable model was established. After this conference, each country enhanced the development of clean energy technologies, and developed the solar energy in line with the environmental protection so as to make the utilization of solar energy be well developed.After this conference, Chinese government also turned their attention towards the environment and development and pointed out 10 pieces of tactic and measure definitely to develop and popularize the clean energy including solar energy, wind energy, thermal energy, tidal energy and biomass energy in accordance with the reality; worked out Agenda of 21st century in China and further focused the solar energy projects. In 1995, the State Planning, the State Economic and Trade Commission, the State Ministry of Science and Technology worked out the Outline for Development of New and Renewable Energy from 1996 to 2010, which definitely pointed out the goads, objectives and relative tactic and measure towards the development of new and renewable energy from 1996 to 2010 in China. The publishing and implementation of the document further promoted the development of solar energy industry in China.In 1996, UN held the worldwide solar energy summit conference in Zimbabwe. The Solar Energy and Sustainable Development Manifesto was published after the meeting. Important document, i.e.Worldwide Solar Energy 10-Year Action and Program (1996---2005), International Solar Energy Pact, Worldwide Solar Energy Strategic Planning were discussed during the meeting. This meeting further showed eac h country’s commitment to developing the solar energy. Worldwide joint action was required to extensively utilize the solar energy.After 1992, the worldwide utilization of solar energy has entered into a developing stage with the characteristic that:a. The utilization of solar energy can be consistent to the sustainable development and environment protection, and can be carried out jointly to realize thedevelopment strategy in the world;b. Definite development goals with focus projects and effective measure, which will be favorable to overcome the shortage to ensure the long-term development of solar energy industry;c. In the course of expanding the research of solar energy, attention was paid to convert the academic results into production, develop solar energy industry, speed up the progress to be commercialized, expand the utilization field and scale and increase the economic benefits;d. Active international cooperation in the field of solar energy with expanding scale and obvious effect.In view of the review, the development of solar energy in the 20th century was not so smooth. Generally speaking, low tide period was happened after every high tide period. The low tide period lasted for nearly 