05Do as the Romans Do 英语沟通技巧

No.5 How To Communicate With People Everyone needs communication. Communication can make people understand each other by exchanging their ideas. But learning how to communicate effectively requires skills. In order to become successful in life and career, it is important to develop proper communicative skills. To some people, communicating is easy. They seem to have a natural flair for communicating and a strong sense of confidence or charisma that endears them to others. It seems that it takes them very little effort to learn about other people. In fact, they have grasped some communicating skills. If you follow some of them, you can do it perfectly as well. Let's start by exploring some easy-to-follow steps.1、ConfidencePeople good at communication are of confidence. When a person has confidence, it shows. Confidence attracts others like a magnet because on some level, the attitude shows this person is worth the time and effort. A strong sense of self moves quickly into the small talk and creates an opportunity to reach the heart of a conversation without wasting time.When using effective communication, one of the most important rules to follow is to look a person directly in his eyes. People who lack confidence tend to avoid eye contact. Avoiding eye contact shows disinterest or in a worst-case scenario, dishonesty. When two people make eye contact, effective communication is possible. Eye contact also lends credibility to what you say.2、Show InterestMany people make the mistake of talking too much about themselves. Nothing kills a conversation more quickly than rambling on about oneself. One of the best methods to learn how to communicate with people is to get them to talk about themselves instead of making them listen to you. This helps the other person feel more at ease and boosts his or her confidence. On a more subtle level, it creates a situation where the other person feels obligated to reciprocate. The indulgence of talking places a person in the position of returning the favor and listening to you.3、The Art of the Open-Ended QuestionOne of the quickest routes to awkward silence is asking questions that can be simply answered with yes or no. By asking a question that requires a more detailed answer, the other person has to elaborate and offer as much information as possible. Why not ask, "Are you enjoying yourself?" when the question could be phrased, "What do you think of this party?Part of effective communication is learning how to phrase questions that make the other person think. One thing leads to another and in a short time, stories are shared and the ice is broken.Forget about the weather and definitely stay away from politics and religion! Comment on something the person is wearing. Does he have a detectable accent? If so, ask where he's from or take a guess, if the accent is recognizable enough. Be careful though; don't rattle off a string of questions. This is a sure way to make someone feel uncomfortable. A conversation should not be an interrogation.When asking someone's name, repeat it immediately. Saying a name aloud helps to cement it in the memory. Use the person's name often over the course of the conversation and remember to smile.4、Listen Twice, Speak OncePablo Golub, author of "It's All a Damn Game" says, "You have two ears and one mouth for a reason. Therefore, you should listen twice as much as you speak." In relation to people skills, this means that while the other person is talking, give him or her your undivided attention. Don't get caught in the trap of thinking of what you're going to say next, what will happen later that day or any of the other tangents where the mind can wander. Stay focused, absorb the information given, and find a way to follow up with a question relevant to the subject.Take an active interest in what this person is interested in, and if it's a subject you know nothing about, you can use it to your advantage. Find out more about the subject. Admit it is not a familiar topic. Would he mind telling you more about it? People love to share what they know and nothing increases confidence more than sharing a subject close to the heart. When you discover a person's favorite topic, he will have no problem opening up to tell you all about it.5、Knowledge Is PowerEffective communication begins and ends with knowledge. A well-rounded individual is a fascinating one. People who travel, read or are aware of current events are a joy to talk to. The more life experience a person has, the better he or she can relate to others.People who travel have the ability to understand other cultures and people who read a lot often have a head full of topics to discuss and can adapt to any conversation.A person who participates in multiple activities is sure to find common ground with someone else. Establish a bond and let the conversation flow.6、Take a RiskGolub says that self-worth is synonymous with confidence and regardless of rejection, a person's self-worth does not change. All too often, people are afraid to take a chance because they fear rejection. Rejection makes a person feel inferior. In reality, rejection does not change one's self-worth. You are still the same person, as valuable and important as you were before you entered the conversation.No one can take your self-worth away from you; only you can do that. Rejection is an illusion until it actually happens. Why spend time worrying about a "what if" situation? Take a chance and keep trying for what you want. It's only a matter of time before you get it. The only way to learn how to communicate with people and to home your skills is by practicing. Hanging back in the shadows and playing it safe leads nowhere.7、Communicating through body languageWhatever we'd rather believe, people do judge by appearances. In terms of effective communication, this reality means that your body language matters as much as your speech.Aim to reflect passion and generate empathy with the listener by using soft, gentle, and conscious facial expressions. Avoid negative facial expressions, such as frowns or raised eyebrows. If you don't know the culture, ask questions about communication challenges before you start to speak with people in their cultural context.8、Start SmallLearning how to communicate with people takes time to develop and everyone will advance at their own pace. Start small, become comfortable with each of these steps once at a time. At its foundation, effective communication starts with confidence and this is the thread that binds everything else together. Each encounter helps to increase your confidence and diversify your experiences. A good place to practice these new skills is the office or in the store. After it has become easier to speak with peers, try to talk to people in higher positions of power. In no time, the skills you taught yourself regarding how to communicate with people will become second nature and won't require any thought at all.Nobody ever said learning how to communicate with people would be easy. For some, mustering the confidence required will be a huge step. This is probably the most difficult part, but once you take the step, the rest will fall into place. Have faith in yourself and make sure that you can communicate with others well. Effectivecommunication is an important skill everyone should know, as it is the key to future success and advancement in practically every aspect of life.。

