外文及翻译

外文文献原稿和译文原稿DATABASEA database may be defined as a collection interrelated data store together with as little redundancy as possible to serve one or more applications in an optimal fashion .the data are stored so that they are independent of programs which use the data .A common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and in modifying and retrieving existing data within the data base .One system is said to contain a collection of database if they are entirely separate in structure .A database may be designed for batch processing , real-time processing ,or in-line processing .A data base system involves application program, DBMS, and database.THE INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSThe term database is often to describe a collection of related files that is organized into an integrated structure that provides different people varied access to the same data. In many cases this resource is located in different files in different departments throughout the organization, often known only to the individuals who work with their specific portion of the total information. In these cases, the potential value of the information goes unrealized because a person in other departments who may need it does not know it or it cannot be accessed efficiently. In an attempt to organize their information resources and provide for timely and efficient access, many companies have implemented databases.A database is a collection of related data. By data, we mean known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning. For example, the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of all the people you know. You may have recorded this data in an indexed address book, or you may have stored it on a diskette using a personalcomputer and software such as DBASE Ⅲor Lotus 1-2-3. This is a collection of related data with an implicit meaning and hence is a database.The above definition of database is quite general. For example, we may consider the collection of words that made up this page of text to be usually more restricted. A database has the following implicit properties:● A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. A random assortment of data cannot be referred to as a database.● A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group of user and some preconceived applications in which these users are interested.● A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called the miniworld. Changes to the miniworld are reflected in the database.In other words, a database has some source from which data are derived, some degree of interaction with events in the real world, and an audience that is actively interested in the contents of the database.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts: (1) a storage subsystem that stores and retrieves data in files; (2)a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add, delete, maintain, and update the data; and (3) an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems.●Managers who require more up-to-date information to make effective decisions.●Customers who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.●Users who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.●Organizations that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or p oorly defined, but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “mange” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers. In a file-oriented system, user needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmer, who, when time permits, will write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information. The availability of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications path.DATABASE QUERYIf the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database ,as well as interrogate it ,this capability allows for managing personal database. However, it does not automatically leave an audit trail of actions and does not provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organization .There controls are only available when a set of application programs is customized for each data entry and updating function.Software for personal computers that perform some of the DBMS functions has been very popular .Individuals for personal information storage and processing intended personal computers for us .Small enterprises, professionals like doctors, architects, engineers, lawyers and so on have also used these machines extensively. By the nature of intended usage ,database system on there machines are except from several of the requirements of full-fledged database systems. Since data sharing is not intended, concurrent operations even less so ,the software can be less complex .Security and integrity maintenance are de-emphasized or absent .as data volumes will be small, performance efficiency is also less important .In fact, the only aspect of a database system that is important is data independence. Data independence ,as stated earlier ,means that application programs and user queries need not recognize physical organization of data on secondary storage. The importance of this aspect , particularly for the personal computer user ,is that this greatly simplifies database usage . The user can store ,access and manipulate data at ahigh level (close to the application)and be totally shielded from the low level (close to the machine )details of data organization.DBMS STRUCTURING TECHNIQUESSpatial data management has been an active area of research in the database field for two decades ,with much of the research being focused on developing data structures for storing and indexing spatial data .however, no commercial database system provides facilities for directly de fining and storing spatial data ,and formulating queries based on research conditions on spatial data.There are two components to data management: history data management and version management .Both have been the subjects of research for over a decade. The troublesome aspect of temporal data management is that the boundary between applications and database systems has not been clearly drawn. Specifically, it is not clear how much of the typical semantics and facilities of temporal data management can and should be directly incorporated in a database system, and how much should be left to applications and users. In this section, we will provide a list of short-term research issues that should be examined to shed light on this fundamental question.The focus of research into history data management has been on defining the semantics of time and time interval, and issues related to understanding the semantics of queries and updates against history data stored in an attribute of a record. Typically, in the context of relational databases ,a temporal attribute is defined to hold a sequence of history data for the attribute. A history data consists of a data item and a time interval for which the data item is valid. A query may then be issued to retrieve history data for a specified time interval for the temporal attribute. The mechanism for supporting temporal attributes is to that for supporting set-valued attributes in a database system, such as UniSQL.In the absence of a support for temporal attributes, application developers who need to model and history data have simply simulated temporal attributes by creating attribute for the time interval ,along with the “temporal” attribute. This of course may result in duplication of records in a table, and more complicated search predicates in queries. The one necessary topic of research in history data management is to quantitatively establish the performance (and even productivity) differences betweenusing a database system that directly supports attributes and using a conventional database system that does not support either the set-valued attributes or temporal attributes.Data security, integrity, and independenceData security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database of the database, called subschemas. For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data.Data integrity refers to the accuracy, correctness, or validity of the data in the database. In a database system, data integrity means safeguarding the data against invalid alteration or destruction. In large on-line database system, data integrity becomes a more severe problem and two additional complications arise. The first has to do with many users accessing the database concurrently. For example, if thousands of travel agents book the same seat on the same flight, the first agent’s booking will be lost. In such cases the technique of locking the record or field provides the means for preventing one user from accessing a record while another user is updating the same record.The second complication relates to hardware, software or human error during the course of processing and involves database transaction which is a group of database modifications treated as a single unit. For example, an agent booking an airline reservation involves several database updates (i.e., adding the passenger’s name and address and updating the seats-available field), which comprise a single transaction. The database transaction is not considered to be completed until all updates have been completed; otherwise, none of the updates will be allowed to take place.An important point about database systems is that the database should exist independently of any of the specific applications. Traditional data processing applications are data dependent.When a DMBS is used, the detailed knowledge of the physical organization of the data does not have to be built into every application program. The application program asks the DBMS for data by field name, for example, a coded representationof “give me customer name and balance due” would be sent to the DBMS. Without a DBMS the programmer must reserve space for the full structure of the record in the program. Any change in data structure requires changes in all the applications programs.Data Base Management System (DBMS)The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing and maintaining data base records is called a data base management system (DBMS). A DBMS will usually be handing multiple data calls concurrently.It must organize its system buffers so that different data operations can be in process together .It provides a data definition language to specify the conceptual schema and most likely ,some of the details regarding the implementation of the conceptual schema by the physical schema.The data definition language is a high-level language, enabling one to describe the conceptual schema in terms of a “data model “.At the present time ,there are four underling structures for database management systems. They are :List structures.Relational structures.Hierarchical (tree) structures.Network structures.Management Information System(MIS)An MIS can be defined as a network of computer-based data processing procedures developed in an organization and integrated as necessary with manual and other procedures for the purpose of providing timely and effective information to support decision making and other necessary management functions.One of the most difficult tasks of the MIS designer is to develop the information flow needed to support decision making .Generally speaking ,much of the information needed by managers who occupy different levels and who have different levels and have different responsibilities is obtained from a collection of exiting information system (or subsystems)Structure Query Language (SQL)SQL is a data base processing language endorsed by the American NationalStandards Institute. It is rapidly becoming the standard query language for accessing data on relational databases .With its simple ,powerful syntax ,SQL represents a great progress in database access for all levels of management and computing professionals.SQL falls into two forms : interactive SQL and embedded SQL. Embedded SQL usage is near to traditional programming in third generation languages .It is the interactive use of SQL that makes it most applicable for the rapid answering of ad hoc queries .With an interactive SQL query you just type in a few lines of SQL and you get the database response immediately on the screen.译文数据库数据库可以被定义为一个相互联系的数据库存储的集合。

