US ARMY FM 90-10 1 Guide To Combat In Built-Up Areas_appa (11)

* APPENDIX GMILITARY OPERATIONS ON URBANIZED TERRAIN(MOUT) UNDER RESTRICTIVE CONDITIONSAcross the operational continuum, and especially during OOTW,commanders can expect to encounter restrictions on their use offirepower during M0UT. Basic doctrinal principles remain the same,but the tactics, techniques, and procedures may have to be modified tostay within established rules of engagement and to avoid unnecessarycollateral damage.G-1. HIGH-INTENSITY, PRECISION, AND SURGICAL MOUTInfantrymen conduct MOUT under many varying conditions across thespectrum of conflict. These conditions range from large-scale, high-intensitycombat, through isolated actions against armed belligerents mixed with noncombatants, to peace operations that may resemble dangerous police workmore than traditional combat in built-up areas. Changes from high-intensityMOUT to precision or surgical MOUT are a result of significant alterations inthe existing conditions of METT-T and of the imposition of overridingstrategic political considerations. These alterations normally require that unitsmodify the way they fight in urban areas. Unfortunately, there are no clearboundaries that delineate the change from high-intensity to precision tosurgical MOUT. These terms are merely expressions used to describe the USforce’s degree of sensitivity to political considerations during the operationbeing conducted.a. High-Intensity MOUT. Infantry units must be prepared at all times toconduct violent combat under conditions of high-intensity MOUT. Theseconditions are combat actions against a determined enemy occupying preparedpositions or conducting planned attacks. High-intensity MOUT requires the coordinated application of the full combat power of the joint combined armsteam. An infantry unit’s mission is normally to seize, clear, or defend urbanterrain, engaging and defeating the enemy by the use of whatever force is necessary.Although the changing world situation may have madehigh-intensity MOUT less likely, it represents the high end of the combatspectrum, and units must be trained for it. High-intensity MOUT is the moststressful of all operations in urban areas and can be casualty-intensive for bothsides. Even though the full integrated firepower of the joint combined armsteam is brought to bear on the enemy, commanders must still make attempts tolimit unnecessary destruction and casualties among noncombatants.b. Precision MOUT. Infantry units of all types must routinely expect tooperate under conditions of precision MOUT, especially during OOTW.Under precision MOUT conditions, either the enemy is thoroughly mixed withthe noncombatants or political considerations require that the ROE be significantly more restrictive than under high-intensity MOUT conditions.G-1C1, FM 90-10-1Infantry operations under conditions of precision MOUT normally involvecombat action. Some of this combat can be quite violent for short periods. It ismarked, however, by conscious acceptance by US forces of the need to focusand restrain the combat power used. The commander may bring overwhelmingforce to bear, but only on specific portions of the urban area occupied by theenemy. He may choose different TTP in order to remain within the bounds ofthe more restrictive ROE. Tighter ROE demands strict accountability ofindividual and unit actions. When preparing for precision MOUT operations,the commander must realize that not only are the ROE changing but also theTTP. These changes require that soldiers be given time to train for the specificoperation. For example, when clearing a room, units may modify theprocedure of first throwing a grenade into the room before entering. This maybe done to lessen the possible casualties among noncombatants interspersedwith the enemy. Additional training on close quarters battle techniques may benecessary before the soldiers are prepared to execute the mission.c. Surgical MOUT. Operations conducted under surgical MOUT conditionsinclude special-purpose raids, small precision strikes, or small-scale personnelseizure or recovery operations in a MOUT environment. They may closelyresemble US police operations by Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teamsand are usually conducted by special operations forces. They may even involvecooperation between US forces and host nation police. Though regular units maynot be involved in the actual surgical operation, they may support it by isolatingthe area or providing security or crowd control.G-2. RULES OF ENGAGEMENTThe unified commander issues the rules of engagement for tactical forces. TheROE are based on the commander’s analysis of his guidance from the NationalCommand Authority, the mission that he has been given, the existing threat,the laws of land warfare, and any host nation or third-world countryconstraints on US forces.a. The political concerns used while developing the ROE may appear toconflict with the physical security needs of the infantry force. Politicallydriven constraints must be weighed against the potential risks to missionaccomplishment and to the force itself. ROE must be practical, realistic,understandable, and enforceable. Commanders at all levels can affect the ROEby suggesting changes or requesting clarification or modifications. Like themission, ROE must be tailored to the day-to-day changes in the conditions andthreats that face the US forces.b. Whatever the situation that has called for restricted ROE, infantry forceswill then be operating in a dangerous, yet highly constrained, environment.This demands the highest degree of patience, training, and dedication on thepart of the military force. An example of ROE used during Operation JustCause is shown in Figure G-1. It is not intended to be used as a sole sourcedocument for developing ROE, but as an example of how politicalconsiderations during an OOTW mission were translated by the commanderinto specific ROE.G-2C1, FM 90-10-1G-3C1, FM 90-10-1G-4C1, FM 90-10-1G-3. IMPACT OF CIVILIANS ON MOUTThe presence of large concentrations of civilian noncombatants constrainsemployment of combat power during tactical operations.a. Mobility. Civilians attempting to escape over roads can block militarymovement. Commanders should plan routes to be used by civilians and shouldseek the assistance of the military and civil police in traffic control.b. Firepower. The presence of civilians and the desire to limit collateraldamage can restrict the use of fires and reduce the firepower available to acommander. Selected areas may be designated as “no fire” areas in order toprevent civilian casualties and damage to important urban structures, or forother reasons. Some areas may be limited to the use of small arms andgrenades only, with prohibitions on air strikes, artillery, mortars, and flame.Target acquisition and the conduct of indirect-fire missions may becomplicated by the requirement for positive target identification. Detailedguidance on the use of firepower in the presence of civilians will normally bepublished by the division G3. When no guidance is available, the general rulesof the law of land warfare always apply.c. Logistical Support and Civil Order. Commanders at all levelsautomatically assume the burden of ensuring the bare necessities of life to allcivilian noncombatants that fall under their control during MOUT. Dependingon the situation, protection, food, water, shelter, and medical care may beprovided in special refuges established for that purpose, or they may beprovided in place by some other organization. Whatever the final arrangement,US commanders should expect to exercise control and provide support untillong-term arrangements can be made.G-4. CIVILIAN INFLUENCE ON ENEMY AND FRIENDLYOPERATIONSNoncombatant civilians in an urban environment and the political settinginfluence both enemy and friendly operations.G-5C1, FM 90-10-1a. Enemy Operations.These operations cover the spectrum fromterrorism to well-organized military operations. The enemy may bespecial-purpose forces or insurgents that have the ability to operate freelythroughout a city due to having the appearance of civilians. Conventionalenemy forces may choose to occupy specific urban areas that civilians havenot been able to evacuate. The swift occupation of a city may cause civiliansto be trapped between opposing forces. This enhances the enemy’s ability todefend.b. Friendly Operations. A critical aspect of friendly operations is theROE. Examples of different ROEs that US forces used during urban battlesare Aachen during World War II in 1944 and Panama City “Just Cause” in1990. Aachen typified ROE that permitted the free use of most munitions toeliminate the enemy. Panama City, on the other hand, showed US forcesoperating under very restrictive ROE.(1) Offensive operations by friendly forces must consider the potential use ofprecision-guided munitions to achieve identified objectives while avoidingunnecessary collateral damage. Precision operations also include sniper andcountersniper operations by both special forces personnel and conventional forces.(2) When civilian personnel are present or are thought to be present in theobjective area, the rules of engagement must be identified and known by allpersonnel before engaging targets or entering and clearing a room or building.(3) Psychological operations or civil affairs teams can help removecivilians before a battle starts. Once the objective area has been isolated,PSYOP teams can also be used to induce enemy personnel to surrender.G-5. USE OF NONLETHAL WEAPONS DURING MOUTNonlethal weapons are discriminate weapons that are explicitly designed and employed to incapacitate personnel or materiel while minimizing fatalitiesand undesired damage to property and the environment. Nonlethal weaponsare not guaranteed to be totally nonlethal anymore than lethal weapons aretotally lethal. Some fatalities may result from employment of nonlethalweapons. The use of the term nonlethal is not intended to be misleading but tocovey the intention to be able to achieve military objectives while greatlyreducing fatalities.a. Unlike weapons that permanently destroy targets through blastfragmentation or penetration, nonlethal weapons have one, or both, of thefollowing characteristics:(1) They use means other than physical destruction to prevent the targetfrom functioning.(2) They have relatively reversible effects. Even if they injure humans, theinjured will eventually recover.b. The infantry has had some nonlethal weapons for years. Other weaponsrepresent new developing technology. Examples of nonlethal weapons are asfollows:(1) Riot control gases such as CS and CN.(2) Incapacitating sprays such as Mace and Pepper Spray.G-6C1, FM 90-10-1(3) Kinetic stun projectiles such as rubber bullets, wooden baton rounds,and beanbag or ringfoil grenades.(4) Rigid, sticky, or disorienting foams.(5) Superlubricants.(6) Flash and bang disruption devices.(7) Acoustic disruption devices.c. The Army’s higher echelons are paying increased attention to nonlethalweapons for the foil owing reasons:(1) Growing conviction about their potential military utility.(2) Political sensitivity.(3) New constraints imposed by arms control.(4) Increasing interest by US allies and outside organizations concernedwith international security.(5) Recent advances in enabling technologies related to nonlethal weapons.(6) Emerging missions needing better nonlethal solutions such as crowdcontrol and OOTW in urban areas.d. Nonlethal weapons provide commanders with additional optionsbetween no use of military force at all and the use of lethal force. They may bemore appropriate for some missions than lethal weapons. Nonlethal weaponscan provide a more humane, discriminate, and reversible means of employingmilitary force, with more precisely tailored and focused effects.e. Unless constrained by orders from higher headquarters, US commandersare not obligated in any way to use only nonlethal weapons, or to try nonlethalweapons before resorting to more lethal means, in any military operation.Appropriate use of nonlethal weapons is normally authorized solely at thediscretion of the commander on the scene. Although US forces may wish toavoid casualties, many situations require overwhelming lethal force as themost effective and efficient means to accomplish the mission. In the finalresult, a swift victory by overwhelming force may actually involve fewercasualties on both sides.f. However the commander chooses to use nonlethal force, its use shouldbe in such a way that it would minimize additional risk to friendly forces. Theright to use lethal force for self-defense against a deadly threat is unaffected byany earlier choice of nonlethal weapons to achieve mission objectives.G-7。

美军后勤保障理论研究译自：俄罗斯《外国军事评论》杂志2014年第5-6期作者：N·巴什基洛夫，Z·哈伊尔贝科夫编译：知远/舒克译文信息表[知远导读]本文原载于俄罗斯《外国军事评论》杂志2014年第5、6期，作者俄罗斯海军上校N·巴什基洛夫、上校Z·哈伊尔贝科夫，原文标题：КонцептуальныеосновытыловогообеспеченияВооружённыхсилСША。

文章介绍了美军参联会条令、国防部和陆军文件中所阐述的后勤保障概念原理，给出了“联合后勤”定义，研究了“联合后勤”的功能以及其影响其活动效能的因素。

介绍了美国“陆军-2020”构想框架内陆军后勤保障系统的基本结构和主要改革措施，美军联合司令部（联合作战部队）后勤保障模式，并展望了美军后勤保障构想发展方向。

文章编译如下：美国军事领导人认为，在武装力量在现代军事冲突过程中执行任务时，后勤保障发挥首要作用。

同时，五角大楼认为，后勤保障的重要性越来越高，甚至在“低强度”行动（如维和行动、向民事当局提供帮助、抢险救灾、道主义援助）中起决定性作用，后勤保障分队的活动正在成为部队（兵力）的主要行动之一。

美军认为，正是后勤保障系统为国家武装力量对全世界的危机做出灵活反应，确保武装力量的战略行动纵深和长期遂行远征行动的能力奠定了物质技术基础。

能够证明这一论点的是，与参谋长联席会议的许多条令和各军种的条令一样，美国武装力量建设与作战使用的一些共同构想和功能构想都是后勤保障领域的。

以参联会条令原理和在各种后勤保障方面拥有最多资源的美国陆军的构想文件的演变为例，可以对美军后勤保障概念原理进行清楚的观察。

参联会在该领域的一部关键条令是JP 4-0《联合后勤》（Joint Logistics）。

在该系列其他同类文件中明确了后勤保障的组织问题。

例如，JP 4-02《医疗保障》（Health Service Support）、JP 4-06《丧葬事务》（Mortuary Affairs）等。

* APPENDIX NINFANTRY AND ARMOR SMALL-UNIT ACTIONSDURING MOUTThe first and most fundamental lesson learned from recent US andallied operations in built-up areas is the value of the fully integratedcombined arms team. There is no denying the value of light infantryforces during M0UT However, combat or OOTW in urban areasnever should be considered a pure infantry task. Urban combat byunits composed entirely of infantrymen is a historical anomaly. Acrossthe spectrum of combat action in urban areas, powerful combinedarms teams produce the best results. The actual composition of theseteams must be determined based on a careful analysis by commandersat all levels. Light infantry units operating alone suffer from criticalshortcomings that can be compensated for only by appropriate taskorganization with mechanized infantry, armor, and engineers. Theseteams must be supported by closely integrated aviation, fire support,communication, and logistical elements.N-1. STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, AND EMPLOYMENTCONSIDEATIONS FOR SMALL COMBINED ARMS TEAMSBecause of the decentralized, fragmented nature of both OOTW andconventional battles in urban areas, dismounted infantrymen will alwaysrepresent the bulk of any successful force. At the small-unit tactical level, lightinfantry forces have disadvantages that can be compensated for by mechanizedinfantry or armor units.Conversely, tanks and mechanized forces faceproblems in the confines of urban areas that place them at a severedisadvantage when operating alone. Only together can these forces accomplishtheir mission with minimal casualties while avoiding unnecessary collateraldamage.a. Light infantry forces lack heavy supporting firepower, protection, andlong-range mobility. Armored forces, on the other hand, can deliverdevastating fires, are fully protected against antipersonnel mines, fragments,and small arms, and have excellent mobility along unblocked routes.b. Crewmen in armored vehicles have poor all-round vision through theirvision blocks; they are easily blinded by smoke or dust. Tanks cannot elevateor depress their weapons enough to engage targets very close to the vehicle orthose high up in tall buildings. Dismounted infantrymen have excellentall-round vision and can engage targets with small arms fire under almost allconditions.c. Infantry small-arms fire within a building can eliminate resistancewithout seriously damaging the structure. Heavy fires from armored vehiclescause unwanted collateral damage or can destabilize basic structures.N-1C1, FM 90-10-1d. If isolated or unsupported by dismounted infantry, armored vehicles(with the possible exception of the heavily protected main battle tank) arevulnerable to enemy hunter/killer teams firing light and medium antiarmorweapons. Armored vehicle gunners cannot easily identify enemy targets unlessthe commander exposes himself to fire by opening his hatch, or dismountedinfantrymen direct the gunner onto the target.e. Armored vehicles are noisy. Therefore, there is little chance of themarriving in an area undetected. Dismounted infantrymen can move stealthilyinto position without alerting the enemy. Armored vehicles can be blocked byimprovised barricades, narrow streets and alleyways, or large amounts ofrubble. Dismounted infantrymen can move over or around most urban terrain,regardless of the amount of damage to buildings.f. Although they have limited fields of view at the typically short rangesnormally encountered during MOUT, the thermal sights on armored vehiclescan detect enemy activity through darkness and smoke, conditions that limiteven the best-equipped dismounted infantry.g. In some OOTW situations, armored vehicles project a psychologicalpresence, an aura of invulnerability, that aids the friendly forces in deterringviolence. Mounted patrols by armored vehicles can monitor large areas of acity while making their presence known to the entire populace, both friendlyand unfriendly.h. During cordon and search operations, armored vehicles can movemounted infantrymen rapidly to points where, together, they can dominate andisolate the cordoned area. With their long-range sights and weapons, armoredvehicles can dominate large expanses of open area and thus free dismountedinfantry to cordon closer terrain and visual dead space.i. The mobile protected firepower of armored vehicles can be used to addsecurity to resupply convoys and to extract wounded personnel under fire. Thearmored vehicle’s smoke-generation capability can aid this and othersmall-unit actions.N-2. INFANTRY-TANK/BFV COMBINED ARMS TEAMAn effective use of armored combat vehicles in most tactical situations is enmass. Armored units operating in platoon, company, and battalion strengthcombine mobility, protection, and firepower to seize the initiative from theenemy and greatly aid friendly success. However, combat in some urban andbuilt-up areas is so decentralized, and avenues of approach for vehicles sochannelized, that massed armored vehicles cannot be easily employed. Theheavy firepower, mobility, and armor protection of the tank or BFV is stillneeded; however, this situation calls for fewer armored vehicles employedover broader areas. The decision to disperse rather than mass armored vehiclesshould be made only after a careful consideration of the command’s presentMETT-T situation and anticipated operations in the near future. Decentralizedarmor support greatly increases a small infantry unit’s combat power.However, such dispersed vehicles cannot be easily and quickly reconcentrated.Their sudden removal from throughout the combat area will necessitate a N-2C1, FM 90-10-1tactical pause for reorganization and a change of tactical tempo, which coulddisrupt the ongoing combat operation at a critical time.a. Traditionally, armored vehicles participating as part of a small-unitcombined arms team have been tanks working with small groups ofdismounted infantrymen. However, the advent of the BFV (especially theheavily protected variants) has meant that successful infantry/tank-type teamscan be created around a few BFVs and some dismounted infantry. The BFVlacks the tank’s main gun, but it has a powerful weapons combination in theTOW/25-mm/coax system. Unless specifically noted, the following discussionof infantry/tank teams also includes infantry/BFV and infantry/Sheridanteams. When the Armored Gun System (AGS) is fielded, it will replace theSheridan armored vehicle in this role. Designed from the beginning to workclosely with light infantry, the AGS will be an effective and powerful additionto the small-unit combined arms team.b. The most common task organization of dispersed armor is to attach atank platoon to an infantry company, with the platoon further subattached onthe basis of a two-tank section to each of the lead rifle platoons. Individualtanks can be employed, but two-vehicle sections are preferred. A rifle squad isnormally designated to work with each of the platoon’s attached tanks.c. Infantry/tank teams work together to bring the maximum combat powerto bear on the enemy. The dismounted infantry provides the eyes and ears ofthe team. The infantry locates and identifies targets for the tank to engage. Itmaneuvers along covered and concealed routes to assault enemy elementsfixed and suppressed by tank fire. It provides protection for the tank againstattack by enemy dismounted infantry. Meanwhile, the tank provides heavy,continuous supporting fires against enemy strongpoints.d. The dismounted infantry normally leads movement through built-upareas. The tanks follow and provide close overwatch. If the infantry discoversan enemy position or encounters resistance, the tank immediately respondswith supporting fire to fix the enemy in place or suppress him and allow theinfantry to develop the situation. After sufficient time to develop the situationor conduct short-range reconnaissance, the infantry squad leader directs thetank to move, if necessary, and identifies specific targets for the tank toengage.e. Coordination between the tank commander and the squad leader must beclose and continuous. The tank commander or driver may need to dismountand move, accompanied by the squad leader, to a position where the route ortarget can be better seen. Signals for initiating, shifting, or lifting fires must beunderstood by all. One of the greatest barriers to coordination and commandand control in urban combat is the intense noise. Verbal commands should bebacked up by simple, nonverbal signals.f. The tank’s on-board smoke generation system and its smoke grenadeprojectors may be used both to protect the tank from enemy fire and to provideconcealment for the infantry forces as they either move across open areas orrecover wounded. The use of smoke must-be carefully coordinated. Althoughthe tanks’ sights can see through most smoke, dismounted infantrymen are at asignificant disadvantage when enveloped in dense smoke clouds. The smokeN-3C1, FM 90-10-1grenade launchers on the tank provide excellent, rapidly developed localsmoke clouds, but the grenades produce burning fragments that are hazardousto infantrymen near the tank and that can ignite dangerous fires in urban areas.g. Tanks and BFVs are valuable tools for assisting the assaulting forces isolatethe objective area and seize a foothold. As the dismounted infantry then moves toclear the position and expand the foothold, the tanks are left behind. Impossible, thetanks should move to positions where their fires can be used to prevent enemyreinforcement and engage enemy forces withdrawing from the position. However,at this time the tank crew must be very alert. Because of the nonlinear nature ofurban battles, enemy forces may move to the rear or flanks of the now-isolatedtanks and destroy them. If a small element of dismounted infantry cannot bespared to remain with the tanks, both vehicles in the section should move topositions of cover and mutual support. Loaders and vehicle commanders shouldman their external machine guns and be alert, especially for enemy infantryapproaching from above, the rear, or from the flanks.N-4。

