ACCA F2 PartB 12

acca科目设置
ACCA（特许公认会计师）是英国特许公认会计师协会（Association of Chartered Certified Accountants）的缩写，是全球公认的会计师资质之一。

ACCA考试科目设置如下：
1. 基础知识模块（Fundamentals Level）：
- F1：会计师在商业环境中的角色
- F2：管理会计
- F3：财务会计
2. 专业水平模块（Professional Level）：
- P1：战略领导者
- P2：企业管理者
- P3：项目管理者
3. 核心专业水平模块（Core Professional Level）：
- P4：高级财务报告
- P5：高级绩效管理
- P6：高级税务
- P7：高级审计与认证
4. 选修专业水平模块（Options Professional Level）：考生从以下四门课程中选择两门进行考试
- P4：高级财务管理
- P5：高级税务管理
- P6：高级外部风险评估
- P7：高级财务咨询
ACCA考试科目设置灵活多样，而且考生可以根据自己的实际情况进行选择和安排。

ACCAF2练习题2012（题）F2 MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING-Q1. A firm which bottles shampoo selects some filled bottles for examination. The procedure used is that two random numbers, x and y, are chosen. Starting at the xth bottle filled, every bottle at an interval of y is then chosen for examination.This type of sampling is known as:A Multi-stageB RandomC SystematicD Stratified2. The following statements relate to responsibility center:(i) Return on capital employed is a suitable measure of performance in both profit and investment centers.(ii) Cost centers are found in manufacturing organizations but not in service organizations.(iii) The manager of a revenue center is responsible for both sales and costs in a part of anorganization.Which of the statements are incorrect?A (i) and (ii)B (ii) and (iii)C (i) and (iii)D All of them3. A pie chart is being produced to represent the sales from different regional offices of a business:$000North 125North West 180East 241South 691South East 147Total 1,384What would be the angle of the East divisions section on the pie chart (to the nearest whole degree)?A 63°B 33°C 180°D 5804.Which of the following is not a type of benchmarking?A InternalB StrategicC InternationalD Functional5.K Class has calculated the following indicators: (i)Return on capital employed (ii)Training costs as a percentage of total costs Which of the balanced scorecard perspectives would these measures relate to?(i) (ii)A Financial FinancialB Financial InternalC Internal Learning and growthD Financial Learning and growth6. A government body uses measures based upon the ‘three Es’ to t he measure value for money generated by a publicly funded hospital. It considers the most important performance measure to be ‘cost per successfully treated patient’.W hich of the three E’s best describes the above measure?A EconomyB EffectivenessC EfficiencyD Externality6.The diagram represents the behaviour of a cost item as the level of output changes: Which ONE of the following situations is described by the graph?A Discounts are received on additional purchases of material when certain quantities are purchased.B Employees are paid a guaranteed weekly wage, together with bonuses for higher levels of production.C A license is purchased from the government that allows unlimited production.D Additional space is rented to cope with the need to increase production8.The following production and total cost information relates to a single product organization for the last three months: Month production units total costs1 1200 66,6002 900 58,2003 1400 68200The variable cost per unit is constant up to a production level of 2,000 units per month but a step up of $6,000 in the monthly total fixed cost occurs when production reaches 1,100 units per month. What is the total cost for a month when 1,000 units are produced?A $54,200B $55,000C $59,000D $60,2009.Which of the following will be completed by a production department requiring new materials to be obtained from suppliers?A A purchase orderB A delivery noteC A purchase requisitionD A goods received noteThe following information applies to questions 10, 11 and 12 Point uses the economic order quantity (EOQ) model to establish the reorder quantity for raw material Y. The company holds no buffer inventory. Information relating to raw material Y is as follows:48,000 units Annual usage$80 per unit Purchase price$120 per order Ordering costs10% of the purchase price Annual holding cost10.The EOQ for raw material Y is:A 438B 800C 1,200D 3,79511.The total annual cost of purchasing, ordering and holding inventory of raw material Y is：A $3,849,600B $3,850,400C $3,853,600D $3,854,40012.The supplier has offered Point a discount of 1% on the purchase price if each order placed is for 2,000 units.The total annual saving to Point of accepting this offer is :A $29,280B $30,080C $37,200D $38,00013.Which of the following are included in the cost of holding inventory?(i) the cost of insurance(ii)rental payment of storage space(iii)the cost of placing a orderA (i) and (ii)B (i) and (iii)C (ii) and (iii)D (i), (ii) and (iii)14.If the direct labor costs in a manufacturing company are $95,000 in March, the costs would be recorded in the cost ledger as:A Debit Work-in-progress $95,000, Credit Wages and salaries $95,000B Debit Wages and salaries $95,000, Credit Bank $95,000C Debit Wages and salaries $95,000, Credit Work-in-progress $95,000D Debit Bank $95,000, Credit Wages and salaries $95,00015.A direct labor employee works a standard 37 hour week and is paid a basic rate of $15 per hour. Overtime is paid at time and a half. In a week when 40 hours were worked and a Bonus of $20 was paid, what was the direct labor cost?A $555B $600C $622.50D $642.5016.A cost centre has an overhead absorption rate of $4.25 per machine hour, based ona budgeted activity level of 12,400 machine hours.In the period covered by the budget, actual machine hours worked were 2% more than the budgeted hours and the actual overhead expenditure incurred in the cost center was $56,389.What was the total over or under absorption of overheads in the cost center for the period?A $1,054 over absorbedB $2,635 under absorbedC $3,689 over absorbedD $3,689 under absorbed17.The management accountant’s report shows that fixed production overheads were over-absorbed in the last accounting period. The combination that is certain to lead to this situation is:A Production volume is lower than budget and actual expenditure is higher than budgetB production volume is higher than budget and actual expenditure is higher than budgetC production volume and actual cost are as budgetedD production volume is higher than budget and actual expenditure is lower than budget.18.A law firm recovers overheads on chargeable consulting hours. Budgeted overheads were $615,000 and actual consulting hours were 32,150. Overheads were under-recovered by $35,000.If actual overheads were $694,075, the budgeted overhead absorption rate per hour is (to 2 decimal places):A $20.21B $20.50C $21.59D $22.68/doc/091272678.htmlst month a manufacturing company’s profit was $2,000, calculated using absorption costing principles. If marginal costing principles had been used, a loss of $3,000 would have occurred. The company’s fixed production cost is $2 per unit. Sales last month were 10,000 units.What was last month’s production (in units)?A 7,500B 9,500C 10,500D 12,500The following data are for questions 20 and 21.The budget for Bright’s first month of trading, producing and selling boats was as follows: $Variable production cost of boats 45Fixed production cost 30Production cost of 750 boats 75Closing inventory of 250 boats (25)Production cost of 500 sold 50Variable selling cost 5Fixed selling cost 2580Profit 10Sales revenue 90The budget has been produced using an absorption costing system.20.If a marginal costing system were used, the budgeted profit would be:A $22,500 lowerB $10,000 lowerC $10,000 higherD $22,500 higher21.Assume that at the end of the first month unit variable costs and fixed costs and selling price for the month were in line with the budget and any inventory was valued at the same unit cost as in the above budget.However, if production was actually 700 and sales 600, what would be the reported profit using absorption costing?A $9,000B $12,000C $14,000D $15,00022.For a product that has a positive unit contribution, which of the following events would tend to increase total contribution by the greatest amount:A 10% decrease in variable cost.B 10% increase in selling price.C 10% increase in volume sold.D 15% decrease in total fixed costs23.A company uses process costing to value output. During the last month the following information was recorded: Output: 2800kg valued at $7.5/kgNormal loss: 300kg which has a scrap value of $3/kgActual gain: 100kgWhat was the value of the input?A $22,650B $21,900C $21,600D $21,15024.Vare produces various inks at its Normanton factory. Production details for Process 1 are as follows:Opening work-in-progress, 1 April 400 units60% complete Closing work-in-progress, 30 April 600 units20% complete Units started 1,000Units finished 800The degree of completion quoted relates to labour and overhead costs. Three-quarters of the materials are added at the start of the process and the remaining quarter added when the process is 50% complete. The company uses the FIFO method of cost allocation.The equivalent units of production for materials in the period are:A 1,250B 1,000C 850D 68025.In process costing, if an abnormal loss arises the process account is generally:A debited with the scrap value of the abnormal loss unitsB debited with the full production cost of the abnormal loss unitsC credited with the scrap value of the abnormal loss unitsD credited with the full production cost of the abnormal loss units26.X uses process costing. In Process 3 the normal loss is 4% of total input.Last period the input from Process 2 was 8,500 kg and additional material of 4,250 kg was added to process 3.Actual output to finished goods was 12,700 kg.There was no opening or closing work-in-progress in the period.The abnormal gain or loss in kg for period 3 was:A 460 kg gainB 460 kg lossC 290 kg gainD 290 kg loss27.Which of the following are features of service organizations?