CE Principles of Accounts 1995 Paper

Principles of FinancialAccounting 2e (AGE)John J WildWinston KwokKen W ShawBarbara ChiappettaSolutions ManualProprietary and ConfidentialThis Manual is the property of McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) and protected by copyright laws. This Manual is provided only to authorized professors and instructors for use in preparing for the classes using the affiliated textbook. No other use or distribution of this Manual is permitted. This Manual may not be sold or distributed to or used by any student or other third party. No part of this Manual may be reproduced, displayed or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).Chapter 3Adjusting Accounts and Preparing Financial StatementsDISCUSSION QUESTIONS1. The cash basis of accounting reports revenues when cash is received while theaccrual basis reports revenues when they are earned. The cash basis reports expenses when cash is paid while the accrual basis reports expenses when they are incurred and matched with revenues they generated.2. The accrual basis of accounting generally provides a better indication of companyperformance and financial condition than does the cash basis. Also, the accrual basis increases the comparability of financial statements from one period to the next. Thus, business decision makers generally prefer the accrual basis.3. Businesses that have major seasonal variations in sales are most likely to select thenatural business year as the fiscal year.4. A prepaid expense is an item paid for in advance of receiving its benefits. As such, itis reported as an asset on the statement of financial position.5. Long-term tangible property, plant and equipment such as equipment, buildings, andmachinery lead to adjustments for depreciation. Generally, land is the only long-term tangible plant asset that does not require depreciation.6. The Accumulated Depreciation contra asset account is used for depreciation. Itprovides financial statement users with additional information about the relative age of the assets. Without the contra account information, the reader would not be able to tell whether the assets are new or in need of replacement.7. Deferred Income is another term for Unearned or Deferred revenue, which refers tocash received in advance of providing products and services.8. Accrued revenue is revenue that is earned but is not yet received in cash (and/orother assets) and the customer has not been billed prior to the end of the period.Therefore, end-of-period adjustments are made to record accrued revenue.Examples are interest income that has been earned but not collected and revenues from services performed that are neither collected nor billed.9.A If prepaid expenses are initially recorded with debits to expense accounts, then theprepaid expenses asset accounts are debited in the adjusting entries.10. For Adidas, all of the accounts under the category of Property, plant and equipment,require adjusting entries. The expense related to the depreciation expense account would be understated on the consolidated income statement if Adidas fails to adjust these asset accounts. If the adjusting entries are not made, net profit would be overstated. Note: Students might also correctly identify accounts receivables (for allowance for doubtful accounts), inventories (for lower of cost and net realizable value), as well as amortization of finite-life intangible assets as needing adjustment.11. ‘Advance received’ would probably be another term for unearned revenues which iscash received in advance of providing products and services. Accrued expenses refer to costs that are incurred in a period but are both unpaid and unrecorded12. The accrued wages expense would probably be reported as part of “Other currentliabilities” on Puma’s consolidated statement of financial position. The items reported on the statements of financial position of companies are often summarized amounts and details or breakdown can sometimes be found in the notes to the financial statements.13. The amount of Property, plant and equipment (PPE) for 2013 is RMB 974.627 million.For its adjusting entry, 361 Degrees would need to record Depreciation Expense (debit) on the PPE and Accumulated Depreciation (credit) as the contra to the PPE account. Separate accounts must be set up for different items of PPE since each item would have different useful life and residual value.QUICK STUDIESQuick Study 3-1 (10 minutes)a. UR Unearned revenueb. PE Prepaid expenses (Depreciation)c. AE Accrued expensesd. AR Accrued revenuee. PE Prepaid expensesQuick Study 3-2 (10 minutes)a. Insurance Expense ....................................................... 1,800Prepaid Insurance ................................................. 1,800 To record 6-month insurance coverage expired.b. Supplies Expense ......................................................... 2,700Supplies .................................................................. 2,700 To record supplies used during the year.($1,000 + $3,000 – [?] = $1,300)Quick Study 3-3 (10 minutes)a. Depreciation Expense—Equipment ............................ 5,000Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment ............. 5,000 To record depreciation expense for the year.($30,000 - $5,000) / 5 years = $5,000b. No depreciation adjustments are made for land as it is expected to lastindefinitely.Quick Study 3-4 (15 minutes)a. Unearned Revenue ........................................................ 15,000Legal Revenue ....................................................... 15,000 To recognize legal revenue earned (20,000 x 3/4).b. Unearned Subscription Revenue ................................ 2,400Subscription Revenue ........................................... 2,400 To recognize subscription revenue earned.[100 x ($48 / 12 month) x 6 months]Salaries Expense (400)Salaries Payable (400)To record salaries incurred but not yet paid.[One student earns, $100 x 4 days, M-R]Quick Study 3-6 (15 minutes)Accounts Debited and Credited Financial Statementa. Debit Unearned Revenue Statement of FinancialPositionCredit Revenue Earned Income Statementb. Debit Depreciation Expense Income StatementCredit Accumulated Depreciation Statement of FinancialPositionc. Debit Wages Expense Income StatementCredit Wages Payable Statement of FinancialPositiond. Debit Accounts Receivable Statement of FinancialPositionCredit Revenue Earned Income Statemente. Debit Insurance Expense Income StatementCredit Prepaid Insurance Statement of FinancialPositionCash Accounting:Revenues (cash receipts) ...................................................... $33,000 Expenses (cash payments: $22,500 - $2,250 + $3,750) ...... 24,000 Net profit ................................................................................ $ 9,000 Accrual Accounting:Revenues (earned) ................................................................ $39,000 Expenses (incurred) .............................................................. 22,500 Net profit ................................................................................. $16,500 Quick Study 3-8 (10 minutes)The answer is c.Explanation:The debit balance in Prepaid Insurance was reduced by $400, implying a $400 debit to Insurance Expense. The credit balance in Interest Payable increased by $800, which implies an $800 debit to Interest Expense.The answer is 2.Explanation:Insurance premium error:Understates expenses (and overstates assets) by .......... $1,600 Accrued salaries error:Understates expenses (and understates liabilities) by .... 1,000 Combination of errors:Understates expenses by ....................................................$2,600Overstates assets by ............................................................$1,600Understates liabilities by .....................................................$1,000Quick Study 3-10 (15 minutes)Adjusting entry Debit Credit1. Accrue salaries expense b d2. Adjust the Unearned Services Revenue accountg cto recognize earned revenueh c3. Record the earning of services revenue for whichcash will be received the following periodQuick Study 3-11 (10 minutes)Profit margin = $37,925 / $390,000 = 9.7%Interpretation: For each one dollar that Yang Company records as revenue, it earns 9.7 cents in net profit. Yang’s 9.7% is markedly lower than the competitors’ average profit margin of 15%. Thus, it must improve performance.Quick Study 3-12A (5 minutes)The answer is d.EXERCISESExercise 3-1 (10 minutes)1. B 4. F2. E 5. D3. C 6. AExercise 3-2 (30 minutes)a. Unearned Fee Revenue ...................................................10,000Fee Revenue .................................................................10,000 To record earned portion of fee received in advance.b. Wages Expense ................................................................9,000Wages Payable .............................................................9,000 To record wages accrued but not yet paid.c. Depreciation Expense—Equipment ...............................19,127Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment....................19,127 To record depreciation expense for the year.d. Office Supplies Expense .................................................5,242Office Supplies*............................................................5,242 To record office supplies used ($480 + $5,349 - $587).e. Insurance Expense ..........................................................2,800Prepaid Insurance**......................................................2,800 To record insurance coverage expired ($5,000 - $2,200).f. Interest Receivable (750)Interest Revenue (750)To record interest earned but not yet received.g. Interest Expense ............................................................3,500Interest Payable..........................................................3,500 To record interest incurred but not yet paid.Notes:Office Supplies*Prepaid Insurance** Beg. Bal. 480 Beg. Bal. 5,000Purch. 