*T M11-6110-201-34PD E P A R T M E N T O F T H E A R M Y T E C H N I C A L M A N U A LD I RE C T S U P P O R T A N D G E N E R A L S U P P O R T M A I N T E N A N C ER E P A I R P A R T S A N D S P E C I A L T O O L S L I S T S(I N C L U D I N G D E P O T M A I N T E N A N C E R E P A I R P A R T SA N D S P E C I A L T O O L S)F O RD I S T R I B U T I O N B O XE S J-1077/U A N D J-1077A/U(N S N6110-00-985-7574)H e a d q u a r t e r s,D a p a r t m e n t o f t h e A r m y,W a s h i n g t o n,D.C.18 July 1977C u r r e n t w o f13M a y1977R E P O R T I N G O F E R R O R SY o u c a n h e l p i m p r o v e t h i s m a n u a l b y c a l l i n g a t t e n t i o n t o e r r o r s a n d b y r e c o m m e n d i n g i m-p r o v e m e n t s a n d s t a n d n g y o u r r e a s o n s f o r t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n.Y o u r l e t t e r o r D A F o r m20S8 (R e c o m m e n d e d C h a n g e s t o P u b l i c a t i o n s e n d B l a n k F o r m s)s h o u l d b e m a i l e d d i r e c t t o C o m-a n d e r,U S A r m y E l e c t r o n i c s C o m m a n d,A T T n:D R S E L-M A-Q,F o r t M o n m o u t h N e w J e r s e y07703.A r e p l y w i l l b e f u r n i s h e d d i r e c t t o y o u.IllusFigureP a g eS e c t i o n I.I I.00III.IV. I n t r o d u t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .1R e p a i r p a r t s l i s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .5D i s t r i b u t i o n B o x e s J-1077/U a n d J-1077A/U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Special tools list (Not applicable) National stock number and part number index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61G r o u pS e c t i o nT a b l e o f C o n t e n t sS E C T I O N II N T R O D U C T I O N1. S c o p eT h i s m a n u a l l i s t s p a r e s a n d r e p a i r p a r t s s p e c i a l t o o l s; s p e c i a l t e s t m e a s u r e m e n t s a n d d i a g n o s t i c e q u i p m e n t (T M D E),a n d o t h e r s p e c i a l s u p p o r t e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e d f o r p e r f o r m a n c e o f d i r e c t s u p p o r t a n d g e n e r a l s u p p o r t maintenance of the J-1077N/U and J-1077A/U. It authorizes the requisitioning and issue of spares and r e p a i r p a r t s a s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e s o u r c e a n d m a i n t e-n a n c e c o d e s.2.G e n e r a lThis Repair Parts and Special Tools List ia divided into t h e f o l l i n g s e c t i o n s:a.S e c t i o n I L R e p a i r P a r t s L i s t A l i s t o f s p a r e s a n d r e p a i r p a r t s a u t h o r i z e d f o r u s e i n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f m a i n t e n a n c e.T h e l i s t a l s o i n c l u d e s p a r t s w h i c h m u s t b e r e m o v e d f o r r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e a u t h o r i z e d p a r t s. P a r t s l i s t s a r e c o m p o s e d o f f u n c t i o n a l g r o u p s i n n u m e r i c s e q u e n c e,w i t h t h e p a r t s i n e a c h g r o u p l i s t e d.*T h i s m a n u a l s u p e r s e d e s s o m u c h o f T M11-6110-201-15P,30A p r i l1969,a t p e r t a i n s t o d i r e c t s u p p o r t g e n e r a l s u p o r t a n d d e p o tm a i n t e n a n c e.T h i s p u b l i c a t i o n i s a c o u r t e s y q u i c k c o p yf r o m t h e U N I T E D S T A T E S A R M YP U B L I C A T I O N S C E N T E R,S T.L O U I S,M I S S O U R I,t o m e e t y o u r n e e d s w h i l e w e a r e r e p l e n i s h-i n g o u r r e g u l a r s t o c k.1TM 11-6110-201-34Pin figure and item number sequence.b. Section III. Special Tools List Not applicable.c. Section IV National Stock Number and Part Number Index. A list, in National item identification number (NIIN) sequence, of all National stock numbers (NSN) appearing in the listings, followed by a list in alphameric squence, of all part numbers appearing in the listings. National stock number and part number are cross-referenced to each illustration figure and item number appearance.3. Explanation of Columnsa. Illustration. This column ia divided as follows(1) Figure number. Indicates the figure number of the illustration on which the item is shown.(2) Item number. The number used to identify item called out in the illustmtion.b. Source, Maintenance, and Recoverbility (SMR) Codes.(1) Source code. Source codes indicate the manner of acquiring support items for maintenance, repair, or overhaul of end items. Source codes are entered in the first and second position of the Uniform SMR Code codesformat as follows:Code DifinitionPA—Item procured and stocked for anticipated or known usage.NOTECannibalization or salvage maybe used as asource of supply for any items same codedabove except those coded XA and aircraftsupport items as restricted by AR 700-42.(2) Maintenance code. Maintenance codes are assigned to indicate the levels of maintenance authorized to USE and REPAIR support items. The maintenance code are entered in the third and fourth positions of the Uniform SMR Code format as follows:(a) The maintenance code entered in the third position will indicate the lowest maintenance level authorized to remove, replace, and use the support item. The maintenance code entered in the third posi-tion will indicate one of the following levels of mainte-nanceCode Application/ExplantionO- Support item is removed, replaced used at the organizational level.F- Support item is removed replaced used at the direct support level.(b) The maintenance code entered in the fourth position indicates whether the item is to be repaired and identifies the lowest maintenance level with the capability to perform complete repair (i.e., all authorized maintenance functions). This position will contain one of the following maintenance codes2Code Application/ExplanationF —The lowest maintenance level capable of com-plete repair of the support item is the directsupport level.Z —Nonreparable. No repair is authorized.(3) Recoverbility code. Recoverability codes are assigned to support items to indicate the disposition ac-tion on unserviceable items. The recoverability code is entered in the fifth position of the Uniform SMR Code format ae follows:RecoverabilityDefinitionZ—Nonreparable item. When unserviceable, con-demn and dispose at the level indicated in posi-tion 3.F—Reparable item. When uneconomically reparable,condemn and dispose at the direct supportlevel.c. National Stock Number. Indicates the Nationalstock number assigned to the item and will be used for requisitioning purposes.d. Part Number. Indicates the primary number usedby the manufacturer (individual, company, firm, cor-poration, or Government activity), which controls the design and characteristics of the item by means of its engineering drawings, specifications, standards, and inspection requirements to identify an item or range of items.NOTEWhen a stock numbered item is requisitioned,the repair part received may have a differentpart number than the part being replaced.e. Federal Supply Code for Manufacturer (FSCM).The FSCM is a 5-digit numeric code listed in SB 708-42 which is used to identify the manufacturer, distributor,or Government agency, etc.f. Discription. Indicates the Federal item name and,if required, a minimum description to identify the item.g Unit of Measure (UIM). Indicates the standard ofthe basic quantity of the listed item as used in perform-ing the actual maintenance function. This measure is exprssed by a two-character alphabetical abbrevia-tion (e.g., ea, in, pr, etc). When the unit of measure differs from the unit of issue, the lowest unit of issuethat will satisfy the required units of measure will be requisitioned.h. Quantity Incorporated in Unit Indicates the quantity of the item used in the breakout shown on the illustration figure, which is prepared for a functional group, subfunctional group, or an assembly.4. Special Informationa Usable on codes are shown in the dexription col-umn. Uncoded items are applicable to all models. Iden-tification of the usable on cdes used in this publication areCode Used on5HR J-1077/U2T5J-1077A/Ub. The following publications pertain to the J-1077/U and J-1077A/U and its componentTM_ll-6110-20112P, Distribution Boxes J-I077/U and J-1077A/UTM 11-5935-203-15P, Connectors, Receptacle, Electri-cal U-186A/G and U-186B/GTM 11-5935-205-14P, Connectors, Receptacle, Electri-cal U-187/G and U-187A/G5. How to Locate Repair Partsa When National stock number or part number is unknown.(1) First Using the table of contents, determine the functional group within which the item belongs. This is necessary since illustrations are prepared for functional groups and listings are divided into the same groups.TM 11-6110-201 -34P(2) Second. Find the illustration covering the func-tional group to which the item belongs.(3) Third. Identify the item on the illustration and note the illustration figure and item number of the item.(4) Fourth Using the Repair Parts Listing, find the figure and item number noted on the illustration.b. When National stock number or part number is known.(1) First Using the Index of National Stock Num-bers and Part Numbers, find the pertinent National stock number or part number. This index is in NIIN se-quence followed by a list of part numbers in alphameric sequence, cross-referenced to the illustra-tion figure number and item number.(2) Second. After finding the figure and item num-ber, locate the figure and item number in the repair parts list.6. AbbreviationsNot applicable.3SECTION II(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) ILLUSTRATION DESCRIPTION QTY (A)(B)NATIONAL INC FIG ITEM SMR STOCK PART IN NO.NO.CODE NUMBER NUMBER FSCM USABLE ON CODE U/M UNITGROUP 00 DISTRIBUTION BOXES J-1077/UAND J-1077A/U11PAFFF5935-00-926-7428U186CG80058CONNECTOR,RECEPTACLE,ELECTRICAL 5HR EA211PAFFF5935-00-682-0381U187G80058CONNECTOR,RECEPTACLE,ELECTRICAL SELECT 2T5EA211PAFFF5935-00-045-9832U187AG80058CONNECTOR,RECEPTACLE,ELECTRICAL SELECT 2T5EA212PAOZZ5340-00-953-9018SMC28805680063STRAB,WEBBING EA113PAOZZ5305-00-682-5636SMB288046-280063SCREW,MACHINE 2T5EA414PAOZZ6110-00-710-4344F1811196344DESIGNATION STRIP 5HR EA414PAOZZ6110-00-711-03771464-24299872DESIGNATION STRIP 2T5EA115PAOZZ5999-00-283-5393315K43301537CAP,ELECTRICAL 5HR EA5216PAOZZ5940-00-283-5386U106U80058POST,BINDING 5HR EA5216PAOZZ5940-00-823-1804SCC136011GP380063POST,BINDING 2T5EA5217PAOZZ5940-00-729-30161464-21131550TERMINAL BOARD 2T5EA118PAOZZ5975-00-886-8155SMC288943-280063FANNING STRIP 2T5EA119PAOZZ5305-00-682-5641SMB288046-180063SCREW,MACHINE 2T5EA12110PAOZZ5330-00-682-4613SMB28804780063PACKING,PREFORMED 2T5EA16111PAOZZ5940-00-681-9921SMC288043-180063FANNING STRIP 2T5EA15Section IV. NATIONAL STOCK NUMBER AND PART NUMBER INDEX (Continued)NATIONAL STOCK NUMBER AND PART NUMBER INDEXNOTE: LATEST NATIONAL STOCK NUMBER AND PART NUMBER ASSIGMENTS AREINCLUDED AT END OF INDEXFIG.ITEM FIG.ITEMSTOCK NUMBER NO.NO.STOCK NUMBER NO.NO.5935-00-045-9832116110-00-710-4344145940-00-681-99211116110-00-711-0377145935-00-682-0381115940-00-729-3016175330-00-682-46131105940-00-823-1804165305-00-682-5636135975-00-886-8155185305-00-682-564119PART FIG.ITEM PART FIG.ITEM NUMBER FSCM NO.NO.NUMBER FSCM NO.NO.SMB288046-18006319U186CG8005811 SMB288046-28006313U187AG8005811 SMB28804780063110U187G8005811 SMC288043-180063111LATEST NATIONAL STOCK NUMBER ASSIGNMENTSFIG.ITEMSTOCK NUMBER NO.NO.5940-00-283-5386165999-00-283-5393155935-00-926-7428115340-00-953-902812LATEST PART NUMBER ASSIGNMENTSPART FIG.ITEMNUMBER FSCM NO.NO.F181119634414SCC136011GP38006316SMC2880568006312SMC288943-28006318U106U80058161464-21131550171464-2429987214315K43301537156By Order of the Secretary of the Army:Official:PAUL T. SMITHMajor General, United States Army The Adjutant GenealBERNARD W. ROGERS General United States Arm;Chief of StaffDistributionActive Army:USASA (2)Fort Carson (5)COE (1)Ft Richardson (ECOM) (2) TSG (1)LBAD (14)USAARENBD (1)SAAD (30)DARCOM (1)TOAD (14)TRADOC (2)SHAD (3)O6 Maj Comd (4)Units org under fol TOE:TECOM (2) USACC (4)(1 cy each unit) 7MDW (1)11-35A r m i e s(2)11-36Corps (2)11-117HISA (Ft Monmouth) (33)11-127Sve Colleges (1)11-137USASIGS (5)11-147USAADS (2)11-205USAFAS (2)11-207USAARMS (2)11-215USAIS (2)11-217USAES (2)11-225USAICS (3)11-226MAAG (1)11-227USARMIS (1)11-228USAERDAA (1)11-247USAERDAW (1)11-327USASETAF (5)11-357Sig FLDMS (1)11-500 (AA-AC) Instl (2) except31-105Fort Gillem (10)37Fort Gordon (10)57Fort Huachuca (10)67NC: State AG (3), Unit-Same as Active Army except allowance is one copy per unit. USAR: NoneFor explanation of abbreviation used see AR 310-50.*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTIN6 OFFICE:1984-421-302/4548R e g i o n4.PIN: 032442-000。