A New Contact less Fault Diagnosis Approach forPantograph-Catenary Syst emRailway transport is one of the most important mass transportation media in the worldwide.With the development of trains speed, safety and comfort levels of railways is getting more importance day by day. Besides high level of security requirement, detection of anomaly for rail and road shall be early identified for decreasing operation and maintenance expenditures. The pantograph-catenary system has an important role for collecting the current in electrical railways. The problem occurred in this system will affect the current collection performance of electrified trains. In this paper, a new image processing based technique is proposed to detect the arcing faults occurred between catenary and pantograph contact. The proposed method takes one frame from the digital camera and then the edge detection algorithm extracts the edges of pantograph. The arcing between contact wire and pantograph is detected by examining the position of contact wire of pantograph’s edge. INTRODUCTIONWith the development of the high-speed electrified trains, the demands for safety of railway transport come into more important. A pantograph is the most utilized component for transmission electric power from overhead wire to locomotive. To ensure the power without any problem, pantographs should maintain good contact under different train speeds. In recent times, the speeds of electrified trains have reached rather high levels. Under these speeds, maintain good contact is challenging problem. Via railroad maintenance planning based on early rail and road anomaly detection technologies, derailment accidents are prevented. Pantograph and overhead line are two fundamental components for the collection of current signals in electrified trains. The wear between pantograph and overhead wire will result with catastrophic faults. The pantograph arcing faults occurs because of below reasons.In railway systems, the pantograph is manually inspected to detect damages. In this inspection, locomotive should be taken to a service. This method is undesirable because of loss of service time and cost . Pantograph arcing is one of the most seen fault in electrified railway systems. This arcing generally occurs at higher speed, increasing load, and in cold weather condition. In most case, there is a sliding contact between pantograph and catenary system. A pantograph laterally draws a zigzag on overhead line. However, overhead line applies more contact to some location of pantograph because of a faulty condition. In normal condition, there is a moisture layer between the contact surface and pantograph. In winter season, this moisture layer is frozen and it is more difficult the sliding between two components.Mechanical sensor based contact type rail and road measurement and inspection techniques has been used in the railway industry. The contact force between pantograph and catenary system was monitored by using a fiber strain sensors . Static and dynamic strains were detected by developed system. With the latest technological developments, contact less measurement techniques are now being used in railway measurement systems. Pantograph and overhead wire system was analyzed by using infrared camera. This analysis was used to detect overheating pantograph strip, bursts of arcing, and irregular positioning of contact line. For an efficient wear measurement of contact wire, a new multi-camera based optical inspection system was proposed. Different cameras were mounted at different positions of the roof of the vehicle and overhead contact was visually inspected from different angles. Abrasion on pantograph slide was detected by using edge detection algorithm. Discrete wavelet and Hough transform based method was applied to image of pantograp h slide and abrasion related features were extracted. The five kinds of edge detection algorithms were evaluated for the examination of the pantograph slipper images. The results show that Canny edge detection algorithm gives better results than other algorithms. The contact performance between pantograph and overhead line affects the current collecting performance. An image processing based method was proposed to monitor the contact performance. In recent years, there is more relevance about using contact less condition monitoring of railway systems. However, the developed system is suitable for laboratory applications.In this paper, a new method is proposed to monitor the contact between pantograph and catenary system. The proposed method takes one frame from a video in each step and then the Canny edge detection algorithm extracts edges from image frame. The position of overhead wire is determined in the edge image. This position is used to detect the contact force between pantograph and overhead wire. The obtained signal from position of contact wire is analyzed by two statistical parameters and anomaly in the position is detected.SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN PANTOGRAPH AND OVERHEAD WIREThe contact between pantograph and overhead wire, which is found on the roof of an electrified train, allows the collecting current from overhead feeding conductor. Contact wire takes the electric from feeder station that connected at regular space.The contact wire is connected to the messenger wire using dropper wires. The continuity of contact wire is important to ensure better electrical performance. One way to maintain contact is to increase the up-lifting force. However, it increases the resonance of overhead wire and this causes the loss of the contact and wear of contact wire. When the contact has been lost or a gap has been occurred, the power of train will be interrupted. The loss of the contact alsocauses the arcing between contact wire and pantograph. For high speed train, current collection is based on good contact performance. On a straight way, the contact wire moves slightly to the left and right corner of pantograph.The contact wire applies an impression to different points of the pantograph. Such a system extends the life time of a pantograph. The sliding contact between pantograph and overhead wire consists of three layers. These layers are copper wire, layer of oxide and carbon, and thin film of water.The conduction mechanism is realized by using thin film of water. The gap between two electrodes should be maintained. However, the thin film of water can get frozen in winter and the sliding contact may extend.The sliding contact is affected from weather