5,349? Used ? Used End. Bal. 587 End. Bal. 2,200Exercise 3-3 (25 minutes)a. Depreciation Expense—Equipment ...............................16,000Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment....................16,000 To record depreciation expense for the year.b. Insurance Expense ..........................................................5,960Prepaid Insurance*.......................................................5,960 To record insurance coverage that expired($7,000 - $1,040).c. Office Supplies Expense .................................................2,626Office Supplies**...........................................................2,626 To record office supplies used ($300 + $2,680 - $354).d. Unearned Fee Revenue ...................................................5,000Fee Revenue .................................................................5,000 To record earned portion of fee received in advance($10,000 x 1/2).e. Insurance Expense ..........................................................4,600Prepaid Insurance ........................................................4,600 To record insurance coverage that expired.f. Wages Expense ................................................................4,000Wages Payable .............................................................4,000 To record wages accrued but not yet paid.Notes:Prepaid Insurance*Office Supplies** Bal. Bal. 7,000 Beg. Bal. 300Purch. 2,680? Used ? Used End. Bal. 1,040 End. Bal. 354a.Apr. 30 Legal Fees Expense ........................................... 2,500Legal Fees Payable ..................................... 2,500 To record accrued legal fees.May 12 Legal Fees Payable ............................................ 2,500Cash ............................................................. 2,500 To pay accrued legal fees.b.Apr. 30 Interest Expense ................................................ 2,080Interest Payable .......................................... 2,080 To record accrued interest expense (9.6% x$780,000 x 10/360) or ($6,240 x 10/30).May 20 Interest Payable .................................................. 2,080Interest Expense ................................................. 4,160Cash ............................................................ 6,240 T o record payment of accrued and currentinterest expense (9.6% x $780,000 x 20/360).c.Apr. 30 Salaries Expense ................................................. 3,600Salaries Payable.......................................... 3,600 To record accrued salaries($9,000 x 2/5 week).May 3 Salaries Payable ................................................. 3,600Salaries Expense ................................................ 5,400Cash ............................................................. 9,000 To record payment of accrued andcurrent salaries ($9,000 x 3/5 week).a. $ 1,650b. $ 5,700c. $10,080d. $ 1,375Proof:Total supplies available ............................ 2,400 7,000 11,440 7,375 Supplies available – current year-end ..... (750) (5,700) (1,840) (800) Supplies expense for current year........... $1,650 $1,300 $ 9,600 $6,575Exercise 3-6 (15 minutes)a. Adjusting entry:2015Dec. 31 Wages Expense (500)Wages Payable (500)To record accrued wages for one day.(5 workers x $100 x 1 day)b. Payday entry:2016Jan. 4 Wages Expense................................................... 1,500Wages Payable (500)Cash .............................................................2,000 To record accrued and current wages.Dec. 31 Accounts Receivable .............................................. 1,800Fees Earned ..................................................... 1,800 To record earned but unbilled fees(30% x $6,000).31 Unearned Fees ......................................................... 4,200Fees Earned ..................................................... 4,200 To record earned fees collected inadvance (70% x $6,000).31 Depreciation Expense—Computers ...................... 1,500Accumulated Depreciation—Computers ...... 1,500 To record depreciation on computers.31 Depreciation Expense—Office Furniture .............. 1,750A ccumulated Depreciation—Office Furniture ... 1,750To record depreciation on office furniture.31 Salaries Expense ..................................................... 2,450Salaries Payable.............................................. 2,450 To record accrued salaries.31 Insurance Expense .................................................. 1,300Prepaid Insurance ........................................... 1,300 To record expired prepaid insurance.31 Office Supplies Expense (480)Office Supplies (480)To record use of office supplies.31 Utilities Expense (70)Utilities Payable (70)To record incurred and unpaid utility costs.Exercise 3-8 (20 minutes)Statement of Financial PositionInsurance Asset usingInsurance Expense usingAccrual Basis*CashBasisAccrualBasis**CashBasisDec. 31, 2013 ...$11,700 $0 2013 ............$ 4,500 $16,200 Dec. 31, 2014 ...6,300 0 2014 ............5,400 0 Dec. 31, 2015 ...900 0 2015 ............ 5,400 0 Dec. 31, 2016 ...0 0 2016 ............ 900 0Total ...........$16,200 $16,200EXPLANATIONS:*Accrual asset balance equals months left in the policy x $450 per month (monthly cost is computed as $450, from $16,200 divided by 36 months).Months Left Balance12/31/2013 .... 26 $11,70012/31/2014 .... 14 6,30012/31/2015 .... 2 90012/31/2016 .... 0 0**Accrual insurance expense equals months covered in the year x $450 per month.Months Covered Expense2013 .............10 $ 4,5002014 .............12 5,4002015 .............12 5,4002016 ............. 2 900$16,200Exercise 3-9 (10 minutes)a. $5,390 / $44,830 = 12.0%b. $87,644 / $398,954 = 22.0%c. $93,385 / $257,082 = 36.3%d. $55,234 / $1,458,999 = 3.8%e. $70,158 / $435,925 = 16.1%Analysis and Interpretation: Company c has the highest profitability according to the profit margin ratio. Company c earns 36.3 cents in net profit for each one dollar of net sales recorded.Exercise 3-10A (25 minutes)a. Initial credit recorded in the Unearned Fees account:July 1 Cash ....................................................................... 2,000Unearned Fees .............................................. 2,000 Received fees for work to be done.6 Cash ....................................................................... 8,400Unearned Fees .............................................. 8,400 Received fees for work to be done.12 Unearned Fees ...................................................... 2,000Fees Earned ................................................... 2,000 Completed work for customer.18 Cash ....................................................................... 7,500Unearned Fees .............................................. 7,500 Received fees for work to be done.27 Unearned Fees ...................................................... 8,400Fees Earned ................................................... 8,400 Completed work for customer.31 No adjusting entries required.b. Initial credit recorded in the Fees Earned account:July 1 Cash ....................................................................... 2,000Fees Earned ................................................... 2,000 Received fees for work to be done.6 Cash ....................................................................... 8,400Fees Earned ................................................... 8,400 Received fees for work to be done.12 No entry required.18 Cash ....................................................................... 7,500Fees Earned ................................................... 7,500 Received fees for work to be done.27 No entry required.31 Fees Earned .......................................................... 7,500Unearned Fees .............................................. 7,500 Adjusted to reflect unearned fees for unfinished job.Exercise 3-10A - (Continued)c. Under the first method (and using entries from a):Unearned Fees = $2,000 + $8,400 - $2,000 + $7,500 - $8,400 = $7,500 Fees Earned = $2,000 + $8,400 = $10,400Under the second method (and using entries from b):Unearned Fees = $7,500Fees Earned = $2,000 + $8,400 + $7,500 - $7,500 = $10,400[Note: Both procedures yield identical results in the financial statements.] Exercise 3-11A (30 minutes)a.Dec. 1 Supplies Expense ............................................ 