2002年1月研究生英语学位课统考真题PAPER ONEPart I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A ( 1 point each )Directions: In this part, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The questions will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on your Answer Sheet.1. A. In about 10 minutes. B. In about 20minutes.C. In about 30 minutes.D. In about 40 minutes.2. A. They don't like their next-door neighbor.B. They feel lonely here.C. They find the life here tough.D. They don t feel safe in this neighborhood.3. A. The manager was impatient with John.B. John was afraid of talking with the manager.C. John was not interested in the business.D. The room where they had the talk was a mess.4. A. It was interesting. B. It was boring.C. It was moving.D. It was an empty talk.5. A. She often goes outing with her neighbors.B. She thinks that her neighbors are trustworthy.C. She thinks that her neighbors are very friendly.D. She has much in common with her neighbors.6. A. Jane has changed a lot. B. Jane is artistic.C. Jane is conscientious.D. Jane's idea is not good enough.7. A. She didn't like them from the very beginning.B. She doesn't like their color.C. Their color is too close to that of the walls.D. Their color doesn't match that of the walls.8. A. They are amusing and instructive.B. They are popular and interesting.C. They are ridiculous and boring.D. They are uninteresting and outdated.9. A. Because John is as clumsy as a pig.B. Because John has never played a game like this.C. Because John is not as competitive as other players.D. Because John has no confidence in himself. Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this part you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, there will be some questions. Both the passages and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.10. A. Being compulsory in most countries.B. Covering differently according to different situations.C. Helping the needy to survive.D. Sharing risks of possible losses.11. A. To prove that it is wise to spend money on insurance.B. To prove that buying insurance is a wasted investment.C. To tell us that the sense of security is very important in driving.D. To tell us that accidents may take place at any time.12. A. Business, poverty and health insurance.B. Car, liability and life insurance.C. Possessions, disability and health insurance.D. Liability, home and life insurance.13. A. They live on their parents' income.B. They live on food given by others.C. They live on begged food.D. They live on potatoes only.14. A. Their teachers died of AIDS.B. Their parents died of AIDS.C. They had no money to pay for the tuition.D. They were infected with HIV.15. A. About 4.2%. B. About 10%.C. About 20%.D. Less than 30%.Part II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0. 5 point each )Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.16. Terrorist activities, in whatever forms, are to be denounced by peace-loving people worldwide.A. announcedB. forgivenC. condemnedD. despised17. Problems with respiration are often associated with smoking and air pollution as has been proved.A. aspirationB. inspirationC. creativityD. breathing18. The military operations commenced yesterday were targeted at the Taliban's militaryinstallations.A. set aboutB. set outC. set apartD. set aside19. No merchandise is currently in short supply thanks to the market economy.A. businessmanB. commodityC. substanceD. talent20. It is becoming increasingly difficult for an only child to live up to the expectations of their parents.A. encourageB. surviveC. arouseD. fulfill21. This summit talk is thought to be instrumental in bringing about peace in this region.A. helpfulB. uselessC. harmlessD. inappropriate22. Faced with this grim situation, top executives of this company are trying to find quick solutions.A. unexpectedB. undesirableC. comfortingD. grave23. The bill was passed unanimously as a result of the intensive lobbying of some senators.A. without any objectionsB. in the endC. in the darkD. against heavy odds24. Nobel Prize winners have been mostly scientists of international renown in some field.A. institutionsB. standardC. prestigeD. application25. These natural resources will be depleted sooner or later if the present rate of exploitation continues.A. exhaustedB. evaluatedC. deployedD. popularizedSection B (0. 5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding Letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.26. Harry Potter was originally _____ for children or teenagers, yet many adults have come to be crazy about the book.A. extendedB. intendedC. inclinedD. directed27. This experienced author was able to _____ the lifetime's work of Jefferson into one volume.A. suppressB. compressC. expressD. depress28. A Frenchman who has an unusually sensitive nose can _____ hundreds of different smells.A. nominateB. dominateC. eliminateD. discriminate29. The Chinese share the _______ that their life will become better and the country more prosperous.A. convictionB. speculationC. elaborationD. perspiration 30. After weeks of ______, the owners and the union leaders have finally agreed on the question of sick benefits.A. administrationB. arbitrationC. authorizationD. alternation31. It took this disabled boy a long time to _____ the fact that he was not qualified for admission to college.A. come up withB. come down withC. come up toD. come to terms with32. The authorities claim that the rate of crime is declining, but statistics show______.A. clockwiseB. otherwiseC. elsewhereD. likewise33. Air attacks in Afghanistan are focused on airports and training camps to avoid civilian _____.A. involvementB. rebellionC. casualtiesD. anguish34. After all, people across the Taiwan Straits are of the same race, so this island and the mainland are _____.A. inexplicableB. irreplaceableC. indispensableD. inseparable35. President Bush said that the most urgent mission was to bring the wrongdoers to ______.A. justiceB. justificationC. adjustmentD. justifiabilityPart III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes. 15 points, 1 point each)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding Letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.It has been said that in a high-divorce society, not only are more unhappy marriages likely to end in divorce, but in addition, more marriages are likely to become unhappy. Much of life's happiness and much of its 36 come from the same source — one's marriage. Indeed, few things in life have the potential to provide as much 37 or as much anguish. As the accompanying box indicates, many couples are having more than their share of the 38 .But divorce statistics reveal only part of the problem. For each marriage that sinks, countless others remain 39 but are stuck in stagnant waters. ―We used to be a happy family, but the last 12 years have been horrible,‖ 40 a woman married for more than 30 years. ―My husband is not interested in my feelings. He is truly my worst 41 enemy.‖ Similarly, a husband of nearly 25 years said, ―My wife has told me that she doesn't love me anymore. She says that if we can just exist as roommates and each go our 42 ways when it comes to leisure time, the situation can be 43 .‖Of course, some in such terrible straits 44 their marriage. For many, however, divorce is 45 . Why? According to Dr. Karen Kavser, factors such as children, community disgrace, finances, friends, relatives, and religious beliefs might keep a couple together, even in a 46 state.―Unlikely to divorce legally,‖ she says, ―these spouses choose to 47 a partner from whom they are emotionally divorced.‖Must a couple whose relationship has cooled 48 themselves to a life of dissatisfaction? Is a loveless marriage the only 49 to divorce? Experience proves that many troubled marriages canbe saved — not only from the 50 of breakup but also from the misery of lovelessness.36. A. mighty B. misery C. mystery D. myth37. A. delight B. dismay C. dignity D. destiny38. A. late B. later C. latter D. last39. A. ashore B. afloat C. arrogant D. ascended40. A. conferred B. compromised C. confessed D. confided41. A. passional B. feeling C. emotional D. sensational42. A. separate B. parting C. different D. divided43. A. excused B. forgiven C. comprehended D. tolerated44. A. intensify B. terminate C. reinforce D. betray45. A. in the end C. in the wayB. out of the count D. out of the question46. A. loving B. lovely C. loved D. loveless47. A. insist on B. persist in C. remain with D. keep in with48. A. resign B. deposit C. expel D. return49. A. pattern B. destination C. alternative D. route50. A. addiction B. agony C. abuse D. abolitionPart IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneMoviegoers may think history is repeating itself this weekend. The summer's most anticipated film, Pearl Harbor, which has opened recently, painstakingly re-creates the Japanese attack that drew the United States into World War II. But that isn't the film's only reminder of the past. Harbor invites comparison to Titanic, the biggest hit of all time. Like Titanic, Harbor heaps romance and action around a major historical event. Like Titanic, Harbor attempts to create popular global entertainment from a deadly real-life tragedy. Like Titanic, Harbor costs a pretty penny and hopes to get in even more at the box office.Both Titanic and Pearl Harbor unseal their tales of love and tragedy over more than three hours. Both stories center on young passion, triangles of tension with one woman and two men; In Titanic, Leonardo DiCaprio and Billy Zane compete for the love of the same woman, ahigh-society type played by a British actress named Kate (Winslet). In Harbor, two pilots (Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett) fall for the same woman, a nurse played by a British actress named Kate (Beckinsale).The scenes of peril also have similarities. Harbor has a shot in which soldiers cling for dear life as the battleship USS Oklahoma capsizes. The moment is recalled of the Titanic's climactic sinking scene in which DiCaprio and Winslet hang from the ocean liner as half of the ship vertically plunges into the water. In Harbor, one of its stars floats atop a piece of debris in the middle of the night, much like Winslet's character does in Titanic.And the jaw-dropping action of Titanic is matched by Harbor's, 40-minute re-creation of the Dec. 7, 1941 attack on the United States' Pacific Fleet. Both films spent heavily on special effects. Harbor director, Michael Bay, for example, says he kept salaries down so more could be spent on the visuals. Both movies even shot their ship-sinking scenes at the same location; Fox Studios Baja in Mexico.Harbor's makers have even taken a Titantic-like approach to the soundtrack. The film includes one song. There You'll be, performed by country music superstar Faith Hill. Titanic, which is one of the best selling soundtracks of all time, also has only one pop song: Celine Dion's MY Heart Will Go On.―If Harbor becomes a major moneymaker, filmmakers may comb history books searching for even more historical romance-action materi al.‖ says a critic.51. What are the two things that the author of this article tries to compare?A. The attack on Pearl Harbor and the sinking of the Titanic.B. Historical fiction movies and successful box office hits.C. The movie Titanic and the on-show movie Pearl Harbor.D. Sinking boats and famous actors.52. Pearl Harbor and Titanic are similar in all of the following aspects EXCEPT_____.A. both spent large amount of money on special effectsB. both have soundtracks starring a major pop starC. both added made-up stories to historical eventsD. both are documentary movies of historical events53. Who plays the leading female role in Pearl Harbor?A. Kate Beckinsale.B. Ben Affleck.C. Kate Winslet.D. Faith Hill.54. What does the phrase ―cost a pretty penny‖ in the first paragraph mean?A. To be very attractive.B. To cost a lot.C. To have big box office returns.D. To require a lot of effort to accomplish.55. If Pearl Harbor is as successful as Titanic, which of the following movies might we see next?A. The Battle of Waterloo.B. The Advents of Mr. Bean.C. Space Invaders.D. The Haunted House.56. It is said in the passage that ____.A. major historical events can never repeat themselvesB. both Titanic and Pearl Harbor are the historical reappearanceC. Pearl Harbor may have a better box office return than TitanicD. Titanic is the most successful film in historyPassage TwoA few weeks ago my mother called to say there was a warrant out for my arrest. I was mystified. I‘d like to think myself dangerous but I‘m a mild-mannered journalist. I don't have a criminal record, though the address on my driver‘s license is my mother‘s - thus the ―raid.‖ I hadn‘t robbed any convenience stores lately, nor fled the scene after backing a Jeep into a crowd of people.But this is Mayor Giuliani s New York, where it doesn‘t take much to draw the attention of cops. New Yorkers know all about Hizzonor‘s banning homeless cleaning men from approaching drivers and offering to clean their windshields. H‘s also cracked down on street vendors. Yuppie that 1 am. I‘ve never given much thought to what it felt like to be on the other side of the law.So when the cops came knocking, I thought there must be some mistake. Imagine my embarrassment upon discovering my crime. One Saturday night in March, I strolled out of apartment after dinner, a Coors Light beer in hand. Suddenly a police officer came up and wrote me a tic ket. The charge: violating New York City‘s open-container laws. Yeah. I probably shouldhave paid it then and there. But instead I stuck the pink slip in my back pocket and forgot about it.When I called to inquire about my case. I was told to ―speak with Officer Kosenza.‖ But I didn‘t get a chance. Kosenza called me that night while I was having dinner with my girlfriend. He wanted me to come to court, right then. But I was cautious. It seems New York‘s police are in a bind. With crime falling to recor d lows, it's getting harder and harder for cops to ―make the numbers‖ that show they‘re doing a better and better job. What to do? The answer is to rifle through out-of-date tickets that haven‘t been paid –anything they could turn into a ―crime.‖ I finally decided to turn myself in. which is how 1 found myself, one August evening, handcuffed at the downtown Manhattan police station with an older officer telling us tales of his days in the 1980s. ―Times sure have changed.‖ he said, shaking his head at us st atistically useful nuisances. Eventually I was led into a courtroom. Very quickly, it was done. Handcuffs off, out the door. I wanted to complain but went quietly home, promising not to do whatever I was guilty of for another six months. I got off easy. But I also learned a lesson: Giuliani s clean streets come with a price. If only the mayor would neglect to pay a ticket.57. According to the passage, the author is probably _____.A. an urban young professionalB. a narrow-minded journalistC. a criminal wanted by the policeD. a traffic offender58. The author was arrested primarily because _____.A. he once stuck a piece of pink paper in his back pocketB. he used his mother's address on the driver's licenseC. he had robbed convenience shops beforeD. he drank some beer one night on the street59. The word "nuisances" in the fourth paragraph may mean _____.A. mild-mannered prisonersB. trouble makersC. new arrivalsD. hardened criminals60. Through the passage, the author wants to convey the idea that _____.A. New York policemen are doing a good job cracking down on crimesB. not everyone agrees with the mayor's management of the cityC. the crime rate has been reduced at the expense of citizens' convenienceD. everyone including the mayor should be punished if he is guilty of crime61. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The author pleaded guilty and was set free.B. Policemen were trying hard to please their superiors.C. Many so-called crimes were only trifle things.D. It's no use complaining to cops when you are caught.62. The tone of the passage is ______.A. satiricalB. objectiveC. praisefulD. complainingPassage ThreeEwen Cameron is long dead but his ghost appears to haunt Canada, where extraordinarily strict rules are being considered to protect the subjects of psychological research.Cameron was a scientist straight from a horror movie. On the surface, he was a respectable academic. But after the end of the Second World War, he visited the Nuremberg trials, superficially to examine Rudolf Hess's psychological state. Many people believe that he also studied Nazi methods of mind control. Certainly, he never internalized the Nuremberg declaration that prohibits human experiments where risk outweighs ―humanitarian importance.‖Throughout the 1950s, Cameron ran a CIA-funded laboratory at McGill University where patients were used as guinea pigs in brainwashing experiments. Some patients were given ECT ―therapy‖ twice daily, others were drugged and kept unconscious for weeks or months, injected with huge amounts of drugs, and subjected to long-term sensory deprivation.Compensation has been paid to most surviving patients. But suspicion of the psychological sciences has not entirely gone away. Nor has the need for patients‘ rights to be guaranteed. Cameron, after all, ensured that every patient signed a consent form, even though many were not in position to understand what it meant.The strict new rules for psychological research now under discussion can partly be understood in the light of special Canadian sensitivities. They are designed to ensure that no one can be involved in an experiment that might damage their own interests.All well and good, except that psychological sciences aren‘t going to advance if anyone can leave an experiment if they don‘t like the results. Obviously, many psychological experiments would not be possible if the experimenters had to reveal exactly what they were testing.There is much to debate about the rights of patients and experimental subjects. The committee drawing up the code has apparently received 2,000 pages of comment on its draft.No one should do anything until this committee has had all the time it needs to read, digest and study these submissions. And then reach a truly balanced position.63. According to the author, we may conclude that _____.A. Cameron was a dedicated and responsible scientistB. Cameron w as interested in unveiling the myths about Rudolf Hess‘s psychological stateC. Cameron tried to ensure that his subjects clearly understood the purpose of the experimentsD. Cameron unmistakably violated the subjects‘ rights64. Which of the following statements is NOT true based on the second paragraph?A. Cameron‘s appearance might misrepresent his true personality.B. Probing into the psychological state of the Nazi was outside Cameron‘s profession.C. Cameron did not observe the stipulation relating to human experiments.D. People believed that he had undisclosed motives for attending the Nuremberg trials.65. We can infer from this passage that _____.A. making compensation for the subjects‘ loss was illegalB. some subjects in Cameron‘s experiments diedC. people have been quite indifferent to the subjects‘ rightsD. as a rule, people are fully supportive of psychological sciences66. The committee responsible for working out the rules governing psychological research _____.A. has to give top priority to psychological advancesB. is bombarded with criticisms from the publicC. is expected to take into account all the reactions to the draftingD. should rely on those willing to sacrifice their own interests67. One of the problems with the new rules for psychological research is that _____.A. the rules can do little to protect the patients‘ rightsB. people may withdraw from the experiments in fear of damage to their own interestsC. it would be impossible to sort out anything valuable from the comments on the rulesD. people‘s response to psychological sciences is overwhelmingly negativePassage FourSome accept their fate. Others try to reason with the police officer who has pulled them over for some real or imagined traffic offense. But when law enforcement is represented by a computer-driven camera that has immortalized your violation on film — as is the case at hundreds of intersections in more than 60 cities around the U. S. — it's hard to talk your way out of a heavy fine. Yet that is precisely what some 300 motorists in San Diego succeeded in doing last week when a superior court judge rules that pictures taken by the so-called red-light cameras were unreliable and therefore unacceptable.The first U. S. Court decision to reject all the traffic violations caught on camera, the ruling by judge Ronald Styn has fueled debate over the growing use of the devices. Police departments swear, and studies indicate, that the robocams (robot cameras) deter people from speeding and running red lights. A Lou Harris poll set for release this week finds that 69% of Americans support their use. Yet at least seven states have blocked proposals to implement them, and opponents — ranging from House majority leader Dick Armey to the American Civil Liberties Union — argue that the cameras violate privacy and place profit above public safety.Part of the problem is that virtually all the devices in place are operated by private firms that handle everything from installing the machinery to identifying violations — often with minimal police oversight — and have an incentive to pull in as many drivers as they can. The companies get paid as much as $ 70 a ticket, and the total revenue is hardly chump change. San Diego has got in $15. 9 million since October 1998, and Washington $12. 8 million since August 1999. ―It's all about money,‖ says Congressman Bob Barr, a leading critic. Not so, insists Terrance Gainer, Washington's executive assistant chief of police. ―We have reduced fatalities. If some company is making money off that, that is American way.‖Critics counter that there must be other, less intrusive ways to make intersections safer, such as lengthening the yellow light and adding turn lanes. ―I obj ect to this fixation we have with cameras and electronically gathered information,‖ says Barr. “It places too much confidence in technology.‖ That confidence, as Washington residents have learned, can be misplaced. The city removed one camera last May that had generated more than 19,000 tickets at a particularly confusing intersection. In San Diego, faulty sensors made drivers appear to be going faster than they really were. The city suspended the system in July.Another concern is privacy. While systems in Washington, Maryland and North Carolina photograph nothing but the rear of the car, others in Arizona, California and Colorado take a picture of the driver s seat as well — a bit of electronic monitoring that could land straying spouses in trouble a lot more serious than a traffic violation.In Europe, where speedcams are deployed by the thousands and are even less popular than they are here, resentful drivers have started to take matters into their own hands, seeking out hidden cameras and knocking them over with their cars.68. It is mainly indicated in the first paragraph that _____.A. people respond differently when caught in traffic offenseB. motorists can be wrongly accused by police officersC. speeders cannot defend themselves before red-light camerasD. computer-driven cameras sometimes do tell lies69. The court decision last week _____.A. triggered a dispute over the use of robocamsB. immuned few camera-caught violators from punishmentC. found fewer red-light camera supporters in AmericaD. deterred some states from implementing camera devices70. Opponents‘ arguments against cameras include all the following EXCEPT _____.A. they intrude into people‘s privacyB. they give priority to the pursuit of profitC. they are operated by private firmsD. they are under the supervision of police71. Police department believes that _____.A. robocams should not be operated by private firmsB. robocams arc effective in maintaining traffic orderC. speeding is the major cause of traffic fatalitiesD. companies operating cameras should riot pursue money only72. The phrase ―chump change‖ in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to _____.A. trivialB. moderateC. enormousD. indefinite73. According to the passage. Bob Barr _____.A. is the majority leader in the House of RepresentativesB. is strongly against the American way of making moneyC. lacks confidence in modern technologyD. doubts the authenticity of electronically gathered information74. The writer s attitude towards speedcams can be best expressed as _____.A. positiveB. negativeC. indifferentD. uncertain75. Drivers in European countries _____.A. get angry at the red-light camerasB. destroy thousands of the speedcamsC. take the initiative in the use of speedcamsD. take drastic measures with speedcamsPassage FiveNow and then, researchers retreat from the trackless jungle at the edge of knowledge and set up camp in more familiar te rritory. Such expeditions don‘t often yield surprises, but it‘s always reassuring to know that the back yard looks much as we thought it did.Among those scientists were psychologists from the State University of New York at Stony Brook. To prove their theory — that people are more likely to yell at a family member or a peer than a superior — they asked 100 college students to wear blood-pressure cuffs and to keep notes about when they got angry and what they did about it.The momentous conclusion: people tend to bottle up anger felt toward an authority figure, and are more likely to vent it instead at family members or friends.While these findings are far from earth-shattering, one researcher pointed out that nobody had ever looked at anger this way before.Big words can make a self-evident result seem weightier. Psychologists at the National Institute for Healthcare Research in Maryland used this technique when they announced that when one person hurts another, forgiveness ―is associated with resto red relational closeness following an interpersonal transgression.‖ Couples who have adopted the kiss-and-make-up strategy will no doubt be pleased to learn that there is now a sound scientific basis for their actions.Psychologists, however, aren‘t th e only ones taking pains to prove the obvious.Some boldly going where few have gone don‘t always lead to radical conclusions. Over the years, researchers have set up weather-monitoring stations in remote areas of Antarctica. According to。