condition. The harsh winter condition affects lifting force of pantograph and this leads to appearance of arcing. Thereafter, the contact wire and pantograph can cause damage.CONTACTLESS FAULT DIAGNOSIS APPROACH FOR PANTOGRAPH -CATENARY SYSTEMTo measure automatically the contact strip, the images taken from a camera are used. The main task is to monitor the sequential video frames and detect the anomaly conditions. The obtained images will be analyzed by using canny edge detection algorithm. Edges of pantograph system are extracted for all frames. Contact wire position of each frame is determined from the extracted edge images. The y-axis of this wire continuously changes. This change is saved for each frame. All positions of the contact wire in the video are saved as a signal and then the anomaly of this signal is detected by using statistical parameters. Therefore, the monitoring process will be automated.The first step is to extract the edge of each frame from video. Afterwards, the y-position of the contact wire is detected and added to the YS array. When all of frame is read, the algorithm will produce the position array of y-axis. The features extracted from contact wire signal (YS) are skewness and kurtosis. They can be computed as represent the mean and standard deviation of each window.The edges in an images are the pixels that their brightness’s change suddenly. Edges characterize the boundaries and therefore they have an important topic in image processing . An edge detection algorithm generally consists of three steps: filtering, derivation, and edge detection. In the filtering stage, the image is filtered in order to remove the noise. In the derivation stage, edge areas in the image are brightening up via density change in the edge area. In the last stage, edges of the image are determined.Canny algorithm is known as an optimal edge detection algorithm . Canny algorithm usesGaussian filter to smooth the image and eliminate the noise in the first step. In the next step, these regions are tracked and the algorithm suppresses any pixel that is not at the maximum. In the hysteresis step, the remaining pixels that have not been suppressed are tracked. In this step, two thresholds are used. If the magnitude is smaller than first threshold, it is taken as non-edge. If the second threshold is smaller than magnitude, this magnitude is taken as an edge.X and y shows the coordinates of the images and σis the standard deviation. G n and n show the first derivative of G and direction, respectively. The image is depicted as g. The first step of the algorithm is to apply the canny algorithm to each frame of pantograph’s video. After the edge image is obtained, the position of contact wire will be detected. For each frame, the obtained positions are added to an array. This array will be used to detect the disorder between contact wire and pantograph.The algorithm takes the edge image of the current frame and finds the y-axis position of contact wire. The algorithm starts the searching of contact wire from the first pixel of the current frame. If the algorithm detects a candidate pixel, contact wire method inspect whether the detected pixel is contact wire or not. When the position of contact wire is found, the algorithm will be terminated. For each frame in video, the positions of contact wire is detected and saved to an array.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSThe proposed algorithm is applied to a real pantograph’s video. All images of the pantograph are taken from the roof of the locomotive. The video of pantograph system is saved for a determined time. While the camera takes a frame, the algorithm will scan the current frame in order to find the position of contact wire.For our experiment, the size of the video is selected as 240x320 for healthy condition. The pantograph video, which has not any arcing and is taken as a healthy condition, is saved for duration of 23 seconds. The original frames of their edges are given in Fig. for a healthy condition.The pixel view of the edge images are given for three frames of the pantograph video. The contact wire zigzags over the pantograph system with an order for a healthy condition. The obtained signal is normalized with z-score normalization. This technique centers the original signal at zero mean and scales it to unit standard deviation.As shown in Fig, the contact wire zigzags a balanced motion over the pantograph. The camera's point of view, the image resolution or the contact wire position in frame are not affect the performance of the algorithm. This feature is provided by used the normalizationtechnique. The video size of faulty condition is selected as 270x480. The original frames and their edges are given in Fig for a faulty condition.In faulty condition, contact wire draws more zigzags in some parts of pantograph than others. The more contact occurred on some part of pantograph causes the arcing between contact wire and pantograph. The y-axis position of contact wire is given in Fig for a faulty condition.As shown in Fig, the motion of contact wire has a disorder. The contact wire draws more zigzags on the bottom of image than other pixels. This disorder is analyzed by using two statistical parameters. These parameters are given in TABLE for each motor condition. CONCLUSIONSThis paper presents a new approach for monitoring catenary-pantograph system. A simple image acquisition system is used and an image processing based technique is proposed to detect arcing faults. The canny edge detection is selected for image edge detection to deal with image edge of pantograph slipper. The experimental results of the proposed method showed that the position detection of the contact wire was efficient method to detect arcing faults and disorder in contact between pantograph and contact wire. In literature, image processing based condition monitoring of pantograph systems was only performed in laboratory environment. However, the proposed method can be applied in real-time. The realization of the proposed method is not only low cost but also it can be setup to a real system.The monitoring of contact wire and active pantograph control system brings following contributions:•Development of a railway measurement and inspection train for both conventional and high speed railway lines,•Real time fault diagnosis that has high accuracy and has immunity to environment condition,•Low cost measurement system,•Increasing safety and comfort levels of railways.接触网受电弓系统的一个新的非接触式故障诊断方法在全世界，铁路运输是最重要的公共交通运输工具之一。