UNIT 4BODY LANGUAGE背景导学肢体语言(又称身体语言)是指通过头、眼、颈、手、肘、臂、身、胯、足等人体部位的协调活动来传达人物的思想,形象地借以表情达意的一种沟通方式。

在不同的文化中,肢体语言的含义可能有一定的差异,因此在跨文化交流中正确理解肢体语言是十分有必要的,也是十分重要的。

When we communicate with others, we do not only express ourselves through words, but also through our tones of voice, facial expressions and body language. In fact, many scholars believe that far more information is communicated non-verbally (非口头地). Body language is just an important part of non-verbal communication.Learning another language is more than just learning its words and grammar; it also involves learning another culture. We learn much of our body language before we learn to speak from the time we are children. Body language varies from culture to culture, so it's important for us to pay attention.Sometimes, cultural differences in appropriate body language can cause discomfort or misunderstanding too. For example, there are definite cultural differences in how much distance should be kept between two speakers. If you are used to keeping your distance from people, you will feel very uncomfortable when people get close to you while talking at a party. We call this the “personal comfort zone”.Another common example of misunderstanding is the use of a smile. In some Asian cultures, a smile can show embarrassment or apology. However, smiling at a teacher who is unhappy with you is probably not a good idea in most English-speaking cultures!So it's worth learning the cultural differences in body language. Understanding any cultural or regional attitudes can help you improve your communicative skills.【译文】当我们与他人交流时,我们不仅通过语言来表达自己,而且还通过我们的语调、面部表情和肢体语言来表达自己。

和人交流技巧英语作文初中Communication Skills。

Communication is an essential part of our daily lives. It is how we express our thoughts, feelings, and ideas to others. Good communication skills can help us build strong relationships, resolve conflicts, and achieve our goals. Therefore, it is important to develop effective communication skills in order to succeed in both personal and professional life.One of the key aspects of good communication is active listening. This means paying attention to what the other person is saying, asking clarifying questions, and showing empathy. By actively listening, we can better understand the other person's perspective and respond in a thoughtful and respectful manner.Another important aspect of communication is being clear and concise in our message. It is important toexpress our thoughts and ideas in a way that is easy for others to understand. This may involve using simple language, avoiding jargon, and organizing our thoughts in a logical manner.Nonverbal communication is also a crucial part of effective communication. This includes body language,facial expressions, and tone of voice. It is important to be aware of our nonverbal cues and to ensure that they are consistent with our verbal message. For example, if we are saying one thing but our body language is saying something else, it can lead to confusion and misunderstanding.In addition, it is important to be mindful of cultural differences in communication. Different cultures may have different norms and expectations when it comes to communication. By being aware of these differences and adapting our communication style accordingly, we can avoid misunderstandings and build stronger relationships with people from diverse backgrounds.Finally, it is important to practice good communicationskills regularly in order to improve and maintain them. This may involve seeking feedback from others, taking communication courses, or simply being mindful of our communication habits in our daily interactions.In conclusion, good communication skills are essential for success in both personal and professional life. By actively listening, being clear and concise in our message, paying attention to nonverbal cues, being mindful of cultural differences, and practicing good communication habits, we can improve our communication skills and build strong relationships with others.。

与他人交流的好方法英语作文Effective Communication Techniques with Others.Communication is an essential skill in our daily lives, whether it's at work, school, or in our social circles. Effective communication not only helps us convey our thoughts and ideas clearly but also builds strong relationships with others. Here are some key techniques to enhance communication skills and foster better understanding and connection with those around us.1. Active Listening.Active listening is one of the most crucial aspects of communication. It involves focusing on what the other person is saying, understanding their perspective, and responding appropriately. When someone is speaking, it's essential to avoid distractions and give them your undivided attention. Nod your head, maintain eye contact, and parrot back what they're saying to show that you'reengaged and understanding. This not only makes the speaker feel valued but also helps you respond more effectively.2. Clear and Concise Expression.When communicating, it's important to be clear and concise. Avoid using vague or complex language that may confuse the listener. Instead, use simple, straightforward language to get your point across. Be specific about what you want to communicate and avoid adding irrelevant details that may detract from the main message.3. Use of Nonverbal Communication.Nonverbal communication, such as facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice, plays a significant role in how messages are interpreted. It's crucial to be aware of your nonverbal cues and use them to enhance your verbal communication. A smile can convey warmth and friendliness, while maintaining eye contact can show engagement and sincerity. Your tone of voice can also convey emotions and attitudes, so it's important to match it with your words.4. Respect and Empathy.Respecting the opinions and viewpoints of others is essential for effective communication. It's important to approach conversations with an open mind, acknowledgingthat everyone has different perspectives and experiences. Empathy is also crucial, as it helps us understand the feelings and needs of others. By putting ourselves in their shoes, we can communicate more compassionately and build stronger connections.5. Feedback and Clarification.Feedback is a crucial part of communication. It's important to ask for clarification if you don't understand something or if there's confusion. Similarly, providing feedback to the other person can help them improve their communication style. Constructive feedback, delivered in a respectful and positive manner, can foster better understanding and communication.6. Use of Language Appropriately.Choosing the right words and language is crucial when communicating with different people. It's important to use language that's appropriate for the context and audience. For example, using technical jargon or complex language may not be suitable for everyone, and it can create barriers in communication. Tailoring your language to the listener's understanding and familiarity can help ensure that your message is received effectively.7. Adaptability.Communication styles and preferences vary among individuals. Some people prefer direct and assertive communication, while others prefer a more indirect and diplomatic approach. It's important to be adaptable and flexible when communicating with others, adjusting your style to suit their preferences. This not only enhances understanding but also fosters better relationships.In conclusion, effective communication is a crucialskill that requires active listening, clear and concise expression, awareness of nonverbal cues, respect and empathy, feedback and clarification, appropriate language use, and adaptability. By cultivating these techniques, we can communicate more effectively with others, build stronger relationships, and achieve better outcomes in our personal and professional lives.。