红警中的各种语言配音中文翻译生产：没钱了 Insufficient funds可以造新东西了 New construction options开始建造建筑物 building开始生产作战单位 Training暂停生产 On hold取消生产 Canceled生产进行中目前不接受新的生产指令 Can not comply building in progress建筑已造好 Construction complete单位已造好 Unit ready建筑被卖掉 Structure sold建筑修理 Repairing电力不足生产减缓 Low power选定主要建筑物（战车工厂/兵营等）Primary building selected作战：单位已修好 Unit repaired单位升级了 Unit promoted作战单位被灭 Unit lost（战车工厂/兵营/维修厂）建立新的集结点 New ___ point established 我们的建筑物正遭受攻击 Our base is under attack援军（空降部队）准备好了 Reinforcements ready进入该建筑盗得金钱 Building ininfiltrated cash stolen进入该建筑盗得科技 Building ininfiltrated New technology acquired进入该建筑敌方电力切断 Building ininfiltrated enemy base power down进入该建筑敌方雷达探明 Building ininfiltrated radar subtouched 占领（敌方）建筑 Building captured占领科技（油井空降场等）建筑 Tech building captured（油井空降场等）建筑被敌占领 Tech building lost被敌方盗得金钱 Cash stolen桥梁已修好 Bridge repaired大兵驻扎建筑物 Structure garrisoned脱离驻扎建筑物 Structure abandoned（超级武器）选择目标 Select target玩家被击败 Player defeated你胜利了 You are victorious谭雅：shake it，baby！（炸建筑时喊！）move now，boss！（是的，老大！）you`ve gonna order？（你有命令么？）美国大兵：can~ do！（拖长喊：能搞定！）All the move！（保持行动！）Closing in！（接近中！）Sir，yes sir！（是的，先生！）Enemy spotted！（遭遇敌人！）驱逐舰：Man in battlestation！（准备作战！）order`selvier no headache！（抱怨：“发命令的人自己倒不觉得什么！”）间谍：operation on the way！（正在行动中！）You Give me a plan！（给个计划！）yes commandor！（是的指挥官先生！）超时空转换：Telegraphing troops arriving in 5，4，3，2，1，Reinforcements have arrived！（传送部队到达倒记时：5，4，3，2，1，援军到达！——任务版）闪电风暴：lighting storm created！（闪电风暴已经生成！）苏联矿车：war miner is here！（战斗矿车在此！汗！）天启坦克：it is the judgement day！（今天就是审判日！）Soviet power superian！（苏联力量强大无比！）雷达：Spy plane ready！（侦察机完毕！）尤里：tell me your wish~（告诉我你在想什么~ ）your mind disclevered！（清除你的个体意识！）苏联动员兵：Attack it！（攻击吧！）Yes comrade！（是，同志！）Da!(是!), Comrade?(同志,请下令!)Moving out!(出发!),Waiting orders!(等待指示!)Conscript reporting!(动员兵报告!)All that received!(收到!)For the Union!(为了苏维埃!),Attacking!(全力攻击!)You are shot!(你完蛋了!)For the mothers at Russia!(为了远在俄罗斯的母亲!)For the whole country!(为了国家!).基洛夫空艇：Giroff Report！（基洛夫刚刚造好.基洛夫报道！）*美国大兵Sir yes sir!长官，是长官！Ready!准备好了！Squared away sir!正远方，长官！[猜的] Orders?命令是？How about some action?来一些行动，怎么样？Can do!能干！Who's next?下一个是谁（目标）？Move'n out!移动并出去[猜的]Got it!拿下它！On my way!正在路上！Double time!快跑时间！On the move!在移动中！Attacking!正在攻击！You got it!你干掉它！Enemy sighted!敌人已看见！Let's do it!让我们行动！Diggin' in!渗人里面！[猜的]Safety first, sir!安全第一,长官！We're pinned down!我们被压制了！We're being attacked!我们正在被攻击！*动员兵Waiting orders.等待命令中。

Tanks Manuals COMBAT FULL TRACKED M-60; M-60A1; M-60A2; M-60A3TB 9-2300-281-35 Standards for oversea shipment or domestic issue of specialpurpose vehicles combat tactical construction and selected industrial and troopsupport us army tank-automotive materiel readiness command managed itemsTM 9-1265-369-10-1 Operators manual M-65 (M ultiple I ntegrated L aser E ngagement S ystem)simulator system firing laserNSN1265-01-077-6080 for M-60A1/M-60A3 tankTB 9-2300-295-15-10M-60A1 tanks combat full tracked 105mm Gun W/E 2350-756-8497M-728 vehicle combat engineer full tracked W/E 2350-795-1797launcher M-60A1 Chassis transporting for bridge AVLS type class 60 5420-889-2020TB 9-2300-295-15-11M-60A1 Tank combat full-tracked 105mm gun W/E FSN2350-756-8497M-60A2152mm gun launcher W/E NSN2350-930-3590M-728 vehicle combat engineer full-tracked W/E NSN2350-795-1797M-60A1 Launcher chassis transporting for bridge avls type CLASS 60 NSN5420-889-2020M-37 Tank gunnery trainer NSN 6920-999-7792TB 9-2300-419-10 Filter facts for tank combat full-tracked M-60; M-60A1; M-48A3And combat engineer vehicle full tracked M-728LO 9-2350-215-12M-60A1 Tanks combat full tracked 105mm gun NSN 2350-00-756-8497 and 2350-01-058-9487TM 9-2300-378-20P/1 Organizational maintenance repair parts and special tools listM-60A2/M-60A1E2 tank combat full tracked 152mm gun/launcher NSN 2350-00-930-3590 M-60A1105mm gun W/E NSN 2350-00-756-8497 W/E M-48A3 90mm gun NSN 2350-00-895-9154M-60 105mm gun NSN 2350-00-678-5773 W/E M-728 vehicle combat engineer full tracked W/ETM 9-2300-378-35/1 hull suspension and final drive only and DS GS and depot maintainceM-60A2 Tank full tracked 152mm gun/launcher W/E NSN 2350-00-930-3590M-60A1105mm GUN W/E NSN 2350-00-756-8497M-60105mm GUN W/E NSN 2350-00-678-5773M-728 combat engineer full tracked W/E 2350-00-795-1797 hull suspension finaldrive slip ring assembly turret and misc componentsTM 9-2300-378-35P/1-1 DS/GS and depot maintenance repair parts special tools listM-60A2/M-60A1E2 hull tank combat full tracked 152mm gun/launcher W/E NSN2350-00-930-3590M-60A1 tank combat full tracked 105mm GUN W/E NSN 2350-00-756-8497M-60 tank combat full tracked 105mm GUN W/E NSN 2350-00-678-5773M-728 vehicle c engineer full tracked W/E NSN 2350-00-795-1797M-48A3 tank combat tracked 90mm gun W/E NSN 2350-00-895-9154TM 9-2300-378-35P/1-2 DS/GS and depot maintenance repair p special tools list forhull tank combat full tracked 152-MM gun launcher M60A2 M60A1E2 W/E NSN2350-00-930-3590 105-M M60A1 W/E 2350-00-756-8497 M60 W/E 2350-00-678-5773 AND 90 M48A3 W/E 2350-00-895-9154 and vehicle combat engineer full M728W/E 2350-00-795-1797TM 9-2350-253-34P-1 Direct support and general support maintenance repair partsand tools list including depot maintenance repair parts and special M60A3 tank combat full tracked 105-MM gun 2350-00-148-6548M60A3 TTS tank combat full tracked 105-MM gun 2350-01-061-2306TM 9-2350-253-20P-1 Unit maintenance repair parts and special tools list M60A3 tank combat full tracked 105mm gun NSN 2350-00-148-6548M60A3 TTS tank combat full tracked 105mm gun NSN 2350-01-061-2306TB 9-2350-357-10 Cartridge 105MM APFSDS-T M833Tank combat full tracked 105MM gun M48 series; M60 Series; and M1 SeriesTM 9-2350-253-PCL Combat vehicle pre-combat checklistM60A3 (T ank T hermal S ight) tank combat full track 105mm gun NSN2350-01-061-2306TM 9-2350-260-20-1-2 Organizational maintenance M60 tank combat full-tracked 105mm gun NSN 2350-00-678-5773TM 9-2350-260-20-1-3 2 Organizational maintenance M60 tank combat full-tracked 105mm gun NSN 2350-00-678-5773TB 9-2350-257-20-1 Troubleshooting the 650 amp charging system the M60A1 risewayTB 9-2300-378-14 Air induction system maintenance for M48 AND M60 seriesvehiclesTB 9-2300-420-20-1 M48 M60 series tanks parking brake system maintenanceMWO 9-2300-378-34-2 Tank combat full-tracked 105-MM gun M60A3 M60A1 rise M6m48a5 vehicle combat engineer full-tracked M728 armored vehicle bridge launcherM60A1 AVLB AND M48A5 avlb to accept smoke gene systemTM 5-4310-340-24 Technical manual organizational direct support and general support maintenance manual including repair parts and special tools list for organizational direct support general support and depot maintenance compressor assembly reciprocating air 6 CFM 3000 PSI walter kidde part number 894780 M60A2 tank component of FSN4310-228-0766TM 5-5420-202-10 Launcher and M60A1 Tank chassis transporting for bridge armored-vehicle-launched scissoring type CLASS 60TM 5-5420-203-24P Bridge avl scissoring type class 60 NSN 5420-00-522-9599 AND class 70 5420-01-390-3933 aluminum 60 foot span for use with M48 AND M60TM 5-5420-228-24 2 Launcher hydraulics system M60A1 tank chassis transporting for bridge armored-vehicle-launched scissoring type class 60 NSN 5420-00-889-2020 TM 5-5420-202-20-1 Organizational maintenance m60a1 tank chassis transportingfo bridge armored-vehicle-launched scissoring type class 60 NSN 5420-00-889-2020 TM 5-5420-202-20-2 Organizational maintenance M60A1 Tank chassis transporting fo bridge armored-vehicle-launched scissoring type class 60 NSN5420-00-889-2020 TM 5-5420-202-20-4 Organizational maintenance m60a1 tank chassis transporting for bridge armored-vehicle-launched scissoring type class 60 NSN 5420-00-889-2020 TB 11-5820-890-20-39 Installation kit electronic equipment MK-2353/VRC NSN 5895-01-274-5066 EIC N/A to permit installation of radio set AN/VRC-87/88/90 series in a bridge armored-vehicle-launched M48/M60TB 11-5820-890-20-49 Installation kit electronic equipment MK-2368/VRC NSN 5895-01-218-5167 EIC N/A to permit installation of radio set AN/VRC-89/91/92 series into tank combat full tracked 105MM gun M60A1/A3TB 11-2300-457-30 Installation of electrical transient suppressor MX-7778/GRC OR MX-7778A/GRC IN VEHICLES M41 M42A1 M48A2 M48A3 M56 M60 M6 M106 M125 M113 M113A1 M132 M132A1 M114A1 M116 M163 M55 M578 M728 M48A2 hullM60A1TM 11-2300-361-15-4 Installation of radio set AN/VRC–12 AN/VRC-46 AN/VRC-47 AN/VRC-53 ORAN/GRC–1 25 and inter communication set AN/VIC–11l V IN tank combat full tracked 105mm GUN M60TM 750-262-6-1 Procedures for demilitarization of tank-automotive equipment us army tank-automotive commandTM 55-2350-215-10-15 Transportability guidance for tank combat full-trackedM60-S M60 NSN 2350-00-678-5773105-MM gun M60A12350-00-756-8497152-MM gun 2350-00-930-3590 M60A32350-00-148-6548 105-MTM 55-5420-202-20-1 Transportability guidance launcher m60 series tank chassis transporting and bridge 63 ft scissoring type class 60。

战术战伤救治（tactical combat casualty care，TCCC）是近年来各国军事医学研究的热点，是指伤员到达救治机构前的战术环境中的一系列救治措施[1]。

与平时急救工作有着本质不同，TCCC指南强调以证据为基础，集最佳救治策略、战场经验教训、前沿研究项目和医学文献回顾为一体，是为战场使用而定制的基于实战实践及循证医学的院前战创伤急救指南[2]。

历经十余年战争实践，TCCC理论与指南得以不断更新和发展，并成为美军及部分北约国家军队一线战伤急救的新标准。

笔者对近20年TCCC指南的更新进展作一梳理，以供借鉴参考。

1 TCCC概述TCCC理念的形成最早源自美军对越战中战场救治教训的回顾反思。

20世纪70年代，美军海军上校Maughon[3]研究发现，越战中有高达7.4%的战地死亡来自四肢出血，相当于有3 400多名士兵由于肢体失血死亡，这一数据显示出战场救治存在的问题不足，战时伤员急救与平时院前急救工作有着本质不同，自此美军认为有必要建立一套战术环境下战伤救治的基本原则和技术方法。