3,000Cash .......................................................... 3,000 Purchased supplies.b.Dec. 2 Insurance Expense .......................................... 1,440Cash .......................................................... 1,440 Paid insurance premiums.c.Dec. 15 Cash .................................................................. 12,000Remodeling Fees Earned ........................ 12,000 Received fees for work to be done.d.Dec. 28 Cash .................................................................. 3,600Remodeling Fees Earned ........................ 3,600 Received fees for work to be done.e.Dec. 31 Supplies ............................................................. 1,920Supplies Expense .................................... 1,920 Adjust expenses for unused supplies.f.Dec. 31 Prepaid Insurance ($1,440 - $240).................. 1,200Insurance Expense .................................. 1,200 Adjust expenses for unexpired coverage.g.Dec. 31 Remodeling Fees Earned .............................. 9,300Unearned Remodeling Fees ................... 9,300 Adjusted revenues for unfinishedprojects ($12,000 + $3,600 - $6,300).PROBLEM SET AProblem 3-1A (35 minutes)Part 1Adjustment (a)Dec. 31 Office Supplies Expense ............................. 12,760Office Supplies ...................................... 12,760 T o record cost of supplies used($3,000 + $12,400 - $2,640).Adjustment (b)31 Insurance Expense ....................................... 12,312Prepaid Insurance ................................. 12,312 To record annual insurance coverage expense.Policy Cost per Month Months Active in 2015 2015 CostA $660 ($15,840/24 mo.) 12 $ 7,920B 363 ($13,068/36 mo.) 9 3,267C 225 ($ 2,700 /12 mo.) 5 1,125Total $12,312Adjustment (c)31 Salaries Expense (2 days x $2,100) ............ 4,200Salaries Payable.................................... 4,200 To record accrued but unpaid wages.Adjustment (d)31 Depreciation Expense—Building ................ 27,000Accumulated Depreciation—Building 27,000 To record annual depreciation expense[($855,000 -$45,000) / 30 years = $27,000].Adjustment (e)31 Rent Receivable ............................................ 2,400Rent Earned ........................................... 2,400 To record earned but unpaid Dec. rent.Adjustment (f)31 Unearned Rent .............................................. 4,350Rent Earned ........................................... 4,350 To record the amount of rent earned forNovember and December (2 x 2,175).Part 2Cash Payment for (c)Jan. 6 Salaries Payable ........................................... 4,200Salaries Expense* ........................................ 6,300Cash ....................................................... 10,500 To record payment of accrued andcurrent salaries. *(3 days x $2,100)Cash Payment for (e)15Cash ............................................................... 2,400Rent Receivable .................................... 2,400 To record past due rent for December.Problem 3-2A (10 minutes)1. G 5. G 9. F2. E 6. C 10. D3. I 7. H 11. A4. B 8. E 12. DParts 1 and 2Part 2Adjustment (a)Dec. 31 Insurance Expense ...........................................3,000Prepaid Insurance .......................................3,000 To record the insurance expired.Adjustment (b)31 Teaching Supplies Expense ............................7,400Teaching Supplies ......................................7,400 To record supplies used ($10,000-$2,600).Adjustment (c)31 Depreciation Expense—Equipment ................12,000Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment ........12,000 To record equipment depreciation.Adjustment (d)31 Depreciation Expense—Profess. Library .......6,000A ccumul. Depreciation—Profess. Library.....6,000To record professional library depreciation.Adjustment (e)31 Unearned Training Fees ...................................4,400Training Fees Earned .................................4,400 To record training fees earned that werecollected in advance.Adjustment (f)31 Accounts Receivable ........................................7,500Tuition Fees Earned....................................7,500 To record tuition earned ($3,000 x 2 1/2 months).Adjustment (g)31 Salaries Expense (400)Salaries Payable (400)To record accrued salaries (2 days x $100 x 2).Adjustment (h)31 Rent Expense ....................................................2,000Prepaid Rent ................................................2,000 To record expiration of prepaid rent.Part 3Watson Technical InstituteAdjusted Trial BalanceDecember 31, 2015Debit Credit Cash .......................................................................... $ 26,000Accounts receivable ................................................ 7,500Teaching supplies ................................................... 2,600Prepaid insurance .................................................... 12,000Prepaid rent 0Professional library ................................................. 30,000 Accumulated depreciation—Professional library ... $ 15,000 Equipment ................................................................ 70,000 Accumulated depreciation—Equipment ................ 28,000 Accounts payable .................................................... 36,000 Salaries payable . (400)Unearned training fees ............................................ 6,600 T. Watson, Capital .................................................... 63,600 T. Watson, Withdrawals .......................................... 40,000Tuition fees earned .................................................. 109,500 Training fees earned ................................................ 42,400 Depreciation expense—Professional library ........ 6,000 Depreciation expense—Equipment ....................... 12,000Salaries expense ..................................................... 48,400Insurance expense .................................................. 3,000Rent expense ............................................................ 24,000Teaching supplies expense .................................... 7,400 Advertising expense ................................................ 7,000Utilities expense....................................................... 5,600 _______ Totals ........................................................................ $301,500 $301,500Part 4WATSON TECHNICAL INSTITUTEIncome StatementFor Year Ended December 31, 2015RevenuesTuition fees earned ............................................ $109,500Training fees earned .......................................... 42,400Total revenues .................................................... $151,900 ExpensesDepreciation expense—Professional library ... (6,000)Depreciation expense—Equipment .................. (12,000)Salaries expense ................................................ (48,400)Insurance expense ............................................. (3,000)Rent expense ...................................................... (24,000)Teaching supplies expense ............................... (7,400)Advertising expense .......................................... (7,000)Utilities expense ................................................. (5,600)Total expenses ................................................... (113,400) Net profit ............................................................... $ 38,500WATSON TECHNICAL INSTITUTEStatement of Changes in EquityFor Year Ended December 31, 2015T. Watson, Capital, December 31, 2014 .............. $ 63,600 Net profit .............................................................. 38,500102,100 Owner withdrawals .............................................. (40,000) T. Watson, Capital, December 31, 2015 .............. $ 62,100WATSON TECHNICAL INSTITUTEStatement of Financial PositionDecember 31, 2015AssetsCash ................................................................................. $ 26,000 Accounts receivable ...................................................... 7,500 Teaching supplies .......................................................... 2,600 Prepaid insurance .......................................................... 12,000 Professional library ........................................................ $30,000 Accumulated depreciation—Professional library ....... (15,000) 15,000 Equipment ....................................................................... 70,000 Accumulated depreciation—Equipment ...................... (28,000) 42,000 Total assets ..................................................................... $105,100LiabilitiesAccounts payable ........................................................... $ 36,000 Salaries payable . (400)Unearned training fees .................................................. 6,600 Total liabilities ................................................................ 43,000EquityT. Watson, Capital .......................................................... 62,100 Total liabilities and equity ............................................. $105,100。