To connect SQL Server databaseFirst we introduce the basic knowledge of the database,be regarded as thewarm-up exercise that study database weave distance front!1.warm-up exerciseNeeding first avowal is relation database that database knowledge that we here introduce all point. The so-called relation database is to mean data as that the form gather, passing to establish simple form an a kind of database for of relation to defining construction.I ignore the watch at how saving way in physics in the document in database is,it can see to make an a line for with row, with electronics form is similar with the row.In relation database, the line were called the record, but the row then is called word segment.This form inside each an all in formations for is a record, it including particular customer, but each record then included the same type with the word segment of the quantity:Customer's number, name etc.Form is logic set that a kind of related information that press a line of arrangingwith row, similar in single form in work.Each row of the word a database form inside calls a word segment. Watch isfrom every kind of word a definition of its containment of, each word a data for describing its implying. While creating to set up a database, the beard assign for each word segment a the piece belongs to the sex with the other according to thetype,biggest length.The word segment can include every kind of word sign,arithmetic figure even sketch.An information of relevant customer deposits in the line of the form, is called record.By any large, arbitrarily two records for database form to create set up can't be same.Key be a certain word segment( or several words segment) of the form inside, it()for fast inspect but drive index. The key can be unique, and also can then the right and wrong is unique, being decided by it() whether admission repetition. Unique key can specify for main key, using each one that come to unique marking form.The norm turns the database design of mission be method that the data of buildup,but the data of buildup, should can dissolve otiose repetition, and for have the necessary information offering to check to seek the path quickly. For attaining this kind of target but separate information to the process gone to in every kind of independent form, be called the norm turn.It is complicated process to use many appointed rules to proceed the norm withthe type of the different Class that norm turn. That process studies and discuss already beyond the reach of textual scope.But,the norm of the simple database in majority turn and can use the simple experience in underneath rule completes: include the form of the information of repetition must be divided into independent a few forms dissolve repetition.If we have chosen to learn 12 curricular 1000 students, the each curricularandcurricular that choose to -many100 teacher the with show will elucidation eachstudent repeat once.To avoid this kind of low efficiency, should to turn the dichotomous and independent form in form to the norm,an is used to mean the student,the another uses mean the course.Now the form was turned by the norm, so, to changes the particular andcurricular course describe or data,as long as change a record all right.Is a basic knowledge concerning database above,this is what study database plait distance must.Although the database technique is used as a course,its depth is not this space and can describe with the wide degree of,be used as the primer with simple database plait the distance should be all right already.Like,underneath we can start practicing.We usually meet the database system is to registers the system,ignoring you are in the unit,or attend what buildup,the register is to cans not help of,and it of the construction is more simple,we take a register system as an example.The analysis is once a data for involving.2. understanding the elementsFor the register, want the on the trail of information include:name、sex、native place、age、date of birth、unit、address、postal service codes、telephone、FAX. Certainly,can create to set up a form in brief,make above each piece according to item to should a word segment.Need to point the form the main key in parties now, in order to unique marking each a record,increase register number conduct and actions unique key respectively in register form,guarantee a two records like this all different.To the database after making an above analysis,we can start establishing the database.3.set up the firm in campHere we study to establish the database how,needing to make sure the typethat to establish the database first.Pass in Visual Basic the data interview control piece or data interview object ( DAO) can visit the following database:1)The database of JET, namely Microsoft Access2)The database of ISAM, such as: DBase, etc. of FoxPro3)The database of ODBC,every follow the standard of ODBC customer/ server database. Such as: Microsoft SQL Server, OracleBy any large, if develop the personal small scaled database system, use Access database comparison accommodation, to develop the big and medium-sized database system uses the database of ODBC fester. But dBase with the database of FoxPro because of already dated,unless special circumstance,do not use otherwise.In our example, chose to use the database of Access certainly. Establish the database of Access contain two kinds of methods: While establishing the database in Microsoft Access. Click new set up button can establish the new form. Here we main introduction the second method: The usage can see to turn the data management machine, do not need to weave the distance and then can create to set up the database.Can see to turn the data management machine is the applied procedure of a great use,it is a VB business enterprise version is supplementary with theprofession version, in the catalogue\..\ Devastation\ vb\ samples\ the Visdata is next, its interface is as follows the diagram.Click the menu document item is next newset up son item Microsoft ACCESS son item of edition 7.0 MDB item. Input thenew setting upthe name of the database in flick window way open register, appear the underneath show the window way:Want the born and new form, the single shot in right key database window way flicks the menu open, then the choice new form ordinaries,establishing in watch construction dialog box appeared later on a word for wanting segment. The every time faces to join in the form new word segment, single shot increment word segment button, will appear of increment word segment dialog box.Increment word a type for options in the dialog box, according to word segment.In our the register database that establish, the type of the each word segment.Want to notice of is, because the word segment registers the number be used unique marking record of, therefore, it can't be inputted by customer. So while defining the word's segment need to be defined for Long data type, the automatic born word segment item is valid, and picks out this item. Be the customer like this to input to record with other the different value every input a new record, system would on the word's segment automatically.In ACCESS database, the key word realizes with the index of, conduct andactions plait distance personnel at gather to weave the distance to the record of the form type,needs to adjust to use index.While searching,the technique of Rushmore uses the index information the excellent turning the search automatically. Aftercompleting the form definition, click increment index button, flick such aspen figure 5 show the window way.In window way the right side contain three optioned, its meaning, such as table,12.Increase the index dialog box options.After completing such as figure 6.Certainly, the academic association database establishes too not a dynasty the business of the one night, the reader no harm much practices once. Visit databases design and the development