1993年美海军特种作战部队启动TCCC 项目，1996年美海军上校军医巴特勒在《军事医学》杂志上发表具有理论鼻祖意义的文章《特种作战的战术战伤救治》[1]。

1999年TCCC指南列入美国《院前创伤生命支持手册》第四版。

2001年美军成立战术战伤救治委员会（Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care，CoTCCC），负责编写TCCC指南并定期更新。

2008年，美军战术战伤救治指南更新进展郭 栋1，黎檀实2，潘 菲2，鱼 敏1【摘要】历经十余年战争实践，美军战术战伤救治委员会（Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care，CoTCCC）围绕战术战伤救治（tactical combat casualty care，TCCC）的关键环节不断提出新的救治技术与标准，使美军战斗伤员伤死率降至历史最低水平，TCCC成为美军及部分北约国家军队一线战伤急救的新标准。

FM90-10-1野战条令NO.90-10-1 1993年5月12日发布步兵城市战斗技巧必读参考资料野战条令发布日期7－7 机械化步兵排和班1985年3月15日7－7J机械化步兵排和班（布莱德利）1986年2月18日7－8 步兵排和班（步兵，空降、空中突击、别动队步兵）1992年4月22日7－10 步兵步枪连1990年12月14日7－20 步兵营（步兵，空降、空中突击步兵）1992年4月6日7-－30 步兵、空降和空中突击旅作战行动1981年4月24日34－130 战场情报准备1989年5月23日71－1 坦克和机械化步兵连1988年11月22日71－2 坦克和机械化步兵营1988年9月27日71－3 装甲和机械化步兵旅1988年5月11日100－5 作战行动1986年5月5日101－5 参谋机构的组织和行动1984年5月25日101－5－1 行动的术语和符号1985年10月21日推荐书目略序言世界各地城市地带的不断增长已经改变了战场的面貌，城市地带的军事行动（MOUT）成为了欧亚大陆战场的组成部份。

它包括了所有具有人工特征的地形，如城市，城镇，村庄，在人工建筑区域的战斗的特点就是在城市，城镇，村庄内部为之而战。

美军的交战对象中混杂了大量平民的可能性很大，在这种情况下各单位在使用本条令中介绍的技巧时必须遵守指挥部规定的交战规则和陆战法律。

指挥官和参谋人员在组织下属单位训练时必须将第3章至第5章的内容加以浓缩。

这份条令为步兵在人工建筑区域与有组织的敌人(无论是否与平民混杂)作斗争提供了指导方针和技巧。

一些技巧也可以用于镇压城市暴乱、反游击战和反恐怖作战。

这些内容在条令FM7-98和FM90-8会有更详细的阐述。

条令中的技巧也不适于在需要补偿和修复的地区作战，所需技巧在FM19-15中有阐述。

此条令的出版者为美国陆军步兵学校，反馈意见请寄佐治亚州本宁堡……E-MAIL：DURANTEE@。

术语表ADA 防空炮兵AGS 装甲火炮系统ANGLICO 空中和海上炮火支援联络队AP 穿透装甲的；杀伤人员的APC 装甲人员输送车APDS-T 曳光脱壳穿甲弹APFSDS 尾翼稳定脱壳穿甲弹AT 反坦克ATGMs 反坦克制导导弹ATTN 注意AXP 医疗交换点BDAR 战损评估和修理BDU 电池显示单元；作战服BFV 布雷德利步战车BMNT 开始天明BMPs 苏俄步战车BTRs 苏俄装甲车CA 民事CAS 近距离空中支援CEV 战斗工程车CFV 战斗车CI 配置项目；指挥信息，反情报CN 一种催泪毒剂COLT 战斗观察和激光目标指示队CP 指挥岗位CS 战斗支援；化学烟幕；一种催泪毒剂CSS 战斗勤务支援DA 陆军部DEA 毒品管理局DPRE 被转移人员、难民和被疏散人员DS 直接支援ECM 电子对抗EOD 爆炸物处理EPW 敌方战俘FA 野战炮兵FAC 前方航空管制员FAE 燃料空气炸弹FASCAM 可抛撒地雷FAST 前方地域支援队交通管理所用的自动货运系统FBI 联邦调查局FCL 最终调整线FEBA 战斗区域的前方边缘FIST 火力支援队FLIR 前视红外FLSC 塑性直列装药FM 野战条令；调频FO 前方观察员FPF 最终保护火力FPL 最终保护线FRAGO 断续的命令FSB 最终的分段运输基数FSE 火力支援单元FSO 火力支援指挥官G3 负责行动与计划的参谋长助理G5 负责民事的参谋长助理GS 全般支援GPS 全球定位系统GSR 地面监视雷达GRREG 墓穴登记HC 氯化氢HE 高爆炸性HEAT 高爆炸性反坦克弹药(空心装药破甲弹) HEAT-MY 多用途高爆炸性反坦克弹药HEI-T 高爆燃烧曳光弹HMMWV 高机动性多用途轮式车辆(悍马)IAW 与……保持一致ICM 改进后的导弹ID 识别IPB 战场情报准备ITOW 改进型“陶”式导弹ITV 改进型“陶”式导弹发射车J5 计划和政策参谋LAW 轻型反坦克武器LCMS 激光对抗系统LD 出发线LIC 低强度冲突LOGPAC 后勤包裹LOS 视线LTC 中校MBA 主战区域MCOO 改进型组合障碍物MDP 流星通信平台；主要防御位置MEDEV AC 医疗后送METT-T 可得到的任务、敌人、地形、部队和时间信息MOPP 任务导向的保护性态势MOUT 城市居民地军事行动MP 军事警察MRB 摩步营MRR 摩步团MSR 主要供给路线NATO 北大西洋公约组织NBC 核、化、生NCA 国家指挥权NCO 非委任军官（士官）NEO 非战斗员撤离行动NOENVD 夜视器材NVG 夜视眼镜OOTW 非战争军事行动OP 观察点OPCOM 行动控制OPLAN 行动计划OPORD 行动命令OPSEC 行动安全PA 公共事务PAC 人员和行政中心；塑性弹药容器PDDA 动力驱动的净化器PE 可能的错误PEWS 排早期预警系统POL 石油、燃料油和润滑油PSYOP 心理战PW 战俘RCLR 无座力炮REMs 遥控传感器ROE 交战规则RP 参考点；红磷RPG 苏制反坦克火箭筒S1 副官（美国陆军）S2 情报参谋S3 作战和训练参谋（美国陆军）S4 后勤参谋（美国陆军）S5 民事参谋（美国陆军）SALT 支援武器联络组SAW 班用支援武器SEAD 压制敌防空火力SEAL 海空陆小队（海豹突击队）SF 特种部队SIDPERS 人员就职分配标准系统SMAW 肩射多用途突击武器SOF 特种作战部队SOP 标准作战程序STB 超局部漂白SWAT 特种武器与战术队（民间警察）TAACOM 军区域控制TF 任务部队TI 技术检查；技术情报TM 技术手册；组（制图）TNT 三硝基甲苯TOC 战术行动中心TOW 管射、光学跟踪、有线制导导弹TP-T 曳光弹打靶练习TRADOC 训练与条令司令部TTP 战术、技巧和程序UA V 无人驾驶飞机UCMJ 军事审判制服代码US 美国USAF 美国空军USMC 美国海军陆战队USN 美国海军VT 可获得的时间WP 白磷第8章武器的使用和效果本帐是要给技术手册和野战手册中增加关于武器的性能和对普通目标的效果的内容。

【翻译慢更】北大西洋公约组织战斗序列1989v3.0北大西洋公约组织战斗序列1989 v3.0安迪·约翰逊（Andy Johnson）先生最后更新于：2000年5月27日帕特·卡拉汉（Pat Callahan）最后更新于：2006年7月10日安迪·约翰逊的参考源：参考源：1. Almanac of Airpower 19892. Jane's Defense Weekly's published in the late 1980's3. Military Technology’s World Defense Almanac 1988，1989 and 19904. NATO Armies Today，Osprey Publishing 19875. NATO in Europe 19896. The British Army in the 1980’s，Osprey Publishing 19877. US Army Active Troop List，June 1988 and June 19898. US Army Field Manual 1-111 Aviation Brigades August 19909. US Army Green Book 1988，1989，and Army，British Army，Canadian Army，and assorted unit internet home pages备注1：本文仅列出战斗和战斗支援单位。

像维护、医疗和运输一类的战斗勤务支援单位都不涉及。

备注2：在这份战斗序列表中有时会以【加粗】的形式给出一些称呼。

这是指在某些情况下我得“脑补”一些内容，这些信息会用这种方式表示。

（译者：作者同志的苏军战斗序列看来是全文加粗了，怪不得我看不出来。

）更正版的参考源：1. Armies of NATO’s Central Front，David Isby and Charles Kamps，19852. Jane’s Armour & Artillery，1986-87 and 1992-933. ORBATs available at 4. “Combined Arms,”GDW，Frank Chadwick，19875. World Armies Today，John Keegan，2nd Edition，1983 （good for general organizational information）6. IISS Military Balance 1989-90 and 1990-19917. USNI’s Combat Fleets of the World 1988/89 and 1990/918. Various Micro Mark army lists for some specialist units （for example，Gurkhas，Spanish Marines and Paras,Greek special forces，etc）9. Jane’s NATO Handbook 1990-91 （OOB comes straight from IISS，but best source out there for holdings ofolder equipment）10. John Baugher’s US Aircraft Encyclopedia was extremely useful for nations holding US aircraft.除此之外，更正时还引用了不少网站，这会在各章中给予注释。

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第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．Without your help, I ________ the first prize in the English Speaking Contest.A．won’t get B．didn’t getC．wouldn’t get D．wouldn’t have got2．________ some tee nagers don’t realize is ________ difficult life can be after they get addicted to drugs.A．That; how B．Which; what aC．What; what D．What; how3．—Did you pass your driving test?—Yes, otherwise I ________ to the picnic next month.A．couldn't drive B．couldn't have drivenC．won't drive D．wouldn't have driven4．______ flag-raising ceremony was held at the Golden Bauhinia Square on July 1 to celebrate ______ 17th anniversary of Hong Kong’s return to China.A．A; / B．A; theC．The; the D．/; the5．(2013·天津，9)No one________ be more generous；he has a heart of gold.A．could B．must C．dare D．need6．You are supposed to leave your child ________ his homework alone.A．do B．to doC．being done D．done7．Ensuring every child equal rights to education is _____the key to the elimination of inequality across the world lies. A．that B．what C．whether D．where8．The doctor’s dilemma was _____ he should tell the patient the truth.A．whether B．whichC．that D．what9．In the "moon garden" onboard the Chang'e 4, the shoots of cotton marked the first live matter ever _____ on the moon.A．having grown B．to be grownC．being grown D．grown10．If you go to buy the top best-selling CD, please get ______ for me.A．one B．itC．this D．that11．— Where is Gary?— He is at the library studying for his German test on Wednesday. In fact, he ________ for the test every day over the past week.A．has reviewed B．was reviewingC．has been reviewing D．had been reviewing12．—I have been decorating the apartment recently, so can you lend me some money?—Sorry, all my money has gone to the stock market. _________.A．I’d rather not.B．I am in the black.C．I wouldn’t bet on it.D．I am a little shy.13．Our company is seeking for a manager, especially ________ with creativity and imagination.A．the one B．eachC．one D．that14．________ who are able to work through the struggle are the ________ who are going to be successful. A．Someone; one B．Anyone; oneC．He; ones D．Those; ones15．_______, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.A．As long as I have traveled B．Much as I have traveledC．Now that I have traveled so much D．As I have traveled so much16．—I'd rather have some wine, if you don't mind.— ________. Don't forget you will drive.A．Anything but that B．By all meansC．Take it easy D．I won't say no to this17．After looking at many new cars, I found ________ which I would accept just as suitable.A．it B．this C．that D．one18．—Alice has just lost her husband to heart failure.—Her ______ smile can’t hide her sorrow.A．arbitrary B．artificialC．compulsory D．conventional19．______ such a problem before, we handled the situation very well this time.A．Deal with B．Dealing withC．To deal with D．Having dealt with20．The infrastructure of a country is ________ makes everything run well, including things like transport, irrigation, electricity and schools.A．which B．thatC．where D．what第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