如何成为一个好的沟通者英语作文How to Become a Good CommunicatorCommunication is a crucial skill that impacts every aspect of our lives - from building strong relationships to advancing in our careers. Becoming a good communicator takes practice and dedication, but the benefits are well worth the effort. In this guide, we will explore some key tips and strategies to help you become a more effective communicator.1. Listen actively:One of the most important aspects of communication is active listening. This means truly focusing on what the other person is saying, without interrupting or thinking about your response. Show that you are engaged by making eye contact, nodding, and asking clarifying questions. By listening attentively, you demonstrate respect for the other person and ensure that you understand their message clearly.2. Be clear and concise:Effective communication is often about conveying information in a clear and concise manner. Avoid using jargon or overly complicated language that may confuse your audience. Instead, use simple and direct language to get your point across.Be mindful of your tone and body language, as they can also influence how your message is received.3. Use empathy:Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. When communicating, put yourself in the other person's shoes and consider their perspective. Acknowledge their emotions and respond with compassion. By showing empathy, you build trust and rapport with others, leading to more meaningful and productive interactions.4. Practice nonverbal communication:Nonverbal cues, such as facial expressions, gestures, and body language, play a significant role in communication. Pay attention to your nonverbal signals and ensure they align with your verbal message. This consistency will make your communication more effective and credible. Additionally, observe the nonverbal cues of others to better understand their thoughts and feelings.5. Be open to feedback:Feedback is essential for improving your communication skills. Be open to receiving feedback from others, whether it is positive or constructive criticism. Use feedback as an opportunityto reflect on your communication style and make necessary adjustments. Continuous learning and self-improvement are key to becoming a better communicator.6. Practice active communication:To become a good communicator, you must actively practice communication skills in various settings. Engage in conversations with different people, participate in group discussions, and seek opportunities to give presentations. The more you practice, the more confident and proficient you will become in communicating effectively.7. Adapt to your audience:Every person is unique, with different preferences, communication styles, and backgrounds. Adapt your communication approach to suit the needs of your audience. Tailor your message to be relevant and engaging for the individuals you are communicating with. By being adaptable and flexible, you can ensure that your message is received and understood effectively.In conclusion, becoming a good communicator requires effort, patience, and a willingness to learn. By incorporating the tips mentioned above into your daily interactions, you canenhance your communication skills and build stronger relationships with others. Remember that effective communication is a valuable skill that can benefit you in all areas of your life. Practice, listen, and be empathetic - and watch your communication skills flourish.。

沟通技巧英文作文Title: Effective Communication Skills。

Communication is an indispensable aspect of human interaction, permeating every sphere of life, from personal relationships to professional endeavors. Masteringeffective communication skills not only facilitates understanding but also fosters harmonious relationships and facilitates success in various domains. In this essay, we delve into the intricacies of effective communication and explore strategies to enhance this vital skill.First and foremost, effective communication hinges on clarity and conciseness. When conveying a message, whether orally or in writing, it is crucial to articulate thoughts in a clear and coherent manner to ensure comprehension. Ambiguity and vagueness often lead to misunderstandings and hinder effective communication. Thus, one must strive to express ideas succinctly and precisely, utilizing appropriate vocabulary and avoiding jargon or convolutedlanguage that may confuse the recipient.Moreover, active listening is a cornerstone ofeffective communication. Listening attentively, without interrupting or formulating a response prematurely, demonstrates respect for the speaker and facilitates mutual understanding. Active listening involves not only hearing the words spoken but also discerning the underlying emotions and intentions conveyed through tone, body language, and context. By empathizing with the speaker and acknowledging their perspective, one can foster trust and strengthen interpersonal relationships.Furthermore, nonverbal communication plays a pivotal role in conveying messages. Facial expressions, gestures, posture, and eye contact often convey more meaning than words alone. Being mindful of one's nonverbal cues and interpreting those of others can enhance communication effectiveness. Maintaining open body language, such as facing the speaker and nodding affirmatively, signals engagement and encourages reciprocal openness.In addition to interpersonal communication skills, proficiency in written communication is essential in many facets of life. Whether composing emails, reports, or essays, clarity, coherence, and professionalism are paramount. Attention to grammar, punctuation, and formatting enhances readability and credibility. Additionally, adapting the tone and style to suit the audience and purpose of the communication fosters resonance and receptivity.Another crucial aspect of effective communication is adaptability. Recognizing that different situations and individuals necessitate varying approaches to communication allows one to tailor their message for optimal reception. Flexibility in communication style, whether assertive, empathetic, or diplomatic, enables effective navigation of diverse interpersonal dynamics and scenarios.Moreover, constructive feedback is instrumental in refining communication skills. Soliciting feedback from peers, mentors, or trusted confidants provides valuable insights into areas for improvement and opportunities forgrowth. Receptive to constructive criticism, one can refine their communication techniques and address any shortcomings, thereby enhancing effectiveness and efficacy.Furthermore, cultural sensitivity is indispensable in a globalized world characterized by diverse perspectives and traditions. Awareness of cultural norms, customs, and communication styles prevents misunderstandings and fosters inclusivity and respect. Adapting communication strategiesto accommodate cultural differences demonstrates cultural competence and facilitates cross-cultural collaboration and understanding.In conclusion, effective communication is amultifaceted skill that underpins success and fulfillmentin various domains of life. By prioritizing clarity, active listening, nonverbal cues, written proficiency, adaptability, feedback, and cultural sensitivity,individuals can enhance their communication prowess andforge meaningful connections with others. Embracing continuous learning and refinement of communication skills empowers individuals to navigate interpersonal interactionswith confidence and efficacy, ultimately enriching both personal and professional endeavors.。