of the application procedures ofMS Visual Basics of the databases of the SQL Server. When design a system, the customer still needs to comprehend to use to come to visit the plait distance of ask the data of SQL Server to connect. The origin was detailed to elaborate that the usage open type database conjunction (the Open Database Connectivity, ODBC) adjusts to connect the objects to connect with the class, still having the data interviews object (the Data Access Objects, the DAO) and the long-range data objects.Design and weave to write large and complicated and applied procedure's database design for the software developer is a challenge, need to choose to weave the distance language and tools, do an accommodation for the SQL Server, choose the calculate way and the data structures, still need to design the sketch customer interface and the application procedures to connect. The decision within the most important software design is applied fixed position of the procedure. In other words, design must specify the system of which parts are data, business rule, and the data entrance procedure and used for circulating the code of other part. The MS Visual Basic supports the plait distance that some databases manage the systems connect, especially SQL Server. Adjust to connect to include the ODBC and DB-Libraries toconnect the, object to connect to include the data interview object (DAO), long range data object (the RDO), the OLE DB and the ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) with the class, todistributes mission the manage to Server SQL capable the returns that SQL the manage the object (the SQL Distributed management Objects, SQL-DMO) to connect. Connect the oculars right choice can improve the whole function of system and the development speed biggest. Design the large data warehouse system needs to choose the applied model properly. Traditional customer/ service's model depends on to join in the center layer but get the improvement to become three layer models. These three layers divide the line system as three parts: each layer is responsible for providing the service:(1) Data service( the Data Service) contain the maintenance data and the operation date such as the increment, modification, deletion and backups.These services maintenance data relation and contact,support backup and ually the data service is managed the system usage by the database.(2) business service( the Business Service) is handled the logic by the businessrule and data to constitute, such as the data legitimacy rule, the business processing support and the record backup logics. The main purpose of these services provides the data maintenance toward the application procedure Logic.(3) expression service( the Presentation Service)( or the customer service) support customer interface, control the customer data to input to express with data.(Output) Notice in customer/ service's technical term, sometimes express the service definition as customer's machine (or head), the data service definition for server (or after carry), but the business service is in the center the layer (the middle layer). But important comprehend any two layers .The data service business service expresses the logic support GUI that the service maintenance database business rule and the processing data need, data importation and manifestation the correspondences can think to carry on between customer's machine and servers. For example, in the center the layer can think is a head.Server The physics realization of the system can carry on through many different paths.The underneath wills discuss three layer logic models three kinds of to carry out the method:1.Fat customer machine realizationMany layer (the multi tier) realizations of fat customer the machine realization three layer models of a kind of carry out the options is in the customer's on board movement business and expression services. This probably writes the most common path in the Visual Basic application procedure for the SQL Server. This kind of carries out the physics up only two layers:The server provides the data service only, this kind of method contain 2:00 shortage. First, was the applied procedure to compute the on board increment at the customer, customer's calculators need to be stronger, this will increase the system expense, because the system usually takes several customer's machines. When the system takes to have the number with thousand million of customer's machine, thiskind of method will become too expensive. Another 1:00 shortage is a possible increment maintenance expenses. Move to the change of legitimacy logic and the business rule of the system and will cause upgrade customer's machine procedure each time. If the system contain customer's machine of the equal quantity, this is a problem. The biggest advantage of the machine realization in fat customer is to reduce the network discharge, if the legitimacy and the business rules need not be decide by the database. Under this kind of circumstance, only pass the data of the legitimacy logic and can spread toward server. Be the example of the importation data legitimacy,suppose the reader to have a small form (for example national form of name) to put in customer's machine. If the data entrance mold piece checks the native watch but is not a more national name in main database, then will reduce the network discharge obviously. Another an important use is in the development process of the system.If the head developer was limited to the interview carry behind, for example, can't pass the data in the database to verify to input the legitimacy, so, this kind of method can make it right processing data.2. Thin customer machine realizationIn thin customer the machine realization, business the service locates the server,the business logic usually expresses for saving process.The Server, the saving process usages T-The SQL plait write. This kind of realization is like fat customer's machine to carry out the similar physics up only two layers.The advantage of this kind of method is to reduce the system expense, because thin customer's machine needs the less system resources, this have very important many systems of customer's machines to take. And, support the expenses to also compare the fat customer the machine system is a little less, because the code carries the concentrated control in the server. If the business rule is depend on in the data of the database, thin customer the machine realization reduces the network discharge. The main shortage of this kind of method is a saving process to lack the vivid. The Visual Basic provide stronger than the T-SQL the plait distance ability that have to have another. Notice three the thin customer of the layer model the machine physics realization sometimes is called the fat server (the fat Server) model to confuse with thin customer's machine/ server calculation model by avoid, the latter points a kind of thin customer the machine hardware equipments and techniques are for example the Citric.3. Many layer realizationMost in brief many layer realizations are three layer realizations, many possible three a kinds of the layer model physics realizations. In this kind of realization, Link the SQL Server usage data service business to serve the thin customer of the machine expression service data service business service of fat customer from the Visual Basic the machine expression service data business the service be an alone the progress circulate. That progress can install for serve in the data same set server of the place or at another one server of the dissimilarity. The key characteristics of this kind of realization is the data service, business to serve the different from expression serve to can do for separation of progress movement in calculator. Three layer realizations.连接SQL Server数据库我们先介绍一下数据库的基本知识，算是学习数据库编程前的热身运动吧!1. 热身运动首先需要声明是，我们这里介绍的数据库知识都是指的关系数据库。