传播剪纸英语作文The delicate art of paper cutting has long been a cherished tradition in many cultures around the world, with each region boasting its own unique styles and techniques. Originating in ancient China, the practice of paper cutting has since spread to other parts of Asia, Europe, and beyond, captivating audiences with its intricate designs and the skilled hands that bring them to life. As we move forward in an increasingly digital age, it is crucial that we make concerted efforts to preserve and promote this timeless art form, ensuring that it continues to inspire and delight generations to come.At the heart of paper cutting lies a deep appreciation for the beauty that can be found in the simplest of materials. A single sheet of paper, when wielded by a master craftsman, can be transformed into a breathtaking work of art, revealing intricate patterns and delicate silhouettes that seem to defy the limitations of the medium. The process of paper cutting requires a steady hand, keen eye, and deep understanding of the materials, as the artist must carefully plan and execute each intricate cut, ensuring that the final product is a harmonious and visually striking composition.One of the most captivating aspects of paper cutting is the sheer diversity of styles and techniques that have developed across different regions and cultures. In China, the birthplace of this art form, the traditional practice of Jianzhi has given rise to a wide range of motifs and designs, from the intricate symmetrical patterns of the northern provinces to the more organic and free-flowing styles of the south. In Mexico, the vibrant and colorful papel picado decorations have become synonymous with celebrations and festivals, while in Poland, the delicate wycinanki cuttings are renowned for their intricate floral designs.As we strive to preserve and promote this art form, it is essential that we recognize the deep cultural significance that paper cutting holds for many communities around the world. For many, the act of paper cutting is not merely a hobby or artistic pursuit, but a means of preserving and passing down cultural traditions and narratives. In some regions, paper cutting is closely tied to religious and spiritual practices, with the intricate designs serving as symbols of faith, hope, and protection.Moreover, the act of paper cutting itself can be a deeply meditative and therapeutic experience, offering a respite from the stresses of modern life and a means of connecting with one's inner creativity. The repetitive motions and focus required to execute each cut canhave a calming and centering effect, allowing the artist to enter a state of flow and find solace in the creative process.To ensure the continued vitality of paper cutting, it is crucial that we invest in educational initiatives and community outreach programs that introduce this art form to new generations. This can take the form of workshops and classes that teach the basic techniques and principles of paper cutting, as well as the history and cultural significance of the practice. By fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation for this art form, we can inspire young people to take up the craft and carry on the legacy of their ancestors.Additionally, it is important to support the work of established paper cutting artists and provide them with the resources and platforms they need to share their craft with the world. This can include the creation of dedicated exhibition spaces, the promotion of paper cutting through various media channels, and the facilitation of collaborative projects that bring together artists from different cultural backgrounds.By taking these steps to preserve and promote the art of paper cutting, we can ensure that this timeless tradition continues to captivate and inspire audiences for generations to come. Whether we are admiring the intricate designs of a Chinese Jianzhi or the vibrant colors of a Mexican papel picado, the beauty and culturalsignificance of paper cutting will continue to captivate and delight us, reminding us of the enduring power of human creativity and the importance of preserving our shared cultural heritage.。