英语人际交往技巧英语人际交往技巧人际交往是社会的重要内容之一，在国外也一样，我们想和外国人交流的时候该怎么办呢?下面是店铺给大家整理的人际交往技巧，希望对大家有所帮助!英语人际交往技巧1. Use a Person's Name.叫对方的名字。

Let's face it — we're all huge narcissists and we all love the sound of our own name. Learn names and make use of them. Always use an individual's name in a conversation. This tried-and-true technique is sure to increase your fan base.我们要面对现实——我们都很自恋，喜欢听别人叫自己的名字，问问别人的名字并且用名字称呼他们，和别人聊天时要经常提到对方的名字。

这个行之有效的技巧一定会为你赢得众多粉丝。

2. Smile — With Feeling!微笑——要发自内心!When someone offers a huge grin brimming with authenticity, happiness rubs off on its receivers. There have been many studies showing how mood, whether positive or negative, spreads between individuals. If your positive attitude brightens someone else's day, that person will love you for it.当有人真心实意地微笑时，会感染对方。

曾有很多研究表明无论是积极还是消极的情绪都会在人与人之间传递。

Communication SkillsCONTENTSIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Writing with a Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Speaking with Confidence . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Communicating Effectively . . . . . . . . . . . 674 Is Anybody Listening? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 Making Meetings Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1351INTRODUCTIONCommunication is a vital part of our daily routines.We sit in school and listen to teachers. Weread books and magazines. We talk to friends, watch television, and communicate over the Internet.The workplace is no different. Experts tell us that70–80 percent of our working time is spent in somekind of communication. We‘re reading and writing memos, listening to our coworkers, or having one-toone conversations with our supervisors.Communication involves at least two people: thesender and the receiver. In this book, we‘ll look atfour types of communication between senders and receivers: writing, speaking, listening, and conducting meetings. Each one is important to your successin the workplace.For example, a poorly written cover letter can prevent you from being hired for a job. On the otherhand, the ability to write effectively and make clear presentations can make the difference between your being promoted or being left behind. As Ken Matejkaand Diane Ramos explain in their book Hook ‗Em: Speaking and Writing to Catch and Keep a Business Audience, ―You need effective, persuasive communication skills for career advancement.‖2 Communication SkillsCommunication skills are especially important when collaborating with a classmate on aproject. (Corbis)A communication skill that‘s often overlooked islistening. Yet recent surveys tell us that we spend 45percent of our time listening. Do we listen carefullyto what people are telling us? According to one study,we hear only one quarter of what‘s being said. Therest of the time we‘re daydreaming or just tuned outcompletely.One sales manager in a printing company tells thestory of needing a job rushed through in 24 hours sohis best customer could have it on time. He gavecareful instructions about the project to the productionsupervisor. But before he could finish, the supervisorhad already stopped listening. He assumed thatIntroduction 3HOW WE SPEND OURCOMMUNICATION TIMEwriting 9%reading 16%talking 30%listening 45%the customer wanted the job three days later, whichwas the usual deadline for most of these projects.When the sales manager went to pick up the job thenext day, it wasn‘t ready. As a result, he almo st lostthe customer. Unfortunately, stories like these arecommon in many organizations.Listening, writing, and speaking are all skills weuse in meetings. Today, meetings are a commonmethod for making decisions. More and more workis done by teams of people who come from differentareas of a company. They accomplish many of theirtasks in team meetings. In these situations, we mustbe able to speak and write clearly so others canunderstand us and listen carefully to what they say.Sadly, we waste many hours in meetings because ofpoor communication. A study by one university estimatedthat $37 billion is lost annually throughunproductive meetings.FACTA recent survey by Beta Research Corp., onbehalf of the New York Times, asked severalhundred hiring managers to name the mostimportant behaviors that job seekers shoulddemonstrate during an interview. ―Effectivecommunication skills‖ and ―confidence in theirabilities‖ topped the managers‘ lists.Listening,writing, andspeaking areall skills we usein meetings.4 Communication SkillsWhether you‘re writing, listening, speaking, orattending meetings, communication skills are criticalto your success in the workplace. In this book, we‘lllook at some of the skills that will enable your communications to be more successful. These include:Understanding the purpose of acommunicationAnalyzing the audienceCommunicating with words as well as withbody languageGiving each communication greater impactIntroduction 5WRITING WITHA PURPOSEJill‘s boss ask ed her to write a memo on a school-towork program. The company where Jill worked wasa leader in the computer software field. A school-towork program would give young people in school achance to be employed part time and to learn thesoftware business. If their work was good, the company might hire them for full-time jobs after theygraduated.―Keep the memo short,‖ Jill‘s boss told her. ―Andstick to the point.‖Jill was supposed to explain the type of program her company should start. She sat down at her computerand began to write. On the first page, she talked abouther own experience in a school-to-work program.Then she described what two of her friends had donein their programs. They had worked part time in other companies. Next she wrote about several school-to-71work programs described in magazines. Five pages later, she finally signed her name.―Well, I think the information my boss wants is inhere somewhere,‖ she said to herself. Then she submitted the memo.Jill‘s boss was a busy person. He received more than50 memos each day, and he didn‘t have time to read every memo completely. A memo writer had to get tothe point quickly. Otherwise, Jill‘s boss would read no further. He read the first paragraph of Jill‘s memo.Then he scanned the second paragraph.―What‘s the point of this memo?‖ he asked himself.He threw up his hands in frustration and threwthe memo away.To write well, express yourself like common people, but think like a wise man. Or, think as wise men do, but speak as common people do.