A rational reconstruction of a system for experimental mathematics

工程英语词汇rack-rent 高额租金Radburn layout “列本”式设计radial direction 径向radian 弧度radiation wall 防辐射墙raft foundation 筏式基础；筏式地基rafter 椽rail 栏杆；横档rail reserve 铁路专用范围railing 栏杆railway bridge 铁路桥；火车桥railway goods yard 铁路货场railway protection area 铁路保护区railway reserve 铁路专用范围railway station 火车站rain shelter 避雨亭rainwater down pipe 雨落管rainwater pipe 雨水管raised planter 架高花盆；高身花槽raking pile 斜桩raking shore 斜撑ram 柱塞；桩锤；压实ramp 斜路；坡道random coring 混凝土钻探抽样测试random rubble armoured structure 不规则堆石护面结构random rubble wall 不规则砌石墙；乱石砌石墙ranking list 先后次序列表；评级次序表ranking system 先后次序排列系统；先后次序排列方法rapid deterioration 迅速变质rapid hardening cement 快硬水泥rapid transit system 快速运输系统rasp 粗锉；木锉raster data 栅格数据rate adjustment clause 调整费用条款rate of contribution 供款率rate of ex-gratia compensation 特惠补偿率rate of return on fixed assets 固定资产回报率rate of surface spread of flame 表面火焰蔓延率rateable tenement 应缴差饷物业rateable value 应课差饷租值rateable value above the cut-off point 应课差饷租值在限额以上rateable value platform 各级应课差饷租值表rateable value rent 差饷估值租金；估定租值rated property 已评估差饷的物业；已征收差饷的物业ratepayer 差饷缴纳人rates 差饷Rates Billing System [formerly known as Treasury Rates System] 征收差饷系统〔前称库务署发单系统〕rates charge 差饷征收率rates payable 应缴差饷额rates percentage charge 差饷征收百分率rates receipt 差饷收据rates relief 差饷宽减Rates Relief Scheme 差饷宽减计划Rates--Your Questions Answered 《差饷说明书》rating 定额；评级Rating Adviser 差饷估值顾问Rating and Capital Valuation Division [Rating and Valuation Department] 差饷及物业估价事务科〔差饷物业估价署〕Rating and Valuation Department 差饷物业估价署Rating and Valuation Department--A Chronology 《差饷物业估价署历年发展》rating appeal 差饷估价上诉案rating assessment 差饷估价rating description 物业地址；物业名称rating valuation list 差饷估价册ratio of housing cost 住屋费用比率Rational Allocation of Public Housing Resources 公屋资源合理分配rationalized traditional method of building 改良传统建筑法raw sewage 未经处理的污水；未经净化的污水raw water 原水；未经净化水raw water transfer 原水输送系统re-accommodation grant [Emergency Relief Fund] 重建金；搭屋津贴〔紧急救济基金〕ready-mix concrete 预拌混凝土ready-mix plant 预拌混凝土机；预拌混凝土厂real estate 地产；不动产real estate agent 地产代理人real estate developer 地产发展商Real Estate Developers' Association of Hong Kong 香港地产建设商会real property 土地财产realignment 重新定线；重划界线rear cubicle 尾房reasonably beneficial use 有合理实益用途reassembling 重新装配re-assessment 重新估价rebuild 重建recalibrate 重新校准recast 重浇〔混凝土〕；修葺receipt for rent 租金收据receipted demand note 注明款额已付的缴款通知书receiver 接管人；接收器receiving order 接管令receptacle 插座reception accommodation 迁置居所reception estate 迁置屋reception housing 迁置地方reception range of communal aerial system 公共天线系统接收范围reception resources 迁置资源reception structure 迁置搭建物reception tank 接收池recharge well 回灌井reclaimed land 填海土地reclamation 填海；填海区；填海工程reclamation area 填海区reclamation level 填筑高程reclamation works 填海工程recognized village 认可乡村recommended decoration contractor system 推荐装修承办商制度recommission 再度投入运作；重新校验recompacted fill 再压实填土；再夯实填土recompaction 再压实；重新压实recondition 修复；重修reconnaissance survey 勘测；草测reconstruction 重建；改建reconstruction works 重建工程record drawing 记录绘图；竣工图；施工记录图record of owner 业主记录record of title deed 业权契据档案recover possession 收回管有recoverable rent 可收回的租金recovery cost 收回成本recovery of land 收回土地recovery of possession of premises 收回处所的管有；收回楼宇recovery of premises 收回楼宇recovery tank 回水箱recreation area 康乐用地；康乐场地recreation deck 屋顶康乐场地；休憩平台recreation ground-cum-rest garden 康乐休憩场地recreation priority area 康乐优先区recreational facility 康乐设施rectangular foundation 矩形基础；矩形地基rectangular handrail 矩形扶手"red" area [squatter area] “红色”区域〔寮屋区〕red brick 红砖red earth 赤红壤；红土red lead 红丹red oxide primer 红氧化铁底漆red survey number [squatter] 寮屋登记红字编号red title deed 红契red wood 红木；红杉redecoration 粉饰工程；重新粉饰redefinition of old scheduled lots 重新界定旧批约地段redemption of property 赎回楼宇redevelopment 重建；重行发展redevelopment estate 列入重建计划的屋redevelopment order 重建令redevelopment potential 重建潜力Redevelopment Programme 重行发展计划redevelopment scheme [public housing estate] 重建计划〔公共屋〕redevelopment vote 重建拨款reduced harmony 1 block 层数减少的和谐一型大厦reeded glass 条纹玻璃re-enter upon the land 重收土地re-entered property 重收物业re-entrant 内角re-entry [land] 重收〔土地〕re-entry on leased land 重收已批租土地re-erection works 重建工程reference date 估价日期referencing of properties 物业调查refill 重新注满；回填refinancing 重新按揭；重新安排按揭refitting 重新装修reflected ceiling plan 天花反向图；顶棚反向图reflective paint 反光漆油refreshment kiosk 小食档；小食亭refuge area 庇护间refuge floor 庇护层；隔火层refund of rates 退还差饷refundable proceeds 应退还收益refurbished flat 翻新单位refurbishment 翻新refusal statement 拒绝接受编配说明书refuse chamber 大垃圾房refuse chute 垃圾槽refuse collection chamber 垃圾房refuse collection point 垃圾收集站refuse compactor system 垃圾压实系统refuse container 垃圾桶refuse loading ramp 垃圾装卸坡refuse room 垃圾房refuse storage area 垃圾站refuse storage chamber 垃圾房refuse transfer station 垃圾转运站；废物转运站refuse trough 垃圾槽refuse-cum-junk room 垃圾废物房regional distributor [road] 区域干路regional maintenance consultant 区域维修顾问公司regional planning 区域规划regional shopping centre 区域商场register of corporations 法团登记册register of maintenance responsibility 维修责任登记册registered address 注册地址registered architect 注册建筑师registered area 注册面积registered contractor 注册承建商Registered Contractors' Disciplinary Board Panel 注册承建商纪律委员团registered electrical contractor 注册电业承办商registered fire services installations contractor 注册消防装置承办商registered gas installation contractor 注册气体装置承造商registered general building contractor 注册一般建筑承建商registered lot owner 地段注册持有人registered manager ["tong"; "tso"] 注册司理〔“堂”； “祖”〕registered mortgage 已登记按揭契据registered mortgagee 已登记承按人registered owner 注册业主；登记拥有人registered owner of a lot 地段注册持有人registered professional engineer 注册专业工程师registered professional housing manager 注册专业房屋经理registered professional surveyor 注册专业测量师registered property owner 登记业主registered specialist contractor 注册专门承建商registered structural engineer 注册结构工程师Registrar General's Department 注册总署Registrar, Lands Tribunal 土地审裁处司法常务官Registrar of Authorized Land Surveyors 认可土地测量师注册主任registration district 注册区域registration of deed 注册契据registration of title 注册业权Registry Manager, Land Registry 土地注册处经理regrade 重整坡度；重整地形regrading of slope 重整斜坡regrant 重批土地；重批契约regrant agreement 重批协议regrant of expired lease 重批已届满契约regrant premium 补地价regrouping of trades 重新编组行业regular hut-to-hut check 定期逐户调查regular monitoring of special measure 特殊设施的定期监测regularization of area 修正界限；修正面积regularization of lot boundary 修正地段界线regularization programme on land 纠正土地用途计划regulated rent 管制租金rehabilitation 修复；美化rehabilitation allowance 更生津贴；重建津贴rehabilitation works 美化工程rehousing 安置Rehousing Assistance Scheme 安置援助计划rehousing eligibility 获安置资格rehousing operation vote 安置行动拨款rehousing programme 安置计划reimbursed at cost 按价补偿reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete base 钢筋混凝土地基reinforced concrete caisson 钢筋混凝土沉箱reinforced concrete cover 钢筋混凝土封盖reinforced concrete pile 钢筋混凝土桩reinforced concrete plinth 钢筋混凝土基座reinforced concrete roof 钢筋混凝土屋顶reinforced concrete structure 钢筋混凝土结构；钢筋混凝土构筑物reinforced earth 加筋土；加筋填土reinforced fill 加筋土；加筋填土reinforced fill proprietary product 加筋土用的专利材料reinforced profile concrete parapet 钢筋混凝土纵向护栏reinforcement 钢筋；加固；加强reinforcement bar 钢筋条reinforcement cage 钢筋笼；钢筋骨架reinforcement fabric 钢筋网reinforcing agent 增强剂reinstate 修复；恢复原状reinstate and make good 修葺使之恢复原状reinstated block 翻修重用大厦reinstated flat 翻修单位reinstatement notice 恢复原状通知书reinstatement of an application 恢复登记申请reinstatement of premises [valuation] 加入重新评定的估价reinstatement of supply 恢复供应reinstatement of tenancy 恢复租赁reinstatement works 修复工程relative compaction 相对压实度relative load factor 相对承重因素relative proportions of land 土地相对比例relative stiffness 相对硬度relay 继电器relaying 重铺release of land 批放土地re-let 重新出租re-letting right [commercial tenant] 转租权利〔商业租户〕relict joint 残留节理relief 地貌；地形relief against re-entry 撤销重收relief against vesting 撤销转归relief of overcrowding 纾缓环境挤迫情况relief sewer 溢流污水渠relieving arch 减压拱relieving beam 减压梁relocation 迁徙；迁移remaining portion [RP] 余段remaining slag 剩余熔渣remaining works 余下工程remeasurement 量数remeasurement contract 按量数付款工程合约remedial action 补救行动remedial measure 补救措施remedial works 补救工程；善后工程；修葺工程remodelled market 改建街市remortgage 重新按揭remote area 偏远地区remoulded clay 重塑黏土remoulded properties 重塑土特性remoulded sample 重塑样本remoulding 重塑；改造removal allowance 搬迁津贴removal and decoration allowance 搬迁及装修津贴removal charge 搬迁费用removal of ground 移土工程removal order 清拆令rendering 抹面；批荡；抹灰rendering coat 底层批荡；底层灰浆renewable Government lease 可续期政府租契renewable lease 可续期租契renewal 更新；续期renewed lease 续期租契renovate 翻新；整修renovated flat 翻新单位rent 租金Rent Act [United Kingdom] 租务法令〔英国〕rent affordability 负担租金能力rent allowance 租金津贴rent card 租卡；缴租卡rent certificate 租金证明书rent collection escort service 收租护送服务rent concession 租金优惠；减租Rent Concession (East) [Lands Department] 租金优惠小组（东区）〔地政总署〕Rent Concession (West) [Lands Department] 租金优惠小组（西区）〔地政总署〕rent control 租金管制Rent Control Division [Rating and Valuation Department] 租务管制科〔差饷物业估价署〕rent control factor 租金管制因子rent control mechanism 租金管制办法rent default 欠租rent deposit 租金按金rent dispute 租务纠纷rent exemption 豁免租金rent free period 免租期rent freeze 冻结租金rent holiday 免租期rent in arrears 欠缴租金；欠租rent increase certificate 加租证明书rent increase control 加租管制rent increase mechanism 加租计算办法Rent Officer 租务主任rent paid in advance 上期缴交的租金rent passing 现时租金；当时租金rent payable in advance 上期缴交的租金rent rebate scheme 租金宽减计划rent receipt 租金收据rent reminder 催缴欠租通知书rent review 租金调整rent schedule 租金附表rent setting 厘订租金rent strip 收租记录表rent subject to tender 租金照投标出价订定rent survey 租金统计rent tendered 投标租金rental 租金rental agreement 租用协议；租约rental deposit 租金按金rental evidence 租金资料rental flat 租住单位rental housing 租住房屋工程英语词汇(R2)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------食品伙伴网　（2008-04-07）　进入论坛Rental Housing Committee [formerly known as Management and Operations Committee] [Hong Kong Housing Authority] 租住房屋小组委员会〔前称管理及行动小组委员会〕〔香港房屋委员会〕rental housing estate 租住屋rental housing unit 租住单位rental income 租金收入rental level 租金水平rental market 楼宇租赁市场rental property 出租物业rental return 租金收益rental tendering 竞出租金投标方式rental value 租值rental-led 租金带动rent-book 租金册rent-controlled premises 租金受管制楼宇rent-free period 免租期rent-to-income ratio 租金与入息比例repaint 重新髹漆repair 修葺；维修；修理repair and restoration of historic buildings [public works category] 维修及修复有历史性楼宇〔公共工程类别〕repair guarantee period 修葺保证期repair mortar system 修葺用砂浆配套repair of cracked concrete by resin injection 注射树脂修补已爆裂的混凝土repair of motors, transformers and switchgear [public works category]修理马达、变压器及接电装置〔公共工程类别〕repair order 修葺通知repair paint 修补用漆repair scheme 修葺计划repair strengthening contract 修葺巩固合约repair works 修葺工程repair works order 修葺施工通知repeated load 重复荷载repeated stress 重复应力repetitive works 工程重复；设计重复replacement cost 重置成本replacement cost addition 重置成本加额replacement housing 重置房屋replacement of lift foundation 升降机底座更换工程replacement plan 重订图则replanning 重新规划replastering 重新批荡Report of the Committee on Housing Subsidy to Tenants of Public Housing 《检讨公屋住户资助小组委员会报告书》Report of the Task Force on Land Supply and Property Prices 《土地供应及物业价格专责小组报告书》Report of the Working Group on Housing for the Elderly 《高龄人士住所工作小组报告书》Report of the Working Group on Regulation of Estate Agents 《监察地产代理工作小组报告书》report on contractors' performance 有关承建商表现的报告Report on the Slope Safety Review 《斜坡安全检讨报告》Report on the Supply and Demand in Accommodations for Small Households 《小家庭居所供求报告书》Reports-on-Title and Owners Incorporation Section [Land Registry] 业权报告及业主法团组〔土地注册处〕repossession 收楼repossession order 收楼令Reprographic Section [Lands Department] 摄影制图部〔地政总署〕reprography 摄影制图reprovision 另配；重配〔地方或设施〕；迁建计划reprovision site 重配地盘reprovisioning assessment 重配地盘评估reprovisioning project 重建计划reprovisioning site 重配地盘request for allocation 要求分配requisition 业权谘询Requisition for Particulars of Tenement 物业详情申报表re-roofing and insulation works 重铺天台及隔热工程resale 转售；重售resale price 转售价；重售价resale restriction 转售限制resale restriction period 转售限制期rescheduling of a loan 重整贷款安排reservation of site 预留地盘reserve 专用范围；预留地；保护区reserve area 专用范围；预留土地reserve block [sale of public housing unit] 候补大厦〔出售公屋〕reserve price 内定最低价；保留价；标金底价reserve project 后备工程Reserve Waiting List 候补轮候册reserve zone 专用范围；专用区；预留地reservoir 水库；储水池resettlement area 徙置区resettlement block 徙置大厦resettlement card 徙置证resettlement estate 徙置屋residence rule 居港年期规定〔居期规定〕resident engineer 驻地盘工程师；驻工地工程师；常驻工程师resident population 居住人口resident site staff 驻地盘人员；驻工地人员resident site staff on-cost multiplier 驻工地人员间接费用因子resident staff cost [Home Ownership Scheme estate] 驻苑职员费用〔居者有其屋计划屋苑〕residential accommodation 居所residential area 住宅区residential building 住宅建筑物residential care home for elderly persons 安老院residential club 供应住宿的会所residential density 居住密度residential development 住宅用地发展residential institution 