45 years. The development of solar energy differed with that of coal, petroleum and nuclear energy in understanding and development period, which could be demonstrated that it was very difficulty to develop the solar energy and it cannot be realized to large scale utilize in the short term. On the other hand, it was showed that the utilization of solar energy was also affected by the supply of mineral energy, politics and war. However, in a word, the solar energy has achieved greatly in academic results in 20th century than in any other century.英文翻译太阳能利用史太阳能一般指太阳光的辐射能量。
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能源资源英文作文Title: The Significance of Energy Resources in Today's World。
In today's world, energy resources play a pivotal rolein driving economic growth, sustaining livelihoods, and shaping global geopolitics. From fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, the availability and utilization of energy resources have profound implications for the environment, society, and the economy. In this essay, we will delve into the significance of various energy resources and their impact on the world.Firstly, fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas, have been the primary sources of energy for centuries. These resources have fueled industrial revolutions, powered transportation systems, and facilitated urbanization. However, their extensive use has led to environmental degradation, air pollution, and climate change. As a result, there is a growing emphasis on transitioning towardscleaner and sustainable alternatives.Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy offer promising solutions to mitigate the adverse effects of fossil fuels. These resources are abundant, widely distributed, and emit minimal greenhouse gases during energy production. Moreover, advancements in technology have made renewable energy more cost-effective and efficient, leading to rapid deployment worldwide.The shift towards renewable energy not only reduces carbon emissions but also enhances energy security by diversifying the energy mix and reducing dependence onfinite fossil fuel reserves. Furthermore, investing in renewable energy creates job opportunities, fosters innovation, and stimulates economic growth in both developed and developing countries.Another significant aspect of energy resources isenergy efficiency. Improving energy efficiency across sectors such as buildings, transportation, and industry cansubstantially reduce energy consumption and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Energy-efficient technologies, coupled with behavioral changes and policy incentives, can drive sustainable development and contribute to achieving climate targets outlined in international agreements such