—Aristotle, Greek philosopherINFORMATION OVERLOADIn the workplace, information seems to come fromall directions. Each day, managers are expected toread memos, letters, and reports. Correspondence8 Communication Skillsarrives through email, fax machines, and overnight delivery. With so much information coming in, managers don‘t have time to read all of it. Often they willstop reading a memo if it doesn‘t capture their interest quickly.How can you make sure that people will read your memo? How can you be certain that your boss will Writing with a Purpose 9When writinga work memo,be sure tohave a clearpurpose andstate thatpurposeas quicklyas possible.(Corbis)remember what you have written? You must have aclear purpose and state that purpose as quickly as possible. This was something that Jill neglected to doin her memo. It‘s also essential that you know your readers and give them the information they want.Jill‘s boss wanted a concise memo that explained the type of school-to-work program the company should adopt. Instead, Jill gave him a rambling five-pagereport that didn‘t tell him what he wanted to know.As a result, it ended up in the wastebasket.FACTA young manager who runs one of America‘sleading mutual funds says that she receivesover 200 faxes daily.DEFINE YOUR PURPOSEMany people just sit down, begin writing, and hopefor the best. Sometimes they are lucky. However, most of the time they produce poorly written and confusing material. Before you begin writing, state your purpose and how you propose to carry it out. This information can be stated briefly in one or two summary sentences. These sentences sum up the purpose of your writing. You must havea clear purposeand state thatpurpose asquickly aspossible.10 Communication SkillsIf you cannot express in a sentence or two whatyou intend to get across, then it is not focusedwell enough.—Charles Osgood, TV commentatorSuppose you want your school to sponsor a classtrip. You decide to write a letter to the principal aboutit. Here are your summary sentences:My letter is designed to persuade theprincipal to sponsor the trip. The letterwill present three reasons why the tripwould be valuable for students.The purpose of some writing is to persuade. Weuse this type of writing both at school and on thejob. Jan believed that her office needed more computers. Without them, she and her coworkers simplycouldn‘t keep up with the volume of their work. Janwrote a memo to her boss to persuade him to purchase additional computers. She pointed out thateveryone would get more work done if there were more computers to use. She also found a company that sold computers at a low price. Jan‘s arguments and initial research convinced her boss to buy the computers.Writing with a Purpose 11The purpose of other writing is to explain. Holly worked part time at a pet store that sold fish. She had to write a memo for new employees on how to feed each type of fish. Here are her summary sentences: My memo explains the feeding times foreach fish. It also explains the type of foodand quantity of food that each fish shouldreceive.12 Communication SkillsDOS AND DON‘TS OFSUMMARY SENTENCESDo write summary sentences beforedoing anything else.Do keep your sentences short.Don‘t exceed one or two sentences foreach writing project.Don‘t include any information in yourpaper that doesn‘t relate to thesummary sentences.Do specify whether the purpose ofyour writing is to persuade, explain, ordescribe.Some writing is primarily designed to describe.Robert‘s supervisor sent him to a conference and wanted him to write a memo describing what happened there. Robert knew his supervisor didn‘twant to know everything that occurred but onlythe most important things. Here is Robert‘s summary sentence:I will describe the three significant thingsI learned at the conference that might helpour department.Writing with a Purpose 13EXERCISEWrite one or two summary sentences for ashort paper:explaining how to be a successfulstudentpersuading an employer to hire youfor a part-time jobdescribing what happened at animportant meeting you attendedas part of an extracurricular activityFACTAn estimated 85 percent of our success inbusiness is determined by our communicationskills.WRITING FOR YOUR READERSome people keep diaries or journals. This type ofwriting is meant only for themselves. However, most writing is meant for others to read. Thus, it‘s importantfor you, as the writer, to know as much as possibleabout your readers. Knowing your readers willhelp you decide what to say and how to say it.14 Communication SkillsQUESTIONS TO ASK ABOUTYOUR READERSWho are they?What do they need to know about thetopic?What is their attitude toward the topic?Why should they care about the topic?A human resources manager at a manufacturing company explains that some new employees oftendon‘t understand the ―politics‖ of the organization. Suppose they think a supervisor is treating them unfairly. They‘re apt to fire off a memo telling himabout it. Unf ortunately, these employees don‘t lastvery long in the organization. You may be able to complain to your coworkers about unfair treatment, butnew employees are not expected to criticize their boss. Before you send off a memo or a letter, it is very important to understand your readers. Ask yourselfwhat you can say, what you can‘t say, and what your reader expects of you.Some supervisors are interested in facts and figures only. Suppose you are proposing a new project.Your supervisor may only want to know how it willbenefit the organization, how much it will cost, andhow you will carry it out. If this is what your supervisorexpects, this is what you should give him.Other supervisors are also interested in learningabout the steps you followed in conceptualizing the project. They want to know where you gathered your information and what other companies have undertaken similar projects. They may also be interested infinding out about alternative approaches to executing the project that you considered but later rejected. These supervisors are more process oriented and detail oriented. If this is the type of supervisor you Before you sendoff a memo ora letter, it is veryimportant tounderstandyour readers.Writing with a Purpose 15work for, be sure to give her the information she wants. Otherwise, your project proposal may not be approved.Another important question to ask yourself whenyou write is: What information does the reader needto know? Suppose you are writing a letter to apply fora job. You begin the letter this way:I am applying for the position posted byyour department.16 Communication SkillsDOS AND DON‘TS OFWRITING FOR YOUR READERDo remember that all communicationis written for your reader.Do analyze your readers before youbegin writing.Don‘t leave out any importantinformation the reader needs to know.Don‘t forget that the reader‘s attitudeswill influence how they respond toyour writing.Do make your writing appeal to whatthe reader cares most about.Unfortunately, the firm has advertised more thanone position in the department. If you