供应住宿的机构；寄宿机构residential land 住宅用地residential premises 住宅楼宇residential property 住宅物业residential purpose 住宅用途residential upgrading area 住宅屋宇改善区residential zone 住宅分区；住宅地带；住宅用地区域residential/commercial land 住宅及商业用地；商住两用地residents' association 居民协会residents' fraternal association 居民联谊会residual current device 电流式漏电断路器residual land value 土地余值residual method 余值法residual risk [ecology] 无法完全消除的影响〔自然生态〕residual settlement 剩余沉降residual soil 残积土residual strength 剩余强度residual stress 残余应力resin emulsion paint 树脂涂料；树脂漆resin mortar 树脂胶浆resistance to fracture 抗破裂resisting moment 抵抗弯矩；抵抗力矩resite 迁置；安置resite area 迁置区resite house [village removal] 迁置屋宇〔搬村〕resite house grant 迁置屋宇批租约resited village 重建村落rest garden 休憩花园restoration plan 美化计划restoration scheme 美化计划restoration works 修复工程restrained from lateral deflection [braced] 侧向变位受箝制〔受横向支撑〕restricted access 限制使用的通道restricted area 专用区；限制区restricted auction 限制条件拍卖；有限制拍卖restricted instant tender 局限性现场投标restricted market 有条件限制的市场restricted rent 受管制租金restricted road 限制车辆使用的道路；限制使用的道路restricted tender 局限性投标restricted village auction 限制条件乡村拍卖restricted zone 限制区restriction on alienation 让与权的限制restriction on alienation clause 转让限制条款restriction on partitioning clause 分割限制条款restriction on use of water supply clause 使用自来水限制条款Restructuring of Obsolete Industrial Area [ROBINA] 重整残旧工业区resumed properties 收回物业resumption 收回土地；收地resumption clearance limit 收地清拆范围resumption notice 收地通告；收楼通告；收楼告示resumption of Government land 收回政府土地resumption of land 收回土地resumption of leased land 收回已批租土地resumption payment 收回土地付款resumption plan 收地图则resumption procedure 收地程序Resumption Working Group 收地工作小组resurfacing 重铺路面；重铺面层；表面重修retail centre [non-government organizations operating trades specified in tenancy agreement] 零售店〔由非政府机构经营订明于租约的行业〕retail facility 商用设施retail premises 零售用单位retail provision 商用设施retail space 商用地方Retail Viability Study 零售业务前景研究Retail Working Group 商用设施工作小组retaining structure 挡土构筑物retaining wall 挡土墙；护土墙retake possession 重取管有权retention money 工程累积保证金reticulation sewer 污水网络管retrogressive landslide 牵引式滑坡return air inlet 回风进口；回气进口returned flat 交回单位re-use of a temporary housing area 重新拨用临屋区revaluation [rateable value] 重估应课差饷租值Revenue Collection System 租金交收系统reverse fault 逆断层reversion of land 归还土地reversion of tenant status 恢复租户身分reversionary estate 复归产业权revert to its original position 回复原来图则位置revert to the government 复归政府所有re-vested in the government 重新转归政府revetment 护岸；护坡Review Committee on Building Safety Legislation 建筑物安全法例检讨委员会review of a rent increase certificate 覆核加租证明书Review of Residential Densities in Public Housing Estates 公营房屋居住密度检讨Review of the Standard and Goods Vehicle Parking Provision in Public Housing Estates 公共屋标准设施及货车停车设施的检讨Review on Density Guidelines for Private Residential Areas 私人住宅区密度指引检讨revised rent 经调整的租金revised space allocation standard 修订面积编配标准revocation of an approved plan 核准图撤销revolution switch 旋转开关revolving door 旋转门rewinding 重新绕线rezone 改划用途地带；重订分区用途rhyolite 流纹岩rhyolitic lava flow 流纹岩的熔岩流rice paper contract “沙纸契”riding quality [road] 路面行车质素rigger 索具装配工right in land 土地权益right of entry 进入土地的权利right of re-entry 重收土地的权利right of temporary occupation of land 暂时占用土地权right of way 通道权；通行权right to enjoyment [building] 享用权〔建筑物〕right to occupation 占用权〔建筑物〕；占用土地权right to possession [building] 管有权〔建筑物〕right to use [building] 使用权〔建筑物〕rights of property 产权；财产权益rigid foundation 刚性基础；刚性地基rigid frame 刚性构架rigid joint 刚性缝；刚性接缝rigid load 刚性荷载rigid metallic pipework 硬金属制的喉管rigid pavement 刚性路面；混凝土路面rigid protection measure 刚性保护措施rim 周围；缘ripping 翻土；疏土riprap 乱石堤；堆石护坡；抛石rise 梯级高度riser 梯级竖板；立管；竖管rising head test 上水头试验rising main 上行水管；上行电缆；泵送干管risk assessment of failure 崩塌后果评估risk category 风险类别risk of landslip 山泥倾泻风险；滑坡风险risk-to-life category 人命风险类别river action plan 改善河道计划river pier 河墩river regulation 整治河道river training 改善河道；治理河道；疏浚河道River Training Section [Lands Department] 治理河道组〔地政总署〕river training team [Lands Department] 治理河道小组〔地政总署〕river wall 河道导流墙；河堤riverside 河畔；河岸road drainage system 道路排水系统road hump 路拱；路丘road level 路面水平road roller 压路机road-culvert 道路暗渠roadside slope 路旁斜坡rock anchor 石锚；入石锚定杆rock blasting 爆石rock bolt 石栓；岩石锚杆rock crushing 压碎岩石rock cut slope 削石坡；岩削坡rock dowel 石钉；岩石销钉rock fall fence 防石栏；防石围墙rock feature 石景rock joint 岩石节理rock joint shear strength test 岩石节理剪力试验rock mass 岩体rock mechanics 岩土力学；岩石力学rock mound 岩石墩；堆石rock outcrop 岩石露头rock plug 岩塞rock quality designation 岩石质量指标rock quality index 岩石质量系数rock slope 岩石坡；石坡rock structure 岩石构造rock texture 岩石结构rockfall hazard 坠石的危险rock-fill 石填料；填石rock-fill slope 填石坡；堆石坡rock-fill sloping seawall 石砌斜面海堤rock-mound breakwater 堆石防波堤rockscape 石景rodding eye 通管孔；通渠孔；清理孔rolled hardcore 经碾压碎石底层rolled steel 轧制钢rolled steel joist 辗钢工字梁roller 滚压机；滚筒roller conveyor 滚柱式输送机roller gate 卷闸roller shutter 卷闸rolling 横摇roof 屋顶；天台roof cover 上盖roof insulation improvement works 天台隔热改善工程roof load 屋顶荷载roof re-surfacing 天台重铺工程roof slab 天台楼板roof tank 天台贮水箱roof tile 天台地砖roofed-over area 有盖面积roofing 铺盖屋顶；屋顶rooftop illegal structure 天台违例构筑物；天台违例搭建物rooftop projection 屋顶突出物rooftop squatter 天台寮屋居民rooftop squatter freezing survey 天台寮屋冻结人口登记rooftop structure 天台构筑物；天台搭建物rooftop thermal insulation 天台隔热工程roofway 屋顶通道room-sealed gas water heater 密封式气体热水炉rose wood 花梨木rotary drilling 旋转式钻探；回转钻探rotary drum screen 滚筒筛滤器rotary percussion boring 旋转冲击钻探rotary pump 旋转泵rotary switch 旋转式开关rotary vane water meter 翼轮式水表rotary water meter 旋转式水表rotor 转子rough angular quarrystone 粗糙棱角矿石rough-cast finish 粗注面routine maintenance 例行维修routine roll-forward of the Comprehensive Redevelopment Programme 定期公布的向前推展整体重建计划Royal Institute of British Architects 英国皇家建筑师学会Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors [RICS] 皇家特许测量师学会royalty lease 缴付专利税的土地契约royalty rate 专利费税率rubbed granolithic 磨水石米rubbed granolithic finish 水磨石米面rubble 毛石；粗石rubble deposition works 沉积毛石工程rubble mound 毛石基；毛石堆rubble mound seawall 毛石海堤rubble stone retaining wall 毛石挡土墙rubble structure 毛石结构；堆石结构rubble wall 毛石墙；堆石墙Rules of Assessment 评估规则Rules of the Fire Offices' Committee for Automatic Fire Alarm Installation 英国火险协会自动火警警报装置规则Rules of the Fire Offices' Committee for Automatic Sprinkler Installation 英国火险协会自动消防花洒装置规则run-off 径流；斜面排水rupture strength 破裂强度rupture stress 破裂应力Rural and New Town Planning Committee 乡郊及新市镇规划小组委员会rural area 乡郊地区rural building lot 乡郊建屋地段；乡郊屋地rural development area 乡郊发展区Rural Development Steering Committee 乡郊发展督导委员会rural estate 乡郊屋；郊区屋rural extension area 乡郊扩展区rural feeder road 郊区支路rural holding 农村土地；乡郊土地rural housing 乡村式公屋；郊区公屋rural housing estate 乡郊屋；郊区屋rural housing standard block 乡村式标准型大厦rural improvement area 乡郊改善区rural land 农村地；乡郊土地rural land use strategy 乡郊土地使用策略rural lot 农村地段Rural Planning and Improvement Strategy [RPIS] 乡郊规划及改善策略Rural Planning and Improvement Strategy Minor Works Steering Committee 乡郊规划及改善策略小型工程督导委员会Rural Planning and Improvement Strategy Section [Lands Department]乡郊规划及改善策略组〔地政总署〕rural protection area 乡郊保护区Rural Public Housing Scheme 乡村式公共房屋计划rural redevelopment area 乡郊重建区rural town 乡镇rural township 乡镇rust scale 锈皮R&V News 《差饷物业估价署通讯》工程英语词汇(S1)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------食品伙伴网　（2008-04-07）　进入论坛sacrificial anode 防蚀消耗阳极safe bearing capacity 安全承载力safe load 安全荷载；安全载重safe working load 安全工作荷载Safeguarding Rational Allocation of Public Housing Resources Report on FinalRecommendations 维护公屋资源的合理分配最后建议报告书safety against overturning 抗倾覆安全度safety clearance 安全间隙；安全距离safety clearance of squatters 寮屋区安全清拆；以安全理由清拆寮屋safety cutout switch 安全截断开关safety load 安全荷载safety margin 建屋量容差sale and purchase agreement 买卖协议；买卖合约sale block 出售大厦Sale of Flats to Sitting Tenants Scheme 出售公屋予住户计划〔出售公屋计划〕sale proceeds 售楼收益saleable area 实用面积saleable floor area 实用楼面面积sale-by-ballot system 抽签售卖方式Sales and Interim System [SALINT System] 物业买卖及临时估价电脑系统sales brochure 售楼说明书sales literature 售楼章程Sales Office [Home Ownership Scheme] 售楼处〔居者有其屋计划〕sales restriction 销售限制salt water flushing system 海水冲厕系统salt water supply 海水供应sample flat 示范单位sand basin 采沙区sand bedding course 沙垫层sand content 含沙量；含沙率sand course 沙面层sand fill 沙填料sand filter 沙滤层；沙滤池sand hole 沙眼"sand paper" lease “沙纸”契sand patch test 铺沙法试验Sand Removal Permit 搬运海沙许可证sand replacement method 填沙法sand trap 沉沙池；截沙池；隔沙池sandblasting 喷砂清理；喷砂打磨法；“打砂”sandpit 采沙场；沙池sandstone 砂岩sandwich class 夹心阶层；中层阶级Sandwich Class Housing Loan Scheme [Hong Kong Housing Society]夹心阶层住屋贷款计划〔香港房屋协会〕Sandwich Class Housing Scheme [Hong Kong Housing Society] 夹心阶层住屋计划〔香港房屋协会〕sandwich within sandwich group 夹心阶层中的夹心家庭sandy silt 沙质粉土；沙质粉沙sandy soil 沙质土壤sanitary appliance 洁具sanitary fittings 洁具；卫生设施saprolite 风化土sash 窗扇satellite building 附属建筑物satellite dish 碟形卫星天线satellite positional fixing system 人造卫星定位方法satellite town 卫星城市saturated core sample [concrete] 饱含水分混凝土芯样本saturation moisture content 饱和含水量saw blade 锯片saw dust 锯屑sawing machine 锯scabbling 凿花；粗琢scaffold 棚架；施工架scale error 尺度误差scaling [loose rock] 去除松石scantling 小木方scavenging lane 后巷schedule of accommodation 设施明细表；面积分配表；用途分配表schedule of defects 建筑缺陷细目表；建筑瑕疵细目表schedule of dilapidation 失修表schedule of government-leased offices 政府承租办公室的附表schedule of rates contract 按价格表计算的合约Schedule of Rates with Provisional Quantities 工料定价表（暂定数量）schedule of samples 样本表schedule of service [cleansing contract] 工作细则表〔清洁合约〕schedule of uses and areas 土地用途及面积一览表Schedule of Works for Private Drainage Connections in Resite Village and VillageExpansion Area 迁置乡村及乡村扩展区私人排水管道接驳工程一览表scheduled completion date 预定完工日期scheduled defects liability period 卖地章程附表所列项目的保养期scheduled rent 固定租金schematic diagram [electrical] 布线图〔电气〕scheme design 计划设计图；工程计划设计schist 片岩Schmidt hammer 混凝土测试枪；回弹仪scraper 刮刀；刮土机scree 岩屑堆；山石堆screed 砂浆底层screed to fall 砂浆斜面screen 遮板；屏障screen wall 分隔墙；围墙；遮板墙screening form 审查登记表；清拆登记表screw pile 螺旋桩screw tap 螺旋式水龙头sea channel 航道sea wall 海堤；防波堤sea wall opening 海堤通孔；海堤空隙sea wall trench 海堤壕沟seabed 海seabed pipeline 海底管道seabed pit 海卸泥场seabed reinstatement 海修复sea-floor foundation 海底基础sealant 填缝料；密封剂sealer 保护层sealing compound 绝缘胶；密封剂search 查册Search and Technical Services Division [Land Registry] 查册及技术辅助部〔土地注册处〕search fee 查册费search ticket 查册票seaside promenade 海滨公园seat plinth 座位底座seat rim 座缘seating 基座seating area 座位场地；座位区seawater intake pipework 海水进水渠管second legal charge 第二法定押记second mortgage 第二次按揭second priority category 第二优先资格；第二优先类别second priority green form 第二优先绿表secondary access road 支路secondary beam 次梁secondary consolidation 次固结secondary contact recreation zone 水上康乐活动地区secondary electrical supply 辅助电力供应secondary market 第二市场〔居者有其屋计划〕；二手市场Secondary Market Scheme [Home Ownership Scheme] 居屋第二市场计划secondary meter 分表secondary strengthening 次要巩固工程secondary treatment [sewage] 二级处理〔污水〕Secretary for Housing 房屋局局长Secretary for Works 工务局局长section of a lot 分段sectional analysis 截面分析sectional area 截面面积；切面面积sectional axonometric drawing 立体剖面图sectional completion 分段竣工sectional elevation 立剖面；截视立面图security 抵押security alarm system 防盗警钟security contractor 护卫服务承办商security control guard 保安护卫员security control room 保安控制室security fence 保安围栏security gate 保安闸；防盗闸security guard contract 护卫服务合约security of tenancy 租赁保障；租用权保障sediment loss 沉积物流失sediment toxicity 沉积物毒性sediment transport 泥沙流移；沉积物物移sedimentary rock 沉积岩；水成岩sedimentary soil 沉积土segmental launch 分段曳进法segregated layout 分隔详细图则seismic design 抗震设计seismic force 地震力seismic load 地震荷载；地震载重seismic shear 地震剪力seismic survey 震波勘测seismic wave 地震波Select Committee Report on Kwun Lung Lau Landslide 观龙楼山泥倾泻专责委员会报告selected block [Sale of Flats to Sitting Tenants Scheme] 选定出售大厦〔出售公屋予住户计划〕Selection Panel for Property Management Agent 物业管理公司甄选小组selective tendering 选择性招标self-balancing 自给自足self-closing door 自掩门self-closing tap 自动关闭龙头self-contained accommodation 独立单位；有独立设备的单位；设备齐全的单位self-contained community 独立社区；设备齐全的社区self-contained flat 独立单位；有独立设备的单位；设备齐全的单位self-extinguishing material 自动灭火材料self-levelling screed 自动流平砂浆self-occupation 自住self-selection scheme 自选单位计划self-weight [structure] 结构自重semi-basement 半底层semi-detached building 半独立建筑物；半独立式楼宇semi-detached private residence 半独立式私人住宅semi-mechanized method of building 半机械化建筑法Senior Citizen Residences Scheme 年长者住屋计划separate lease 个别租契separate specialist contractor 独立专门承建商separate tenement 独立物业单位septic tank 化粪池serial contract 整套分期建筑合约serpentine boulder 蛇纹石service access 维修设施用通道service apartment 附服务设施住宅；酒店式住宅单位service conduit 设施管道service connection point 公共装置接驳位service core 设施管道service depot 工作室service diversion 公用设施的改道service lane 通道；后巷service lift 载货升降机service pipe 给水管service reserve 公用设施专用范围service reservoir 配水库service room 水电表房；工作房；机房；杂用房service trade shop 服务行业铺位service trench 管道坑槽serviced land 已敷设公用设施的土地；具备公用设施的土地。