as the Paris Agreement.Moreover, the exploration and development of new energy resources, such as hydrogen and advanced nuclear technologies, hold promise for addressing future energy challenges. Hydrogen, particularly green hydrogen produced from renewable sources, has the potential to decarbonize industries like steel and cement production, as well as transportation sectors such as aviation and shipping. Similarly, advanced nuclear reactors offer a low-carbon alternative to traditional nuclear power plants, with enhanced safety features and reduced nuclear waste generation.In conclusion, energy resources play a critical role in shaping the world's socio-economic landscape. Transitioning towards sustainable energy sources is imperative tomitigate climate change, reduce environmental degradation, and foster inclusive development. By embracing renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and investing in innovative technologies, we can build a more resilient and sustainable energy future for generations to come.。
能源资源中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)土耳其的能源需求摘要：本研究的目的是预测在土耳其使用Box-Jenkins方法论2007 - 2015年期间的一次能源需求。
由能源和自然资源部规定的期限1970至2006年的年度数据进行的研究中使用。
考虑到单位根检验的结果，能源需求的系列是一阶差分平稳。
位居其后的替代模型可以发现，最合适的模型是能源需求的系列ARIMA （3,1,3）。
根据这个模型，估计结果表明，能源需求也将继续增加的趋势，在预测期内。
据预计，在一次能源需求将在2015年达到119.472 TOE与相比，应设计用于在土耳其的需求不断增加2006.因此能源政策增加约22％。
介绍经济政策的最终目标是维持社会福利水平的增加。
有必要通过有效地利用资源，以实现在社会福利的增加，以增加产量。
出于这个原因，可以看出，已内化到新的增长模式的技术因素是一个快速发展。
在技术的发展也有助于在对能源的需求的增加。
事实上，在与工业革命发生在18世纪末和19世纪初，生产过程中采用新技术，以及无论在国家的基础，并在全球范围内增加能源消耗带来的。
然而，随着工业化在一起因素，例如人口和城市化也起到了作用，显著作为能源消费的增加解释变量。
能量需求，这取决于上面提到的因素，表现出动态结构的未来值，是非常重要的在于要今天实施的政策方面，由于所使用在我们的日常生活中的大部分能量资源具有一个不平衡各地区和储量分布中一直在稳步下降。
上面提到的局限性迫使国家在考虑到可持续增长做出预测已经塑造他们的能源政策。
本研究的目的是预测在土耳其通过Box-Jenkins方法的基础上规定的期限1970年至2006年的年度数据对能源的需求期间二零零七年至2015年。
土耳其是不被认为是丰富的化石燃料，诸如石油，天然气和煤炭的国家之列。
出于这个原因，正确的能量需求预测携带在设计在国内实施的策略一个显著值。
在土耳其和世界能源需求：为了满足能源需求，一方面是国家继续寻找新的能源资源，另一方面，他们专注于项目，将提供更有效和高效地利用现有资源（DPT，1996）。
之所以本次搜索的是能源消费显示出增加趋势迅速取决于各种因素，如工业化，人口和城市化在世界各地。
实际上，因为它可以在图1中所示，全球能源消耗，这是283.3万亿英热单位（英国热量单位（BTU），从63º˚F加热一磅水（453.6克）至64ºF.所需的能源量）在1980年，达到472.5万亿英热单位在2006年同比增长约66.8％左右。
它还预测，该值将在2030年达到678.3万亿英热单位（EIA，2006）对能源的需求，这表明随时间连续增加的趋势，目前是通过化石燃料如汽油，天然气和煤，核能和可再生能源资源满足。
据预测，汽油，天然气和煤，这是最消耗这些资源，也将保持在未来的重要性。
然而，在所提到的资源的同时增加消费的结果的储量的减少导致消费者对替代能源资源。
这种情况下，显然可以在图2中显示，其中在根据资源的全球能源消费的发展等，并针对它吸引注意，可再生能源如阳光，风，水和地热资源将在未来变得更为重要（EIA，2006）在土耳其的能源消耗也显示并行与世界各地的发展，迅速增加的趋势。
发生在社会经济平衡尤其是1980年以后的变化有这种倾向显著的贡献。
因此，在第4个计划期间，包括1983年1978，一次能源消费不能超过由于发生在上世纪70年代的经济，政治和社会不稳定2.1％的年。
在20世纪80年代后半期，随着经济观察复苏持续的城市化进程共同造成能耗增加至6％的年平均增长率上升。
当被清楚地感受到了经济危机的负面影响，这增长率降低至20世纪90年代平均为4.3％。
6.1年均增长在8日计划期间并行与旨在要达到的经济增长率目标。
目标数目2003中，其中，经济获得稳定和2001年的危机消退（DPT，2006年）的影响后达到在周期一定程度。
图3显示能源消耗中列出了不同因素，如人口，城市化和工业化有增加的趋势。
该图还提请注意这样的事实，虽然在期间观察到一定的休息时间，当经济危机发生及其影响持续，能源消费的总体趋势，增加并没有改变。