中国水墨画英语作文六年级中英文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Chinese Ink Wash Painting: A Beautiful Tradition (中国水墨画:一个美丽的传统)Have you ever seen a Chinese ink wash painting before? They are so beautiful and different from typical Western paintings. The delicate brushstrokes and use of blank space make them truly unique works of art. Let me tell you more about this amazing tradition!你以前见过中国水墨画吗?它们非常美丽,与典型的西方绘画不同。

细腻的笔触和留白的运用使它们成为真正独特的艺术品。

让我再多告诉你一些关于这种令人惊叹的传统!Ink wash paintings have been created in China for over 1,000 years! They first became popular in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) and then became even more intricate and expressive in later dynasties like the Song (960-1279 AD). (水墨画在中国已经有一千多年的历史了!它们最初在唐朝(公元618-907年)开始流行,后来在宋朝(960-1279)等朝代变得更加精细和富有表现力。

)The basic tools are very simple - just an ink stone to grind the solid ink stick into liquid ink, a brush made from animal hair, some rice paper or silk, and water. But with these basic supplies, the masters created breathtaking landscapes, paintings of plants and animals, and scenes of daily life. (基本工具非常简单——只是一块研磨坚硬墨锭成液体墨水的砚台,一支由动物毛制成的笔,一些宣纸或丝绸,还有水。

审计与财务会计的一个重要术语“公认会计原则”在美国的发展葛家澍（厦门大学会计系 361005）作为财务会计的一个术语，或作为财务报告的一种规范，“公认会计原财”(principles GAAP)在会计界已众所周知。

但是，从2002年美国总统批准了((Sarbances and oxley Act》(2002年公开公司会计改革与投资者保护法案，以下简称SOA)之后，这一术语的性质和地位就有所改变。

一、民间提出，民间认可公认会计原则是1933年美国重新恢复在1929年爆发经济大危机时全面崩溃的证券市场(资本市场)的产物。

1929—1933年的美国经济大危机标志着自由化的市场经济严重失灵，这就需要政府进行干预并采取一种制度安排，最突出的政府干预是在罗斯福总统的领导和推动下，1933年颁布《证券法》和1934年颁布《证券交易法》并在1934年成立《证券交易委员会》(SEC)来执行这两个证券法规，对证市场实行严厉的监管。