.Book IIUnit 1A.1.assess2.alliance3.outcome4.ethical5.identity6.ambiguous7.tolerable8.participates9.pursuit10.constructiveB.1.at stake2.were obliged3.the climate of4.feel well-equipped5.beyond my grasp6.cut back7.other than8.rise above9.care about10.is boundedC.1.incompetent2.indulgence3.migrants4.probesplex6.suspense; engagedpassionate; committed8.tolerant9.tempted10.interconnectedD.1. A. Judging from2. B. in which3. C. and4. D. believe5. A. is one of/ is that of6. B. must get7. C. likely8. D. unemployed9. C. as well as/ and10.B. simpler E.1.what2.graduation3.intend4.getting5.eventually6.survey7.although8.graduates9.transfer10.rise11.attending12.instead13.cause14.because15.attending16.below17.failure18.expectations19.confidencecationKey to the translation from English to Chinese:1.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。

如何处理不公平对待英语作文How to deal with unfair treatmentDealing with unfair treatment is a complex and multidimensional issue that involves multiple levels such as individuals, society, law, and morality. When dealing with this situation, we can adopt the following strategies and methods:1. Cognitive reconstruction: Understanding and accepting unfairness in life is the norm. Firstly, we need to recognize that unfairness in life is universal and cannot be completely avoided. Understanding this helps us stay calm and rational, avoiding excessive emotionality.2. Positive communication: When encountering unfair treatment, try to communicate positively and honestly with the other party. Through communication, we can express our feelings and demands, seek understanding and change from the other party. At the same time, it is also important to learn to listen to the other person's perspectives and positions, and understand them with empathy.3. Seeking support: When faced with unfair treatment, we can seek support and assistance from family, friends, colleagues, or professionals. Their understandingand support can provide us with emotional comfort and substantive assistance, helping us better cope with unfair phenomena.4. Developing strategies: When facing unfair treatment, we need to develop coping strategies. This includes clarifying one's own rights and demands, setting reasonable goals and expectations, and developing action plans to achieve these goals and expectations.5. Self growth: Through learning and practice, improve one's abilities and qualities to better cope with unfair phenomena. This includes improving communication skills, enhancing self-confidence, and cultivating empathy.6. Advocating for Justice: In addition to addressing unfairness at the individual level, we can also actively participate in social welfare activities and advocate for fairness and equality. By influencing others and society, we can contribute to creating a more just and equal society.In summary, dealing with unfair treatment requires us to start from multiple aspects, including cognitive reconstruction, active communication, seeking support, formulating strategies, self growth, and advocating justice. By comprehensively applying these strategies and methods, we can better cope with unfairness, safeguard our rights and dignity. At the same time, we can alsocontribute to creating a more just and equal society through individual efforts and social advocacy.。