【关键字】精品军事方面英语词汇1 军事通信 military communications2 军事通信系统 military communications system3 无线电通信 radio communications4 超长波通信 super-long wave communications5 甚长波通信 very long wave communications6 长波通信 long-wave communications7 中波通信 medium wave communications8 短波通信 short-wave communications9 微波通信 microwave communications10 毫米波通信 millimeter wave communications11 无线电台通信 radio set communications12 无线电接力通信 radio relay communications13 散射通信 scatter communications14 卫星通信 satellite communications15 扩展频谱通信 spread spectrum communications16 移动通信 mobile communications17 无线电波通信 radio wave communications18 电离层 ionosphere19 有线电通信 wired communications20 被单线通信 field wire communications21 架空明线通信 open wire communications22 电缆通信 cable communications23 光通信 optical communications24 光纤通信 optical fiber communications25 运动通信 messenger service26 军邮 army postal service27 简易信号通信 simplified signal communications28 旗语通信 flag signal communications29 电话通信 telephone communications30 载波电话通信 carrier telephone communications31 电报通信 telegraphy communications32 载波电报通信 carrier telegraphy communications33 电码 code34 图像通信 image communications35 电视广播 videocast36 静态图像通信 still picture communications37 会议电视 video conferencing38 可视电话 video telephone39 交互型可视图文 videotex40 传真通信 facsimile communications41 数据通信 data communications42 计算机通信 computer communications43 数字通信 digital communications44 模拟通信 analog communications45 多路通信 multiplex communications46 无线电台网 radio communications works47 有线电通信网 telecommunications networks48 数据通信网 data communication networks49 计算机通信网 computer communication network50 综合业务数字网 integrated service digital networks51 军事通信装备 military communications equipment52 电话机 telephone set53 传真机 facsimile equipment54 超长波电台 super-long wave radio station55 甚长波电台 very long wave radio station56 长波电台 long wave radio station57 短波电台 short wave radio set58 超短波电台 ultra-short wave radio set59 调幅电台 amplitude modulation radio set60 单边带电台 single sideband radio set61 调频电台 frequency modulation radio set62 呼救电台 life-saving radio set63 跳频电台 frequency hopping radio set64 接力机 radio relay equipment65 卫星通信地面站 satellite communication earth station66 通信卫星 communication satellite67 天线馈线 antenna feeder68 调制解调器 modem69 电话交换机 telephone switching system70 人工电话交换机 manual telephone switching system71 自动电话交换机 automatic telephone swithing system72 程控电话交换机stored program control telephone switching system73 电报交换机 telegraph switching system74 数据交换机 data switching system75 被单线 field wire76 架空明线线路 open wire communication line77 通信电缆 communication cable78 光纤通信设备 optical fiber communication equipment79 光纤 optical fiber80 通信保密 communications security81 保密通信 secure communications82 无线电密语通信 radio cryptoword communications83 保密机 security equipment84 密码机 crypto equipment85 密钥 cipher key86 无线电通信对抗 radio communication electronic warfare87 通信对抗装备 communication electronic warfare equipments88 帧中继 Frame Relay(FR)89 全球定位系统 Global Position--finding System (GPS)90 移动通信特别小组 Group Special Mobile(GSM)91 高速率数字用户环路 High--bit--rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)92 信息高速公路 Information Super Highway93 网络电话 Internet Phone(IP)94 局域网 Local Area Network95 城域网 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)96 多媒体扩展技术 Multi--Media Extend (MMX)97 全动态视频压缩技术 Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG)98 分组拆装设备 Packet Assembler Dissembler(PAD)99 微型计算机 PC: Personal Computer100 网络计算机 NC: Network Computer101 多媒体个人电脑 MMX: Multimedia Personal Computer102 千字节 KB:Kilo Byte103 兆字节 MB:Mega Byte104 千兆字节 GB:Giga Byte105 计算机辅助教学 CAI:Computer-Aided instruction106 计算机辅助设计 CAD:Computer-Aided design107 国际标准化组织 ISO:International Standard Organization 108 虚拟现实 VR:virtual reality109 模拟数据 ANALOG DATA110 附件 ATTACHMENT111 骨干网 BACKBONE112 带宽 BANDWIDTH113 波特率 BAUD RATE114 二进制数据 BINARY DATA115 比特 BIT116 书签 BOOKMARK117 每秒比特数 BPS118 浏览器 BROWSER119 电缆调制解调器 CABLE MODEM120 缓存目录 CACHE DIRECTORY121 通用网关节口 CGI:Common gateway interface122 频道 CHANNEL123 通讯端口 COM PORT COM124 数据库 DATA BASE125 数据压缩 DATA COMPRESSION126 拨号连接 DIAL-UP CONNECTION127 拨号连接软件 DIAL-UP NETWORKING SOFTWARE128 数码相机 DIGITAL CAMERA129 域名系统 DNS:domain name system130 域名 DOMAIN NAME131 下载 DOWNLOAD132 电子邮件 E-MAIL133 电子邮件地址 E-MAIL ADDRESS134 加密 ENCRYPTION135 纠错 ERROR CORRECTION136 以太网 ETHERNET137 常见问题 FAQ:frequently asked question138 免费软件 FREEWARE139 文件传输协议 FTP:file transfer protocol140 网关 GATEWAY141 图形交换格式 GIF:graphic interchange format142 网页 HOME PAGE143 超文本标记语言 HTML:hyper text mark language144 超文本传输协议 HTTP:hyper text tranfer protocol145 超级终端 HYPER TERMINAL146 超文本 HYPER TEXT147 国际互联网 INTERNET148 网间协议 IP:internet protocol149 ip地址 IP ADDRESS150 目录服务器 LIST SERVER151 注册 LOGIN152 邮件服务器 MAIL SERVER153 邮寄目录 MAILING LIST154 多媒体 MULTIMEDIA155 网络 NETWORK156 节点 NODE157 在线 ON-LINE158 离线 OFF-LINE159 密码 PASSWORD160 增强保密邮件 PEM:privacy enhanced mail161 插件 PLUG-IN162 投寄 POST163 点对点通信协议 PPP:point to point protocol164 远程登录 REMOTE LOGIN165 路由器 ROUTER166 搜索器 SEARCH ENGINE167 共享软件 SHAREWARE168 签名 SIGNATURE169 简单邮件传输协议 SMTP:simple mail transfer protocol170 冲浪 SURFING171 传输控制协议/网际协议 TCP/IP:transfer control protocol/internet protocol 172 全球资源定位器 URL:uniform resource locator173 广域信息服务器 WAIS(Wide Area Information Servers)174 万维网页 WEB PAGE175 万维网站 WEB SITE176 万维网搜索器 WEB-WIDE SEARCH ENGINE177 万维网 WORLD WIDE WEB178 中央处理器 CPU(Central Processing Unit)179 网民 Cyber Citizen180 软件开发 Software Development181 内容开发 Content Development182 信息化 Informationization,Network-based Information Flow183 软件包 Software Packages184 申请注册域名 Domain Name Application and Registration185 虚拟空间 Virtual Space186 便携式电脑 Portable Computer,Laptop; Notebook Computer187 个人数字助理 PDA--Personal Digital Assistant188 掌上电脑 Palm Computer189 网络管理员 Network Administrator190 原始设备制造商 OEM:Original Equipment Manufacturer191 即插即用 PNPlug and Play战场英语1 缴枪不杀 Lay down arms,or we'll fire!2 我们优待俘虏 We are kind to captives!3 你们被包围了，出来投降吧！ You're surrounded!Come out and surrender!4 我们不杀俘虏 We don't kill our captives!5 不要受战争贩子的蒙骗 Don't be deceived by the warmonger!6 不要做无谓的牺牲 Don't die for nothing !7 赶快出来投降，保证你们生命安全！ Come out and surrender right away security of life will be guaranteed!8 谁迫使你们离开幸福的家庭,漂亮的妻子和可爱的孩子 Who made you leave your happy home,your charming wife and yourloving children?9 你们在打一场无指望的仗 You are fighting a losing battle!10 我们保证你们：生命安全 You are to be guaranteed:security of life!11 我们保证你们：不没收私人财务 You are to be guaranteed:chattle personal will not be confiscated!12 我们保证你们：不被虐待 You are to be guaranteed:freedom from maltreatment.13 我们保证你们：受伤者给予治疗 You are to be guaranteed:medical care if wounded.14 举起手来！ Hands up!15 举起手出来！ Come out with your hands up!16 一个一个的出来！ Come out one by one!17 不许动！ Freeze!18 站住，否则我们开枪了！ Stop,or will shoot!19 别耍花样！ Don't play any tricks!20 别害怕！ Don't be afraid!21 站队！ Line up!22 走！ Get moving!23 跟着那个人走！ Follow that man!24 我们尊重你们的人格！ We'll respect your personality!25 我们不搜你们的腰包 We'll never search your pocket!26 我们将释放你们 we'll set you free!27 长官快命令你们的人投向 Commanding officer,order your soldiers to surrender!28 这是你们的最后一次机会 This is the last chance for you!29 顽抗到底，死路一条 If you don't accept our advice,you will turn into a dead road.30 请你们珍惜生命 Please treasure your life!31 别误会 Don't misunderstand!32 你们进行的是一场侵略战争 You're arousing an aggressive war!33 你们的亲人在想念你们 Your family members are missing you!34 不要再为你们的长官卖命了 Don't again sacrifice your life to your commanding officer!35 我们说话算数，说到做到 Our words do count,you must believe us!36 把武器交出来 Hand out your arms!37 可以立功赎罪 Atone for your crimes by performing meritorious!38 不要说话 Please keep quiet!39 请服从我的命令 Please obey my order!40 退下子弹，把枪给我 Unload bullets,take gun to me!41 联合国 United Nations42 国防部 Department of defence43 总部司令部 Headquarters44 空军战术指挥中心 Tactical Air Control Center45 参谋 Staff officer46 机动 Manoeuvre47 军事 Military affairs48 军衔 Military Rank49 战斗分界线 Combat Boundary50 预备役部队 Reserve Component51 战斗兵种 Combat Arm52 进攻 Offence53 防御 Defence54 前进 Advance55 医疗中心 Medical Center56 军 Army Corps57 师 Division58 特遣队 Task Force59 旅 Brigade60 营 Battalion61 连 Company62 将军 General63 副长官 Adjutant64 连长 Company Commander65 上校 Colonel66 中校 Lieutenant colonel67 少校 Major68 陆军上尉 Captain69 中尉 Lieutenant70 少尉 second Lieutenant71 值班军官 Officer in charge72 军士长 Fires Sergeant73 上士 Sergeant First Class74 中士 Staff sergeant75 上等兵 Private First Class76 士兵 Sergeant77 战俘 Prisoner of war78 战场空中遮蔽 Battlefield Air Interdiction79 近距离空中支援 Close Air Support80 战斗电子战情报 Combat Electronic Warfare Intelligence81 射击指挥 Command/Fire82 战斗支援 Combat Support83 电子对抗 Electronic Counter Measures84 电子搜索目标 Electronic Warfare Support Measure85 电子战 Electronic Warfare86 战斗地域前沿 Forward Edge of The Battle Area87 火力支援 Fire Support88 军事情报 Military Intelligence89 战斗条例 Order of Battle90 作战计划 Operation Plan91 战斗命令 Operation Order92 战斗警戒 Operation Security93 调整线 Phase Line94 空中支援 Tine Over Target95 高射炮 Air Defence Artillery96 装甲直升机 Attack Helicopter97 装甲输送机 Armored Personnel carrier98 反坦克导弹 Anti Tank Guided Missile99 集束炸弹 Cluster Bomb Unit100 弹药筒 Cartridge101 制导炸弹 Guided Bomb Unit102 "霍克"防空导弹 Homing-all-the-way-killer103 多管火箭筒 Multiple Rocket Launcher104 观察直升机 Observation Helicopter此文档是由网络收集并进行重新排版整理.word可编辑版本！。

●军事物流Military Logistics美国陆军预置储备的基本情况与启示林勇1，王丰1，安建勇1，赵振华2（1．陆军勤务学院军事物流系，重庆401311；2．联勤保障部队西宁联勤保障中心，西宁810000）摘要：为加快推进我新型陆军全域机动作战能力建设，借鉴美国陆军的经验做法，从法规文件、物资类型、布局现状、管理体制和动用流程等5个方面，系统梳理美国陆军预置储备的基本情况；从理论认识、管理体系、应用实践和转型建设等4个方面，提出我陆军预置储备建设的启示。

关键词：预置储备；战备物资；美国陆军DOI ：10．16807/j．cnki．12-1372/e．2021．02．011中图分类号：E144文献标志码：A文章编号：1674-2192（2021）02-0052-05Basic Situation and Enlightenment of US Army ’sPre －positioned ＲeserveLIN Yong 1，WANG Feng 1，AN Jianyong 1，ZHAO Zhenhua 2（1．Department of Military Logistics ，Army Logistics Academy ，Chongqing 401311，China ；2．Joint Logistics Support Center of Xining ，Joint Logistics Support Force ，Xining 810000，China ）Abstract ：In order to learn from the experience of the US Army and accelerate the construction of China ’s new army ’s global mobile combat capability ，this paper firstly systematically sorts out the basic situation of the US Army ’s pre-posi-tioned reserve from five aspects of regulatory documents ，material types ，layout status ，management system and utilization process．Then ，it puts forward the enlightenment of our army ’s pre-positioned reserve construction from four aspects of the-oretical understanding ，management system ，application practice ，and transformation construction．Keywords ：pre-positioned reserve ；war preparation materials ；US Army收稿日期：2020-09-23；修回日期：2020-11-05．基金项目：国家社会科学基金资助项目（19BGL244、19BGL290）；重庆市教委科学技术研究资助项目（KJZD-K201802101）；陆军勤务学院青年基金资助项目（LQ-QN-201930）．作者简介：林勇（1986—），男，博士，讲师，硕士研究生导师．预置储备是美军三位一体（预置、海运和空运）战略机动能力不可或缺的组成部分，是战争准备阶段美军实现兵力快速部署的有效途径，是近年来美军稳步压减其海外前沿军事力量却仍保持强大军事存在的重要基石。

* APPENDIX MFIELD-EXPEDIENT BREACHINGOF COMMON URBAN BARRIERSAn integral part of combat in built-up areas is the need to gain accessto compounds, buildings, and rooms. Mechanical breaching of doors or windows using weapons fire, sledgehammers, bolt cutters, saws, orcrowbars is almost always an option for infantrymen attempting togain rapid access, but it is sometimes too slow or exposes them to too much risk of enemy fire. Explosive breaching is often the fastest and most combat-effective method. With a little time to prepare, units canuse slightly modified standard Army demolitions to breach all common urban barriers.M-1. FORCE PROTECTIONAs in all operations involving demolitions, soldiers must take care when fabricating, carrying, and using field-expedient explosive devices. Leaders must ensure that all the standard procedures and precautions outlined in doctrinal and training material for Army demolitions activities are followed. This is dictated by more than just the commander’s concern for the safety and welfare of his individual soldiers. Accidental or premature detonation of demolitions during combat not only can injure or kill friendly soldiers but also can jeopardize the unit’s mission. During combat, soldiers often need to position themselves close to breach points in order to enter quickly and overcome enemy resistance before the effects of the explosion subside. However, a soldier who is too close to an explosion and injured by flying debris is considered a casualty the same as one who is shot by the enemy. The unit must accomplish its mission without sustaining friendly casualties from its own demolitions. All demolitions have the potential to cause injury to nearby personnel, mainly from flying debris but also from blast and noise overpressure.M-2. BREACHING REINFORCED AND NONREINFORCED EXTERIOR WALLSThe Army issues both bulk explosives (TNT or C4) and prepackaged satchel charges that are powerful enough to breach all but the most heavily reinforced exterior walls. In some situations, satchel charges may be unavailable or they may prove to be too powerful for the breach required. In high-intensity urban conflict, the situation may call for large amounts of bulk explosive, but in many situations the commander wants to create a smaller-size hole than the M37 or M183 satchel charges normally produce. Smaller, yet effective, satchel charges can be improvised. Experimentation can determine the correct size ofC1, FM 90-10-1these improvised satchels, depending on the types of walls found in the battlearea.a. General-purpose satchel charges can be assembled using empty machinegun ammunition bandoleers filled with various amounts of C4 explosive.(1) Connect a short length of detonation cord firmly to the explosive andleave it dangling. Tape the explosive securely into the bandoleer.(2) Hang the charge on a wall by the bandoleer strap or prop it against thewall using a stick or other object. Satchel charges detonated while held firmlyagainst the target wall at about shoulder height produce the best effects.(3) Prime the charge, attaching either an electric or nonelectric firingsystem to the short length of detonation cord left dangling.When used against nonreinforced concrete walls, a satchel charge containing2 pounds of C4 normally produces a mousehole; 5 pounds create a hole largeenough for a man to move through; 7 pounds create a large hole throughwhich two men can move simultaneously; and 10 pounds can blow a holelarge enough to drive a vehicle through. The 10-pound charge may alsodestroy the entire building if it is not of sturdy construction.b. A useful breaching charge improvised by light engineer sappers duringcombat operations in Somalia consisted of a 3-foot length of engineer picket(U-shaped engineer stake) packed with 4 to 8 pounds of C4. The explosivewas primed with detonation cord and taped securely to the picket. Whenneeded, the picket was placed upright with its flat side against the wall, held tothe wall by another stake, and then detonated. This charge could be rapidlyfabricated, was sturdy, and could be easily and quickly emplaced. Accordingto reports from the field, this device would blow a hole about 4 feet wide and8 feet high in a nonreinforced concrete wall (common in the third world). Thecharge would throw fragments from the picket straight back for long distances(from 50 to 100 meters) but was fairly safe to either side. In combat,infantrymen could stand about 20 meters from the picket, crouched tightlyagainst the wall with their backs turned to the explosive, without undue risk.This allowed them to follow up on the explosion with a rapid assault into thecompound or building before the occupants could recover.M-3. BREACHING INTERIOR WALLS AND PARTITIONSInterior walls generally require much less explosive to create a satisfactorybreach than do exterior, load-bearing walls. An easily fabricated silhouettecharge can further reduce the amount of explosive needed to breach plywood,sheet rock, or light plaster walls. It can also be used to breach wooden or metaldoors. This charge produces a hole large enough for a man to run through. Itcan be emplaced quickly and throws only a small amount of dangerousmaterial back into the first room.a. Tape two E-type silhouette targets or similar stiff cardboard together. Tomake the charge easier to carry, it can be built to fold in the middle(Figure M-1). Rounding the corners makes the charge easier to handle.M-2C1, FM 90-10-1b. Place detonation cord or flexible linear-shaped charge (FLSC) aroundthe edges of the silhouettes, leaving a 6-inch tail for priming. Secure the cordto the silhouette using sturdy tape. (See Table M-1 for the appropriate numberof wraps of detonation cord or FLSC to breach various barriers.) Tape severalsmall dowels or other materials at various places around the silhouette if usingFLSC. This provides the necessary stand-off distance to ensure the maximumshaped charge effect. (See Table M-2 for the required stand-off distance forvarious sizes of FLSC.)M-3C1, FM 90-10-1a. The general-purpose charge is the most useful preassembled charge forbreaching a door or other barrier. As its name implies, it is useful not only fordoor breaching, but it can also cut mild steel chain and destroy capturedenemy equipment.(1) Start building the general-purpose charge with a length of detonationcord about 2 feet long. Using another length of detonation cord, tie two uliknots (Figure M-2) around the 2-foot long cord. The uli knots must have aminimum of six wraps and be loose enough for them to slide along the mainline. Trim excess cord from the uli knots and secure them with tape, ifnecessary.(2) Cut a block of C4 explosive to a 2-inch square. Tape one uli knot toeach side of the C4 block, leaving the length of detonation cord free to slidethrough the knots (Figure M-3).M-5C1, FM 90-10-1(3) To breach a standard door, placethe top loop of the charge over thedoorknob. Slide the uli knots taped to theC4 so that the charge is tight against theknob. Prime the loose ends of thedetonation cord with either an electric ornonelectric firing system and detonate(Figure M-4). To cut mild steel chain,place the loop completely around the chainlink to form a girth hitch. Tighten the loopagainst the link by sliding the uli knots.b. The rubber band charge is anothereasily fabricated, lightweight device thatcan be used to remove the lockingmechanism or doorknob from wooden orlight metal doors, or to break astandard-size padlock at the shackle.(1) Cut a 10-inch piece of detonationcord and tie an overhand knot in one end.Using another piece of detonation cord, tiea uli knot with at least eight wraps aroundthe first length of cord. As an alternative tothe uli knot, pass the detonation cordthrough the center of a 20-gram Detaprimebooster. Slide the uli knot or the Detaprimebooster tightly up against the overhandknot. Secure it in place with either tape orstring. Loop a strong rubber band aroundthe base of the uli knot tied around thedetonation cord, or around the base of thebooster. Tie an overhand knot in the otherend of the cord to form a pigtail forpriming the charge (Figure M-5).(2) Attach the charge to the doorknob(or locking mechanism) by pulling theloose end of the rubber band around theknob. The charge should be placedbetween the knob and the door frame. Thisplaces the explosive over the bolt thatsecures the door to the frame.c. One of the simplest field-expedientcharges for breaching wooden doors is theflexible linear charge. I t can be made inalmost any length and then cut to the rightsize quickly just before it is used. It can berolled up and easily carried until needed. Itis effective against hollow-core, particle-M-6C1, FM 90-10-1filled, and solid wood doors. When detonated, the flexible linear charge cutsthrough the door near the hinges (Figure M-6).(1) Lay out a length of double-sided contact tape with the top-sideadhesive exposed. Place the necessary number of strands of detonation corddown the center of the double-sided tape, pressing them firmly in place. Forhollow-core doors, use a single strand. For particle-filled doors, use twostrands, and for solid wood doors use three. If the type doors encountered isunknown, use three strands. One of the strands must be cut about a foot longerthan the others and should extend past the end of the double-sided tape. Thisforms a pigtail where the firing system is attached once the charge is in place.(2) Cover the strands of detonation cord and all the exposed portions of thedouble-sided tape with either sturdy single-sided tape or another length ofdouble-sided tape. Roll the charge, starting at the pigtail, with the double-sidedtape surface that is to be placed against the door on the inside.(3) At the breach site, place the charge straight up and down tightly againstthe door. If the charge is too long, angle it to best fit the door. If it is too short,place it so that it covers at least half of the door’s height. Prime and fire thecharge from the bottom.M-7C1, FM 90-10-1d. A doorknob charge is easy to make and is highly effective againstwooden or light metal doors. Charges for use against wooden doors can bemade with detonation cord. If the charge is to breach a light metal door, eitherdetonation cord (3 lengths) or 225 grain/foot FLSC should be used.(1) Cut the appropriate amount of detonation cord for the charge. Use a30-inch length for a hollow-core door. For a particle-filled door, use one30-inch length and one 18-inch length. For a solid-core wooden door or a lightmetal door, use one 30-inch length and two 18-inch lengths.(2) Cut the charge holder from a piece of stiff cardboard.(3) Tape the detonation cord in the shape of a large “C” along the edge ofthe charge holder. Leave a 12-inch pigtail for priming (Figure M-7). Placedouble-sided tape on the back of the charge holder.(4) If using FLSC, cut a length 21 inches long. Cut a 20-gram Detaprimebooster in half. Tape the FLSC to the charge holder, leaving a 3-inch tail forpriming. Bend the tail upward. Slide a 12-inch length of detonation cordthrough the Detaprime booster and tie an overhand knot on each end. Tape thebooster and detonation cord combination to the tail end of the FLSC.(5) Hang the charge on the door knob or locking mechanism. Secure it inplace with the double-sided tape. The detonation cord must be held firmlyagainst the door’s surface.M-8。

