中英文对照版科研论文检索关键词

PUBMED 搜索种类中英文对照Addresses 演说（对什么演说）Autobiography 自传Bibliography 参考书目；文献目录Biography 档案，个人简历Books and Documents 图书馆文献Case Reports 病例报导Classical Article 经典论文Clinical Conference 临床讨论会；病例讨论会Clinical Trial 临床试验Clinical Trial, Phase IClinical Trial, Phase IIClinical Trial, Phase IIIClinical Trial, Phase IVComment 评论类Comparative Study 比较研究，对比研究。

Congresses 高级会议Consensus Development ConferenceConsensus Development Conference, NIHControlled Clinical Trial 临床研究对照Corrected and Republished Article 校正的和再版的论文Dataset 资料组Dictionary 字典Directory 目录Duplicate Publication 重复发表Editorial 出版；出版物Electronic Supplementary Materials 子文件English Abstract 英文摘要Evaluation Studies 评价研究Festschrift 纪念文集Government Publications 政府出版物Guideline 指导方针Historical Article 历史文献Interactive Tutorial 交互式教程Interview 采访；面谈Introductory Journal Article 介绍性的期刊文章。

利用全英文数据库——Elsevier进行文献信息检索实例1、检索课题名称：网络资源管理2、课题分析：中文关键词为：网络资源，管理英文关键词为：Cyber resource management/control3、选择搜索工具：Elsevier数据库4、构建检索策略：因“cyber resource”为课题的主体部分，应优先检索，“management/control”也应同时出现，故制定如下检索策略“（）”表优先、“*”表示并且：（Cyber resource）*(management or control)5、简述检索策略调整过程:A.在Elsevier栏中输入检索词第一、Cyber resource第二、management/control检索结果共5001篇B.由于检索结果过多，故限定时间为2006年至今，共搜索结果2735条，在此基础上，将搜索范围限定为social science,共搜索结果947条。