介绍家乡山西的英语作文介绍家乡山西的英语作文（通用8篇）大家知道怎么用英语介绍自己的家乡吗？以下是小编分享的介绍家乡山西的英语作文，一起来学习吧！介绍家乡山西的英语作文篇1Shanxi Province got its name due to its location to the west of Taihang Mountain. Shanxi neighbored on Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia & Autonomous Region. It is located to the east of the Yellow River, and is also known as Hedong. Shanxi belonged to Jin State in Spring and Autumn Period, so it is abbreviated in Jin. Shanxi occupies an area of 156,000 square kilometers (about 60,000 square miles) and has a population of over 32 million, including its minority ethnic population. Its capital is Taiyuan City.When to goBeing at a high altitude, Shanxi Province has a cold and dry climate and has an annual rainfall of between 400-600 millimeters. The province is also frequently plagued by sandstorms, especially in the spring, so it is often useful to bring along both sunglasses and a hat when visiting. Generally speaking, the province's climate is the best between May and October.HistoryShanxi is one of the birth places of Chinese civilizations with a long history and traditional culture. As early as one hundred million years ago, the ancestors of the Chinese lived and propagated in this region. Legend tells us that the Yellow Emperor, founder of the Chinese nation, once lived in Shanxi for a certain period. Today, many Neolithic sites from that period canstill be seen dotted across the vast expanse of the province.What to seeShanxi is endowed with an abundance of cultural sites from its long history. Most of the ancient structures were built before the Liao and Song Dynasties. So it is the reason why Shanxi is often called the 'Chinese Ancient Architecture Museum'. The more obvious of these include: the Buddhist wonder of the Yungang Grottoes in Datong City, the ancient city of Pingyao which was listed as a World Cultural Heritage site by UNESCO in 1997, the oldest and tallest ancient wooden pagoda in China, the Wooden Pagoda of Yingxian County and the remote Shuanglin and Jinci Temples, which are well worth the long journeys for the visitors.Of course, there are a number of natural magnificent and beautiful places that can also be seen in Shanxi. The most famous of them include Wutai Mountain with the longest and most prestigious history in the four most well-known Buddhist holy lands of China, the whistling rage of the Yellow River's Kettle Spout waterfalls (Hukou Waterfalls) and one of the Five Sacred Mountains in China - Mt Hengshan.介绍家乡山西的英语作文篇2Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi Province, is bounded on three sides by mountains. It has a 2500-year history and in ancient times was an important military town. Now Taiyuan is one of China's heavy industrial cities and accounts for more than half the national coal mining output.Taiyuan also has a wealth of tourist attractions and notably among these is the Jinci Temple. This is the city's most attractive temple although the Shuangta Si (Twin-Pagoda Temple) has become a symbol of Taiyuan on account of its unique architecture.Another major attraction is the Tianlong Shan Stone Caves where magnificent sculptures dating from the Tang Dynasty (618-907) may be seen.Taiyuan benefits from convenient public transport systems as the city is the provincial transportation hub. Accommodation facilities have become more and more advanced over recent years and range from 5-star hotels to a selection of comfortable guest houses.The gourmand should be aware that Shanxi noodles are highly reputed all over China, as well as the local vinegar. Other local delicacies are the Tou Nao, the Steamed Dumpling, Sausages and Mutton Soup. T o accompany these wholesome foods there are Fen Jiu (Fen Wine) and Zhuye Qing (Zhuye Qing Wine). As well as its cuisine the city is noted for products such as finely crafted lacquer ware.介绍家乡山西的英语作文篇3My home village is a small one. It’s in Yuxian county of Shanxi Province. Small as it is，it’s very beautiful.There are many hills around my home village and they are more beautiful than some big mountains. In spring， we can fly kites which are made by ourselves on the top of the hills. The kites fly very high.In summer， the trees are green and the grass is green， too. It is green everywhere on the hills. There are so many wild apple trees on the hills. The wild apples are nice to eat. In autumn， the corns under and around the hills are ripe. So we eat them almost every day. In winter， when it snows， all the ground is covered with snow. We can play with snow and sometimes we eat the clean snow with sugar. In my hometown the sky is blue，the air is clean，the water is sweet and the people are very friendly. I love my hometown！介绍家乡山西的英语作文篇4My hometown which is in the south of shanxi Province is a very beautiful village. It lies on the east bank of a small river surrounded by green mountains In the past my hometown was poor and people led a hard life.They couldnt afford to send their children to school. But great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past twenty years. Many families .have not only color TV sets but also telephones fridges computers and so on. New roads houses schools hospitals have been built. People in my hometown are working hard for a better life.介绍家乡山西的英语作文篇5As everyone knows that China is one of the most beautiful Countries all over the world. It is really famous for its long history and civilizations. As a Chinese girl I’m so proud of my Country. And of course I love it deeply in my heart. not just because it’s my hometown.Daqing is beautiful and modern. Thescenery here is so attractive. Everyone will love it at the fist sight.When you come to Daqing you will see museums parks and shopping centers here and there. wherever you go you can see green trees grass and beautiful flowers. what’s morethere are many places of historic interest in Daqing. Such as Iron Man Memorial Museum Children's Park Times square and the wetland tourism Taikang. I am sure that the beautiful scenery will attract more people to come here.Daqing is also famous for its oil. It provides oil for our Country. Thus it is an important city in China. I am proud of it.I also love the spirit of Daqing-the Iron Man Wang Jinxi Spirit.Wang Jinxi is a hero of Daqing. I learn a lot from him. Workhard! Persevere! And never give up!That is my hometown Daqing. I love it very much! I hope you love it as I do.Thank you everyone!介绍家乡山西的英语作文篇6Taiyuan is a historic city, Gu Cheng Jinyang, was founded in about 497 BC, for the early capital of the Zhao. In 246 BC, Qin Shi Huang at the world for 36 counties, Taiyuan County home early, from the start of T aiyuan said. After the Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang period, the city of Taiyuan has been for ages. In the Five Dynasties, has for the Hou Jin Yang, Han, the North's capital of Seoul. In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin to overthrow the Later Zhou Dynasty, the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, sent his brother Zhao Guangyi in the year 979 years to capture Jinyang, set fire to the city, the city reduced to ashes generation. In 982 AD, Zhao Guangyi and Pamela reconstruction will be assigned to the Department of Taiyuan City. It was not until early in this warlord Yan Xishan rule of Shanxi, Taiyuan, in order to the capital, and down more than two thousand years, the ancient city of Taiyuan, after the war, repeatedly replacement. April 24, 1949, the Chinese People's Liberation Army to capture Taiyuan before the end, the ancient city back to the hands of the people, then on to obtain a new lease on life. In the long history, Taiyuan, has developed its famous handicraft industry and commerce. As early as the Tang and Song period, Taiyuan, has become a more developed cities in the handicraft industry. Taiyuan Ceramics of the Song Dynasty, 'grain porcelain patterns' unique in the country. After the Yuan Dynasty, Taiyuan, the country's arms manufacturing center. Tang, Song, Taiyuan, the business has developed rapidly. Especially in the Ming Dynasty, when theTaiyuan major Nanguan workshops, shops spread all over, unprecedented, the ancients had 'Bi Tian Guang, the vein to' praise.介绍家乡山西的英语作文篇7At present more and more students chase stars,especially many middle school students.When it comes the problem of star-worshipping,people hold the different ideas. Some people agreewith star-worshipping. There are many reasons.Firstly, it's fashionable for students to discuss stars'things among their classmates. Secondly, they canrealize more culture. Thirdly, they can study stars'advantages and achieve our own aim extremelyhard. However, others are against the idea above.They think that star-worshipping costs a lot of moneyand time. They blindly worship easily and lose direction. They coda imitate stars and easilyget bad habit. Even, they waste school work.In my opinion, star-worshipping is a bad thing. Tow reasons can explain my idea. On the onehand, we spend a lot of afford to understand the stars' entertainment news. On the otherhand. It affects our study. After all, it's very important for us to have our own career. In a word,we must have a rational way to worship star .介绍家乡山西的英语作文篇8How to effectively arrange working hoursFor an employee, how to arrange your work time effectively is the important key to decide whether you can get success or not. The word “effectively”, means you should do a lot of work and make it perfect in limited time. Make use of the most of your work time.We can set an example, when you enter or are on the way toyour company at a regular morning, all of things that you should do during this days should be shown in your mind. You can list those by priority. According to this list, you can know what you should do. Paste is on your desk so that whenever you feel confused you can see it.Meanwhile, you should put your emphases on the time. Do a task you should do on time is an essential point. By the way, you can add “Expect Efforts” and “Result Efforts” items behind your task list as backup items.The most important point that you should concern is that gather yourself together to do a work. Most of people want to have a comfortable working status, for instance, they would like to listen to the music or chat with other people by doing a work. That is not a good habit even if you are listening light music or are chatting on important topics. I don't mean you should ignore all of important things during your work time. Just if you want to do a thing, do it.Perhaps you will say it depends on the real time. But all of above is a direction, we all know that. List all of your tasks in one day, plan the time and record it, do it on time, and put yourself on it. Just follow it day by day if you want to succeed in your job.。

水法重点解读【中英文版】英文文档内容：Water Law Key InterpretationThe Water Law is a fundamental piece of legislation that governs the management and protection of water resources in our country.It is of great significance to ensure the rational use of water resources, prevent and control water pollution, and promote sustainable water resource management.This article will provide a focused interpretation of the key points of the Water Law.1.Water Resource Management: The Water Law emphasizes the importance of integrated water resource management, which requires the coordination of various water resources and the consideration of their entire lifecycles, from source to mouth.This approach ensures the sustainable and efficient use of water resources.2.Water Pollution Control: The Water Law strictly regulates the prevention and control of water pollution.It requires that pollutant discharge standards be met, and that measures be taken to reduce pollutant emissions.The law also prohibits the illegal discharge of pollutants, and imposes strict penalties for violations.3.Protection of Water Resources: The Water Law emphasizes the protection of water resources, including the conservation of aquaticecosystems and the preservation of biodiversity.It encourages the restoration and reconstruction of aquatic ecosystems, and promotes the sustainable use of aquatic resources.4.Water Use Permits: The Water Law introduces a system of water use permits, which regulate the use of water resources.Any entity or individual that uses water resources must obtain a permit, and comply with the relevant regulations.This system helps to ensure the efficient and rational use of water resources.5.Emergency Response: The Water Law establishes a system for emergency response to water-related disasters, such as floods and droughts.It requires local governments to develop and implement emergency plans, and to establish a disaster prevention and reduction system.This helps to minimize the damage caused by water-related disasters.6.Legal Responsibilities: The Water Law imposes legal responsibilities on entities and individuals involved in water resource management.It requires that they fulfill their legal responsibilities, and establishes a system of supervision and inspection to ensure compliance.Violations of the law can result in administrative penalties, fines, or even criminal prosecution.In conclusion, the Water Law plays a vital role in the management and protection of our country"s water resources.Its key points, includingintegrated water resource management, water pollution control, and legal responsibilities, are designed to promote the sustainable and efficient use of water resources, and to protect the health of our aquatic ecosystems.中文文档内容：水法重点解读《水法》是我国立法体系中的一项基础性法律，它对我国水资源的管理和保护起到了总纲性的作用。