(i)High levels of inventory(ii)High proportion of fixed costs(iii)Difficulty in identifying suitable cost unitsA (i) and (ii) onlyB (i) and (iii) onlyC (ii) and (iii) onlyD All of these28.Which ONE of the following is an advantage of Activity Based Costing?A It provides more accurate product costsB It is simple to applyC It is a form of marginal costing and so is relevant to decision makingD It is particularly useful when fixed overheads are very low29. As an indirect result of purchase of under-standard materials, are the materials usage variance and labor efficiency variance likely to be adverse or favorableMaterials usage Labor efficiencyA Favorable FavorableB Adverse FavorableC Favorable AdverseD Adverse Adverse30. A company operates a standard absorption costing system. The standard fixed production overhead rate is $15 per hour.The following data relate to last month:Actual hours worked 5500Budgeted hours 5000Standard hours for actual production 4800What was the fixed production overhead capacity variance?A$7,500 adverseB$7,500 favourableC$10,500 adverseD$10,500 favourable31. Which of the following could be the cause of an adverse sales volume variance for garden furniture.(i)The company offers discounts on sales prices in order to maintain business.(ii)Poor weather leads to a reduction in sales.(iii)A strike in the factory causes a shortage of finished goods.A (i) and (ii) onlyB (i) and (iii) onlyC (ii) and (iii) onlyD all above32. An extract from the standard cost card for product CJ is as follows:Direct labour (0.5 hours × $12) $6710 units of CJ were produced in the period and staff worked 378 hours at a total cost of $4,725. Of these hours 20 were lost due to a material shortage.The labour efficiency variance is:A$516 favourableB$36 favourableC$36 adverseD$516 adverse33. A flexible budget is:A a budget for semi-variable overhead costs only;B a budget which, by recognising different cost behaviour patterns, is designed to change as volume of activity changes;C a budget for a twelve month period which includes planned revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities;D a budget which is prepared for a rolling period which is reviewed monthly, and updated accordingly34. Which of the following statements are true about IRRs?(i)IRR considers the time value of money(ii)if the IRR exceeds the companies cost of capital the NPV at the company’s cost ofcapital should be positive(iii)it is possible for one investment to have 2 IRRsA (i) onlyB (i) and (ii) onlyC (ii) and (iii) onlyD (i), (ii) and (iii)35. A company is considering an investment of $400,000 in new machinery. The machinery is expected to yield incremental profits over the next five years as follows:Year Profit ($)1 175,0002 225,0003 340,0004 165,0005 125,000Thereafter, no incremental profits are expected and the machinery will be sold. It is company policy to depreciate machinery on a straight line basis over the life of the asset. The machinery is expected to have a value of $50,000 at the end of year 5. Calculate the payback period of the investment in this machinery to the nearest 0.1 years.A 0.9 yearsB 1.3 yearsC 1.5 yearsD 1.9 years36. Performance standards that have remained unchanged over a long period of time are known as:A deal standardsB current standardsC basic standardsD Attainable standards37. A company has determined that the net present value of an investment project is $17,706 when using a 10% discount rate and $(4,317) when using a discount rate of 15%. Calculate the internal rate of return of the project to the nearest 1%.A 13%B 14%C 15%D 16%38. CC Company is considering an investment of $300,000 which will earn a contribution of $40,000 each year for 10 years at today’s prices. The company’s cost of capital is 11% per annum.Calculate the net present value of the project:A ($64,440)B $23,556C $64,440D $235,56039. The principal budget factor for a footwear retailer is:A The cost item taking the largest share of total expenditure.B The product line contributing the largest amount to sales revenue.C The product line contributing the largest amount to business profits.D The constraint that is expected to limit the retailer’s activities during the budget period40. A process has a normal loss of 10% and budgeted output is 4,500 litres for the period.Opening inventory of raw material is 600 litres and is expected to increase by 20% by the end of the period. The material usage budget is:A 4,500 litresB 5,000 litresC 5,133 litresD 5,120 litres41. Put the stages of the product life cycle in the correct order:(i)Growth(ii)Decline(iii)Maturity(iv)Development(v)IntroductionA (i), (v), (iii), (iv), (ii)B (v), (iv), (i), (iii), (ii)C (iv), (v), (i), (iii), (ii)D (iv), (i), (iv), (iii), (ii)42. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the weakest relationship between two variables?A + 1.0B + 0.4C – 0.6D – 1.043. The correlation coefficient (r) for measuring the connection between two variables (x and y) has been calculated as 0.6.How much of the variation in the dependent variable (y) is explained by the variation in the independent variable (x).A 36%B 40%C 60%D 64%44. Charleville operates a continuous process producing three products and one by-product.Output from the process for a month was as follows:Product Selling price per unit Units of output from process1 $18 100002 $25 200003 $20 200004 (by-product) $2 3500Total joint costs were $277,000.What was the unit cost valuation for product 3 using the sales revenue basis for allocating joint costs assuming that the revenue receivable from the by-product is deducted from the joint costs?A $4.70B $4.80C $5.00D $5.1045. In the context of quality costs, customer compensation costs and test equipment running costs would be classified as: Customer compensation costs Test equipment running costA internal failure cost prevention costB internal failure cost appraisal costC external failure cost appraisal costD external failure cost prevention cost46. The selling price of product K is set at $450 for each unit.If the company requires a return of 20% in the coming year on product K, the target cost for each unit for the coming year is:A $300B $360C $400D $45047. Regression analysis is being used to find the line of best fit (y = a + bx) from eleven pairs of data. The calculations have produced the following information:Σx = 440, Σy = 330, Σx2 = 17,986, Σy 2 = 10,366 and Σxy = 13,467.What is the value of ‘b’ in the equation for the line of best fit (to 2 decimal places)?A 0.63B 0.69C 2.33D 5.3348. A time series model of sales volume has the following trend and additive seasonal variation.Trend Y = 5,000 + 4,000 XWhere Y = quarterly sales volume in units.X = the quarter number (Where the first quarter of 2009 = quarter 17, the second quarter of 2009 = quarter 18 etc).Quarter seasonal variationFirst +3000Second +1000Third -1500Fourth -2500What would be the time series forecast of sales units for the third quarter of 2010?A 79,500B 95,500C 97,000D 98,500The following information applies to questions 49 and 50.A company records the following information concerning a product:Standard time allowed per unit 16 munitesActual output in period 720 unitsActual hours worked 180Budgeted hours 18549. What is the labour efficiency ratio?A 93.75%B 97.3%C 102.5%D 106.7%50. What is the labour capacity ratio?A 102.8%B 99.4%C 98.6%D 97.3%。