6、整理检索结果从以上文献中选择出3条切题文献1.Structural relationships among internal locus of control, institutional support, flow, and learner persistence in cyber universitiesYoung Ju Jooa, , , Sunyoung Joungb, , , Woo Jin Simaa Dept. of Educational Technology, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyun-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Koreab Dept. of Education, Kookmin University, 861-1 Jeongneng-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of KoreaAvailable online 13 December 2010AbstractAlthough cyber education has become significant due to the development of appropriate information and communication technology, it has a problem as compared to traditional educational methods’ learning outcomes: a low rate of learner persistence. Learning outcomes in the cyber environment are complex phenomena affected by various factors, which need integrative comprehension regarding how the variables affect learning outcomes, for qualitative improvement. The current study aimed to establish a structural equation model explaining the causal relationships among internal locus of control, institutional support, flow, and learner persistence, and to examine the practical direct and indirect effects among them. Therefore, we conducted surveys on these variables, in order to examine the causal relationships among them. We received responses from 568 students at W Cyber University. The results indi cate direct effects between learner’s internal locus of control and flow (ß = .273), between institutional support and flow (ß = .487), between internal locus of control and flow (ß = .333), and between flow and learner persistence (ß = .705). In addition, we found flow has an intermediating effect between internal locus of controland learner persistence and between institutional support and learner persistence. We propose strategies to raise learner persistence by improving the learner’s internal locus of control, institutional support, and flow based on these results.KeywordsInternal locus of control; Institutional support; Flow; Learner persistence; Cyber University2.Creating a cyber moving target for critical infrastructure applications using platform diversity ☆Hamed Okhravi, , Adam Comella, Eric Robinson, Joshua HainesMIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA Received 15 April 2011. Available online 28 January 2012.AbstractDespite the significant effort that often goes into securing critical infrastructure assets, many systems remain vulnerable to advanced, targeted cyber attacks. This paper describes the design and implementation of the Trusted Dynamic Logical Heterogeneity System (TALENT), a framework for live-migrating critical infrastructure applications across heterogeneous platforms. TALENT permits a running critical application to change its hardware platform and operating system, thus providing cyber survivability through platform diversity. TALENT uses containers (operating-system-level virtualization) and a portable checkpoint compiler to create a virtual execution environment and to migrate a running application across different platforms while preserving the state of the application (execution state, open files and network connections). TALENT is designed to support general applications written in the C programming language. By changing the platform on-the-fly, TALENT creates a cyber moving target and significantly raises the bar for a successful attack against a critical application. Experiments demonstrate that a complete migration can be completed within about one second.KeywordsCyber moving target; Cyber survivability; Platform heterogeneity; Diversity; Virtualization3.A control system testbed to validate critical infrastructure protection concepts Thomas Morrisa, , , Anurag Srivastavab, , Bradley Reavesa, , Wei Gaoa, , Kalyan Pavurapua, , Ram Reddia,a Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USAb School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAReceived 3 January 2011. Revised 19 June 2011. Accepted 20 June 2011. Available online 29 June 2011.AbstractThis paper describes the Mississippi State University SCADA Security Laboratory and Power and Energy Research laboratory. This laboratory combines model control systems from multiple critical infrastructure industries to create a testbed with functional physical processes controlled by commercial hardware and software over common industrial control system routable and non-routable networks. Laboratory exercises, functional demonstrations, and lecture material from the testbed have been integrated into a newly developed industrial control system cybersecurity course, into multiple other engineering and computer science courses, and into a series of short courses targeted to industry. Integration into the classroom allows the testbed to provide a workforce development function, prepares graduate students for research activities, and raises the profile of this research area with students. The testbed enables a research process in which cybersecurity