It enunciate clealy that all Chinese are a group duck in spite my mum's word possibly a joke."从我母亲的话中可以了解到中国人是把群体利益放第一位的, 或着说是盲目随群的.""it is obvious that chinese put that grop interest on first place even follow their group like a sheep from a common housewife's words." I try it again , and hope can make me understood.My translation:“From what my mother says I can understand that the Chinese give priority to group interests, or we can say they blindly follow the crowd.”it is an unbelievable nonsense to tolerate someone being a rebel and not to pander the most class of the society.,"这绝对是一派胡言, 让一个中国人去对那些造反者或者说是不服从的人做出忍耐与让步."it is an unbelievable nonsense to tolerate someone being a rebels and obstinate to the main majority of the country.My translation:“It is absolute nonsense to ask a Chinese person to tolerate and compromise with someone who is rebellious and disobedient.”religion is vaporized instead of(but) the faiful concentration to the British Royalty.这句话我想表达的是,"对于scotland宗教问题就烟消云散了,转而是对英国皇室的忠心" "the religion problem vanishing in scotland but of faithful belif in the British Royalty."My translation:“In Scotland the religious problem has disappeared, but conversely there is loyalty to the British Royal Family.”In short, certain animals deserve the special consideration from human beings which will neither excerbate the resources to the whole natural nor inhinder human beings development, by historily and comtempororily prospective. 这句话我想表达的是, "总之, 一些动物应该被关爱,(这些动物)即不消耗太多资源也不会阻碍人类发展,从现在和历史的角度上说." I thought it was a perplex sentence, I try it again: In short,certain animals deserve the special consideration from human beings which will neither exacerbate the resources seriously nor hinder the development of human beings.Idon't know how to translate this"从现在和历史的角度上说".My translation:“In short, certain animals deserve special consideration, but, speaking from a current and from a historical perspective, they must neither consume too many financial resources nor hinder human development.”many animals will make many themself, for example the natural protection park is the most attractive resort for many tourists, and so their is no reason to reject the goodness from animals, if anything, the reason will relate to the extinction of a nation, which have not happend by now.这句话我想表达的是,"很多动物也能够有经济效益, 例如自然保护区就是一个很吸引游客的旅游胜地, 因此我们没有理由去拒绝动物给我们带来的好处, 如果要拒绝也只是保护了某种动物关系到一个国家民族的灭亡, 而在当今人道主义前提下是不可能发生的." Many animals will benefits themselves and humans by material return, for example the natural protectin park is the most attractive resort for many tourist, and so their is no reason to reject the goodness from animals, if anything, the reason will be that a nation will find extinction on themselves while saving species, which have not happened by now for the ambiance of humanity.My translation:“Many animals can also have economic benefits: for example, nature conservancy areas are very attractive to tourists. Therefore, there is no reason to reject the benefits brought by animals. If we do reject them, it is only because the preservation of some animal species is linked with extinction of some national ethnic group –which cannot happen under present humanitarian principles.”it is unreasonable in include under …practicality‟ some other things like weapons which are related to the security of a country. it is kinda confuse me, what do you mean add aIN(underline one) here? Sorry –it should not be …in‟, it should be …to‟.we should be superintended to analyize particular situation in the history to predict and enunciate for the familar states in the future. 这句话我想表达的是,我们应该具体情况具体分析,从而跟好的处理将来遇到的类似情况. we should be prudent to analyze particular situationin the history and be confident to cope with similar situation in the future.My translation:“We must make a practical analysis of practical situations, and thus be in a better position to deal with similar situations in the future.”undoubtedly, because of its obstract definition that confuse us to treasure all kinds of art at the expense of resources which should have been sacrificed to the needs of citizens. 这句话我想表达的是, 因为对艺术概念的模糊定位, 我们盲目的珍惜所有的艺术, 并以公民的需要来做代价. Because of the abstract definition that confuse us to treasure vax scope of arts at the expense of the resourse which should be disseminated to citizens.My translation:“Because of the vague definition of the concept …Art‟, we blindly treasure all kinds of art and make a value judgement according to the needs of the citizens.”art is appreciated by the reconstruction of the image provided by varies forms from the viewers. Simply, a complete procedure must be taken part in by views. Thus, while the viewer loss their mood to take the deep meaning of art and put them into the basic needs to survive, overemphasis on arts will do nothing but squandering. The similar case is the Depression in the 30s to 40s of The, Unite. State. When people of that time are struggling for a loaf of bread for survival, it is cruel to boast art and inappropriate separation of resourses. So the government will act relentless when build more museum and display more show to serve the meanger part of people. 这句话很抽象, 用中文来解释也不容易,这句话我想表达的是, "欣赏艺术就是在大脑中重构艺术的内涵,因此不同的人欣赏同样的艺术会有不同的结果,而艺术的完整过程必须要有欣赏者参与. 因此当一个人没有心情欣赏艺术而是把心思都放在如何生存的问题上, 在强调艺术就是一种浪费. 在30年代到40年代的美国大萧条时期,当人们所有的精力都在为一块面包奋斗的时候, 将资源不恰当的用来搞艺术是残忍的. 因此为了少数群体去建奢华的博物馆或其他展览的政府都是残忍的."this paragraph is tough even for a Chinese, but the logical causal relationship is accent. I will make it your homework to translate this sentence into English. Don't make me upset.My translation:“The appreciation of art involves the recreation of art in the brain. Therefore, different people trying to appreciate the same work of art may come to different conclusions. The total artistic process requires the participation of the person trying to appreciate it. Therefore, when a person is not in the mood to appreciate art but his mind is concerned with some matter of survival, it is a waste of effort to stress the art. In the 30s and 40s, at the time of the Great Depression in the USA, when people were devoting all their energy to the struggle for a loaf of bread, to use financial resources inappropriately to fund art was cruel. Therefore, a government that builds extravagant museums and other art galleriesfor a small number of people is brutal.”Third, when people's basic survial rights are under threat, goverment should not extravagantly allocate too much on arts. Humanity is the basic right that we should conserve and maintain. So, considering mountains of money will be spent to make a exhibition or build a museum, it will be more practical to spend the money on the improvement of the basic skill to survive. In many developing country, spirite pandulum is as oasis in a sand, however, this sprite entertainments have satisfy them in their leisure time from endeavoring for life.Diamonic(diabolic) will be for a government to build a museum neglecting the children under the vulture. So, in this case we should make rational budget for resouces. 这段话很令我伤脑筋, 我想写政府拿更多的钱去为人民服务, 并且带来了比艺术所能带来的更多的收获, 但我没有例证, 不知道如何下笔, 你有什么好提议吗?A suggestion:Artistic activity can be a welcome relief from the harshness of daily life. But there has to be a balance between spiritual nourishment through art and basic nourishment for survival. In Germany in 1945, when many cities were in ruins, the first building to be repaired was often the theatre because the government realised that the peopleneeded some artistic illusion to help them accept hunger and deprivation.It reminds people that hundreds of years ago myriad Chinese culture vestige had exflux oversea, as makes a culture margineby now for the year generation who even being elusive and affread by their own cultures because they feel losing art burythe splendid culture in Chines culture.这句话我想表达的是,在过去的几百年间, 无数的中国文化财产大量外流,造成了中国文化的空白, 对于当代年轻人, 他们中的有些人甚至害怕自己的文化, 以为没有文物让他们去了解自己的(文化). It reminds people that hundreds of years ago myriad Chinese culture relic had effluxed oversea, as to makes a culture rupture by now for new generations who even elusive andfear their own culture because they never getchance to know some of these vanishing cultures.My translation:“In the past, over a period of several hundreds of years, numerous Chinese cultural relics disappeared abroad, creating a vacuum in Chinese culture. For young people of that generation, many of them even feared their own culture and believed that being withoutcultural objects would make them understand their own culture.”。

人文英语4-0003交际用语（共5题，共10分）1. — Is it better to be physically attractive or intelligent?—________________ .A Yes, it is very attractiveB No, it is not attractiveC For me, be intelligent is better, but that depends on参考答案：C2. — Do you prefer a portable or a clumsy 3D printer?—________________ .A No, a portable 3D printer is more usefulB Yes, I would not have a clumsy oneC I prefer a portable one to a clumsy one参考答案：C3. — Do you mind my using my mobile phone here?—________________.A Yes, use it pleaseB No, of course notC No, you can’t use it参考答案：B4. — How can you prove that your client is innocent?—___________.A That’s the police’s jobB My client is guiltyC Here is the evidence, your honor参考答案：C5. — How have you been lately, Molly?—_________.A Not badB I was at homeC I am quite busy now参考答案：A词汇与结构（共15题，共30分）1. He would much ______ it if you could do him the favor.A awardB applyC appreciate参考答案：C2. The BBC has just successfully demonstrated a ________ radio transmission system.A digestiveB dignityC digital参考答案：C3. The plastic surgeon may provide several plans for your facial ____A reconstructB reconstructionC reconstructed参考答案：B4. _____ extravagant eating and drinking and pay attention to thrift and economy.A DisposeB OpposeC Suppose参考答案：B5. The governments should _ ____ more educational funds for training teachers and improving school facilities.A set outB set aboutC set aside参考答案：C6. Shortages of professional staff are very _____ in some places.A severeB serveC sever参考答案：A7. ___is not the ultimate goal for us college students.A DiplomatB DiplomaC Discipline参考答案：B8. Tom can speak French. ________.A Nor can JackB So can JackC So Jack can参考答案：B9. The reason why he didn’t come to school was _________ he was ill.A becauseB whyC that参考答案：C10. She’s been interested in computer science ____ she was eight.A beforeB sinceC ago参考答案：B11. You ______ been to the Great WallA must haveB shouldC must参考答案：A12. When we were students we________often stay up all night.A willB wouldC should参考答案：B13. How I wish I ______ travel abroad!A couldB canC able to参考答案：A14. You will quickly get used to_______ this new digital camera.A useB usingC be used参考答案：B15. Had you come five minutes earlier, you _________ the train to Birmingham. But now you missed it.A would catchB would have caughtC could catch参考答案：B阅读理解（共2题，共40分）1.请根据短文内容判断给出的语句是否正确，正确的在括号内写(T)，错误的在括号内写(F)。