F2 Accounting for Management(Revision Notes)Prepare by Jane MaiAccounting for Management1. Data ≠ Information (1.10)Data --- process --> information (meaningful for users)2. Attributes of Good information (1.1 1.5)(a) Accuracy(b) Completeness(c) Cost-effective(d) Understandable (clarity)(e) Relevance(f) Confidence(g) Communication(h) Volume(i) Timing(j) Channel of communication3. Information for Management :Plan （:Control:Decision-making4. Anthony divides Management: (1.2 1.6 1.8 )Strategic Level :Long-term (2~5 years), Top managerTactical level :medium-term (around 1 year), middle managerOperational level : Routine, Operational staff5. The difference between financial accounting and management accounting (1.3 1.7 1.9 )Management Accounting Financial AccountingInformation mainly produced for Internal use: eg. Managers andemployeesExternal use: eg. Shareholders,creditors, lenders, banks,governmentPurpose of information To aid planning, controlling anddecision making To record the financial performance in a period and thefinancial position at the end of thatperiodNature of information Financial & non-financialinformationFinancial informationLegal None Limited companies must producefinancial accountsFormat Decide by the management andthe most useful way of presentingit Format and content of financial accounts intending to give a true and fair view should follow IAS and company lawTime period Historical and forward-looking Mainly a historical record others：（ 1.4 ）Source of Data1. Primary data vs Secondary data (2.1 2.2 2.4 )Primary data Secondary dataDefinition - collect for Specific purpose - collect for some otherpurposeAdvantage - nvestigator knowswhere the data camefrom and is aware ofany inadequacies orlimitation - Accurate and reliable (relative)- Cheap & convenientDisadvantage - Expense - Unaware of anylimitation2. Sampling (2.3 2.5)Sample data :Population:Sampling frame : is a numbered list of all items in a populationSampling methods1.) Probability sampling methodRandom sampling- Free from bias (Equal chance to be selected)Stratified random sampling- divide the population into strata or categories.- requires prior knowledge of each item in the populationSystematic sampling- select every nth item after a random start.- cheap and easy to handle- biasMultistage sampling- divide population into a number of sub-population and then selecting a small sample of these at random.Each sub-population is then divide further and be selected at a random.Cluster sampling- non-random sampling- select one definable subsection of the population as the sample.2.) Non-probability methodQuota sampling- Randomness is forfeited in the interests of cheapness and administrative simplicity- Bias- No need sampling framePresenting information(5.1 ~ 5.4)Simple bar ChartComponent bar chartMultiple (or compound) bar chartPie chartLine graphScatter diagramCost classification and cost behaviorCost unit (3.7 3.12)Cost center ( 3.11)- a function or location for which costs are ascertainedDirect cost (3.1 3.2 3.3 3.9)- Can be traced directlyIndirect cost- Cannot be traced directlyClassified by FunctionProduction costAdministrative costMarketing, selling and distribution cost (3.10)Fixed cost- Unaffected by change in the level of activityVariable cost- Tends to vary with the level of activity.Semi-variable cost- Part fixed and part variableProduction and non-production cost- The distinction between production and non-production costs is the basis of valuing inventoryPeriod cost (3.8)- Not include in the inventory costResponsibility center (3.5 3.6)- Responsible for controllable cost only- Cost center- Revenue center- Profit center- Investment centerCost behavior (4.1 4.3~4.7 4.9 4.12 4.14 4.16) Fixed costVariable costStep fixed costSemi-variable costThe high-low method (4.2 4.8 4.11 4.13 4.15 4.17 4.18)--- Analyzing semi-variable costs into their fixed and variable elements.Material and labor1. Valuation of stockFIFO (6.20)LIFO (6.21)Weighted average (6.22)Relevant documents & their function (6.1)Purchase requisitionGood received note (GRN)Good delivery note (GDN)Invoice2. Inventory control (6.6 6.12)Reorder level (6.3)Reorder quantityMinimum inventory levelMaximum inventory level (6.4 6.16)EOQ (6.5 6.13 6.15 6.19)C0 =D =C h =EBQ (6.7 6.17 6.18)C0 =D =C h =R =Free inventory (6.2)= Physical inventory + units on order from supplier – units outstanding on customer’s orders Average inventory (6.14)Safety inventoryAccounting for laborDirect labor cost vs Indirect labor cost (7.6)Overtime premiumIdle timeBonus payment (7.7 7.10)Labor cost calculation(7.3 7.4 7.5 )Labor turnover(7.9 7.12)Labor efficiency●Efficiency ratio (7.2)= ( Expected hours to produce actual output (std hours) / actual hours to produce output ) X 100%●Capacity ratio (7.1)=( (no. of hours spent working(active production) / total hours available (budgeted) ) x 100%●Production volume ratio= ((expected hours to produce actual output(std hours) / total hours available (budgeted) ) x 100% Accounts treatment (7.8 7.11)Absorption costing and marginal costing1. Absorption costing and process(8.1 ~ 8.24)The three stages of calculating the costs of overheads1. Allocation2. Apportionment3. absorption2.1 apportionmentThe repeated distribution methodThe simultaneous equations method3.1 Three main types of overhead absorption rate- Predetermined overhead absorption rate- Single factory-wide absorption rate- Separate departmental overhead absorption rate3.2 Absorption base (9.8 )3.3 under & over absorbed2. Absorption costing vs Marginal costing (9.1 ~ 9.18)ContributionProduction > sales AC profit > MC profitProduction < Sales AC profit < MC profitDifference in profit = change in inventory level x fixed overhead per unitProcess, Job, batch, service and alternative costingJob costing (10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.14)Batch costing (10.6 )Service costing(10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.15 10.16* Characteristics of service business- Intangibility,- Simultaneity- Perishability- Heterogeneity*Cost unit : Composition unitProcess costing (10.1 11.1~11.15)Normal lossAbnormal lossAbnormal gainEquivalent unitOnly closing WIPBoth Opening and Closing WIP- Weighted average method- The FIFO methodJoint product (12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7) Apportionment methods- Physical weight- Sales value at separation pointBy-product (12.3 12.4 12.5)Alternative costing●Activity based costing (13.1- Cost driver●Life cycle costing (13.2 13.3 13.5 13.6)●Target costing (13.4)Forecasting and budgeting Budget : is a plan of what the organization is aiming to achieve. Forecast : is an estimate of what is likely to occur in the future 1. ForecastLinear regression analysisY=a+ bx (14.2 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 )(不用记)Correlation coefficient: the degree of correlation between two variables (14.1 14.4 14.5 14.10)R = +1R= -1R=0Coefficient of determination : measures the proportion of the total variation in the value of one variable that can be explained by variations in the value of the other variable.The reliability of linear regression (14.3)A time series analysis (14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16~14.23 14.32)A time seriesFour component of a time series:- Trend- Seasonal variance- Cyclical variance- Random varianceMoving average : finding the trendEvaluating the seasonal variations- Additive model- Multiplicative modelIndex forecast (14.24 ~ 14.28)Others (14.29 14.30 14.31)2. BudgetingObjective of budgeting (15.1)- Co-ordination- Communication- Resource allocation- To ensure the achievement of the organisation’s objectives- To compel planning- To provide framework for responsibility accounting- To establish a system of control- To motivate employees to improve their performanceBudget manualBudget committeeThe Principle budget factor (15.2 16.3 16.4)- Is the factor which limits the activities of an organization- Should be identified at the beginning of the budgetary process and the budget for this is prepared before all others.Function budgets (16.2)- Production budgets (16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.21 )- Marketing budgets- Sales budgets (16.15 )- Personnel budgets- Purchasing budgets (16.22)- Research and development budgetsCapital budgetsThe master budgets (16.1)- Cash flow budget (16.14 16.16 16.17 16.18 16.19 16.20)- Profit and loss budget- Balance sheet budgetFixed budget and flexed budget (15.3 15.9 15.10 16.13)Spreadsheet (15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8- Very useful for budgetCapital budget (18.4 )Others (16.23 16.24 )Budgetary control (17.6)- Is a cost which can be influenced by its budget holderParticipative approach vs Top-down approach (17.1 17.3 17.4 17.5 - Their individual limitation and advantageBudget as motivation (17.2)Capital investment appraisal1. Interest RateSimple interestCompound interest （19.1 19.2 19.3 19.7）- Both of interest and principal will get the interest.Nominal rate ←→ effective annual rate of interest (19.5 19.8 19.20 19.23) - Formula : (1+r) n = 1+R2．Cash flow method for project analysisRelevant cost (18.1 18.2 18.3)Irrelevant costNet present value method （19.4 19.17 19.24**）- Consider “time value of money”- Positive NPV --- > project acceptableNegative NPV -→project unacceptable- Example 5Internal rate of return (19.6 19.12 19.16 19.18)- Formula:- At the point of IRR, NPV = 0- IRR > rate of capital -- > accept the projectIRR < rate of capital -- > reject the projectAnnuity (19.9 19.10)- 每年都有一笔等额收入- Example 6：4.968 = 0.893 + 0.797 + 0.712 +。