vulnerabilities are discovered, exploits are used to understand the implications of the vulnerability on controlled physical processes, identified problems are classified by criticality and similarities in type and effect, and finally cybersecurity mitigations are developed and validated against within the testbed. Overviews of research enabled by the testbed are provided, including descriptions of software and network vulnerability research, a description of forensic data logger capability developed using the testbed to retrofit existing serial port MODBUS and DNP3 devices, and a description of intrusion detection research which leverages unique characteristics of industrial control systems.KeywordsTestbed; Industrial control system; SCADA; Smart grid; Cybersecurity全文摘录选择一篇：2. Creating a cyber moving target for critical infrastructure applications using platform diversity一、篇名：Creating a cyber moving target for critical infrastructure applications using platform diversity二、著者：Hamed Okhravi, , Adam Comella, Eric Robinson, Joshua Haines三、著者单位：MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA 四、文摘AbstractDespite the significant effort that often goes into securing critical infrastructure assets, many systems remain vulnerable to advanced, targeted cyber attacks. This paper describes the design and implementation of the Trusted Dynamic Logical Heterogeneity System (TALENT), a framework for live-migrating critical infrastructure applications across heterogeneous platforms. TALENT permits a running critical application to change its hardware platform and operating system, thus providing cyber survivability through platform diversity. TALENT uses containers (operating-system-level virtualization) and a portable checkpoint compiler to create a virtual execution environment and to migrate a running application across different platforms while preserving the state of the application (execution state, open files and network connections). TALENT is designed to support general applications written in the C programming language. By changing the platform on-the-fly,TALENT creates a cyber moving target and significantly raises the bar for a successful attack against a critical application. Experiments demonstrate that a complete migration can be completed within about one second.五、关键词：Cyber moving target; Cyber survivability; Platform heterogeneity; Diversity; Virtualization六、正文（首段）1. IntroductionCritical infrastructure systems are an integral part of the national cyber infrastructure. The power grid, oil and gas pipelines, utilities, communications systems, transportation systems, and banking and financial systems are examples of critical infrastructure systems. Despite the significant amount of effort and resources used to secure these systems, many remain vulnerable to advanced, targeted cyber attacks. The complexity of these systems and their use of commercial off-the-shelf components often exacerbate the problem.（末端）ConclusionsThe TALENT system provides dynamic, heterogeneous platforms for critical infrastructure applications. It creates a cyber moving target that offers resilience in the face of platform-specific cyber attacks. To the best of our knowledge, TALENT is the first heterogeneous platform solution that preserves the internal state of a general application.The current TALENT prototype is focused on providing high availability. There is no guarantee that the migrated state (persistent or ephemeral) is not already corrupted. In future work, we plan to extend TALENT by adding sanitization and recovery capabilities. This would provide integrity guarantees for an application under attack. We also plan to augment TALENT with an attack detection engine that can trigger migration. Finally, we plan to integrate TALENT with an assessment framework based on attack graphs [19] so that the destination platform can be selected based on formal vulnerability and reachability analysis.7、参考文献[1]Flow and Optimal ExperienceEncyclopedia of Creativity (Second Edition), 2011, Pages 522-528M. Biasutti[2]Flow in EducationInternational Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), 2010, Pages 605-611J.A. Schmidt[3]Personality: Autonomy and IndependenceEncyclopedia of Creativity (Second Edition), 2011, Pages 224-227G. Oztunc[4]R. Brown, Stuxnet worm causes industry concern for security firms, Mass High Tech, Boston, Massachusetts, October 19, 2010[5]US Air Force Chief Scientist, Report on Technology Horizons: A Vision for Air Force Science and Technology During 2010–2030, V olume 1, Technical Report[6]Thomas Morrisa, , , Anurag Srivastavab, , Bradley Reavesa, , Wei Gaoa, , Kalyan Pavurapua, , Ram ReddiaCommon Cyber Security Vulnerabilities Observed in Control System Assessments by the INL NSTB Program, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, November 2008.[7]R. Fink, D. Spencer, R. Wells, Lessons learned from cyber security assessments of SCADA and energy management systems, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, September 2006。