Regulations on the Control over Safety of Dangerous ChemicalsDecree No. 344 of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China Promulgation Date:26th January 2002Effective Date:15th March 2002Promulgated by:The State CouncilChapter I General PrinciplesChapter II Manufacture, Storage, and Use of Dangerous ChemicalsChapter III Operation of Dangerous ChemicalsChapter IV Transportation of Dangerous ChemicalsChapter V Registration of Dangerous Chemicals and Emergency RescueChapter VI Legal LiabilityChapter VII Supplementary RulesChapter I General PrinciplesArticle 1In order to strengthen the control over safety of dangerous chemicals, to guarantee the people’s life and property safety, and to protect the environment, these Regulations are hereby enacted.Article 2 Production, operation, storage, transportation, and use of dangerous chemicals and disposal of the wasted dangerous chemicals within the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall be governed by these Regulations, laws and other administrative regulations of the State on production safety. Article 3 “Dangerous chemicals” as referred to herein include explosives, pressure gas, liquefied gas, inflammable liquid, inflammable solid, spontaneous combustible articles, combustible materials in case of moisture, oxidants, organic peroxide, toxic articles, corrosives, etc.Dangerous chemicals listed onto the List of Dangerous Articles (GB 12268) promulgated as the national standard, the catalogue of hyper-toxic chemicals, and other dangerous chemicals not listed onto the List of Dangerous Articles shall be determined and announced by the administrative department in charge of comprehensive management of economy and trade jointly with the administrative departments in charge of public security, environmental protection, health, quality control, traffic control, etc of the State Council. Article 4The personnel chiefly in charge of units that manufacture, deal in, store, transport, and use the dangerous chemicals and dispose of the wasted dangerous chemicals (hereinafter referred to as the “units of dangerous chemicals”) must guarantee the safety control for their own dangerous chemicals satisfy provisions of the relevant laws, regulations, and rules, as well as requirements of the national standards, and be responsible for the safety of their own dangerous chemicals.The personnel engaging in the manufacture, operation, storage, transportation, use of dangerous chemicals or disposal of wasted dangerous chemicals of the units of dangerous chemicals must take part in the training for the relevant laws, regulations, rules, safety knowledge, professional skills, vocational safety protection, and emergency knowledge. Only those passing the examination may hold their posts.Article 5 The relevant departments in charge of supervision and administration of the man ufacture, operation, storage, transportation, use of dangerous chemicals, and the disposal of the wasted dangerous chemicals shall fulfill their responsibilities according to the following provisions:(1) The administrative department in charge of overall managementof economy and trade of the State Council and the administrativedepartments of economy and trade of the people’s governments ofprovinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly underthe Central People’s Government shall, in accordanc e with theseRegulations, be responsible for the overall work for the supervisionand administration of safety of dangerous chemicals, be responsiblefor examination and approval of the establishment, reconstruction,and expansion of enterprises that manufacture or store dangerouschemicals, be responsible for the examination and appointment ofthe professional manufacturing enterprises of packing materials orcontainers (including trough containers used for transportation,hereinafter inclusive), be responsible for issuance of the licenses foroperation of dangerous chemicals, be responsible for registration ofdomestic dangerous chemicals, be responsible for organizing andcoordinating the emergency rescue for the dangerous chemicalaccidents, and be responsible for the supervision and examinationof the aforesaid matters. The administrative department in charge ofthe overall work for supervision and administration of safety ofdangerous chemicals of the people’s governments of municipalities (with distric ts) and the people’s governments at the county level shall be determined by the people’s governments at all levels, and fulfill their responsibilities in accordance with these Regulations. (2) The public security organs shall be responsible for the public security control over dangerous chemicals, be responsible for the issuance of hyper-toxic chemical purchase credence and purchase licenses, be responsible for examining, approving, and issuing road transportation passes for hyper-toxic chemicals, be responsible for supervision over the safety of the road transportation of dangerous chemicals, and be responsible for the supervision and examination of the aforesaid matters.(3) The administrative departments in charge of quality control shall be responsible for the issuance of the manufacture licenses for dangerous chemicals and their packing materials as well as containers, be responsible for the supervision over the quality of packing materials and containers of dangerous chemicals, and be responsible for the supervision and examination of the aforesaid matters.(4) The administrative departments in charge of environmental protection shall be responsible for the supervision and administration of the disposal of wasted dangerous chemicals, beresponsible for the investigation of serious dangerous chemical pollution accidents and the ecological damage incidents, be responsible for the emergency monitoring of the sites of toxic chemical accidents and registration of the imported dangerous chemicals, and be responsible for the supervision and examination of the aforesaid matters.(5) The administrative departments in charge of railways and civil aviation shall be responsible for the railway and air transportation of dangerous chemicals, and the safety control, supervision, and examination of railway and air transportation units for dangerous chemicals and their means of transport. The administrative departments in charge of communications shall be responsible for the safety control of the highway and waterway transportation units for dangerous chemicals and their means of transport, and the supervision over safety in the waterway transportation of dangerous chemicals, be responsible for determining the professional levels of highway and waterway transportation units for dangerous chemicals, drivers, shipmen, loading and unloading personnel, and transport escorts, and be responsible for the supervision and examination of the aforesaid matters.(6) The administrative departments in charge of health shall be responsible for the authentication of toxicity of dangerous chemicals,and the medical rescue of the personnel who die or are injured dueto accidents of dangerous chemicals.(7) The administrations for industry and commerce shall, inaccordance with the approval or licenses of the relevantdepartments, issue the business licenses for units that manufacture,deal in, store, or transport dangerous chemicals, and supervise andadminister the business operations in the dangerous chemicalmarket.(8) The administrative departments in charge of post shall beresponsible for the supervision and examination of dangerouschemicals sent by post.Article 6 The relevant departments in charge of supervision and administration of units of dangerous chemicals in accordance with these Regulations may exercise the following powers in the course of supervision and examination according to law:(1) To enter into the operating sites of dangerous chemicals to makethe spot examination, to transfer the relevant materials, and learnthe relevant information form the personnel concerned, and to tablethe proposals for units of dangerous chemicals to make rectificationand improvement;(2) To order the parties concerned to eliminate the hidden risks ofaccidents of dangerous chemicals forthwith or within a specified timelimit when such risks are discovered;(3) To order the parties concerned to cease forthwith the use offacilities, equipment, apparatus, and means of transport that fails tomeet the relevant laws, regulations, rules, and national standardsbased on evidence; and(4) To make corrections on the spot, or to order the partiesconcerned to make corrections when finding the illegal acts.Units of dangerous chemicals shall be subject to the supervision and examination conducted by the relevant departments according to law without refusal or hindrance.When performing their duties of supervision and examination, the personnel assigned by the relevant departments shall produce their certificates.Chapter II Manufacture, Storage, and Use of Dangerous ChemicalsArticle 7 The State carries out the unified planning, rational arrangement, and strict control over the manufacture and storage of dangerous chemicals, and implements the system to examine and approve the manufacture and storage of dangerous chemicals. Without examination and approval of the State, any units and individuals shall not manufacture or storage dangerous chemicals. The people’s governments at the municipality level (with districts established within the municipality ) shall, according to the local actual demand for the economic development, allocate the appropriate areas to be specialized for the manufacture and storage of dangerous chemicals in accordance with the principle of ensuring safety when making the overall planning.Article 8 An enterprise for manufacture or storage of dangerous chemicals must fulfill the following qualifications:(1) It shall have the manufacture techniques, equipment, orwarehousing means and facilities meeting the nationalstandards;(2) The distance of protection around factories and warehousesshall meet the national standards or the relevant provisions ofthe State;(3) It shall have the management and technical personnelsatisfying the demand for manufacture or storage;(4) It shall have healthy safety control system; and(5) It shall have full qualifications as required by laws,regulations, and national standards..Article 9 In order to establish an enterprise for the manufacture or storage of hyper-toxic chemicals, and an enterprise for the manufacture or storage of other dangerous chemicals, the applications shall be filed to the administrative department in charge of economy and trade of the relevant province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central People’s Government and the administrative department in charge of the overall work of supervision and administration of safety in dangerous che micals of the people’s government at the municipality level (with districts) respectively, and submit the following documents:(1) The feasibility research report;(2) Indicators of physical chemical properties such as ignitionpoint, spontaneous combustion point, flash point, limits ofexplosion, toxicity, etc. of raw materials, intermediaryproducts, final products, or stored dangerous chemicals;(3) Technical requirements on the packing, storage, and transportation;(4) A safety evaluation report;(5) Measures emergency rescue; and(6) The supporting documents fulfilling conditions of Article 8 herein.The administrative departments in charge of economy and trade of the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly und er the Central People’s Government, or the administrative departments in charge of the overall work of supervision and administration of safety of dangerous chemicals of the people’s governments at the municipality level (with districts) shall organize the relevant experts to examine the applications received and the documents submitted, and shall report the examination opinions of these experts to the people’s governments at the same levels to make decisions of approval or disapproval. According the decisi ons of the people’s governments, the administrative departments in charge of economy and trade of the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central People’s Government, or the administrative department s in charge of the overall work of supervision and administration of safety of dangerous chemicals of the people’s governments at the municipality level (with districts) shall issue the documents of approval to the approved applicant; otherwise, they shall notify the disapproved applicants in writing. The approved applicants shall go through the registration formalities with the administrations for industry and commerce depending on the documents of approval.Article 10 Except the fueling stations for means of transport, such quantity of the installations manufacturing and storing dangerous chemicals constituting the serious hazard sources and the distance from the following places and areas must satisfy the national standards or the relevant provisions of the State:(1) Resident estates, commercial centers, parks, and otherdensely inhabited districts;(2) Schools, hospitals, cinemas, stadiums, gymnasiums, andother public facilities;(3) Water supply sources, water plants, and water source protection zones;(4) Stations, docks (excluding those specialized for loading andunloading of dangerous chemicals upon approval according to therelevant provisions of the State), airports, highways, railways,waterway main lines, wind booths, entrance, and exit ofunderground railways;(5) The basic farmland protection zones, animal husbandry zones,fishing waters, and bases to produce seeds, breeders, andoffspring of aquatic products;(6) Rivers, lakes, places of historical interest and scenicspots, and natural protection zones;(7) Prohibited military zones and military control zones; and(8) Other areas to be protected by laws and administrative regulations.In case that the quantity of installations manufacturing dangerous chemicals that have been built, and the storage facilities that constitute the serious hazard sources does not fulfill the provisions of the preceding Paragraph, the administrative departments in charge of the overall work for the supervision and administration of safety of dangerous chemicals of the people’s governments at the municipality level (with districts established within the municipality ) shall supervise the parties concerned to make rectification and improvement within the specified time limit. The change of the line of production, the stoppage of production, the move, or shutdown shall be reported to the people’s governments at the same levels for approval, and carry out such activities upon approval.“Serious hazard sources” as referred to herein means cells (including places and inst allations) in which the dangerous chemicals are manufactured, transported, used, or stored, or the wasted chemicals are disposed of , and the quantity of dangerous chemicals is equal to or exceeds the threshold quantity.Article 11 The reconstruction or expansion of an enterprise for manufacture or storage of dangerous chemicals must be examined and approved in accordance with the provisions of Article 9 herein.Article 12 An enterprise to manufacture dangerous chemicals that is established according to law must apply to the administrative department in charge of quality control of the State Council for drawing the license for manufacturing dangerous chemicals; any enterprise that fails to obtain such license shall not commence the manufacture of dangerous chemicals.The administrative department in charge of quality control of the State Council shall notify the administrative department in charge of comprehensive management of economy and trade, the administrative department in charge of environmental protection, and the public security organ of the State Council of the situation about the issuance of licenses for manufacturing dangerous chemicals.Article 13 Any units and individuals shall not manufacture, deal in, or use dangerous chemicals that are p rohibited by the State’s public proclamation.Hyper-toxic chemicals shall be prohibited from manufacturing raticides and other chemical products and chemicals for the daily use.Article 14 Whoever manufactures dangerous chemicals shall attach the technical specifications for the safety of chemicals in full accord with dangerous chemicals in the packing materials of dangerous chemicals, and affix or post the safety signs for chemicals in full accord with dangerous chemicals in the packing materials on the external packaging materials.When finding that dangerous chemicals manufactured have the new hazard characteristics, the manufacturing enterprises of dangerous chemicals shall make the public announcements forthwith, and modify the technical specifications for safety and the safety signs in time.Article 15 The production conductions of units engaging in the manufacture of dangerous chemicals must fulfill the national standards and the relevant provisions of the State, and these units shall obtain the corresponding licenses in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the State, must establish and strengthen the regulations and rules on the safety control over the use of dangerous chemicals, and guarantee the safe use and control over dangerous chemicals.Article 16 Whoever manufactures, stores, or makes use of dangerous chemicals shall, according to the varieties and characteristics of dangerous chemicals, set up the corresponding safety facilities and equipment for monitoring, ventilation, burning resistance, tempering, fireproofing, fire control, explosion protection, pressure relief, antitoxin, disinfections, neutralization, moisture prevention, lightning protection, static electricity resistance, antisepsis, seep-proofing, reclamation dam protection, or isolated operation in the workshops and operating sites, maintain and protect them in accordance with the national standards and the relevant provisions of the State, and guarantee that they satisfy the requirements on safe operation.Article 17 A unit that manufactures, stores, or makes use of hyper-toxic chemicals shall conduct safety evaluation of its own manufacturing or storage installations once a year. A unit that manufactures, stores, or makes use of other dangerous chemicals shall conduct the safety evaluation of its own manufacturing or storage installations once two years.The safety evaluation report shall cover a proposal to make rectification and improvement against the safety problems in manufacturing or storage installations. The manufacturing or storage installations threatened by the real hazards discovered in the course of the safety evaluation shall be fall into disuse forthwith, replaced or repaired, and the corresponding safety measures shall be adopted.The safety evaluation report shall be submitted to the administrative department in charge of the overall work for the supervision and administration of safety of dangerous chemicals of the people’s government at the municipality level (with districts) for record.auditionArticle 18 Units that manufacture, store, and use dangerous chemicals shall set up the communication and alarming installations in the manufacturing, storage, and use places, and guarantee their normal applicable conditions under any circumstances.Article 19 A unit that manufactures, stores, or makes use of hyper-toxic chemicals shall record the output, flow direction, storage quantity, and purposes of such chemicals according to the facts, and adopt the necessary security measures to prevent such chemicals from being stolen, lost, or sold by error, or misused; when finding that hyper-toxic chemicals are stolen, lost, sold by error, or misused, it must make a report to the local public security organ forthwith.Article 20 The packaging of dangerous chemicals must accord with laws, regulations, and rules of the State, and satisfy the requirements of the national standards.The material, models, specifications, methods, and unit quantity (weight) of the packing of dangerous chemicals shall be adapted to the nature and purposes of the packaged dangerous chemicals, and be convenient for loading, unloading, transportation, and storage.Article 21 The packing materials and containers of dangerous chemicals shall not be used unless they are manufactured by the professional manufacturing enterprises passing the examination of the administrative departments in charge of economy and trade of the people’s governments at the provincial level, and pass the professional test and inspection institutions admitted by the administrative department in charge of quality control of the State Council.The packing materials and containers for repeated use shall be inspected before being used, and the corresponding records shall be made; the inspection records shall be kept for two years at least.The administrative departments in charge of quality control shall inspect the quality of the packing materials and containers at regular or irregular intervals.Article 22 Dangerous chemicals must be stored within the specialized warehouses, places, or storage rooms (hereinafter referred to as the “specialized warehouses”), and be managed by the specially assigned personnel. The storage means, methods, and the quantity stored must meet the national standards.The dangerous chemicals’ entry into, and exit from warehouses must be inspected and registered. The stock dangerous chemicals shall be inspected at regular intervals.Hyper-toxic chemicals and other dangerous chemicals that constitute serious hazard sources in quantity must be stored within the specialized warehouses separately, and be subject to the system of double-person receiving and dispatching and double-person safekeeping. A storage unit shall report the quantity, places, and management personnel of stored hyper-toxic chemicals and other dangerous chemicals that constitute serious hazard sources to the local public security organ and the administrative department in charge of the overall work for the supervision and administration of safety of dangerous chemicals for records.Article 23 The specialized warehouses for dangerous chemicals shall satisfy requirements of the national standards on the safety and fire control, and prominent signs shall be set up for these warehouses. The storage equipment and safety facilities for these warehouses shall be checked at regular intervals.Article 24 The disposal of wasted dangerous chemicals shall be based on the Law on Prevention and Control over the Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Wastes and the relevant provisions of the State.Article 25 When units that manufacture, store, or use dangerous chemicals halt production, change the line of production, shut down, or dissolved, they shall adopt the effective measures to dispose the manufacturing or storage equipment for dangerous chemicals, inventory products, and manufacturing materials, and shall not leave over hidden risk of accident. The disposal proposal shall be submitted to the administrative department in charge of the overall work for the supervision and administration of safety of dangerous chemicals of the local people’s government at the municipality level (with districts established within the municipality), and the administrative department in charger of environmental protection and the public security organ at the same level for record. The administrative department in charge of the overall work for the supervision and administration of safety of dangerous chemicals shall supervise and examine the disposal.Article 26 Dangerous chemicals turned over by the public shall be taken over by the public security organs. Dangerous chemicals taken over by the public security organs and those captured by other relevant departments shall be handed over to the professional units admitted by the administrative departments in charge of environmental protection for disposal.Chapter III Operation of Dangerous ChemicalsArticle 27 The State carries out the licensing system for dealing in dangerous chemicals. Without being licensed, any units and individuals shall deal in dangerous chemicals.Article 28 An enterprise that deals in dangerous chemicals must fulfill the following qualifications:(1) Its business premises and storage facilities shall conform to thenational standards;(2) The executive staff and the business personnel shall receivedthe professional training and be qualified for holding their posts;(3) It shall have a healthy safety control system; and(4) It shall full qualifications as required by laws, regulations, andnational standards.Article 29 In order to deal in hyper-toxic chemicals and other dangerous chemicals, the applications shall be filed to the administrative departments in charge of economy and trade of the relevant provinces, autonomous regions, or m unicipalities directly under the Central People’s Government or the administrative departments in charge of the overall work of supervision and administration of safety in dangerous chemicals of the people’s governments at the municipality level (with dist ricts) respectively, and submit the supporting documents for qualifications as specified in Article 28 herein. The administrative departments in charge of economy and trade of the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities di rectly under the Central People’s Government, or the administrative departments in charge of the overall work of supervision and administration of safety of dangerous chemicals of the people’s governments at the municipality level (with districts) shall, u pon the receipt of applications, examine the supporting documents submitted by the applicants and their business premises in accordance with the provisions herein. Upon examination, they shall issue the licenses for dealing in dangerous chemicals to the qualified applicants, notify the public security organs and the administrative departments in charge of environmental protection at the same levels of the corresponding information, and inform the unqualified applicants in writing of the corresponding reason s. The approved applicants shall go through the registration formalities with the administrations for industry and commerce depending on the licenses for dealing in dangerous chemicals.Article 30 Enterprises that deal in dangerous chemicals shall not commit the following acts:(1) To purchase dangerous chemicals from enterprises that fail toobtain the licenses for manufacturing such chemicals or the licensesfor dealing in such chemicals;(2) To deal in hyper-toxic chemicals that have been prohibited frombeing manufactured, raticides manufactured by hyper-toxicchemicals, and other chemical products and chemicals for daily use;or(3) To sell dangerous chemicals without technical specifications orsigns for safety of chemicals.Article 31 Enterprises that manufacture dangerous chemicals shall not sell such chemicals to units or individuals who fail to obtain the licenses for dealing in dangerous chemicals.Article 32 Enterprises that deal in dangerous chemicals, for the purpose to store such chemicals, shall abide by the relevant provisions in Chapter II herein. Shops of dangerous chemicals shall have no option but to store fractional-package dangerous chemicals for civil use, and the total quantity of such chemicals in a shop shall not exceed the quota provided by the State.Article 33 Enterprises that deal in hyper-toxic chemicals, when selling such chemicals, shall record names and addresses of purchase units, names and identity card numbers of purchasing personnel, as well as item names, quantity, and purposes of purchased hyper-toxic chemicals. Such records shall be kept for one year at least.。