Course Notes 2016 Exams September 15 – June 17 ACCAPaper F2 - 双语讲义Management Accounting管理会计Tutor details2 Intro ductio n ACCA F 2No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systemor transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permissionof First Intuition Publishing Ltd.Any unauthorised reproduction or distribution in any form is strictlyprohibited as breach of copyright and may be punishable by law.© First Intuition Publishing Ltd, 2015ACCA F 2Intro ductio n 3ContentsPageIntroduction 1Contents 31Course structure 52Course materials 53Qualification structure 64The exam 65Question types 76Exam tips 77How to study F2 88Study planner 91: Nature, source and purpose of management information 131Accounting for management 132Sources of data 153Cost classification 174Presenting information 262: Cost accounting techniques 331Accounting for material, labour and overheads 332Absorption and marginal costing 533Cost accounting methods 574Alternative cost accounting 703: Budgeting 751Nature and purpose of budgeting 752Statistical techniques 773Budget preparation 904Flexible budgets 975Capital budgeting and discounted cash flows 986Budgetary control and reporting 1107Behavioural aspects of budgeting 1134: Standard costing 1171Standard costing systems 1172Variance calculations and analysis 1183Reconciliation of budgeted and actual profit 1265: Performance measurement 1291Performance measurement overview 1292Performance measurement – application 1313Cost reductions and value enhancement 1414Monitoring performance and reporting 1424 Intro ductio n ACCA F 2Solutions to lecture examples 145Chapter 1 145 Chapter 2 146 Chapter 3 156 Chapter 4 164 Chapter 5 167Formulae sheets 169ACCA F 2Intro ductio n 5 1Course structureHome Study Introduction – How to Study F2To get off to the best possible start, we recommend you contact your tutor once you have receivedyour study materials. Your tutor will explain how to tackle your studies and get you started on yourfirst Study Session.If you prefer to get started straight away you should read “How to Study F2” below.Study sessionsThis study guide breaks down the syllabus into manageable study sessions, following the syllabus, andnumbered in accordance with the chapters in the Study notes. We tell you which chapters to read, andthen which questions to attempt from the Question Bank.It is not enough just to read the study notes. You must practise questions from the Question Bank asrecommended in each study session. The questions in the Question Bank are the same style as thosein the real exam and will give you exposure to all the possible pitfalls.It is better to attempt them as you go along, when the subject matter is fresh in your mind. You shouldcheck your answers with the answers and make sure you understand the suggested answer for anyquestions you get wrong.Revision sessionsWhen you have completed all the study sessions you should spend some time revising the core topicsWhen you are getting most of these right you are ready to attempt the Mock exam. If at all possibleyou should attempt this under real exam conditions, i.e. to the correct time and with no distractions.You can always come and sit your exam at First Intuition – just call your tutor to arrange a convenienttime.When you have completed the Mock you should check your answers. Make a note of any you getwrong and look at the model solution where given. If you still have any problems call your tutor orcome and see us for some final advice. If you score at least 60% in the Mock then you should be readyto take the real exam.2Course materialsYou will receive the following:First Intuition study notesFirst Intuition Question BankPasscards*Online Study Text (in conjunction with Kaplan EN-Gage)*produced by BPP Learning Media6 Intro ductio n ACCA F 23Qualification structureThe ACCA qualification is structured as follows.Fundamentals Level Knowledge Module F1 AB The Accountant in Business F2 MA Management Accounting F3 FA Financial AccountingFundamentals Level Skills Module F4 CL Corporate LawF5 PM Performance ManagementF6 TX TaxationF7 FR Financial ReportingF8 AA Audit & AssuranceF9 FM Financial Management Professional Level Essentials Module P1 PA Professional AccountantP2 CR Corporate ReportingP3 BA Business AnalysisProfessional Level Options Module (any two of these papers) P4 AFM Advanced Financial ManagementP5 APM Advanced Performance Management P6 ATX Advanced TaxationP7 AAA Advanced Audit & AssuranceAll papers are compulsory unless you gain exemptions from a relevant qualification. The modules must be attempted in the correct order, though you can sit the papers in any order. A maximum of fourpapers can be taken in any one exam sitting. Exams are in June and December each year. TheKnowledge Module subjects are examined by computer-based assessment and can be attempted atany time.4The examF2 is a two-hour computer-based or paper based examination.The paper is in two sectionsSection A contains 35 objective test questions. Each question is worth 2 marks (70 marks intotal)Section B contains 3 multi-task questions. Each question is worth 10 marks (30 marks in t otal).Multi task questions are a new question type which is being introduced in 2014. This newquestion type is explained more fully below.All questions are compulsory.The paper has a pass mark of 50%.ACCA F 2Intro ductio n 75 Question typesThe F2 exam consists of the following types of question: Objective test (OT) –These are single, short, automatically marked questions.Multiple task questions (MTQ) – These questions contain a series of tasks which relate t o one or more scenarios.The types of question that may be included are as follows:OT MTQMultiple Choice You are required to choose one answer from a list of options by clicking on the appropriate radio buttonMultiple Response You are required to select more than one response from the options provided by clicking the appropriate tick boxes Multiple Response Matching You are required to select a response to a number of related statements by clicking on the radio button whichcorresponds to the appropriate response for each statement Number Entry You are required to key in a numerical response to the questionGapfill