don‘t indicate which position you want, the reader will not beable to tell whether you have the proper qualifications.Therefore, you probably will not get the job.Never assume. One of the biggest mistakes writers make is to assume that their readers have knowledge that they do not have. Suppose you areexplaining a complicated procedure on a computer.Do not assume that the reader already understands some of the steps. Be sure to describe everything carefully.If you are trying to persuade readers to do something, it helps to understand their attitudes. Arethey likely to support you? Are they likely to oppose you? Are they neutral? This information helps you decide how persuasive you must be.PROPOSAL TO THE PRINCIPALA group of students wanted to persuade their principal to support a new project. They wanted to havetime off for a half day of community service each week. The principal was in favor of community service, but she was opposed to letting students taketime away from class to do these projects.The students explained that the community projects would support what they were learning inWriting with a Purpose 17school. They realized that the principal was worried that they might lose learning time. Armed with solid knowledge about their reader, they designed arguments that would persuade her. For example, thestudents explained that by writing reports about the projects, they would improve their communication skills. Some of the projects required them to analyze and summarize data, and this work would improvetheir math skills. Given the strength and logic ofthe students‘ presentation, the principal agreed totry out one community-service project to see how it worked.When you write, be sure to ask yourself: What domy readers care about? By mentioning somethingthey care about, you can hook their attention. Youcan also persuade them to do what you want. Earlier we mentioned a supervisor who cared only aboutfacts and figures. If you write about what she cares about, you may be able to persuade her to adopt your project. Suppose you want to convince other students to join your club. You decide to put a notice upon the bulletin board about an upcoming club meeting. How would you begin the notice in order tohook the readers‘ attention? The best method is to mention something that they might care about. Perhaps joining the club will enable them to have fun with friends or learn a new skill or make money. Each of these might persuade them to join your club.18 Communication SkillsTHE 4 Cs OF SUCCESSFUL WRITINGAll good writing starts by defining your purpose and knowing your reader. But that‘s only the beginning. There are four other elements that you should keepin mind. They are known as the 4 Cs:1. Concise2. Compelling3. Clear4. CorrectBE CONCISE—THE COVER LETTERCover letters (also called job application letters) usually accompany resumes. Both the cover letter and resume are sent to an employer when you are applying for a job. The resume lists your qualifications for Writing with a Purpose 19EXERCISEWrite a notice for a club to persuade otherstudents to join it. Keep in mind who youraudience is and what their attitudes are.a job in detail, and the cover letter discusses them briefly.―I had one student,‖ explains career counselor Rozeanne Burt, ―who was having a difficult time writing a cover letter. I told him to keep the letter to onepage or less and only highlight his most important accomplishments. But he couldn‘t or wouldn‘t be selective. Instead he wanted to include everything.20 Communication SkillsSURF THE WEB: COVER LETTERS1-2-3-Cover-LetterCareer Lab Cover Letters/lettersMonster‘s Cover Letters/archives/coverletterPerfect Cover LettersQuintessential Careers: Cover LetterResources/covres.htmlHe ended up with a letter that ran over a page and ahalf in tiny, nine-point type. Needless to say, the employer was not impressed and he didn‘t get thejob.‖With all the information that employers have toread today, the last thing they want is somethinglong-winded. It‘s essential to be concise. Human resources director Debby Berggren receives a lot of cover letters from people looking for jobs, and shesays that many people have trouble ―getting to the point.‖If you want to write a concise cover letter, or anyother type of letter, it‘s important to understand the purpose of the letter before you begin writing. In hisbook Persuasive Business Proposals: Writing to Win Customers, Clients, and Contracts, Tom Sant explains that ―you will do a better job of writing if you knowwhat you‘re trying to accomplish: the why of a document.‖By writing one or two summary sentencesbefore you begin writing, you can state the ―why‖very simply.If you were to compose your summary sentencesfor a cover letter, they might sound like this:My letter persuades an employer tointerview me. It includes several of myoutstanding accomplishments to convincean employer that I am right for the job.Writing with a Purpose 21The purpose of a cover letter is to persuade—to persuade an employer to interview you for a job. Thenext step is to know your reader. What will the readerfind most persuasive? You should list only the experience and skills that you possess that are mostly likelyto convince the reader to interview you. As Burt explains: ―You can‘t tell them everything about you,so you have to stick to a few things that are linked to what the employer values, and you have to nail down what you want them to know early in the letter.‖FACTAccording to the job website ,more than 80 percent of job openings are not advertised. A ―cold cover letter‖ can be used toinquire at a company that has not advertisedany openings. Cold cover letters, also referredto as uninvited cover letters, are unpromptedand can be sent to companies to inquire about possible openings.ORGANIZING THE COVER LETTEROne of the most effective methods of writing iscalled the pyramid style. In this type of writing, youThe purpose ofa cover letter isto persuade.22 Communication Skillsplace the most important information at the top ofthe pyramid, or the beginning, and you present it as simply and concisely as possible. You follow thiswith the second most important point, the third,the fourth, and so forth. This is the same style that newspaper reporters have used for years to write news articles.Writing with a Purpose 23THE PYRAMID STYLE OF WRITINGIn a cover letter, the most important informationto include is the position for which you are applying. Otherwise, the reader won‘t know why you are writing. This information goes in the first paragraph. Youmay also wish to include where you heard about the job opening.The second paragraph should describe the one ortwo skills or work experiences that make you most qualified for the