抚顺职业技术学院外语系毕业论文论中西饮食文化差异ON THE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHINESE AND WESTERNFOOD作者沈倩院系外语系专业商务英语年级 2009级班级 ________商务英语二班_学号 08指导教师贾荣武二零一一年十二月内容摘要摘要:饮食是人类生活、生存与发展的必需，可是由于中西方文化传统的差异，导致了中西方饮食文化在观念、对象、方式、归属与性质方面产生了差异，研究这些差异，找出可以融会贯通的地方，促进中西文化交流。

台湾张起钧教授说过“古语说‘饮食男女人之大欲存焉’。

由此赋予饮食以丰富的文化内涵，虽然饮食文化在西方不够发达，但这种不发达本身也是一种文化发展的结果，所以对中西饮食文化的比较仍有意义。

通过对中西饮食文化差异的分析，我们可以了解中西方各自的文化传统；同时能对中国文化进行改善与创新。

关键词：饮食文化文化传统差异AbstractDiet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development. Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature. We study these differences andthen find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west. Taiwan Professor Zhang Qijun said, “The old saying, 'Eat, drink, man, woman who wishes greatly'. Thus the diet is rich in culture. Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet. By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west. And we can also improve and create the culture of ChinaKey Words：dietary, culturecultural, tradition differencesContentsPartI Introduction............................................................. . (5)Part II The differences in concepts (5)2.1 Cultural differences (6)2.2 Comparing with the Chinesediet, western diet tastes.....................Stereotyped (6)Part III Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet (7)3.1 T his dish is "delicious"………................................................ .73.2 Differences in targets all diet cannot be done without............vegetables (8)Part IV Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit…........ .84.1 There are more meat dishes in western lives (8)PartV The cultural behaviors (10)5.1 The difference cultural behaviors in western and Chinese (10)5.2 Difference in Diet Attribution There are differences between.... .Chinese And western diet attribution (12)5.3 Differences in Dietary Patterns (13)PartVI Conclusion (14)Reference s (15)On The Cultural Differences Between Chinese AndWestern FoodPart I IntroductionOnce there is a saying that "Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispe nsable condition for the survival and development of human beings. . There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive; and another is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line. Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter. Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend. Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west. As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the "heaven" degree. Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristicPart II The differences in conceptsTargets, patterns, attribution and naturead reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic hasenriched the research value of dietary culture2.1 cultural differencesWe can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.I. Differences in Concepts First, the Chinese and western diet have the differences that cannot be ignored in concepts. Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured. It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.2.2 Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotypedAs simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition. And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine. The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy. Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy. Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development. In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere. In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of rawmaterials. But no matter how luxurious the grade is; from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of. And as dishes, the chicken is chicken; steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish. In a dish of "French Muttonchops", one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato. Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clearPart III Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet3.1 This dish is "delicious"When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is "delicious", and that dish is "not delicious".But if you ask what is meant by "delicious", why "tasty" and what are the aspects of "delicious", I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer. This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything. Even using the "color, flavor, shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown allIt contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish. The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of thechefs.3.2. Difference in targets all diet cannot be done without vegetablesThe word "dish" is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants. According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west. In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food. Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of "fresh vegetables". Mandarin language: "Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship." It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship. Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure. Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish; it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists. They deem animals as "people" and plants have "no soul." So, they advocate vegetarianism Part IV Westerners do not seem to have such a good habitThey up hold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation. Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement. There are more meat dishes in their lives.4.1 There are more meat dishes in western livesFeeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals. When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel thattheir diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China. The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition. Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles; but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak. The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified. Mr. Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition. In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: "Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal. Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life. Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet. “He added:" The Chinese vegetaria ns all eat tofu. Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has. It is the meat without toxic materials. So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars. It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish. So there wasscience promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition. And the transfer will not carry out in a short time."Mr. Sun’s words tell out the scientif ic benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet. According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners’ is animal character.Part V the cultural behaviors5.1 The difference cultural behaviors in western and ChineseWesterners love adventure, exploration, conflict; but the Chinese people only like to live banallyAccording to American expert on folklore Ruth’s opinions o n the "cultural pattern" theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners’ is similar to the modern world Faust-type. Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies. The Chinese people are always thinking about "home" and "roots", despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home. But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots. This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet. Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the humanfolk full of energy. Differences in Dietary Patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character. In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast. Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere. People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity. Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national "happy" mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of "and" impact for future generations. It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil. The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation. If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing. This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious. The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West. This method is to display all food, andeverybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat. They walk freely. This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals; they never need to put every word on the table. This also shows a western personality and self-respect. However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people. Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible. Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: "First, buffet is not like drinking tea. it, it is cold yet. Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat. Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes. Then you can access for large plots. And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show. Third, the buffet can do stewing pot; it means a big pot in terms of food. Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people. So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts. "The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.5.2. diffrence in Diet Attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diettends to be art and sentimental. During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.5.3. Differences in Dietary PatternsThe Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character. In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast. Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.. It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national "happy" mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of "and" impact for future generations. It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform. The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil. The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation. This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious. Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors. The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West. This method is to display all food, andeverybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat. They walk freely. This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals; they never need to put every word on the table. This also shows a western personality and self-respect.PartVI ConclusionHowever, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people. People want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible. Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: "First, buffet is not like drinking tea. In the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures. Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World. China's reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges. We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China's new culture.References1. 安静.解读美国[M]. 北京：中国旅游出版社，2007.2. 陈洁.得心应手---西餐礼仪[M].北京：世界知识出版社, 2005.3. 金炳镐.民族理论通论[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,1994.4. 刘枋.吃的艺术[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2003.5. 刘玫君，陈加真.出国点菜不求人---别人不会告诉你的旅行智慧[M].北京:中国旅游出版社，2005.6. 马文.哈里斯(美).好吃:食物与文化之迷[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2001.7. 苏珊.罗德里格.亨特.巴黎:一席浮动的豪宴[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2004.8. 唐鲁孙.天下味[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004.9. 王晓昕,李学友.传统文化与道德建设[M].贵阳：贵州民族出版社,2004.10. 萧家成.升华的魅力---中华民族酒文化[M].北京:华龄出版社，2007.11. 徐先玲,李祖状.西方饮食文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社, 2005.12. 向世陵.中国哲学智慧[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社, 2000.13. 殷珍泉.礼仪有学问[M].北京：北京台海出版社, 2002.14. 张茗阳.食物改变你的一生[M].上海:学林出版社, 2003.15. 张志伟,欧阳谦.西方哲学智慧[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2000.。

在本系列的第 1 部分中，我们获得了UAV 地面控制器的系统设计，我们使用IBM Rational Harmony 系统工程作为一个流程，指引我们了解子系统和逻辑接口。

不过，分布式系统的设计往往以数据为中心，而数据实体在系统设计中又占据最重要的位置。

因此，很显然，我们只好稍微调整一下Rational Harmony 系统工程流程，让设计流程把重点放在数据实体上，同时继续将Rational Harmony 系统工程等成熟的MBSE 流程的优势融入设计中。

在分布式系统设计中，使用一个先进的接口语言来定义这些数据交互是有必要的，这样做不仅可以在整个交互过程中确保各子系统的一致性，还可以捕获设置在语言本身中的数据的交互目的和行为。

在不断变化的接口规范语言中，类似的步骤是通过OMG 数据分发服务(Data Distribution Service, DDS) 规范（参阅参考资料）实现。

在派生的逻辑接口中的子系统之间弹出操作性ICD（界面控制文件）时，标准的Rational Harmony 系统工程流程结束时的切换（参阅参考资料）已经足够用，但是，在利用数据分发服务(DDS) 将这些逻辑接口映射到信息交换结构时，可能并不简单。

在本文中，我们将尝试调整标准的Rational Harmony 系统工程流程的工作流，让它支持分布式不协调性，而不是支持Rational Harmony。

首先，我们将介绍DDS 规范和Problem-frame Analysis 的结构（请参阅参考资料）。

然后，我们遵循修改过的MBSE 流程中所涉及的步骤，这些步骤及时采用了DDS，并在整个分布式系统的分析和设计过程中体现它。

最后，您应该能够通过使用与本文第 1 部分中相同的案例研究来运行这些步骤。

了解DDS 和问题框架分析OMG 数据分布服务(Data Distribution Service, DDS) 规范被划分为两个架构层次。

下层是以数据为中心的发布和订阅(Data Centric Publish and Subscribe, DCPS) 层，其中包含了发布和订阅通信机制的类型安全的接口。

从毕氏学派到欧氏几何的诞生蔡聪明前言欧氏几何的创立，是数学史也是人类文明史上破天荒的大事。

古埃及与巴比伦的直观、个案的经验几何知识，传到古希腊，Thales 首先尝试用「逻辑」加以组织。

接着是毕氏学派，采用原子论(atomism) 的观点，将几何建立在算术基础上面。

毕氏学派主张：点是几何的「原子」，其长度d > 0，因而任何两线段皆可共度。

由此证明了长方形的面积公式、勾股定理与相似三角形基本定理。

不幸的是，毕氏的门徒Hippasus 发现了不可共度线段，震垮了毕氏学派的几何学。

后来虽有Eudoxus 的比例论来补救，但欧氏已不走毕氏的旧路，改采公理化的手法，以几何公理来建立几何。

这一段历史非常珍贵，不论是在知识论、科学哲学或教育上，都深具启发性。

当代著名的科学哲学家拉卡托斯（I. Lakatos, 1922～1974），在《论分析与综合方法》一文中说得好（详见参考资料1）：我认为对于希腊几何所能做的最精采工作，是分析欧氏之前的几何(pre-Euclidean geometry)及其在产生欧氏演绎系统的过程中所扮演的角色。

大部分的欧氏几何，在欧氏(Euclid) 给出公理与定义（公元前300年）之前已经存在，正如数论在Peano 给自然数作出公理化（1889年）之前、微积分在实数系建构（1870年，Dedekind、Cantor、Meray、Heine、Weierstrass 等人的工作）之前、机率论在Kolmogorov 公理化（1933年）之前，都已经存在。

问题在于为何需要公理化？公理化对于数学的进一步发展有什么帮助？在数学史上，欧氏几何是第一个公理化的知识系统，由定义与公理出发，推导出一系列的定理。

我们读欧氏几何都接受这样的推展程序。

然而，公理是怎么得来的呢？为什么要选取这样的公理？公理并不是天经地义的。

显然，它们都是经过长期的试误(trial and error) 才演化出来的。

公理有如宪法，都是人们制订出来的，可以挑战，更可以修订或重订。

MESEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART当代博物馆艺术Facing page:The former Hamburger Bahnhof in Berlin is a distinguished example of the neoclassical style of the 1840s;it ceased to be used as a station as long ago as 1904.面对页面：Hamburger Bahnhof在柏林是1840年代新古典主义风格的一个杰出的例子；早在1904年它已不再是用作站。

In some countries,such as the USA and Britain,redundant railway buildings have posed problems of reuse,which are usually exacerbated by their grand scale.In Germany,therailway heritage was decimated by wartime bombing.Berlin suffered badly.(One of the major casualties,the splendid Anhalter Bahnhof,was left as a gutted shell and was torn down by the DDR in the 1960s.)The original Hamburger Bahnhof,the terminus for trains from Hamburg,was built in 1845 -47,the iron and glass sheds being prefaced by a handsome neoclassical frontage in stone by Ferdinand Wilhelm Holz.(The plan of the station was unusual,in that tracks ran through arches in the terminal building to turntables,used to turn around locomotives.)The building was a key monument of the first German railwayage,but after less than 40 years of use it was closed and trains were diverted to a new station.In 1904-6 the building was converted to a museum of transport and engineering,a use which continued until the Second World War,when it was damaged but not destroyed.The museum conversion,designed by Ernst Schwartz,included the construction in 1912-15 of gallery wings flanking the main frontage,which were in keeping with the original building.在一些国家，如美国和英国，多余的铁路建筑已经构成重用的问题，这种问题通常加剧了其规模宏大。