Aboutness 所言之事Absolute frequency 绝对频数Alignment (of parallel texts) （平行或对应）语料的对齐Alphanumeric 字母数字类的Annotate 标注（动词）Annotation 标注（名词）Annotation scheme 标注方案ANSI/American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准学会ASCII/American Standard Code for Information Exchange 美国信息交换标准码Associate (of keywords) （主题词的）联想词AWL/Academic word list 学术词表Balanced corpus 平衡语料库Base list 底表、基础词表Bigram 二元组、二元序列、二元结构Bi-hapax 两次词Bilingual corpus 双语语料库CA/Contrastive Analysis 对比分析Case-sensitive 大小写敏感、区分大小写Chi-square (χ2) test 卡方检验Chunk 词块CIA/Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis 中介语对比分析CLAWS/Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System CLAWS词性赋码系统Clean text policy 干净文本原则Cluster 词簇、词丛Colligation 类联接、类连接、类联结Collocate n./v. 搭配词；搭配Collocability 搭配强度、搭配力Collocation 搭配、词语搭配Collocational strength 搭配强度Collocational framework/frame 搭配框架Comparable corpora 类比语料库、可比语料库ConcGram 同现词列、框合结构Concordance (line) 索引（行）Concordance plot （索引）词图Concordancer 索引工具Concordancing 索引生成、索引分析Context 语境、上下文Context word 语境词Contingency table 连列表、联列表、列连表、列联表Co-occurrence/Co-occurring 共现Corpora 语料库（复数）Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学Corpus 语料库Corpus-based 基于语料库的Corpus-driven 语料库驱动的Corpus-informed 语料库指导的、参考了语料库的Co-select/Co-selection/Co-selectiveness 共选（机制）Co-text 共文DDL/Data Driven Learning 数据驱动学习Diachronic corpus 历时语料库Discourse 话语、语篇Discourse prosody 话语韵律Documentation 备检文件、文检报告EAGLES/Expert Advisory Groups on Language Engineering Standards EAGLES文本规格Empirical Linguistics 实证语言学Empiricism 经验主义Encoding 字符编码Error-tagging 错误标注、错误赋码Extended unit of meaning 扩展意义单位File-based search/concordancing 批量检索Formulaic sequence 程式化序列Frequency 频数、频率General (purpose) corpus 通用语料库Granularity 颗粒度Hapax legomenon/hapax 一次词Header/Text head 文本头、头标、头文件HMM/Hidden Markov Model 隐马尔科夫模型Idiom Principle 习语原则Index/Indexing （建）索引In-line annotation 文内标注、行内标注Key keyword 关键主题词Keyness 主题性、关键性Keyword 主题词KWIC/Key Word in Context 语境中的关键词、语境共现（方式）Learner corpus 学习者语料库Lemma 词目、原形词、词元Lemma list 词形还原对应表Lemmata 词目、原形词、词元（复数）Lemmatization 词形还原、词元化Lemmatizer 词形还原（词元化）工具Lexical bundle 词束Lexical density 词汇密度Lexical item 词项、词语项目Lexical priming 词汇触发理论Lexical richness 词汇丰富度Lexico-grammar/Lexical grammar 词汇语法Lexis 词语、词项LL/Log likelihood (ratio) 对数似然比、对数似然率Longitudinal/Developmental corpus 跟踪语料库、发展语料库、历时语料库Machine-readable 机读的Markup 标记、置标MDA/Multi-dimensional approach 多维度分析法Metadata 元信息Meta-metadata 元元信息MF/MD (Multi-feature/Multi-dimensional) approach 多特征/多维度分析法Mini-text 微型文本Misuse 误用Monitor corpus （动态）监察语料库Monolingual corpus 单语语料库Multilingual corpus 多语语料库Multimodal corpus 多模态语料库MWU/Multiword unit 多词单位MWE/Multiword expression 多词单位MI/Mutual information 互信息、互现信息N-gram N元组、N元序列、N元结构、N元词、多词序列NLP/Natural Language Processing 自然语言处理Node 节点（词）Normalization 标准化Normalized frequency 标准化频率、标称频率、归一频率Observed corpus 观察语料库Ontology 知识本体、本体Open Choice Principle 开放选择原则Overuse 超用、过多使用、使用过度、过度使用Paradigmatic 纵聚合（关系）的Parallel corpus 平行语料库、对应语料库Parole linguistics 言语语言学Parsed corpus 句法标注的语料库Parser 句法分析器Parsing 句法分析Pattern/patterning 型式Pattern grammar 型式语法Pedagogic corpus 教学语料库Phraseology 短语、短语学POSgram 赋码序列、码串POS tagging/Part-of-Speech tagging 词性赋码、词性标注、词性附码POS tagger 词性赋码器、词性赋码工具Prefab 预制语块Probabilistic （基于）概率的、概率性的、盖然的Probability 概率Rationalism 理性主义Raw text/Raw corpus 生文本（语料）Reference corpus 参照语料库Regex/RE/RegExp/Regular Expressions 正则表达式Register variation 语域变异Relative frequency 相对频率Representative/Representativeness 代表性（的）Rule-based 基于规则的Sample n./v. 样本；取样、采样、抽样Sampling 取样、采样、抽样Search term 检索项Search word 检索词Segmentation 切分、分词Semantic preference 语义倾向Semantic prosody 语义韵SGML/Standard Generalized Markup Language 标准通用标记语言Skipgram 跨词序列、跨词结构Span 跨距Special purpose corpus 专用语料库、专门用途语料库、专题语料库Specialized corpus 专用语料库Standardized TTR/Standardized type-token ratio 标准化类符/形符比、标准化类/形比、标准化型次比Stand-off annotation 分离式标注Stop list 停用词表、过滤词表Stop word 停用词、过滤词Synchronic corpus 共时语料库Syntagmatic 横组合（关系）的Tag 标记、码、标注码Tagger 赋码器、赋码工具、标注工具Tagging 赋码、标注、附码Tag sequence 赋码序列、码串Tagset 赋码集、码集Text 文本TEI/Text Encoding Initiative 文本编码计划The Lexical Approach 词汇中心教学法The Lexical Syllabus 词汇大纲Token 形符、词次Token definition 形符界定、单词界定Tokenization 分词Tokenizer 分词工具Transcription 转写Translational corpus 翻译语料库Treebank 树库Trigram 三元组、三元序列、三元结构T-score T值Type 类符、词型TTR/Type-token ratio 类符/形符比、类/形比、型次比Underuse 少用、使用不足Unicode 通用码Unit of meaning 意义单位WaC/Web as Corpus 网络语料库Wildcard 通配符Word definition 单词界定Word form 词形Word family 词族Word list 词表XML/EXtensible Markup Language 可扩展标记语言Zipf's Law 齐夫定律Z-score Z值Welcome To Download !!!欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。