（（英文参考文献及译文）二〇一六年六月本科毕业论文 题 目：STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED INTHE AUDIT学生姓名：王雪琴学 院：管理学院系 别：会计系专 业：财务管理班 级：财管12-2班 学校代码： 10128 学 号： 201210707016Statistics and AuditRomanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED IN THE AUDIT - views, recommendations, fi ndingsPhD Candidate Gabriela-Felicia UNGUREANUAbstractThe rapid increase in the size of U.S. companies from the earlytwentieth century created the need for audit procedures based on the selectionof a part of the total population audited to obtain reliable audit evidence, tocharacterize the entire population consists of account balances or classes oftransactions. Sampling is not used only in audit – is used in sampling surveys,market analysis and medical research in which someone wants to reach aconclusion about a large number of data by examining only a part of thesedata. The difference is the “population” from which the sample is selected, iethat set of data which is intended to draw a conclusion. Audit sampling appliesonly to certain types of audit procedures.Key words: sampling, sample risk, population, sampling unit, tests ofcontrols, substantive procedures.Statistical samplingCommittee statistical sampling of American Institute of CertifiedPublic Accountants of (AICPA) issued in 1962 a special report, titled“Statistical sampling and independent auditors’ which allowed the use ofstatistical sampling method, in accordance with Generally Accepted AuditingStandards (GAAS). During 1962-1974, the AICPA published a series of paperson statistical sampling, “Auditor’s Approach to Statistical Sampling”, foruse in continuing professional education of accountants. During 1962-1974,the AICPA published a series of papers on statistical sampling, “Auditor’sApproach to Statistical Sampling”, for use in continuing professional educationof accountants. In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, “AuditSampling”, which provides general guidelines for both sampling methods,statistical and non-statistical.Earlier audits included checks of all transactions in the period coveredby the audited financial statements. At that time, the literature has not givenparticular attention to this subject. Only in 1971, an audit procedures programprinted in the “Federal Reserve Bulletin (Federal Bulletin Stocks)” includedseveral references to sampling such as selecting the “few items” of inventory.Statistics and Audit The program was developed by a special committee, which later became the AICPA, that of Certified Public Accountants American Institute.In the first decades of last century, the auditors often applied sampling, but sample size was not in related to the efficiency of internal control of the entity. In 1955, American Institute of Accountants has published a study case of extending the audit sampling, summarizing audit program developed by certified public accountants, to show why sampling is necessary to extend the audit. The study was important because is one of the leading journal on sampling which recognize a relationship of dependency between detail and reliability testing of internal control.In 1964, the AICPA’s Auditing Standards Board has issued a report entitled “The relationship between statistical sampling and Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS)” which illustrated the relationship between the accuracy and reliability in sampling and provisions of GAAS.In 1978, the AICPA published the work of Donald M. Roberts,“Statistical Auditing”which explains the underlying theory of statistical sampling in auditing.In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, named “Audit Sampling”, which provides guidelines for both sampling methods, statistical and non-statistical.An auditor does not rely solely on the results of a single procedure to reach a conclusion on an account balance, class of transactions or operational effectiveness of the controls. Rather, the audit findings are based on combined evidence from several sources, as a consequence of a number of different audit procedures. When an auditor selects a sample of a population, his objective is to obtain a representative sample, ie sample whose characteristics are identical with the population’s characteristics. This means that selected items are identical with those remaining outside the sample.In practice, auditors do not know for sure if a sample is representative, even after completion the test, but they “may increase the probability that a sample is representative by accuracy of activities made related to design, sample selection and evaluation” [1]. Lack of specificity of the sample results may be given by observation errors and sampling errors. Risks to produce these errors can be controlled.Observation error (risk of observation) appears when the audit test did not identify existing deviations in the sample or using an inadequate audit technique or by negligence of the auditor.Sampling error (sampling risk) is an inherent characteristic of the survey, which results from the fact that they tested only a fraction of the total population. Sampling error occurs due to the fact that it is possible for Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Auditthe auditor to reach a conclusion, based on a sample that is different from the conclusion which would be reached if the entire population would have been subject to audit procedures identical. Sampling risk can be reduced by adjusting the sample size, depending on the size and population characteristics and using an appropriate method of selection. Increasing sample size will reduce the risk of sampling; a sample of the all population will present a null risk of sampling.Audit Sampling is a method of testing for gather sufficient and appropriate audit evidence, for the purposes of audit. The auditor may decide to apply audit sampling on an account balance or class of transactions. Sampling audit includes audit procedures to less than 100% of the items within an account balance or class of transactions, so all the sample able to be selected. Auditor is required to determine appropriate ways of selecting items for testing. Audit sampling can be used as a statistical approach and a non- statistical.Statistical sampling is a method by which the sample is made so that each unit consists of the total population has an equal probability of being included in the sample, method of sample selection is random, allowed to assess the results based on probability theory and risk quantification of sampling. Choosing the appropriate population make that auditor’ findings can be extended to the entire population.Non-statistical sampling is a method of sampling, when the auditor uses professional judgment to select elements of a sample. Since the purpose of sampling is to draw conclusions about the entire population, the auditor should select a representative sample by choosing sample units which have characteristics typical of that population. Results will not extrapolate the entire population as the sample selected is representative.Audit tests can be applied on the all elements of the population, where is a small population or on an unrepresentative sample, where the auditor knows the particularities of the population to be tested and is able to identify a small number of items of interest to audit. If the sample has not similar characteristics for the elements of the entire population, the errors found in the tested sample can not extrapolate.Decision of statistical or non-statistical approach depends on the auditor’s professional judgment which seeking sufficient appropriate audits evidence on which to completion its findings about the audit opinion.As a statistical sampling method refer to the random selection that any possible combination of elements of the community is equally likely to enter the sample. Simple random sampling is used when stratification was not to audit. Using random selection involves using random numbers generated byRomanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit a computer. After selecting a random starting point, the auditor found the first random number that falls within the test document numbers. Only when the approach has the characteristics of statistical sampling, statistical assessments of risk are valid sampling.In another variant of the sampling probability, namely the systematic selection (also called random mechanical) elements naturally succeed in office space or time; the auditor has a preliminary listing of the population and made the decision on sample size. “The auditor calculated a counting step, and selects the sample element method based on step size. Step counting is determined by dividing the volume of the community to sample the number of units desired. Advantages of systematic screening are its usability. In most cases, a systematic sample can be extracted quickly and method automatically arranges numbers in successive series.”