然而，两个证券法规虽然要求制定会计准则，并没有涉及“GAAP”这个术语。

大约在1933年前后，美国会计协会(AIA①)和纽约证券交易所(NYSE)这两个机构都是民间组织，联合研究如何改进企业(主要是上市公司)的财务报表，经过讨论由AICPA发行了题为“公司帐目的的审查”(Audits of Corporate Accounts)的小册子。

其中：第一，首先用“原则(principles)代替“实务”(practies)，修正了审计报告中的用语。

第二，其次建议在审计报告中表态时，使用“认可的会计原则”(Accepted Principles of Accounting)这样的字眼。

第三，为了表明什么是当时认可的会计原则，小册子列举了5条规则(这5条规则是1933年7月1日由纽约证券交易所的主席宣布的)：1．未实现的利润(unrealized profit)不应直接或间接贷记收益帐户(Income account)；在正常过程中已经生效的销售，才认为其中的利润已经发现；2．除非企业改组(neorganzition)，宣布调整(如合并，变换了股东权益)，或准改组(Quasi-neorgan-zition是在帐外消除亏损的一种特殊程序)，否则，资本盈余(Capital surplies)不能用来调剂任何一年的收益；3．附属公司在合并以前赚得的盈余不能作为控股公司和附属公司的合并赚得的一部分；4．库藏股(Treaoury stock)的股利不能贷记收益帐户；5．由本企业高级职员、雇员和联系公司(Affili-tated companies)开出的应收票据和他们的欠款(应收帐款)在资产负债表中应单独表示。

会计学原理是会计学的一个分支。

会计学原理，又称“会计学基础”或“基础会计”，有时也被称之为“簿记学”或“初级会计”。

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所谓“会计学原理”，顾名思义，它所阐述的是会计的一些原理性的知识，即要在具体实践中建立和应用会计这个信息系统所应当具备的一些共性的知识。

这一部分知识是人们通过长期实践，从感性到理性的不断总结，找出它们共同的、带有规律性的内容而形成的。

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具体地说，“会计学原理”主要阐述的是会计的基本理论、会计的基本知识和会计基本方法的知识体系
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“会计学原理”不仅是一门基础性的学科，也是一门理论性的学科，在会计学科的大厦中，它当之无愧是极为重要的基础，我们可以从下面的两个方面去理解。

1．它是学好中级财务会计、高级财务会计和管理会计的基础
在会计学分类部分，我们已介绍了会计学按其研究内容的分类。

在这种分类中，会计学原理所阐述的财务会计的基本原理，是中级会计与高级会计学的基础。

不掌握会计学原理的知识，很难学懂中级会计学和高级会计学，更不要说管理会计与成本会计了。

2．它可以用来指导会计学的研究和会计工作
“会计学原理”所研究的是人们运用会计来反映和控制经济活动的最一般规律的科学，只要我们精通和掌握了一般规律的知识，就可以运用它来进行其他会计学的研究。

“会计学原理”主要阐述会计的基本理论、基本知识和基本程序与方法，而这些方面都是从会计工作中总结出来的、带有共性的知识。

因此，人们在具体的会计工作中就必须依据会计一般的规律作为自己工作的基本指南，否则，会使自己在会计工作中“知其然而不知其所以然”。

会计学原理英文版第Principles of AccountingIntroductionAccounting, often referred to as the language of business, is a systematic process of recording, analyzing, and reporting financial transactions. It provides crucial information to businesses, investors, and other stakeholders about thefinancial health and performance of an organization. Accounting principles serve as the foundation for recording and reporting financial information accurately and consistently. This paper will explore the key principles of accounting and their importance in financial reporting.Accrual PrincipleThe accrual principle states that financial transactions should be recorded in the accounting period in which they occur, rather than when cash is received or paid. This principle ensures that revenues and expenses are recognized in the period in which they are earned or incurred. It enables businesses to present a more accurate and reliable picture of their financial performance.Principle of Historical CostThe historical cost principle states that assets should be recorded and reported at their original cost, which includesboth the purchase price and any other costs necessary to get the asset ready for use. This principle provides businesses with a reliable basis to measure and report their financial position. It also allows for consistent and objective valuation of assets, as opposed to subjective estimation.Matching PrincipleThe matching principle states that businesses should recognize expenses incurred in generating revenue in the same period as the revenue they help to generate. This principle ensures that financial statements accurately reflect the relationship between revenues and the expenses necessary to earn those revenues. By matching revenues and expenses, businesses can present a more accurate measure of their profitability.Conservatism PrincipleThe conservatism principle suggests that when there is uncertainty in accounting estimates, businesses should adopt a more conservative approach. This means that businesses shoulderr on the side of caution and recognize potential losses or expenses rather than potential gains. This principle helps to prevent overstatement of assets and revenues, and increases the reliability of financial statements.Consistency PrincipleMateriality PrincipleThe materiality principle states that businesses should only include information in financial statements if it is significant enough to influence the decision-making of users. This principle allows businesses to focus on the most relevant and important information, while avoiding excessive details that may distort the overall picture. Materiality is determined based on both quantitative and qualitative factors.Importance of Accounting PrinciplesConclusionAccounting principles serve as the foundation for recording, analyzing, and reporting financial transactions. They ensure accuracy, consistency, and reliability in financial reporting. The accrual principle, historical cost principle, matching principle, conservatism principle, consistency principle, and materiality principle are key principles that guide financial accounting practices. By adhering to these principles, businesses can present a more accurate and meaningful picture of their financial health and performance.。