一次文献、二次文献、三次文献：根据文献内容、性质和加工情况可将文献区分为：一次文献、二次文献、三次文献。

一次文献指以作者本人的研究成果为依据而创作的原始文献，如期刊论文、研究报告、专利说明书、会议论文等。

一次文献数量庞大、分散在各种期刊、媒体、会议论文集、图书、连续性出版物、特种文献之中，所以寻找困难。

所以就有了二次文献、二次文献。

二次文献是对一次文献进行加工整理后产生的一类方面，如书目、题录、简介、文摘等检索工具。

三次文献是在一、二次文献的基础上，经过综合分析而编写出来的文献，人们常把这类文献称为“情报研究”的成果，如综述、专题述评、学科年度总结、进展报告、数据手册等。

1)Camera Ready Paper:很久以前论文都是用打字机打出来的.投稿的时候只有纸本.因此出版的时候, 出版商会先用相机把纸本拍起来再製版印刷.寄过去的论文必须是最终版本, 排版好的,这样照相机拍下去才可以直接用.这也是Camera Ready Paper 的由来.相对于Camera Ready Paper 则是Manuscript.现在虽然大部分研讨会都已经改用电子投稿,但是仍然沿用Camera Ready Paper 这个名词,通常是用ps or pdf 档案寄过去.大会不会对投稿论文作任何排版而是直接印表机印出来就送印刷厂了。

2) ISTP(Index to Scientific & Technical Proceeding ): 即《科学技术会议录索引》，创刊于1978年，由美国科学情报研究所编制,主要收录国际上著名的科技会议文献。

它所收录的数据包括农业、环境科学、生物化学、分子生物学、生物技术、医学、工程、计算机科学、化学、物理学等学科。

从1990-2003年间，ISTP和ISSHP( 后文将要讲到ISSHP)共收录了60，000个会议的近300万篇论文的信息。

3)SCI: Science Citation Index 美国《科学引文索引》(是一种多学科的科技文献检索工具,由美国科学信息研究所(Institute for Scientific Information,简称ISI)主办)SSCI: Social Sciences Citation IndexA&HCI: Arts & Humanities Citation IndexSCIE: Science Citation Index Expanded(Web of Science)Science Citation Index Expanded是SCI 的扩展版，SCI收录3000余种期刊,以前可以通过光盘或者手工翻阅可以检索。

英语专业毕业论文题目（中英
文对照版）
撰写人：XXX 本文档介绍了XXXXX.
YOUR
LOG
英语专业毕业论文题目（中英文对照版）本文关键词：英语，中英文对照，题目，专业毕业论文
英语专业毕业论文题目（中英文对照版）本文简介：对于一篇英文论文来说，题目是留给导师和读者的第一印象，题目拟的不好，很难引起读者的兴趣和共鸣，也难以彰显作者的学术水平，本文选取了60篇优秀的英语专业毕业论文题目，这60个题目都是中英文对照版，供英文专业的毕业生参考。

1、国际商务谈判中的双赢语用策略TheWin-
英语专业毕业论文题目（中英文对照版）本文内容：对于一篇英文论文来说，题目是留给导师和读者的第一印象，题目拟的不好，很难引起读者的兴趣和共鸣，也难以彰显作者的学术水平，本文选取了60篇优秀的英语专业毕业论文题目，这60个题目都是中英文对照版，供英文专业的毕业生参考。

1、国际商务谈判中的双赢语用策略
The Win-Win Pragmatic Strategies in International Business Negotiation
2、Grice 的合作原则在国际商务谈判中的应用
The Application of Grice’s Cooperation Principle in International Business Negotiation。