You are required to enter answers into blank areas Hot SpotYou are required to choose one or more answers by clicking on the appropriate hotspot area/ areas on an imageEach of the above types of question are included in the companion Question Bank. Examples of each of the question types and how they are marked can also be found on the ACCA’s website at Specimen examThe ACCA’s specimen exam reflecting the new exam formats and incorporating all question types, is included in this Question Bank.6 Exam tipsRead the requirement very carefully . With calculation questions there are many opportunities for your examiner to confuse you or try and catch you out. It will be very easy to arrive at a result that is one of the options available.Manage your time . You have an average of 2 minutes and 24 seconds per question. S ome will take longer than others, particularly those that involve calculating a numerical answer. So if you get stuck on a question, make a note of the question number and move on. If you have time at the end of the exam you can go back and tackle the tricky questionsYou may be asked to choose one or more correct statements from a given list. Read each statement carefully. If you are unsure about one or more of them, move on and deal with the statements you do agree with. You may find the correct answer by process of elimination without needing to revisit the statements you are unsure about. In any event you should certainly be able to narrow down your choices.If you think you will run out of time, stop five minutes before the end and guess any remaining answers – remember you have a one in four chance of getting those questions right which could make the difference between a pass and a fail.8 Intro ductio n ACCA F 2 7How to study F2Plan your study timeGet your diary out and decide when, where and how often you want to study. If you followed a FirstIntuition course you would receive a minimum of five full days tuition, and be expected to doadditional work at home. Studying on your own is harder and will take longer. You should expect tospend at least 3 hours studying per week. On this basis it should take approximately two months tolearn the study material, then you should allow additional time for revision and final question practice.Most students should be ready to take the exam 3 months after commencing their studies.Set a target date for the examThis is very important with computer-based exams. If you don’t set a target there is a danger that you will spread your study time over too long a period, will lose momentum or simply not get around totaking the exam. When you set your target bear in mind how you wish to progress through thesyllabus, as from paper F4 onwards you are tied to the paper-based exam sittings in June andDecember. For example, if you wish to progress to the Skills level papers for a December sitting youshould complete your computer-based exams by 31 July.Make the most out of your study sessionsTry and complete each study session in one go so that you learn each topic in turn. Some sessions are longer than others, but make sure you take a break between sessions.Read the ACCA study guide at the start of each session so you know the learning outcomes for thatparticular session. Check the tutor tips for advice on how to tackle questions or which areas focus on.Then read the relevant chapter of the course notes.It is essential that you try the questions from the Question Bank where indicated. You will not passthe exam if you don’t attempt the questions. Check your answers and make sure you understand the workings for any that you get wrong. Often you will find that you got the wrong answer because youdidn’t read the question properly – the examiner does like to try and catch you out! If you get stuckgive your tutor a call and ask for advice.RevisionYou should attempt the additional question banks for each of the revision sessions as well as re-reading the study notes. When you are getting at least half of the questions right you are ready toattempt the Mock Exam. If you achieve at least 60% in the Mocks then you should be ready to attempt the real exam.The real examWhen are ready to attempt the real exam give us a call to arrange your CBE (or contact your nearestCBE centre). We hold weekly exam sessions but will do our best to be flexible so you can sit the examat a time that suits you.ACCA F 2Intro ductio n 9 8Study planner10 Intro ductio n ACCA F 2ACCA F 2Intro ductio n 118.1 Practical Experience Requirements (PER) and Performance ObjectivesACCA requires students to have 36 months’ practical experience in order to become members. Part ofthe practical experience requirements is achieving performance objectives that demonstrate that youcan apply what you’ve learnt when studying to real-life, work activities.ACCA has set out 20 performance objectives in 9 areas. You are required to achieve 13 performanceobjectives – all 9 Essentials performance objectives and any 4 Options performance objectives. ACCAhas provided guidance on which objectives are strongly linked to which exam. The relevant objectivesfor F2, which comprise Essentials and Options objectives, are:Manage self (relevant for all exams)(5)Communicate effectively (relevant for all exams)(6)Use information and communications technology (relevant for all exams)(12)Prepare financial information for management (relevant for F2, F5 and P5)(13)Contribute to budget planning and production (relevant for F2, F5 and P5)(14)Monitor and control budgets (relevant for F2, F5 and P5)No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of First Intuition Publishing Ltd.Any unauthorised reproduction or distribution in any form is strictly prohibited as breach of copyright and may be punishable by law.© First Intuition Publishing1 Accounting for management(a)Describe the purpose and role of cost and management accounting within an organisation.(b)Compare and contrast financial accounting with cost and management a ccounting.The purpose of cost and management accounting is to assist the management in running theirbusiness to achieve its overall plans, make the correct decisions and to control the business.1 管理会计(a)描述组织内部成本会计和管理会计的目的与作用。