FM 90-10-1h. Time. Time available to prepare the defense cou1d be the most criticalfactor. If enough time is not available, buildings that require extensivepreparation should not be used. Conversely, buildings located in less desir-able areas that require little improvement could probably become thecenters of defense.E-2. PREPARATIONPreparation of fighting positions depends upon proper selection and con-struction.a. Selecting Positions. Each weapon should be assigned a primarysector of fire to cover enemy a preaches. Alternate positions that overwatchthe primary sector should a so be selected. These positions are usuallylocated in an adjacent room on the same floor. Each weapon must beassigned a supplementary position to engage attacks from other directions,and an FPL Figure E-l).E-2FM 90-10-1E-3FM 90-10-1b. Building Positions. There are many ways to establish a fightingposition in a building.(1) Window position. Soldiers should kneel or stand on either side of awindow. To fire downward from upper floors, tables or similar objects canbe placed against the wall to provide additional elevation, but they must bepositioned to prevent the weapon from protruding through the window.Leaders should inspect positions to determine the width of sector that eachposition can engage (Figure E-2).E-4FM 90-10-1(2) Loopholes. To avoid establishing a pattern of always firing fromwindows, loopholes should be prepared in walls. Soldiers should avoid firingdirectly through loopholes to enhance individual protection.(a) Several loopholes are usually required for each weapon (primary,alternate, and supplementary positions). The number of loopholes shouldbe carefully considered because they can weaken walls and reduce protec-tion. Engineers should be consulted before an excessive number of loop-holes are made. Loopholes should be made by punching or drilling holes inwalls and should be placed where they are concealed. Blasting loopholes canresult in a large hole, easily seen by the enemy.(b) Loopholes should be cone-shaped to obtain a wide arc of fire, tofacilitate engagement of high and low targets, and to reduce the size of theexterior aperture (Figure E-3). The edges of a loophole splinter when hit bybullets, therefore, protective linings, such as an empty sandbag held in placeby wire mesh, will reduce spalling effects. When not in use, loopholes shouldbe covered with sandbags to prevent the enemy from firing into or observingthrough them.(c) Loopholes should also be prepared in interior walls and ceilings ofbuildings to permit fighting within the position. Interior loopholes shouldoverwatch stairs, halls, and unoccupied rooms, and be concealed by pictures,drapes, or furniture. Loopholes in floors permit the defender to engageenemy personnel on lower floors with small-arms fire and grenades.E-5FM 90-10-1(d) Although walls provide some frontal protection, they should bereinforced with sandbags, furniture filled with dirt, or other expedients. Eachposition should have overhead and all-round protection (Figure E-4).c. Other Construction Tasks. O ther construction tasks in basements, onground floors, and on upper floors will need to be performed.(1) Basements and ground floors. Basements require preparation similarto that of the ground floor. Any underground system not used by thedefender that could provide enemy access to the position must be blocked.(a) Doors. Unused doors should be locked, nailed shut, and blocked andreinforced with furniture, sandbags, or other field expedients. Outside doorscan be booby trapped by engineers or other training personnel.(b) Hallways. If not required for the defender’s movement, hallwaysshould be blocked with furniture and tactical wire (Figure E-5). If author-ized, booby traps should be employed.(c) Stairs. Defenders should block stairs not used by the defense withfurniture and tactical wire (see Figure E-5) or remove them. If possible, allstairs should be blocked and ladders should be used to move from floor tofloor and then removed when not being used. Booby traps should also beemployed on stairs.(d) Windows. All glass should be removed. Windows not used should beblocked with boards or sandbags.(e) Fighting Positions. Fighting positions should be made in floors. Ifthere is no basement, fighting positions can give additional protection fromheavy direct-fire weapons.E-6FM 90-10-1(f) Ceilings. Support that can withstand the weight of rubble from upperfloors should be placed under ceilings (Figure E-6).(g) Unoccupied room. Rooms not required for defense should beblocked with tactical wire or booby trapped.(2) Upper floors. Upper floors require the same preparation as groundfloors. Windows need not be blocked, but they should be covered with wiremesh, which blocks grenades thrown from the outside. The wire should beloose at the bottom to permit the defender to drop grenades.(3) Interior routes.Routes are required that permit defending forces tomove within the building to engage enemy forces from any direction. EscapeE-7FM 90-10-1routes should also be planned and constructed to permit rapid evacuationof a room or the building. Small holes (called mouse holes) should be madethrough interior walls to permit movement between rooms. Once the de-fender has withdrawn to another level, such holes should be clearly markedfor both day and night identification. All personnel must be briefed as towhere the various routes are located. Rehearsals should be conducted sothat everyone becomes familiar with the routes (Figure E-7).(4) Fire prevention. Buildings that have wooden floors and rafteredceilings require extensive fire prevention measures. The attic and otherwooden floors should be covered with about 1 inch of sand or dirt, andbuckets of water should be positioned for immediate use. Fire fightingmaterials (dirt, sand, fire extinguishers, and blankets) should be placed oneach floor for immediate use. Water basins and bathtubs should be filled asa reserve for firefighting. All electricity and gas should be turned off. Firebreaks can be created by destroying buildings adjacent to the defensiveposition.(5) Communications. Telephone lines should be laid through adjacentbuildings or underground systems, or buried in shallow trenches. Radioantennas can be concealed by placing them among civilian television anten-nas, along the sides of chimneys and steeples, or out windows that direct FMcommunications away from enemy early-warning sources and ground obser-vation. Telephone lines within the building should be laid through walls andfloors.E-8FM 90-10-1(6) Rubbling. Rubbling parts of the building provides additional coverand concealment for weapons emplacements, and should be performed onlyby trained engineers.(7) Rooftops. Positions in flat-roofed buildings require obstacles thatrestrict helicopter landings. Rooftops that are accessible from adjacentstructures should be covered with tactical wire or other expedients, and mustbe guarded. Entrances to buildings from rooftops can be blocked if compat-ible with the overall defensive plan. Any structure on the outside of a buildingthat could assist scaling the buildings to gain access to upper floors, or to therooftop, should be removed or blocked.(8) Obstacles. Obstacles should be positioned adjacent to buildings inorder to stop tanks and to delay infantry.(9) Fields of fire. Fields of fire should be improved around the defensiveposition. Selected buildings can be destroyed to enlarge fields of fire. Obsta-cles to antitank guided missiles, such as telephone wires, should be cleared.Dead space should be covered with mines and obstacles.E-3. ARMORED VEHICLE POSITIONSFighting positions for tanks and infantry fighting vehicles are essential to acomplete and effective defensive plan in built-up areas.a. Armored Vehicle Positions. Armored vehicle positions are selectedand developed to obtain the best cover, concealment, observation, and fieldsof fire, while retaining the vehicle’s ability to move.(1) If fields of fire are restricted to streets, hull-down positions shouldbe used to gain cover and to fire directly down streets (Figure E-8). Fromthose positions, tanks and BFVs are protected and can rapidly move toalternate positions. Buildings collapsing from enemy fires are a minimalhazard to the armored vehicle and crew.E-9FM 90-10-1 E-4. ANTITANK GUIDED MISSILE POSITIONSAntitank guided missiles must be employed in areas that maximize theircapabilities in the built-up area. The lack of a protective transport couldrequire the weapon to be fired from inside or behind a building or behindthe cover of protective terrain (Figure E-11).a. When ATGMs are fired from a vehicle or from street level or bottomfloor fighting positions, rubble can interfere with missile flight. When firingdown streets, missiles must have at least 30 inches of clearance over rubble.Other obstacles to missile flight include trees and brush, vehicles, televisionantennas, buildings, power lines and wires, walls, and fences.b. A LAW is best suited for built-up areas because its 10-meter mini-mum arming distance allows employment at close range. LAWs and otherlight and medium antitank weapons are not effective against the front ofmodern battle tanks. Because tanks have the least armor protection on thetop and rear deck, and the tank presents a larger target when engaged fromabove, LAWs should fire down onto tanks.E-6. SNIPER POSITIONSSnipers contribute to combat in built-up areas by firing on selected enemysoldiers. An effective sniper organization can trouble the enemy far morethan its cost in the number of friendly soldiers employed.a. General areas (a building or group of buildings) are designated assniper positions (Figure E-12, page E-12), but the sniper selects the bestposition for engagement. Masonry buildings that offer the best protection,long-range fields of fire, and all-round observation are preferred. The sniperalso selects several secondary and supplementary positions to cover his areasof responsibility.b. Engagement priorities for snipers are determined by the relativeimportance of the targets to the effective operations of the enemy. Snipertargets usually include tank commanders, direct fire support weapons’ crew-men, crew-served weapons’ crewmen, officers, forward observers, and ra-diotelephone operators.E-11FM 90-10-1c. Built-up areas often limit snipers to firing down or across streets, butopen parts permit engagements at long ranges. Snipers can be employed to. .cover rooftops, obstacles, dead space, and gaps in FPFs.E-12。

美军后勤保障理论研究译自：俄罗斯《外国军事评论》杂志2014年第5-6期作者：N·巴什基洛夫，Z·哈伊尔贝科夫编译：知远/舒克译文信息表[知远导读]本文原载于俄罗斯《外国军事评论》杂志2014年第5、6期，作者俄罗斯海军上校N·巴什基洛夫、上校Z·哈伊尔贝科夫，原文标题：Концептуальные основы тылового обеспечения Вооружённых сил США。

文章介绍了美军参联会条令、国防部和陆军文件中所阐述的后勤保障概念原理，给出了“联合后勤”定义，研究了“联合后勤”的功能以及其影响其活动效能的因素。

介绍了美国“陆军-2020”构想框架内陆军后勤保障系统的基本结构和主要改革措施，美军联合司令部（联合作战部队）后勤保障模式，并展望了美军后勤保障构想发展方向。

文章编译如下：美国军事领导人认为，在武装力量在现代军事冲突过程中执行任务时，后勤保障发挥首要作用。

同时，五角大楼认为，后勤保障的重要性越来越高，甚至在“低强度”行动（如维和行动、向民事当局提供帮助、抢险救灾、道主义援助）中起决定性作用，后勤保障分队的活动正在成为部队（兵力）的主要行动之一。

美军认为，正是后勤保障系统为国家武装力量对全世界的危机做出灵活反应，确保武装力量的战略行动纵深和长期遂行远征行动的能力奠定了物质技术基础。

能够证明这一论点的是，与参谋长联席会议的许多条令和各军种的条令一样，美国武装力量建设与作战使用的一些共同构想和功能构想都是后勤保障领域的。

以参联会条令原理和在各种后勤保障方面拥有最多资源的美国陆军的构想文件的演变为例，可以对美军后勤保障概念原理进行清楚的观察。

参联会在该领域的一部关键条令是JP 4-0《联合后勤》（Joint Logistics）。

在该系列其他同类文件中明确了后勤保障的组织问题。

例如，JP 4-02《医疗保障》（Health Service Support）、JP 4-06《丧葬事务》（Mortuary Affairs）等。

Unit 1ComprehensionB. 1. 因为我很缺钱，并想做点有用的，我申请了这个工作。

但这么做的同时，我担心得到工作的可能性很小，因为我没有大学文凭，也没有教学经验Because I was in bad need of money and was eager to do something of use, I applied for the job. But at the same time that I did so, I was afraid that the possibility for me to get the job was very small because I didn’t have a university degree, nor did I have any teaching experience.2. 三天后我收到一封信，叫我去croydon参加面试…three days later I received a letter, asking me to go to Croydon to have an interview.3. 他瞥我一眼，惊讶和不喜欢，就像一个上校用来看一个鞋带开了的士兵一样He cast a look at me with the same surprise and dislike as a colonel would look at a soldier when his bootlaces came loose.4. 显然校长和我没有共同兴趣Apparently the headmaster and I had no similar interests.5. 我对教学安排很吃惊I was shocked at the teaching arrangements.6. 我本应该把班级分成不同等级的三组，并一组一组教他们I should have to divide the class into three groups of three different levels and teachthem one after another.7. 我感到烦恼不是因为我要走一英里沿尘埃遍布的街去croydon，被一群男孩跟着，而是因为在那时大部分我的朋友都有好时光并休息中I felt troubled not because I had to walk for a mile along the dusty streets of Croydon,followed by a group of boys, but because at that time most of my friends were havinga good time and relaxing.8. 我未来不得不在一个女人手下工作的事实让我感到彻底的受辱The fact that I would have to work under a woman in future made me feel totally humiliated. IV. TranslationA. 1.他们都认为他成功的可能性很小They all believed that he had a slim chance of success.2. 我不知道她为何总带有一种闷闷不乐的神情I don’t know why she has an air of sadness all the time.3. 等到所有同学都就座后，学生会主席才开始宣布野营的日程安排It was after all the students had taken their seats that the president of the students’ union proceeded to announce the camping itinerary.4. 胃是人体至关重要的器官，请善待之The stomach is a vital organ of the human body; please take good care of it.5. 他认为总经理如此重视那些日常琐事是荒唐的He considered it ridiculous for the general manager to attach so much importance to thoseroutine trifles.6. 她的研究涉及多种语言和文化，富有挑战性Her study, which ranged over many languages and cultures, was full of challenge.7. 根据安排，全体工作人员轮流值晚班As is scheduled, all the members of the staff take turns to do late duty.8. 她深感不安，想到要远离父母独立生活She was greatly upset at the thought of leaving her parents and living on her own ina remote area.9. 对于她是否胜任这项工作我们不甚担心，我们更担心她的健康问题We do not worry so much about her qualifications for the job as about her health.10. 想到要作一次环球航海旅行，他为之激动不已He was greatly excited about the prospect of having a cruise around the world. Unit 2Comprehension1. …Simone could not help but think about all that had gone into getting to today.could not stop from thinking about2. Her wedding day was going to be the biggest, most lavish event of the social calendar to date.the most important and extravagant event3.…Simone was Daddy’s little girl, she was named after him.her name was derived from her father’s name, Simon4. …as if Daddy wouldn’t be around to bail her out when she got in over her head.when she was in a very difficult situation5. Simone continued telling them how Alice had been a good sport from then on, …had behaved in a cheerful way6. …so you may have to cut back on your expenses, …reduce your costs7. Inside they found Simone in a heap on the floor screaming and ranting; …crumpled8. …, he decided he couldn’t in good faith, marry you.he made up his mind that he could not marry you with perfect sincerity (“in good faith”is intended ironically here, mocking his greed and lack of sincere love)Unit 2 p251.看着自己孩提时代的玩具，我不禁疑惑起自己当年为何如此喜欢它们了。