[2].Selection by probability proportional to size - is a method which emphasizes those population units’recorded higher values. The sample is constituted so that the probability of selecting any given element of the population is equal to the recorded value of the item;Stratifi ed selection - is a method of emphasis of units with higher values and is registered in the stratification of the population in subpopulations. Stratification provides a complete picture of the auditor, when population (data table to be analyzed) is not homogeneous. In this case, the auditor stratifies a population by dividing them into distinct subpopulations, which have common characteristics, pre-defined. “The objective of stratification is to reduce the variability of elements in each layer and therefore allow a reduction in sample size without a proportionate increase in the risk of sampling.” [3] If population stratification is done properly, the amount of sample size to come layers will be less than the sample size that would be obtained at the same level of risk given sample with a sample extracted from the entire population. Audit results applied to a layer can be designed only on items that are part of that layer.I appreciated as useful some views on non-statistical sampling methods, which implies that guided the selection of the sample selecting each element according to certain criteria determined by the auditor. The method is subjective; because the auditor selects intentionally items containing set features him.The selection of the series is done by selecting multiple elements series (successive). Using sampling the series is recommended only if a reasonable number of sets used. Using just a few series there is a risk that the sample is not representative. This type of sampling can be used in addition to other samples, where there is a high probability of occurrence of errors. At the arbitrary selection, no items are selected preferably from the auditor, Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Auditthat regardless of size or source or characteristics. Is not the recommended method, because is not objective.That sampling is based on the auditor’s professional judgment, which may decide which items can be part or not sampled. Because is not a statistical method, it can not calculate the standard error. Although the sample structure can be constructed to reproduce the population, there is no guarantee that the sample is representative. If omitted a feature that would be relevant in a particular situation, the sample is not representative.Sampling applies when the auditor plans to make conclusions about population, based on a selection. The auditor considers the audit program and determines audit procedures which may apply random research. Sampling is used by auditors an internal control systems testing, and substantive testing of operations. The general objectives of tests of control system and operations substantive tests are to verify the application of pre-defined control procedures, and to determine whether operations contain material errors.Control tests are intended to provide evidence of operational efficiency and controls design or operation of a control system to prevent or detect material misstatements in financial statements. Control tests are necessary if the auditor plans to assess control risk for assertions of management.Controls are generally expected to be similarly applied to all transactions covered by the records, regardless of transaction value. Therefore, if the auditor uses sampling, it is not advisable to select only high value transactions. Samples must be chosen so as to be representative population sample.An auditor must be aware that an entity may change a special control during the course of the audit. If the control is replaced by another, which is designed to achieve the same specific objective, the auditor must decide whether to design a sample of all transactions made during or just a sample of transactions controlled again. Appropriate decision depends on the overall objective of the audit test.Verification of internal control system of an entity is intended to provide guidance on the identification of relevant controls and design evaluation tests of controls.Other tests:In testing internal control system and testing operations, audit sample is used to estimate the proportion of elements of a population containing a characteristic or attribute analysis. This proportion is called the frequency of occurrence or percentage of deviation and is equal to the ratio of elements containing attribute specific and total number of population elements. WeightRomanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit deviations in a sample are determined to calculate an estimate of the proportion of the total population deviations.Risk associated with sampling - refers to a sample selection which can not be representative of the population tested. In other words, the sample itself may contain material errors or deviations from the line. However, issuing a conclusion based on a sample may be different from the conclusion which would be reached if the entire population would be subject to audit.Types of risk associated with sampling:Controls are more effective than they actually are or that there are not significant errors when they exist - which means an inappropriate audit opinion. Controls are less effective than they actually are that there are significant errors when in fact they are not - this calls for additional activities to establish that initial conclusions were incorrect.Attributes testing - the auditor should be defining the characteristics to test and conditions for misconduct. Attributes testing will make when required objective statistical projections on various characteristics of the population. The auditor may decide to select items from a population based on its knowledge about the entity and its environment control based on risk analysis and the specific characteristics of the population to be tested.Population is the mass of data on which the auditor wishes to generalize the findings obtained on a sample. Population will be defined compliance audit objectives and will be complete and consistent, because results of the sample can be designed only for the population from which the sample was selected.Sampling unit - a unit of sampling may be, for example, an invoice, an entry or a line item. Each sample unit is an element of the population. The auditor will define the sampling unit based on its compliance with the objectives of audit tests.Sample size - to determine the sample size should be considered whether sampling risk is reduced to an acceptable minimum level. Sample size is affected by the risk associated with sampling that the auditor is willing to accept it. The risk that the auditor is willing to accept lower, the sample will be higher.Error - for detailed testing, the auditor should project monetary errors found in the sample population and should take into account the projected error on the specific objective of the audit and other audit areas. The auditor projects the total error on the population to get a broad perspective on the size of the error and comparing it with tolerable error.For detailed testing, tolerable error is tolerable and misrepresentations Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Auditwill be a value less than or equal to materiality used by the auditor for the individual classes of transactions or balances audited. If a class of transactions or account balances has been divided into layers error is designed separately for each layer. Design errors and inconsistent errors for each stratum are then combined when considering the possible effect on the total classes of transactions and account balances.Evaluation of sample results - the auditor should evaluate the sample results to determine whether assessing relevant characteristics of the population is confirmed or needs to be revised.When testing controls, an unexpectedly high rate of sample error may lead to an increase in the risk assessment of significant misrepresentation unless it obtained additional audit evidence to support the initial assessment. For control tests, an error is a deviation from the performance of control procedures prescribed. The auditor should obtain evidence about the nature and extent of any significant changes in internal control system, including the staff establishment.If significant changes occur, the auditor should review the understanding of internal control environment and consider testing the controls changed. Alternatively, the auditor may consider performing substantive analytical procedures or tests of details covering the audit period.In some cases, the auditor might not need to wait until the end audit to form a conclusion about the effectiveness of operational control, to support the control risk assessment. In this case, the auditor might decide to modify the planned substantive tests accordingly.If testing details, an unexpectedly large amount of error in a sample may cause the auditor to believe that a class of transactions or account balances is given significantly wrong in the absence of additional audit evidence to show that there are not material misrepresentations.When the best estimate of error is very close to the tolerable error, the auditor recognizes the risk that another sample have different best estimate that could exceed the tolerable error.ConclusionsFollowing analysis of sampling methods conclude that all methods have advantages and disadvantages. But the auditor is important in choosing the sampling method is based on professional judgment and take into account the cost / benefit ratio. Thus, if a sampling method proves to be costly auditor should seek the most efficient method in view of the main and specific objectives of the audit.Romanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit The auditor should evaluate the sample results to determine whether the preliminary assessment of relevant characteristics of the population must be confirmed or revised. If the evaluation sample results indicate that the relevant characteristics of the population needs assessment review, the auditor may: require management to investigate identified errors and likelihood of future errors and make necessary adjustments to change the nature, timing and extent of further procedures to take into account the effect on the audit report.Selective bibliography:[1] Law no. 672/2002 updated, on public internal audit[2] Arens, A şi Loebbecke J - Controve …Audit– An integrate approach”, 8th edition, Arc Publishing House[3] ISA 530 - Financial Audit 2008 - International Standards on Auditing, IRECSON Publishing House, 2009- Dictionary of macroeconomics, Ed C.H. Beck, Bucharest, 2008Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit摘要美国公司的规模迅速增加，从第二十世纪初创造了必要的审计程序，根据选定的部分总人口的审计，以获得可靠的审计证据，以描述整个人口组成的帐户余额或类别的交易。