ACCA-F2重要考点解析ACCA-F2重要考点解析2016年ACCA即将迎来一年四次考试，我们将第一时间公布考试相关内容，请各位考生密切关注应届毕业生ACCA，预祝大家顺利通过ACCA考试。

今天为大家带来的是ACCA F2重要考点解析1.Target cost= target selling price –target profit = market price – desired profit margin.2.cost gap= estimated cost – target cost.3.TQM :①preventing costs② appraisal costs③ internal failure costs④external failure cost3.Alternative costing principle: ①ABC(activity based costing)②Target costing③Life cycle ④TQMspeyre=5.Paashe price index=7.Fisher =8.Time series: ①trend②seasonal variation: ⑴ 加法模型sum to zero; ⑵ 乘法模型sum to 4 ③cyclical variation④random variation9.pricipal budget factor 关键预算因子：be limited the activities10.budget purpose :①communication ②coordination ③compel the plan④motivative employees ⑤resource allocation11.Budget committee 的功能：①coordinated②administration12.Budget : ①function budget ②master budget : 1. P&L ; 2. B/S ; 3. Cash Flow13.Fixed Budget: 不是在于固不固定，而是基于一个业务量的考虑，financail expression.Flexible Budget: 包含了固定成本和变动成本，并且变动成本的变化是随着业务量的变化而改变。