APPENDIX DSUBTERRANEAN OPERATIONSKnowledge of the nature and location of underground facilities is ofgreat value to both the urban attacker and defender. To exploit theadvantages of underground facilities, a thorough reconnaissance isrequired. This appendix describes the techniques used to deny the enemyuse of these features, the tactical value of subterranean passage tech-niques, and the psychological aspects of extended operations in subter-ranean passages.D-1. TACTICAL VALUEIn larger cities, subterranean features include sunken garages, undergroundpassages, subway lines, utility tunnels (Figure D-l), sewers, and storm drains.Most of these features allow the movement of many troops. Even in smallerEuropean towns, sewers and storm drains permit soldiers to move beneaththe fighting and surface behind the enemy.a. Subterranean passages provide the attacker with covered and con-cealed routes into and through built-up areas. This enables the enemy tolaunch his attack along roads that lead into the city while infiltrating a smallerforce in the defenders rear. The objective of this attack is to quickly inserta unit into the defenders rear, thereby, disrupting his defense and obstructingthe avenues of withdrawal for his forward defense.b. Depending upon the strength and depth of the defense, the attackalong the subterranean avenue of approach could easily become the mainattack. Even if the subterranean effort is not immediately successful, it forcesthe defender to fight on two levels and to extend his resources to more thanjust street-level fighting.c. The existence of subterranean passages forces the defender to defendthe built-up area above and below ground. Passages are more of a disadvan-tage to the defender than the attacker. However, subterranean passages alsooffer some advantages. When thoroughly reconnoitered and controlled bythe defender, subterranean passages provide excellent covered and con-cealed routes to move reinforcements or to launch counterattacks. They alsoprovide ready-made lines of communication for the movement of suppliesand evacuation of casualties, and provide places to cache supplies forD-1FM 90-10-1forward companies. Subterranean passages also offer the defender a ready-made conduit for communications wire, which protects it from trackedvehicles and indirect fires,D-2. DENIAL TO THE ENEMYSubterranean passages are useful to the defender only to the extent that theattacker can be denied their use. The defender has an advantage in that,given the confining, dark environment of these passages, a small group ofdetermined soldiers in a prepared position can defeat a numerically superiorforce.a. Tunnels afford the attacker little cover and concealment except forthe darkness and any man-made barriers. The passageways provide tightfields of fire and amplify the effect of grenades. Obstacles at intersections inthe tunnels set up excellent ambush sites and turn the subterranean passagesinto a deadly maze. These obstacles can be quickly created using chunks ofrubble, furniture, and parts of abandoned vehicles interspersed with M18A1Claymore mines.b. A thorough reconnaissance of the subterranean or sewer system mustbe made first. To be effective, obstacles must be located at critical intersec-tions in the passage network so that they trap attackers in a kill zone butallow defenders freedom of movement (Figure D-2).D-2FM 90-10-1 D-3. SUBTERRANEAN RECONNAISSANCE TECHNIQUESThe local reconnaissance mission (platoon or company area of responsibil-ity) should be given to a squad-size element (six or seven personnel). Enoughsoldiers are in a squad to gather the required data without getting in eachother’s way in the confines of the tunnel. Only in extremely large subterra-nean features should the size of a patrol be increased.a. The patrol unit leader should organize his patrol with two riflemen—one tasked with security to the front (the point man) and one tasked withsecurity to the rear (Figure D-3). The patrol leader moves directly behindthe point man, and navigates and records data collected by the patrol. Thegrenadier should follow the patrol unit leader, and the demolitions manshould follow the grenadier.Two riflemen should be left as a security postat the point of entry. They are responsible for detecting enemy who comeupon the patrol unit’s rear and for serving as the communications linkbetween the patrol unit leader and his higher headquarters.b. The patrol unit leader should carry a map, compass, street plan, andnotebook in which he has written the information he must gather for theplatoon leader. The grenadier should carry the tools needed to open man-hole covers. If the patrol is to move more than 200 to 300 meters or if theplatoon leader directs, the grenadier should also carry a sound-poweredtelephone (TA-1) and wire dispenser (XM-306A) for communications.(Radios are unreliable in this environment). The point man should beequipped with night vision goggles to maintain surveillance within the sewer.c. All soldiers entering the sewer should carry a sketch of the sewersystem to include magnetic north, azimuths, distances, and manholes. Theyshould also carry protective masks, flashlights, gloves, and chalk for markingfeatures along the route. The patrol should also be equipped with a 120-footsafety rope to which each man is tied. To improve their footing in slipperysewers and storm drains, the members of the patrol unit should wrap chickenwire or screen wire around their boots.D-3FM 90-10-1d. A constant concern to troops conducting subterranean patrol ischemical defense. Enemy chemical agents used in tunnels are encounteredin dense concentrations, with no chance of dispersement. The M8 automaticchemical agent alarm system, carried by the point man, provides instantwarning of the presence of chemical agents. M8 detector paper can also beused to detect chemical agents. At the first indication that harmful gases arepresent, the patrol should mask.e. In addition to enemy chemical agents, noxious gases from decompos-ing sewage can also pose a threat. These gases are not detected by the M8chemical a agent alarm system, nor are they completely filtered by the protec-tive mask. Physical signs that indicate their presence in harmful quantitiesare nausea and dizziness. The patrol leader should be constantly alert tothese signs and know the shortest route to the surface for fresh air.f. Once the patrol is organized and equipped, it moves to the entranceof the tunnel, which is usually a manhole. With the manhole cover removed,the patrol waits 15 minutes before entry to allow any gases to dissipate. Thenthe point man descends into the tunnel to determine whether the air is safeto breathe and if movement is restricted. The point man should remain inthe tunnel for 10 minutes before the rest of the patrol follows. If he becomesill or is exposed to danger, he can be pulled out by the safety rope.g. When the patrol is moving through the tunnel, the point man movesabout 10 meters in front of the patrol leader. Other patrol members maintain5-meter intervals. If the water in the tunnel is flowing faster than 2.5 metersper second or if the sewer contains slippery obstacles, those intervals shouldbe increased to prevent all patrol members from falling if one man slips. Allpatrol members should stay tied into the safety rope so that they can easilybe retrieved from danger. The rear security man marks the route with chalkso other troops can find the patrol.h. The patrol leader should note the azimuth and pace count of eachturn he takes in the tunnel. When he encounters a manhole to the surface,the point man should open it and determine the location, which the patrolleader then records. The use of recognition signals (Figure D-4) preventsfriendly troops from accidentally shooting the point man as he appears at amanhole.i. Once the patrol has returned and submitted its report, the platoonleader must decide how to use the tunnel. In the offense, the tunnel couldprovide a covered route to move behind the the enemy’s defenses. In thedefense, the tunnel could provide a covered passage between positions. Ineither case, the patrol unit members should act as guides along the route.j. If the tunnel is to be blocked, the platoon should emplace concertina wire, early warning devices, and antipersonnel mines. A two-man positionestablished at the entrance of the sewer (Figure D-5) provides securityagainst enemy trying to approach the platoon’s defense and should beabandoned when the water rises. It should be equipped with command-detonated illumination. While listening for the enemy, soldiers manningthis position should not wear earplugs (they should be put in ears just beforefiring). The confined space amplifies the sounds of weapons firing to adangerous level. The overpressure from grenades, mines, and booby trapsexploding in a sewer or tunnel can have adverse effects on friendly troopssuch as ruptured eardurms and wounds from flying debris. Also, gases foundin sewers can be ignited by the blast effects of these munitions. For these D-4FM 90-10-1 reasons, small-arms weapons should be employed in tunnels and sewers.Friendly personnel should be outside of tunnels or out of range of the effectswhen mines or demolitions are detonated. Soldiers should mask at the firstsign of a chemical threat.D-4. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONSCombat operations in subterranean passages are much like night combatoperations. The psychological factors that affect soldiers during night opera-tions reduce confidence, cause fear, and increase a feeling of isolation. Thisfeeling of isolation is further magnified by the tight confines of the tunnels.The layout of tunnels could require greater dispersion between positionsthan is usual for operations in wooded terrain.D-5FM 90-10-1a. Leaders must enforce measures to dispel the feelings of fear andisolation experienced by soldiers in tunnels. These measures include leader-ship training, physical and mental fitness, sleep discipline, and stress man-agement.b. Leaders maintain communication with soldiers manning positions inthe tunnels either by personal visits or by field telephone. Communicationsinform leaders of the tactical situation as well as the mental state of theirsoldiers. Training during combat operations is limited; however, soldiersmanning positions below ground should be given as much information aspossible on the organization of the tunnels and the importance of themission. They should be briefed on contingency plans and alternate positionsshould their primary positions become untenable.c. Physical and mental fitness can be maintained by periodically rotatingsoldiers out of tunnels so they can stand and walk in fresh air and sunlight.Stress management is also a factor of operations in tunnels. Historically,combat in built-up areas has been one of the most stressful forms of combat.Continuous darkness and restricted maneuver space cause more stress tosoldiers than street fighting.D-6。

APPENDIX BBRADLEY FIGHTING VEHICLEBradley fighting vehicle platoons and squads seldom fight alone inbuilt-up areas. They normally fight as part of their company or in acompany team.Section I. EMPLOYMENTFighting in built-up areas is centered around prepared positions in housesand buildings. Such positions cover street approaches and are protected bymines, obstacles, and booby traps. Therefore, bridges, overpasses, andbuildings must be inspected and cleared of mines before they are used. Reconnaissance parties must ascertain the weight-supporting capacity ofroads, bridges, and floors to determine if they can support the weight ofBFVs and tanks.B-1. TARGET ENGAGEMENTStreets and alleys are ready-made firing lanes and killing zones. Because ofthis, all vehicle traffic is greatly restricted and canalized, and subject toambush and short-range attack. Tanks are at a disadvantage because theirmain guns cannot be elevated enough to engage targets on the upper floorsof tall buildings. The BFV, with +60 to -10 degrees elevation of the 25-mmgun and 7.62-mm coax machine gun, has a much greater ability in this role.with firing port weapons, the BFV can also place suppressive fire at groundlevel at the same time to the flanks and rear of enemy vehicles. A tank isrestricted in its ability to provide this support.B-2. BRADLEY FIGHTING VEHICLES AND TANKSBFVs and tanks are not employed alone. Working as a team, dismountedinfantrymen (the rifle team) provide security. In turn, the BFVs and tanksprovide critical fire support for the rifle teams.a. When moving,BFVs should stay close to a building on either side ofthe street. This allows each BFV to cover the opposite side of the street.BFVs can button up for protection, but the BFV crew must remain alert forsignals from dismounted infantry. Cooperation between the rifle team andthe BFV team in a built-up environment is critical. Visual signals should bedeveloped, telephones used where possible, and rehearsals and trainingconducted.b. Commanders should consider using the long-range fires of the tank’smain armament from overwatch positions. The BFV, with its greater capa-bility to depress and elevate the 25-mm gun, can provide some of the supportpreviously derived from tanks within the built-up area.c. Because the BFV, while having better armor protection than theM113, lacks adequate armor protection to withstand medium to heavyATGM fire, it is normally employed after the area has been cleared ofATGM positions or on terrain dominating the city to provide long-rangeantiarmor support. A great portion of the platoon’s short-range antiarmorfires in built-up areas is provided by LAWs and Dragons. The BFVs 25-mmgun and machine gun are employed while providing direct fire support.B-1FM 90-10-1B-5FM 90-10-1High-explosive 25-mm rounds arm 10 meters from thegun and explode on contact.APDs rounds discard their plastic sabots to the front ofthe gun when fired. This requires a 100-meter safety fanto the front of 25-mm gun (Figure B-6).c. The BFVs' engine exhaust smoke system can be used in built-up areasto cover the movement of the rifle team. The BFV can also provide a smokescreen by using its smoke grenade launchers. This requires careful analysisof wind conditions to ensure the enemy, and not friendly units, is affected bythe smoke. This is a difficult task since wind currents tend to be erraticbetween buildings. The smoke can also screen the movements of the BFVsonce the rifle teams cross the danger area (Figure B-7).B-6FM 90-10-1 B-5. COMMUNICATIONSCommunication between the rifle team and BFV crew is critical. These communications can be visual or voice signals, radio, or telephone.B-6. CLEARING OF A BUILDINGThe most common mission of the platoon in offensive operations is to attackand clear a building or a group of buildings. The platoon leader firstdesignates the composition of the rifle teams and BFV teams. The compo-sition of those teams changes with the situation. Normally, the BFV teamsand the men needed for security compose the BFV element. Each squadrifle team is organized into two- or three-man assault parties. The platoonleader can designate a part of the platoon as a demolition team. The entireplatoon rifle team is normally used to attack one building at a time. In smallerbuildings, the platoon leader could have a single rifle team conduct athree-step attack:STEP 1: The fighting vehicle element supported by indirect and directfire isolates the building.STEP 2: The rifle team enters the building to seize a foothold.STEP 3: The rifle team clears the building room by room.a. To isolate the building, the BFV element takes an overwatch position(Figure B-8). It fires the 25-mm gun and 7.62-mm coax machine gun, andadjusts indirect fire to suppress enemy troops in the building and in nearbybuildings who can fire at the dismounted element.B-7FM 90-10-1b. The rifle teams move to the building on covered and concealed routes.Smoke grenades, smoke pots, and the smoke system of the BFV can provideadded concealment. The rifle teams enter the building at the highest pointthey can because—The ground floor and basement are usually theenemy’s strongest defenses.The roof of a building is normally weaker than the walls.It is easier to fight down stairs than up stairs.c. If there is no covered route to the roof, the rifle teams could encounterthe enemy at a lower story or at ground level. They should seize a footholdquickly, fight to the highest story, and then clear room by room, floor by floor,From the top down.Section III. DEFENSEMost defensive fighting is performed by the rifle teams. It is harder to buildthe platoon’s defense around the BFV in cities than in other types of terrain,but the BFV element’s role is still important. A platoon normally defendsfrom positions in one to three buildings, depending on the size and strengthof the buildings, the size of the platoon, and the disposition of the buildings.B-7. MISSIONSDefensive missions of the rifle teams and BFV teams are discussed herein.a. The following are typical missions of rifle teams in the defense:Preparing defensive positions.Providing observation and security to preventenemy infiltration.Engaging and defeating assaulting enemy forces.Acquiring targets for engagement by tanks andBFV weapons.Protecting tanks and BFVs from close antiarmor weapons.Emplacing demolitions and obstacles (supportedby combat engineers).b. The following are typical missions of BFV teams in the defense:Providing fire support for the rifle teams andmutual support to other BFV teams.Destroying enemy armored vehicles and directfire artillery pieces.Neutralizing or suppressing enemy positionswith 25-mm gun and 7.62-mm coaxial machinegun fire in support of local counterattacks.Destroying or making enemy footholds untenableby fire using the 25-mm gun.Providing rapid, protected transport for the rifle teams.B-8FM 90-10-1c. Due to the close engagement ranges on urban terrain, the 25-mm gunand 7.62-mm coaxial machine gun are used more than the TOW. Theantiarmor capability of the BFV is degraded by short ranges and must besupplemented by Dragons and LAWs (Figure B-9). Dragon and LAWpositions should be placed where they can support the BFV but must notattract enemy attention to the BFV location. Dragons and LAWs are muchmore effective against the flanks, rear, and tops of threat armored vehiclesand should be positioned to attack those areas. The TOWs should beconserved and employed against threat tanks as their primary target.B-10. BRADLEY-EQUIPPED ECHO COMPANYThe Chief of Staff of the Army approved the replacement of the M901 ITVwith the BFV in mechanized infantry battalions. While this change providesa much greater improvement in mobility, survivability, and firepower overthe M901, the basic mission of the Echo Company remains the same. (Formore information on the employment of the Bradley-equipped Echo Com-pany [BFV E CO], see FM 7-91 and Change 1 to FM 71-2.)a. Considerations.(1) Due to the lack of a dismounted element, the Bradley-equippedEcho Company must rely on attached and or supporting dismounted infantryto provide local security.(2) It should be employed at the very least in sections or pairs (thewingman concept). This provides for some degree of mutual support.(3) The Bradley-equipped Echo Company consumes slightly more fuelthan a M901 ITV company. This does not present much of a problem since B-10FM 90-10-1 the additional fuel requirements easily fall within the battalion’s organic fuelhauling capacity.b. Offensive Employment.(1) The organization of the Bradley-equipped Echo Company makes ita likely choice to provide a base of fire for the battalion task force in theattack. The battalion commander can assign support by fire or attack by firemissions.(2) It can conduct a guard or screen mission much more effectively thana M901-equipped company since the Bradley-equipped Echo Company hasbetter mobility and firepower.c. Defensive Employment.(1) The vehicles should have multiple firing positions. The Bradley-equipped Echo Company commander can control the massing of long-rangeantiarmor fires into the battalion’s engagement area(s) by firing from severaldirections at once. This has two major effects: the enemy’s ability to maneu-ver his mechanized infantry and armored forces will be destroyed and ordegraded; and the survivability of the Bradley-equipped Echo Company’svehicles and crews will be greatly enhanced.(2) The Bradley-equipped Echo Company, teamed with an armor coun-terattack unit, can suppress or destroy enemy ATGMs so the armor unit maydecisively maneuver.(3) As with offensive operations, the Bradley-equipped Echo Companycan conduct guard and screening operations.(4) The Bradley-equipped Echo Company can also conduct counter-reconnaissance operations to deprive the enemy of information about thefriendly forces’ disposition and composition.B-11。