job. This is where you hook the reader‘s attention by telling her something she caresabout and persuading her to consider you for the position.A third paragraph might mention several additionalbut less important qualifications you possess. Conclude the letter by asking for an interview.24 Communication SkillsEXERCISEWrite a cover letter. Select a position forwhich you are qualified based on your work experience and skills. Highlight these skillsand experiences and save the cover letterso you can refer to it.MARIA‘S LETTERWriting with a Purpose 25328 Cedar StreetAnywhere, USA 09999-9990January 1, 2004Ms. Julie RogersAll-Occasion Clothing Store10 Prospect StreetAnywhere, USA 09999-0999Dear Ms. Rogers,I am applying for the position of assistant manager, which you recently advertised in the Evening Times.During the past three years, I have worked part time as a sales associate at Calloway and Company, the largest department store in the tri-state area. I was twice voted employee of the month. I received this award in recognition of my service to customers. Calloway and Company also promoted me to assistant manager of my department.I am graduating in June with an associate‘s degree in retailing. My grade point average is 3.6, and I have taken courses in marketing and sales as well as in accounting.I look forward to speaking with you in the near future and discussing what I can contribute to your organization. Sincerely,Maria GonzalesBE COMPELLING—THE RESUME―Employers may get as many as 300 resumes for one job,‖ explains career counselor John Jarvis. ―So theyhave to find a way to narrow them down. Some employers tell me that they put the one-page resumesin one pile, and the two-page resumes go in thetrash.‖Like the cover letter, the resume persuades anemployer to hire you. As Jarvis points out, many employers like a concise resume. In most cases, anything over a page is too long. The resume must alsobe compelling enough to hook an employer‘s interest.How do you make it compelling?Once again, you must start with a clear purpose.This is usually called your ―Job Objective.‖ The job objective goes near the top of a resume, so theemployer will know immediately what type of jobyou‘re seeking.Let‘s look at Maria‘s resume, which she developedto accompany her cover letter.The most compelling type of writing has a clear purpose. In the case of a clear resume, employers know immediately what job you want. Compelling writing is also designed to appeal to your readers. How do you accomplish this on a resume?One way is to make the resume visually interesting. This means using different kinds of type. For example, Maria puts her headings in boldface type. Many employerslike a conciseresume.26 Communication SkillsWriting with a Purpose 27MARIA GONZALES328 Cedar StreetAnywhere, USA 09999-9990(999) 562-3147 (home)(999) 562-1289 (cell)mgonzales@ (email)Job Objective To obtain a position as an assistant manager in a retail storeExperience1998-Present Calloway and Company• Worked as sales associate in women‘s casual clothing • Advanced to assistant departme nt manager• Voted employee of the month three times• Successfully completed sales-training program1996-1998 Downtown CDs and Tapes• Part-time stock clerk• Trained other clerksEducationAssociate‘s Degree in RetailingCentral Community CollegeGPA: 3.6Courses: marketing, sales, accounting, economics Honors graduate, Longwood High SchoolVice president of senior classMember of soccer and tennis teamsMARIA‘S RESUMEShe also uses bullets to set off key points. However, white space is also important. Your resume should beneat, organized, and original, but not so fancy thatit‘s distracting. If you are applying for a design orcreative position, there may be more latitude here.Don‘t try to cram too much information on aresume. The resume will look too crowded. Instead,keep it simple.The resume doesn‘t get you the job. It gets you the interview. Don‘t overwhelm them with the resume.—John Jarvis, career counselorRemember also to use dynamic words to describeyour accomplishments. Always try to use verbs inthe active voice, not the passive voice. ―I was given the Employee of the Month Award,‖ uses a passive verb, which sounds weak. Maria presents this informationin a stronger way by writing: ―Voted employee of the month.‖ Instead of saying ―I was appo inted assistant department manager,‖ Maria says, ―Advanced toassistant department manager.‖ Finally, instead ofwriting ―I was asked to train other clerks,‖ Mariawrites, ―Trained other clerks.‖Descriptive words also make your writing more compelling, and these words can be especially powerful onMake theresume visuallyinteresting.28 Communication Skillsa resume. Don‘t exaggerate what you have accomplished, but use descriptive words to bring it to life.Instead of saying, ―completed a training course,‖Maria writes, ―Successfully completed sales-training program.‖ If you are a ―fully experienced‖ stock clerk,say so. If you have ―extensive knowledge‖ of computers, include that information as well. These simpledescriptive words stand out on the page and attractthe reader‘s attention.Chris Hanson is applying for a part-time job after school. He wants to be an animal handler or kennel worker. Chris has worked part time for three years atthe local Audubon Society. He has valuable experience Writing with a Purpose 29EXERCISEUse the information about Chris todevelop a resume that he can use tofind a job.Write a resume for yourself. It shouldreflect the cover letter you wrote in thepreceding exercise. It should bedetailed and accurate—busy employersdo not have patience for typos.caring for sick and injured animals. He also trained other volunteers to care for the animals. Beforethis, Chris volunteered at a local nature center. He30 Communication SkillsSURF THE WEB: RESUMES10 Minute ResumeCollege /resumesMonster Resume CenterProven ResumesResume NetThe Resume Place, Inc.completed a training course in how to conducttours of the center. Every Saturday, he conducted tours for up to 50 adults and children. Currently, Chris is attending high school, where he writes forthe newspaper and maintains a 3.2 GPA.BE CLEAR—MEMOS AND REPORTSGood writing is simple and clear. You should leaveno doubt in the minds of your readers about whatyou are trying to say to them. Unfortunately, some people seem to forget this principle, especially when they write.A task force from the National Council of Teachersof English and the International Reading Association tried to develop national standards on how to write English. They came up with 12 basic rules. Rule 5 states ―Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write and use different writing process elements appropriately to communicate with different audiences。