O Lev e l Pr i n c ip l es f Acco n(7110)What is h e co e b k?There is no one book aimed at this particular assessment. Teachers can choose a book from the list available in the syllabus. Copies of the syllabus are available on-line at Can I u e a bo k it e fo an h er a lificat i?Yes. For example, Cambridge University Press (India) has published a text book which covers the IGCSE and O level syllabuses. The title of the book is IGCSE and O Level Accounting,by Catherine Coucom, ISBN 978 0521 72001 4.Cambridge University Press has published IGCSE Accounting, by Catherine Coucom, ISBN 0 521 89346 1, which teachers of O level Principles of Accounts will find very useful. However, you must check that you have covered all the requirements of the O Level syllabus.Do I n e ed t e ac h t h e c e in h e o der giv en in t h e s llabu?No, the order in which you teach the course is entirely up to you. If you are new to the syllabus or to teaching then you might find the suggested schemes of work on the teacher support site at useful. Please ask your Centre administrator for the password to access the site.Is h e u e o f calcu l at a llo ed?Yes. For details of the restrictions on graphic display, data banks, etc, which apply to all CIE examinations, see the Handbook for Centres.When a e t h e ex a min a i?Principles of Accounts is available in the June and November sessions. The date of the examination can be found on the Examination Timetable, which is sent to Centres.Ho ar e t h e can d ida e as e e d?There are two papers which the candidates must take.Pap e1 is a Multiple Choice paper, with 30 items testing the whole syllabus. It is one hour.Pap e2 is a Structured Written paper. There are usually between 4 and 6 compulsory questions, which cover topics across the whole syllabus. It is 2 hours long.Why do e h e n m ber f e io in Pap e2 v ar?Having a few long questions doesn’t always give candidates the opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge. Sometimes it is necessary to have more, but shorter, questions in order to test a wider range of the syllabus.Do e Pa e 2 alw ay hav e a q e io a s e cific p a f t h e s llabu?Yes. No matter how many questions there are, one of them will involve the preparation of the final accounts of a business – the Manufacturing, Trading and Profit and Loss Account and the Balance Sheet. Other questions may require the completion of proformas and tables.Do e t h e Cen e hav e t ide mu l i-c lu m Acco i g p a e?No. For Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) candidates indicate their answers on the special answer sheet which is machine-read.For Paper 2 candidates are expected to answer the questions in the spaces provided on the question paper booklet,except for the last (final accounts) question, which may be written on separate answer paper. Candidates may be provided with multi-column accounting stationery, or candidates may answer on ordinary lined paper if preferred.Do all can d i dat e hav e t a ke Pap er 1 (Mu l i l e Cho i ce)?Yes.Ar e mar k d edu c e d fo g an er in h e m lt i l e cho i c e?No. The candidate’s mark is the total number of questions answered correctly.Ar e t h e mu l i l e cho i ce q es i ar an g ed in an p a i cu l ar der h e p ap e?They are broadly arranged in the same order as the topics appear in the syllabus booklet.Wher e can I fin d t h e k ey t h e mu l i le cho i ce q es i?They are in the published ‘Report on the Examination’, which is available online and on CR Rom. The reports are also available on the teacher support site.Can e u e T acco fo m at?Yes. The syllabus requires candidates to be able to post ledger account entries from the books of prime entry using ‘T’ account format.However the running balance format is also acceptable.What abo h e p e e a io f fin a l a cco?The vertical presentation of final accounts is widely used in business, and this is reflected in CIE Accounting examinations. The final accounts given in mark schemes are usually in a vertical format, but any other recognised format is also acceptable and candidates who present their final accounts in a horizontal format will have marks awarded where their figures are correct. One disadvantage of presenting the accounts in a horizontal format is that there is no figure for working capital, which is sometimes required in a question.Ar e t h er e ma k fo c e ct kin g ev en if t h e an er is g?Yes. Candidates should always show their workings.Ar e t h e mar k s c hemes blis h ed?Yes, from the November 2000 examination onwards. They are available online or for purchasefrom CIE Publications. Past papers and mark schemes are available on the teacher support siteat . Ask your Centre administrator for the password to access the site.The ‘Report on the Examination’ is published after each session and gives guidance on Examiners’ expectations and common candidate errors. This is also available online at and on the teacher support site. There are suggested schemes of work on the teacher support site and a discussion group for teachers of accounting.I hav e hear d t h a t h e s llabu as dat e d in2008. Ho has h e s llabu chan g ed?The Scheme of Assessment is now as follows:Duration marks weightingPaper 1 Multiple Choice 1 hour 30 33.3%Paper 2 Structured Questions 2 hours 120 66.6%There is now a section on Payroll, which covers simple payroll records and the book-keeping entries for payroll. The order of some of the content has changed, and points of clarification have been added.The final question now involves the preparation of the final accounts of a manufacturing a trading business (including services). Previously the final question dealt with the final accounts of a trading business only. Candidates may now be asked to prepare Manufacturing, Trading, Profit and Loss accounts and a Balance Sheet for the final question.Centres are advised to consult the new syllabus for full details.Is h er e a Sp ecimen Pap e an d Mar k S cheme fo h e s llabu?Yes a copy of this is available at and on the teacher support site.。