6Validity and argumentsBefore turning to explore some formal techniques for evaluating arguments, we should pause to say a little more about the ‘classical’ conception of validity for individual inference steps, and also say more about what makes for cogent multi-step arguments.6.1Classical validity againIn Chapter 1, we introduced the intuitive idea of an inference’s being deductively valid – i.e. absolutely guaranteeing its conclusion, given the premisses. Then in Chapter 2, we gave the classic definition of validity, which is supposed to capture the intuitive idea. But does our definition really do the trick?A reminder, and a quiz. We said that an inference is (‘classically’) valid if and only if there is no possible situation in which the premisses are true and the con-clusion false. So consider: according to that definition, which of the following inferences are classically valid?A Jo is married; so Jo is married.B Socrates is a man; Jo is married; all men are mortal; so Socrates is mortal.C Jack is married; Jack is single; so today is Tuesday.D Elephants are large; so either Jill is married or she is not.And then ask: which of the inferences are intuitively deductively compelling? Do your answers match?(1) Trivially, there is no possible way that A’s premiss ‘Jo is married’ could be true and its conclusion ‘Jo is married’ be false; so the first inference is indeed valid by the classical definition.What is the intuitive verdict about this argument? Of course, the inference is no use at all as a means for persuading someone who does not already accept the the conclusion as correct. Still, truth-preservation is one thing, being useful for persuading someone to accept a conclusion is something else (after all, a valid argument leading to an unwelcome conclusion can well serve to persuade its recipient of the falsehood of one of the premisses, rather than the truth of the6.1Classical validity again45 conclusion). Once we make the distinction between truth-preservation and use-fulness, there is no reason not to count the ‘Jo’ argument as deductively valid. As we put it in §3.2, an inference that covers no ground hasn’t got a chance to go wrong!Objection: ‘It was said at the very outset that arguments aim to give reasons for their conclusions – and the premiss of A doesn’t give an independent reason for its conclusion, so how can it be a good argument?’ Reply: Fair comment. We’ve just agreed that A isn’t a persuasive argument, in the sense that it can’t give anyone who rejects the conclusion a reason for changing their minds. Still, to repeat, that doesn’t mean that the inferential relation between premiss and conclusion isn’t absolutely secure. And the intuitive idea of validity is primarily introduced to mark absolutely secure inferences: A just illustrates the limiting case where the security comes from unadventurously staying in the same place.(2) Argument B with a redundant and irrelevant premiss also comes out as valid by the classical definition. There can be no situation in which Socrates is a man, and all men are mortal, yet Socrates is not mortal. So there can be no situation in which Socrates is a man, all men are mortal, and (as it happens) Jo is married, yet Socrates is not mortal.What’s the intuitive verdict on B? Well, introducing redundant premisses may be pointless (or worse, may be misleading). But B’s conclusion is still guaran-teed, if all the premisses – including the ones the really matter – are true. Generalizing, suppose A1, A2, …, A n logically entail C. Then A1, A2, …, A n, B logically entail C, for any additional premiss B (both intuitively, and by our offi-cial definition).Deductive inference contrasts interestingly with inductive inference in this respect. Recall the ‘coffee’ argument in §1.3:E(1)Cups of coffee that looked and tasted just fine haven’t killed you in the past.(2)This present cup of coffee looks and tastes just fine.So(3)This present cup of coffee won’t kill you.The premisses here probabilistically support the conclusion. But add the further premiss(2′)The coffee contains a tasteless poison,and the conclusion now looks improbable. Add the further premiss(2″)The biscuit you just ate contained the antidote to that poison, and (3) is supported again (for it is still unlikely the coffee will kill you for any other reason). This swinging to and fro of degree of inductive support as further relevant information is noted is one reason why the logic of inductive arguments is difficult to analyse and codify. By contrast, a deductively cogent argument can’t be spoilt by adding further premisses.(3) So far so good. We can readily live with the results that completely trivial arguments and arguments with redundant premisses count as deductively valid46Validity and argumentsby the classical definition. But now note that there is no possible situation in which Jack is both married and single. That is to say, there is no possible situa-tion where the premisses of argument C are both true. So, there is no possible situation where the premisses of that argument are both true and the conclusion false. So, this time much less appealingly, the inference in C also comes out as valid by the classical definition.The point again generalizes. Suppose that a bunch of propositions A1, A2, …, A n is logically inconsistent, i.e. there is no possible situation in which A1, A2, …, A n are all true together. Then there is also no situation in which A1, A2, …, A n are all true and C is false, whatever C might be. Hence by our definition of classical validity, we can validly infer any proposition we choose from a bunch of incon-sistent premisses.That all looks decidedly counter-intuitive. Surely the propositions ‘Jack is married’ and ‘Jack is single’ can’t really entail anything about what day of the week it is.(4) What about the ‘Jill’ argument? There is no possible situation in which the conclusion is false; it is inevitably true that either Jill is married or she isn’t. So, there is no possible situation where the conclusion is false and the premiss about elephants is true. Hence the inference in argument D is also valid by the classical definition.The point again generalizes: If C is necessarily true, i.e. there is no possible sit-uation in which C is false, then there is also no situation in which A1, A2, …, A n are all true, and C is false, whatever A1, A2, …, A n might be. Hence by our defi-nition, we can validly infer a necessarily true conclusion from any premisses we choose, including elephantine ones.Which again looks absurd. What to do?6.2Sticking with the classical definitionWe have just noted a couple of decidedly counter-intuitive results of the classical definition of validity. Take first the idea that contradictory premisses entail any-thing. Then one possible response runs along the following lines:We said that the premisses of a valid argument guarantee the conclusion: how can contradictory premisses guarantee anything? And intuitively, the conclusion of an inferentially cogent inference ought to have something to do with the premisses. So argument C commits a fallacy of irrelevance. Our official definition of validity therefore needs to be tightened up by introduc-ing some kind of relevance-requirement in order to rule out such examples as counting as ‘valid’. Time to go back to the drawing board.Another response runs:The verdict on C is harmless because the premisses can never be true together; so we can never use this type of inference in a sound argument for an irrelevant conclusion. To be sure, allowing the ‘Jack’ argument to count as valid looks surprising, even counter-intuitive. But maybe we shouldn’t6.3Multi-step arguments again47 slavishly follow all our pre-theoretical intuitions, especially our intuitions about unusual cases. The aim of an official definition of validity is to give a tidy ‘rational reconstruction’ of our ordinary notion which smoothly cap-tures the uncontentious cases; the classical definition does that particularly neatly. So we should bite the bullet and accept the mild oddity of the verdict on C.Likewise there are two responses to the observation that the classical definition warrants argument D. We could either say this just goes to show that our defini-tion allows more gross fallacies of irrelevance. Or we could bite the bullet again and deem this result to be a harmless oddity (we already need to know that a conclusion C is necessarily true before we are in a position to say that it is classi-cally entailed by arbitrary premisses – and if we already know that C is neces-sary, then extra valid arguments for it like D can’t extend our knowledge). The majority of modern logicians opt for the second responses. They hold that the cost of trying to construct a plausible notion of ‘relevant’ inference turns out to be too high in terms of complexity to make it worth abandoning the neat sim-plicity of the idea of classical validity. But there is a significant minority who insist that we really should be going back to the drawing board, and hold that there are well-motivated and workable systems of ‘relevant logic’. We won’t be able to explore their arguments and their alternative logical systems here – and in any case, these variant logics can really only be understood and appreciated in contrast to classical systems. We just have to note frankly that the classical defi-nition of validity is not beyond challenge.Still, our basic aim is to model certain forms of good reasoning; and models can be highly revealing even if some of their core constructs idealize. The idea of a ‘classically valid argument’ – like e.g. the idea of a ‘ideal gas’ – turns out at least to be a highly useful and illuminating idealization: and this can be so even if it would be wrong to claim that it is in the end the uniquely best and most accu-rate idealization. Anyway, we are going to stick to the classical definition in our introductory discussions in this book.6.3Multi-step arguments againWe characterized deductive validity as, in the first place, a property of individual inference steps. We then fell in with the habit of calling a one-step argument valid if it involves a valid inference step from initial premisses to final conclu-sion. In this section, we’ll see the significance of that qualification ‘one-step’. Consider the following mini-argument:F(1)All philosophers are logicians.So(2)All logicians are philosophers.The inference is obviously fallacious. It just doesn’t follow from the assumption that all philosophers are logicians that only philosophers are logicians. (You might as well argue ‘All women are human beings, hence all human beings are women’.) Here’s another really bad inference:。

科技创新导报 Science and Technology Innovation Herald 180技报告导读Key Words:Pantograph-catenary ;Irregularity ;Electrical contact;Dynamic characteristic;Wave propagation阅读全文链接（需实名注册）：htt p://w w w.nstr s.c n/x ian g x iBG.as px?id=48008&f lag=1生物制造手性化学品的科学基础项目立项报告吴坚平 杨立荣(浙江大学)摘 要：生物制造手性化学品是以生物学、化学、工程学及信息学等学科的交叉为手段，以光学纯化学品的高质量合成为目标，以快速、高效、高选择性和绿色为特征，以蛋白结构分析、分子生物学、合成生物学、化学合成和反应工程学及系统工程理论等为手段，为手性化学品的清洁、高效、经济和快速生产提供创造性设计思想和新型科学方法。

通过分子理性设计、反应性能强化和制造系统重构，最终实现手性化学品的高效绿色生物制造。

关键词：生物制造 手性化学品 理性设计 性能强化 系统重构 绿色制造 高效Project Report of Bio-manufacturing of Chiral ChemicalsWu Jianping Yang Lirong(Zhejiang University)Abstract:Bio-manufacturing of chiral chemicals uses the cross means of biology , chemistry , engineering and informatics. It focuses on the high quality synthesis of optical pure chemicals, in a quick, efficient, high selective and green way . Based on the analysis of protein structure, molecular biology , synthetic biology , chemical synthesis, reaction engineering and system engineering, it provides creative design thinkings and new scientific methods for the clean, efficient, economic and fast production of chiral chemicals. Through rational design, reaction performance enhancement and reconstruction of manufacturing systems, the efficiency green-manufacturing of chiral chemicals will be realized.Key Words:Bio-manufacturing；Chiral chemicals；Rational design；Performance enhancement；System reconstruction；Green-manufacturing；High efficiency阅读全文链接（需实名注册）：htt p://w w w.nstr s.c n/x i an g x iBG.as px?id=48468&f lag=1对地观测传感网系统架构及服务模式进展与挑战陈能成 王伟 陈旭 严颂华 王超(武汉大学)摘 要：对地观测传感网系统由于其立体、实时、动态的数据获取能力，准确、综合、连续多样的数据服务能力，已成为了空间信息科学界重要的理论研究对象，各国航天发展战略的重要组成部分以及人类获取地球系统数据，认知地球系统的重要手段。

汉翻英题目1.近年来，随着国家拉动内需战略的实施，铁路施工企业迎来了一个千载难逢的发展机遇期。

修建高速客运专线和既有铁路提速改造是我国目前铁路发展的主要方向，铁路工程一般都是比较庞大的系统工程，涉及的专业较多，包括路基、轨道、桥梁、隧道、接触网、通信信号、房屋建筑等。

但不可否认，在快速发展的过程中，铁路施工项目专业之间交叉多、工期较紧、投资较大、安全压力大、业主标准高等矛盾也日益突出。

如何妥善解决这一系列难题，有效规避经营风险，保证年度各项奋斗目标实现，对施工企业来说，合理的组织铁路项目的施工管理是当下必须要解决的问题。

本文重点介绍了铁路项目施工管理的内容及特点、铁路项目施工管理的主要方法和手段、在明确铁路项目施工管理与一般土木工程项目施工管理的区别的基础上，了解合福新建铁路工程的概况、结合实际工程的情况及特点，提出具体可行的管理方法和措施。

1>. 近年来，随着国家拉动内需战略的实施，铁路施工企业迎来了一个千载难逢的发展机遇期。

In the recent years, with the implementtation of the national strategy of boosting demostic comsumption, the railway construction firms have obtained a great opportunity to develop. 修建高速客运专线和既有铁路提速改造是我国目前铁路发展的主要方向，铁路工程一般都是比较庞大的系统工程，涉及的专业较多，包括路基、轨道、桥梁、隧道、接触网、通信信号、房屋建筑等。

The main objectives of our nation's current railway industry are building high-speed passenger-exclusive railways and speeding up the present railways. As a relatively big systematic project, railway construction involves lots of professions such as the construction of roadbed, tracks, tunnels, communication signals, and buildings.但不可否认，在快速发展的过程中，铁路施工项目专业之间交叉多、工期较紧、投资较大、安全压力大、业主标准高等矛盾也日益突出。