英文科技文献常用词及其缩写第一篇：英文科技文献常用词及其缩写英文科技文献常用词及其缩写Abstracts Abstr 文摘 Abbreviation 缩语和略语 Acta 学报Advances 进展 Annals Anna.纪事Annual Annu.年鉴，年度 Semi-Annual 半年度 Annual Review 年评 Appendix Appx 附录 Archives 文献集A.s.=almost surely几乎处处 Association Assn 协会 Author 作者Bibliography 书目，题录Biological Abstract BA 生物学文摘 Bulletin 通报，公告Chemical Abstract CA 化学文摘Citation Cit 引文，题录Classification 分类，分类表 College Coll.学会，学院Compact Disc-Read Only Memory CD-ROM 只读光盘Company Co.公司 Content 目次Co-term 配合词，共同词 Cross-references 相互参见 Digest 辑要，文摘 Directory 名录，指南Dissertations Diss.学位论文 Edition Ed.版次Editor Ed.编者、编辑Excerpta Medica EM 荷兰《医学文摘》 Encyclopedia 百科全书The Engineering Index Ei 工程索引 Et al 等等，以及其他人European Patent Convertion EPC 欧洲专利协定 Federation 联合会 Gazette 报，公报 Guide 指南 Handbook 手册 Heading 标题词Illustration Illus.插图 Index 索引 Cumulative Index 累积索引I.e.= that is to say;in other words也就是，换句话说Index Medicus IM 医学索引 Institute Inst.学会、研究所International Patent Classification IPC 国际专利分类法International Standard Book Number ISBN 国际标准书号International Standard Series Number ISSN 国际标准刊号 JournalJ.杂志、刊 Issue 期（次）Keyword 关键词Letter Let.通讯、读者来信 List 目录、一览表 Manual 手册Medical Literature Analysis and MADLARS 医学文献分析与检索系统 Retrieval System Medical Subject Headings MeSH 医学主题词表 Note 札记 Papers 论文Patent Cooperation Treaty PCT 国际专利合作条约Precision Ratio 查准率 Press 出版社Procceedings Proc.会报、会议录 Progress 进展Publication Publ.出版物 Recall Ratio 查全率 Record 记录、记事 Report 报告、报导 Review 评论、综述Sciences Abstracts SA 科学文摘Section Sec.部分、辑、分册See also 参见Selective Dissemination of Information SDI 定题服务Seminars 专家讨论会文集 Series Ser.丛书、辑 Society 学会Source 来源、出处Subheadings 副主题词Stop term 禁用词Subject 主题 Summary 提要Supplement Suppl.附刊、增刊 Survey 概览Symposium Symp.专题学术讨论会Thesaurus 叙词表、词库Title 篇名、刊名、题目 Topics 论题、主题Transactions 汇报、汇刊 Volume Vol.卷World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO 世界知识产权World Patent Index WPI 世界专利索引 Yearbook 年鉴词性部分prep = 介系词；前置词，preposition的缩写pron = 代名词，pronoun的缩写n = 名词，noun的缩写v = 动词，兼指及物动词和不及物动词，verb的缩写conj = 连接词，conjunction的缩写s = 主词sc = 主词补语o = 受词oc = 受词补语vi = 不及物动词，intransitive verb的缩写vt = 及物动词，transitive verb的缩写aux.v = 助动词，auxiliary的缩写a = 形容词，adjective的缩写ad = 副词，adverb的缩写art = 冠词，article的缩写num = 数词，numeral的缩写int = 感叹词，interjection的缩写u = 不可数名词，uncountable noun的缩写c = 可数名词，countable noun的缩写pl = 复数，plural的缩写 abbr abbreviation(略)略语adj, adjjadjective(s)(形)形容词adv, advvadverb(s)(副)副词adv partadverbial particle(副接)副词接语aux auxiliary(助)助动词cn countable noun(可数)可数名词conj conjunction(连)连接def art definite article(定冠)定冠词egfor example(例如)例如 esp especially(尤指)尤指etc and the others(等)等等ie which is to say(意即)意即indef art indefinite article(不定冠词)不定冠词inf infinitive(不定词)不定词int interjection(感)感叹词n noun(s)(名)名词neg negative(ly)(否定)否定的(地)part adj participial adjective(分形)分词形容词pers person(人称)人称pers pron personal pronoun(人称代)人称代名词pl plural(复)复数(的)pp past participle(过去分词)过去分词pref prefix(字首)字首prep preposition(al)(介词)介词，介系词，介词的pron pronoun(代)代名词pt past tense(过去)过去式sb somebody(某人)某人sing singular(单)单数(的)sth something(某事物)某物或某事suff suffix(字尾)字尾un uncountable noun(不可数)不可数名词US America(n)(美)美国(的)vverb(s)(动)动词[VP]Verb Pattern(动型)动词类型v iverb intransitive(不及物动词)不及物动词vt verb transitive(及物动词)及物动词n: noun v: verb vt: transitive verb it: intransitive verb ad: adverb adj.: adjective adv.: adverb, adverbial adv.phr.: adverb phrase Amer.Eng.: American English aux.v.: auxiliary verb coll.: collective compar.: comparative conj.: conjunction 连词，结合，同时发生 def.art.: definite article定冠词 demonstr.: demonstrative指示的demonstr.adj.: demonstrative adjective指示形容词demonstr.pron.: demonstrative pronoun指示代词dial.