2014年ACCA考试F2知识点辅导本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处为了帮助大家更好的备考2014年ACCA考试F2科目，我总结了F2的知识点，希望对大家有所帮助Session 1 The Nature, Source and Purpose of Management AccountingMain contents:1. Data and information2. The managerial processes of planning, decision making and control3. Responsibility accounting4. Management accounting and financing accounting5. Presentation of management information1.1 Data and Information· Data consists of raw materials, which include numbers, letters, symbols, facts, events and transactions, that have been recorded but not yet processed into a form suitable for use.· Information is data which has been processed in such a way that it is meaningful to the person to the person who receives it. (for decision making purpose) The attributes of good information can be identified by the “ACCURATE” as shown below:· Accurate: accurate enough for the purpose· Complete: all the necessary information· Cost- effective: benefit > costs· Understandable: clear and easy to understand· Relevant: relevant to purpose· Accessible: the best way to communicate with the related person· Timely: be available at the right time· Easy to use: by managementThe Managerial Process of Planning , Decision Making and ControlInformation for management is likely to be used for planning, control and decision making objectives:An objective is the aim or goal of an organization. A strategy is a possible course of action that might enable an organization or an individual to achieve its objective.Planning:· Planning involved the following two factors:Establishing the objectivesSelecting appropriate strategy to achieve those objectives· The link between structure and strategy ( understanding)1). Structure follows strategy: organizations develop strategies in order to cope with the changes in structure of an organization2) Strategy follows structure: the strategy of an organization is determined or influenced by the structure of the organization.· Planning can be either short-term (tactical planning) or long-term(strategic-planning)Planning hierarchyAt a strategic level, senior managers formulate long-term objectives and plans, and seek proper strategy to achieve these long-term goals.At a tactical level, senior managers make short-term plans for the efficient and effective use of an organization’s resources.e.g. annual plans or budgetsAt an operational level, managers take day-to-day decisions about what to do next and who to deal with problems arise.Responsibility accounting is a system of accounting that segregates revenue and costs into areas of personal responsibility in order to monitor and assess the performance of each part of an organization.The main responsibility centers are:Cost center – the performance of a cost center manager is judged on the extent to which cost targets have been achieved.Revenue center – Within an organization, this is a centre or activity that earns sales revenue. And whose manager is responsible for the revenue earned but not for the costs incurred.Profit center – A part of the business whose manager is responsible and accountable for both costs and revenue. The performance of a profit center manager is measured in terms of the profit made by the centre.Investment center – A profit center with additional responsibilities for investment and possibly also for financing, and whose performance is measured by its return on capital employed (ROCE)..更多ACCA资讯请关注高顿ACCA官网：。

老司机分享：ACCA考试各科目顺序和复习方法转眼间已进入大四，回想起以前的日子，大一时迷茫的生活好像还是在昨天。

三年前担心F123能不能50分过的我，如今只差最后一门P5了，这一定是那时候我想都不敢想的事。

我不是学霸，不是班上最努力的，也不是分数最高的，但是学习ACCA的过程我过得还算是轻松，也希望同学们能快乐的学下去，不要在努力同时感到痛苦。

我会写下这三年来考试的顺序和复习的方法，希望可以帮助到像曾经的我一样不知道往哪个方向努力的你，或者在考虑ACCA是不是值得付出的你。

‖2013.06 大一下——F1 F2 F3如果要说起ACCA哪一门学的最累，我的回答一定是F123。

不是因为它们的知识点有多么繁琐复杂，而是因为在入门期间真的需要花很大力气来适应，调整自己的学习方法和心态。

大一时的我看到教材和练习册翻开封面却不知道要从何下手，然而身边的同学们早就已经预习到好几百页了，那时候的我无助、迷茫，想过一百二十次要放弃，都是靠着心疼注册费和年费的心思坚持下来了。