能源和自然资源部预测，能源需求将达到约1.7亿TOE（石油当量吨），并在情况（图4），同比增长约60％对能源生产和消费目前的情况。
在土耳其，有关于由使用不同的方法，并采取不同时期考虑进行将来能耗几个预测研究。
在这些研究中，虽然有人预测的能量需求将在时间增加并达到显著的水平，观察到预测的结果通常彼此不同。
文献综述：有在土耳其能源需求预测的一些研究。
这些研究，Ediger和Akar （2007）预测相对于初级能源需求类型的燃料的通过使用ARIMA和季节性ARIMA 方法的期间2005-2020。
该研究得到的结果表明，在每年的能源需求，这是在1950-2005年期间 4.9％的增长速度，将下滑至 3.3％在2005-2020年期间，Unler（2008年）所使用的粒子群优化（PSO）技术来预测2006-2025的基础上在1979-2005年期间获得的数据期间的能源需求。
Ediger和Tatl1dil（2002）预测，通过使用周期分析方法根据从周期1950-1999的数据的主要的能源需求。
他们在研究中取得的成果表明，能源需求总量将在2010年达到阿凯131440000 TOE和阿卡特（2007年）通过关于1970年至2004年期间的数据预测工业和全社会用电量的未来值。
这是通过使用GPRM方法预测调查结果显示，工业能耗将达到140.37亿千瓦时，能源消耗总量将在2015年2 Toksar（2009年）达到265.7雷公藤预测期间2007年至2025年的电力需求三岁以下通过使用蚁群优化（ACO）根据不同的GDP，人口和进口增长率的情况。
Hamzaçebi（2007年）通过“人工神经网络”（ANN）预测的2003-2020期间用电能耗。
根据能量需求分析模型，所述人工神经网络的研究结果表明，消费水平将实现在工业和运输比在壳体和农业部门预测较高和较低。
Erdogdu（2007）提供了用于基于通过使用协整分析和ARIMA模型通过1923年至2004年期间的数据对2005-2014期间预测的电力需求。
他的研究结果提出的用电量将在2015年达到160.090亿千瓦时，呈现出3.3％的年均增长。
在他的天然气需求研究的一个问题，最近进入土耳其突出，Erdogdu （2009年），从使用ARIMA模型周期1987- 2007年分析的数据和计算的天然气消费量将达到2008年期间的值-2030。
见表1关于在土耳其能源需求预测进行的研究信息。
工具和方法与此研究中，它的目的是预测在土耳其使用Box-Jenkins方法论的期间2007-2015的初级能源需求。
为此，由能源和自然资源部规定的期限1970年至2006年的年度数据预测研究中的能源需求作为依据。
Box-Jenkins方法：在分析和预测中使用的Box-Jenkins的方法被广泛认为是最有效的预测方法。
这种方法适合ARIMA模型（ARIMA）款型（Baltagi，2008）。
ARIMA方法结合两个不同的部分为一个方程;它们是自回归过程和移动平均处理（Bashier和塔拉勒，2007）。
自回归过程（AR）是其中变量（YT）的当前值是它的过去值的函数加上一个误差项;如：其中，YT是变量被预测，p为所使用的过去的值的数目，u是误差项和正态分布的。
的AR过程可以写成滞后算形式：移动平均处理假定变量YT的当前值作为误差项加一恒定的过去的值的函数。
顺序（Q）移动平均线，MAX（Q）表示为：主要过程可写成滞后算法形式：创建ARIMA模型，可以把两个规范没有独立变量组合成一个方程式，如下：其中，θ，Ф是ARIMA系数分别。
在滞后算法组成的ARIMA模型如下：一个ARIMA模型（肯尼迪，2003年）建立的三个基本步骤：（1）识别/模型选择：P、D和q的值必须被确定。
简约的原则，采用最平稳时间序列可使用p和q的非常低的值进行建模。
（2）估计：θ和Ф参数必须估计，通常是通过使用最小二乘近似最大似然估计。
（3）诊断检查：估计模型必须检查其是否足够，如果需要修订，这意味着这整个过程可能要重复进行，直到一个满意的模型中找到。
结果为了通过使用盒 - 詹金斯方法来执行预测中，首先，该系列的平稳性，通过使用自相关函数（ADF）和Dickey-Fuller（ADF）的试验进行测试。
根据表2中所示的原始序列的相关图中，自相关和部分自相关值落在95％的置信界限与滞后一定水平之外。
这表明，能源需求具有正处级单位根。
所计算的ADF检验统计比MacKinno临界值中的1％，5％和10％的显着性水平的绝对值越大支持该结果（表3）。
为此，它被认为在固定的水平，一阶差的相关性如图4和表4，作为自相关和部分自相关值落入95%的置信水平，可见对能源的需求满足这一系列在其一阶差差异的平稳状态。
以下的平稳性检验，最合适的ARIMA模型用于通过盒式詹金斯方法预测通过使用序列、Akaike和Schwarz标准的一阶差值获得的相关性鉴定为ARIMA （3,1,3）。
预测模型在表5中给出。
统计分析，以测试所述预测模型参数的相关性对误差项进行。
为此，首先在一系列的残差的相关图进行了检查（表6）。
该残差的ACF和PACF是95％置信限度内表明，没有自相关存在。
与此同时，自相关通过使用Breusch-Godfrey LM检验也进行测试。
结果进行了检查最多10滞后和可看出，没有了任何自相关，如概率值被发现是0.05（表7）更大。
测试该模型的相关性之后，使初级能源需求将在2007 - 2015年期间显示趋势预测。
这在图中所示的预测趋势的结果。
5指出的能量需求，这是97.995 TOE 在2006年，将通过在22％的速度增加，2015年达到119.472 TOE。
还有在本研究中取得的成果和能源和自然资源部的官方预测之间差异显著。
能源和自然资源部预测，在一次能源需求增长将发生在更高的利率。
事实上，当我们在看表8所示为2015年数据，结果表明，两种预测之间的差异是48.331 TOE。
但是，在由Ediger和Akar（2007）进行的研究中获得的预测结果是显著类似于在本研究中所获得的预测结果。
结论能源在实现经济和社会发展的一个显著的作用。
各地区和由于需求所观察到的增加储量的减少之间的能源资源的分布不平衡使能源问题更重要。
这种限制导致了对国家制定政策，这将使有效和高效地利用能源。
由于能源消耗列出了不同的因素，如工业化，人口和城市化在世界各地迅速增加的趋势。
据预测，汽油，天然气和煤，这是最消耗这些资源，将保持在未来的重要性。
同样，在土耳其能耗也趋于迅速增加。