沟通英文作文技巧高中1. Communication is key in our daily lives. We need to express our thoughts and feelings clearly to others in order to build relationships and achieve our goals.2. When communicating with others, it is important to listen actively and attentively. This shows respect and understanding for the other person's perspective.3. Nonverbal communication, such as body language and facial expressions, can also play a significant role in conveying our emotions and intentions to others.4. In written communication, it is important to use proper grammar and punctuation to ensure clarity and avoid misunderstandings.5. Effective communication requires empathy and the ability to put oneself in the other person's shoes. This helps us to better understand their feelings and respondappropriately.6. Conflict resolution is an important aspect of communication. It is important to address conflicts openly and honestly in order to find a resolution that satisfies all parties involved.7. In today's digital age, communication has become more convenient and instantaneous through various platforms such as social media, email, and messaging apps.8. However, it is important to remember that face-to-face communication still plays a crucial role in building trust and strong relationships with others.9. Overall, effective communication skills areessential for success in both personal and professional relationships. By practicing active listening, empathy, and clear expression, we can improve our communicationabilities and connect more deeply with those around us.。

The Art of Effective Communication inEnglishIn today's interconnected world, the importance of effective communication cannot be overstated. Whether it'sa casual conversation among friends, a professional meeting with colleagues, or a presentation in front of a large audience, mastering the nuances of conversation is crucial for success. This essay aims to delve into the techniques and strategies that make for effective communication in English, highlighting the significance of clarity, active listening, and cultural sensitivity.**Clarity in Expression**Clear communication is the backbone of any conversation. It involves using simple, straightforward language that is easy to understand. Avoiding jargon and technical terms unless necessary, and explaining complex ideas in layman's terms can ensure that your message is received without confusion. Moreover, using concise sentences and avoiding redundancy helps keep the flow of the conversation smooth and engaging.**Active Listening**Effective communication is a two-way street, and active listening is a crucial component. It involves not just hearing what the other person is saying but understanding their thoughts, feelings, and perspectives. Responding appropriately, asking clarifying questions, and reflecting the speaker's ideas back can demonstrate your engagement and respect. This, in turn, encourages the other person to open up and share more, fostering a deeper connection.**Cultural Sensitivity**Communication is deeply rooted in culture, and understanding the nuances of different cultures isessential for effective cross-cultural communication. Acknowledging and respecting cultural differences, avoiding stereotypes and assuming knowledge, and adapting your communication style to fit the cultural context can go a long way in building trust and understanding. For instance, certain topics or behaviors that might be considered taboo in one culture might be acceptable in another. Understanding these differences can help avoid misunderstandings and尴尬 situations.In conclusion, effective communication in English requires a blend of clarity in expression, active listening, and cultural sensitivity. By practicing these techniques, one can not only improve their communication skills butalso build stronger relationships and connections with others. After all, communication is not just about speaking; it's about connecting, understanding, and being heard.**与人沟通交流说话的技巧英语作文**在当今这个紧密相连的世界中，有效沟通的重要性不言而喻。