关于F阶段前三门我的建议是在考前一个月一定要进入复习阶段，重点应该放在KIT 上，书本上的知识点只要看老师上课讲过的内容和自己做过笔记的地方，不用每一个角落都认认真真的去看。

KIT就是考试的形式，学会运用才是真正有用的，只记得理论却不会运用到计算上实在是太可惜，同时我的经验是KIT至少做两遍，第二遍时你已经可以归纳出哪些题是你错了又错的，在考前的几天看看常错题和重点题型就好了。

F123是学校安排的机考，每一门考试中间会有几天间隔，这宝贵的几天一定要好好利用，总结和回顾在之前学习和复习时间归纳的重点。

‖2013.12大二上——F5 F6F5是一门运用自己分析能力解题的科目，这一门功课是我花时间最少的，因为它的内容并不多，每一种题型老师都在课上讲过类似的，你要做的就是学会分析的框架，比如说A的增加是由什么引起的，由此导致了一些什么好的或坏的结果。

同时也要看看KIT上是怎么分析，学会一些描述对增长下降相关的描述方法和同义替换，如果你将来要考雅思，学好F5你一定可以无压力写好雅思小作文。

ACCA学习资料F2比率分析分析财务报表的能力使用比率和百分比来评估组织的性能是一种技巧,在许多ACCA的试卷进行测试。

成功的报考者也将定期使用它在他们的未来职业生涯。

大纲介绍性能测量,需要能够讨论和计算措施的财务业绩(盈利能力、流动性、活动和传动装置)和非金融措施。

本文将专注于财务绩效的措施,并将详细的技能和知识介绍给大家。

预计能够计算关键会计比率,知道他们测量、解释特定值的意思。

教学大纲比率被分类为四个标题:盈利能力、流动性、活动和传动装置。

盈利能力盈利能力比率,正如它们的名字所表明的,测量组织提供利润的能力。

利润是必要的给投资者回报,他们需要,并提供资金用于再投资。

三个比率是常用的。

1、已投资资本回报(ROCE):营业利润÷(非流动负债+总股本)%2、销售利润率(ROS):营业利润÷收入%3、毛利率:毛利÷收入%已动用资本回报率已动用资本回报率(有时被称为投资回报率或ROI)措施的回报在资本投资业务的收入。

报考者有时困惑的利润和资本数据使用。

重要的是比较喜欢与喜欢。

营业利润(利润)代表的利润用于向债券投资者支付利息和股息给股东。

因此与长期债务和股权资本投资业务(非流动负债+总股本)。

类似的逻辑,如果我们希望计算普通股东回报基金(回到股权持有者),我们将使用息税后利润除以总股本)。

资本回报率是必要的奖励投资者对他们所承担的风险投资公司。

一般来说,用数字越高,对投资者来说就越好。

应该是与提供给投资者回报另类投资类似的风险。

销售利润率销售利润率(有时称为营业利润率)看着营业利润占收入的比例。

简单来说,越高越好。

表现不佳经常被解释为价格过低或成本太高了。

ROCE和ROS比率通常被认为是与资产周转率。

(资产周转率是稍后讨论)。

他们被认为是在同一时间,因为:ROCE = ROS x资产周转率营业利润= 营业利润x 收入动用资本收入动用资本这种关系可用于考试的计算。

例如,如果你被告知,一个业务的销售利润率和资产周转率2 5%,那么它的ROCE(x 2 5%)将降至10%。

2014年ACCA考试F2管理会计总汇12本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处Main contents:1. Holding costs2. Ordering costs3. Re-ordering quantity (EOQ, EBQ)4. Re-order levelPurchase cycleThe inventory control should include the function of inventory purchase cycle.The ordering of inventoryThe purchase of inventoryThe receipt of goods into store StorageThe issue of inventory and maintenance of inventory at the most appropriate levelEvery movement of material in a business should be documented using the following as appropriate:Purchase requisition notePurchase order noteGoods received notes (GRN)Material requisition noteMaterial transfer note and materials returned noteThe storage of inventoryMaterials held in stores are coded and classified in order to be identified easily.Bin cards and stores ledger accounts are used to record inventory movements in order to maintain accurate records of current inventory levels.Perpetual inventory refers to an inventory recording system whereby the records (bin cards and stores ledger accounts) are updated for each receipt and issue of inventory as it occurs.Free inventory balance = available for future useMaterials in inventory+ Materials on order from suppliers- Materials requisitioned, not yet issued= Free inventory balanceInventory valuationFirst in First Out – FIFO assumes that materials are issued out of stock in the order in which they were delivered into inventory.Weighted average cost – AVCO values all items of inventory and issues at an average price. They average price is calculated after each receipt of goods.Periodic stocktaking is a process whereby all inventory items are physically counted and valued at a set point in time, usually at the end of an accounting period.Continuous stocktaking is counting and valuing selected items at different times on a rotating basis, usually each day. Valuable items or items with a high turnover could be checked more frequently.How much to order?The total costs associated with stocks include the following costs:Purchase costsOrdering cost:- Documentation- Telephone calls- Payment of invoices- Receiving goods into storesHolding cost- Cost of storage and stores operations- Interest charges- Insurance costs- Risk of obsolescence and deteriorationCost of running out of inventory (stock out costs)- Lost of contribution from lost sales- Loss of future sales- Loss of customer goodwill- Cost of production stoppages- Labour frustration over stoppages- Extra costs of urgent, small quantity, replenishment orders更多ACCA资讯请关注高顿ACCA官网：。