本科毕业论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院经济与贸易学院专业经济学（贸易方向）年级班别2007级 1 班学号3207004154学生姓名欧阳倩指导教师童雪晖2010 年 6 月 3 日目录1 外文文献译文（一）中国银行业的改革和盈利能力（第1、2、4部分） (1)2 外文文献原文（一）CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY（Part 1、2、4） (9)1概述世界银行（1997年）曾声称，中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。

当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候，金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要（Lardy，1998年，Prasad，2007年）。

事实上，不久前，中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”，它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。

但是，在银行改革开展以来，最近，强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。

但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路，它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。

此外，其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲，但不可持续增长。

随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化，银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。

本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响，这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。

相反，我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略，并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现，但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。

本文有三个部分。

在第二节中，我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略，以及其执行情况，这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。

第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行：中国工商银行（工商银行），中国建设银行（建行），对中国银行（中银）和交通银行（交通银行）。

引人注目的是中国农业银行，它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。

第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。

JavaScriptWhen I was a young journeyman programmer, I would learn about every feature of the languages I was using，and I would attempt to use all of those features when I wrote. I suppose it was a way of showing off，and I suppose it worked because I was the guy you went to if you wanted to know how to use a particular feature。

Eventually I figured out that some of those features were more trouble than they were worth。

Some of them were poorly specified, and so were more likely to cause portability problems。

Some resulted in code that was difficult to read or modify. Some induced me to write in a manner that was too tricky and error-prone. And some of those features were design errors。

Sometimes language designers make mistakes。

Most programming languages contain good parts and bad parts. I discovered that I could be a better programmer by using only the good parts and avoiding the bad parts。

车床用于车外圆、端面和镗孔等加工的机床称作车床。

车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，因为其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。

由于车床除了用于车外圆还能用于镗孔、车端面、钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次定位安装中完成多种加工。

这就是在生产中普遍使用各种车床比其他种类的机床都要多的原因。

两千多年前就已经有了车床。

现代车床可以追溯到大约1797年，那时亨利•莫德斯利发明了一种具有把主轴和丝杆的车床。

这种车床可以控制工具的机械进给。

这位聪明的英国人还发明了一种把主轴和丝杆相连接的变速装置，这样就可以切削螺纹。

车床的主要部件：床身、主轴箱组件、尾架组件、拖板组、变速齿轮箱、丝杆和光杆。

床身是车床的基础件。

它通常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铸铁制成，它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。

通常在球墨铸铁制成，它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。

通常在床身上面有内外两组平行的导轨。

一些制造厂生产的四个导轨都采用倒“V”，而另一些制造厂则将倒“V”形导轨和平面导轨结合。

由于其他的部件要安装在导轨上并（或）在导轨上移动，导轨要经过精密加工，以保证其装配精度。

同样地，在操作中应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。

导轨上的任何误差，常常会使整个机床的精度遭到破坏。

大多数现代车床的导轨要进行表面淬火处理。

以减少磨损和擦伤，具有更大的耐磨性。

主轴箱安装在床身一端内导轨的固定位置上。

它提供动力。

使工件在各种速度下旋转。

它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心轴和一系列变速齿轮---类似于卡车变速箱所组成，通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多中转速的旋转。

大多数车床有8～18中转速，一般按等比级数排列。

在现代车床上只需扳动2～4个手柄，就能得到全部挡位的转速。

目前发展的趋势是通过电气的或机械的装置进行无级变速。

由于车床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在紧密配合的重型圆锤滚子轴承或球轴承中。

外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologiesemerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reduce the energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in avariety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity and promotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficient building can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。

市场调研方法外文文献及翻译1. Market Research Methods: Incorporating Social Media into Traditional Approaches文章介绍了如何在市场调研中运用社交媒体，以帮助企业更好地了解消费者。

研究人员将社交媒体与传统的定量调研和定性调研相结合，以获得更全面的信息。

通过采集社交媒体的数据分析消费者的行为和偏好，以及对产品或服务的反馈意见。

2. Using Eye Tracking in Market Research: A Guide to Best Practices该文献介绍了视觉追踪技术在市场调研中的应用。

作者指出，视觉追踪技术可以帮助研究人员理解消费者在浏览产品或服务时的注意力分配和行为模式。

文章介绍了适用于市场调研的视觉追踪应用程序的最佳实践和测试方法。

3. Conjoint Analysis in Marketing: New Developments with Implications for Research and Practice这篇文章介绍了一种被称为 "共轭分析" 的调研方法，该方法可以帮助研究人员了解消费者在购买某种产品或服务时的偏好和决策过程。

文献称，共轭分析已经成为市场营销领域最为普遍的工具之一。

文章还介绍了最新的研究和在实践中的应用，并探讨了一些特定情况下共轭分析的限制。

4. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal这个杂志专注于定性市场调研方法。

它包括与确定消费者需求、分析竞争对手、建立品牌等相关的研究。

文章强调定性市场调研可以提供深入的见解和对产品或服务的更清晰的理解，帮助企业做出更明智的营销和业务决策。

每一期都包括来自该领域的专家的文章，并提供案例研究和最佳实践。

5. Use of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Market Research: A Review该文献介绍了如何使用人工智能技术进行市场调研。

Yunnan Ethnic pattern in Packaging DesignAbstract: Art is a folk Mother of the arts，is the source of the new art, From which to draw a strong tradition of high—grade Nutrition。

The persons belonging to national folk arts Ethnic patterns，are folk arts Intraoperative a gem, its development Research，and with the means of modern art，art wind Grid，professional skills combine to form a unique Style and features a modern design There are important applications，this paper focuses on Minority Folk pattern in modern packaging design Meter applications are discussed.Keywords: Yunnan Ethnic. Pattern。

Packaging Design.IntroductionYunnan is a multi-ethnic province, Here multiply survive the Han, Yi, Bai More than twenty families， Zhuang, Miao， Dai, etc。

Nation. Long history of various ethnic groups in Yunnan Province， the source is far Long, creating a rich and colorful Folk art。