介绍中国造纸术的英语作文$$The Ingenious Art of Papermaking in China$$The art of papermaking, a remarkable feat of ancient civilization, finds its earliest roots in the fertile soil of China. This invention, which revolutionized the world of writing and communication, dates back to the Han dynasty, over two thousand years ago. China's papermaking technique, with its intricate processes and sophisticated craftsmanship, remains a testament to the ingenuity and wisdom of its ancestors.The journey of papermaking in China began with the use of various natural materials such as bamboo, silk, and hemp as writing surfaces. However, these materials were either too expensive or too inconvenient to produce in large quantities. It was during the Han dynasty that a eunuch named Cai Lun made a breakthrough discovery, inventing a process that utilized bark, old fishing nets, and other discarded materials to create a new, more durable, andcost-effective writing material - paper.The process of papermaking in ancient China wasintricate and labor-intensive. First, the raw materialswere soaked in water and pounded into a pulp. This pulp was then mixed with a sticky substance, usually made from plants, to give it the necessary cohesion. The resulting mixture was poured into a fine-meshed screen, where it was evenly spread out and allowed to dry in the sun. The resulting sheets of paper were then stacked, pressed, and smoothed to achieve a uniform texture and thickness.The quality of Chinese paper varied depending on theraw materials used and the skill of the papermakers. The finest papers, often reserved for imperial use or calligraphy, were made from the bark of specific trees, known for their long fibers and smooth texture. Thesepapers were prized for their durability and elegance, often adorned with intricate designs or calligraphic inscriptions. The spread of papermaking technology throughout China and eventually to other parts of the world was a gradual process. Trade routes and cultural exchanges facilitatedthe transmission of this knowledge, leading to the development of papermaking industries in other regions. Theinfluence of Chinese papermaking techniques can be seen in the paper products of many countries, even today.The impact of Chinese papermaking on globalcivilization cannot be overstated. It revolutionized the way information was recorded, preserved, and shared. Papermaking made it possible to produce books and documents in large quantities, leading to the dissemination of knowledge and ideas across vast distances. This, in turn, fostered cultural exchange, scientific progress, and the development of complex societies.In modern times, while the industrialization of papermaking has led to the use of machines and synthetic materials, the essence of the ancient Chinese technique remains. The principles of using natural fibers and adhesives to create a durable writing surface are still fundamental to the production of paper. The art of handmade paper, which is still practiced in some parts of China, preserves the traditional methods and skills of ancient papermakers.In conclusion, the art of papermaking in China is a brilliant example of ancient civilization's contributionsto the world. It represents the innovative spirit and remarkable craftsmanship of the Chinese people, who, through their ingenuity, transformed discarded materials into a valuable commodity that has shaped the course of human history. The legacy of Chinese papermaking continues to inspire and influence the production of paper worldwide, reminding us of the enduring value of traditional knowledge and the power of human creativity.。

PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTINGPeter WANG 王德宏Module 2 Review◆Bookkeeping concepts◆Double-entry accounting ◆Journalizing & posting ◆Financial statements (II)Chart of AccountsA list of all accounts used in a company, with an identifying number for each accountAccountNumber Account Name AccountingNumber Accounting Name101Cash302Owner withdrawals 106Accounts receivable403Revenues126Supplies406Rental revenue 128Prepaid insurance622Salaries expense 167Equipment637Insurance expense 201Accounting payable640Rent expense236Unearned revenue652Supplies expense 301Owner capital690Utilities expenseT-AccountRecords the changes of amounts in an account: both increases or decreasesAccount Name(Left side)(Right side)Debit CreditAccount BalanceCashInvestment by owner 30,000Purchase of supplies2,500 Consulting services revenues earned4,200Purchase of equipment26,000 Collection of accounts receivable1,900Payment of rent1,000Payment of salary700Payment of account payable900Withdrawal by owner200 Total increases36,100Total decreases31,300 Balance4,800An account balance is thedifference between the totals ofits debit side and credit side2 Groups of DEA RulesGROUP A: Same behaviorsWhen balance increases , DEBIT side Debit Assets - + Credit Debit Expense - + Credit Debit Owner Withdrawal-+ CreditGROUP B: Same behaviorsWhen balance increases , CREDIT side2 Groups of DEA Rules Debit Liabilities - + Credit Debit Revenue - + Credit Debit Owner Capital- +CreditAccounting JournalGENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Description PR Debit Credit 2014Aug1Cash30,000Owner capital30,000 Investment by ownerAug2Supplies2,500Cash2,500 Purchased supplies for cashBalance Column Account CASH ACCOUNT No.101Date Description PR Debit Credit Balance2014Aug. 1Owner investment30,00030,000 Aug. 2Purchased supplies2,50027,500 Aug. 3Purchased equipment26,0001,500 Aug. 10Collection from customer4,2005,700Preparing for Financial Statements Analyze transactions ①Record transactions in accounting journals② It is Journalizing !Preparing for Financial StatementsRecord transactions in accounting journals ②It is Posting !Transferring toledger accounts ③General ledger Balance column accountPreparing for Financial Statements Transferring to ledger accounts③ TRIAL BALANCE SHEET ④ FINANCIAL STATEMENTSPreparing for Financial Statements - Sequence ✓Income statements✓Statements of owners’ equity✓Balance sheetEnd of Module 2。