：dialect 方言，土话imper.: imperative indef.art.: indefinite article infin.: infinitive interj.: interjection感叹词，插入语interrog.pron.： interrogative pronoun疑问代词 mod.dial.：modern dialect mod.Eng.：modern English n.：noun n.phr.：noun phrase n.pl.： noun plural obs.： obsolete废词，废弃的，过时的，老式的 OE ： Old English OED ： Oxford English Dictionary pers.pron.： personal pronoun phr.： phrase(s)pl.： plural(romanin variant spelling list)复数，众数plur.：plural possess.pron.：possessive pronoun物主代词，代名词p.p.：past participle(italic as paragraph marker or part of speech label)ppl.adj.： participial adjective predic.： predicative pref.： prefix prep.： preposition介词，前置词prep.： prepositional pres.： present tense pres.p.： present participle(italic as paragraph marker or part of speech label)现在分词pres.t.： present tense(italic as part of speech label)pron.：pronoun prop.n.： proper noun proverb.： proverbial谚语的，闻名的 p.t.： past tense(italic as paragraph marker or part of speech label)reflex.pron.： reflexive pronoun反身代词 rel.pron.： relative pronoun关系词 v.: verb vbl.n.: verbal noun动名词verb.prefix : verbal prefix动词前缀 verb.phr.: verbal phrase 第二篇：英文缩写GM（General Manager）总经理VP（Vice President）副总裁FVP（First Vice President）第一副总裁AVP（Assistant Vice President）副总裁助理CEO（Chief Executive Officer）首席执行官COO（Chief Operations Officer）首席运营官CFO（Chief Financial Officer）首席财务官CTO（Chief Technology Officer）首席技术官HRD（Human Resource Director）人力资源总监OD（Operations Director）运营总监MD（Marketing Director）市场总监OM （Operations Manager）运作经理PM（Production Manager生产经理、Product Manager产品经理、Project Manager项目经理)注：这里面变化比较多，要结合谈话时的背景来判断究竟是指哪种身份）BM（Branch Manager）部门经理DM（District Manager）区域经理RM（Regional Manager）区域经理President 总裁Vice-President 副总裁Assistant VP 副总裁助理Executive Marketing Director 市场行政总监General Manager 总经理Branch Manager 部门经理Product Manager 产品经理Project Manager 项目经理Regional Manager 区域经理Production Manager 生产经理Transportation Manager 运输经理Applications Programmer 应用软件程序员Computer Operator 电脑操作员Computer Operations Supervisor 电脑操作主管Hardware Engineer 硬件工程师Computer T echnician 电脑技术MIS Manager 管理信息系统部经理Developmental Engineer 开发工程师Operations Analyst 操作分析Director of Information Services 信息服务主管LAN Administrator 局域网管理员Systems Analyst 系统分Manager of Network Administration 网络管理经理Systems Engineer 系统工程师Product Support Manager 产品支持经理Systems Programmer 系统程序员VP Sales 销售副总裁VP Marketing 市场副总裁Senior Account Manager 高级客户经理Telemarketing Director 电话销售总监Sales Administrator 销售主管Telemarketer 电话销售员Regional Sales Manager 地区销售经理Tele-Interviewer 电话调查员Regional AccountManager 地区客户经理Salesperson 销售员Sales Representative 销售代表Merchandising Manager 采购经理Sales Manager 销售经理Marketing Consultant 市场顾问Sales Executive 销售执行者Marketing Assistant 市场助理Sales Assistant 销售助理Marketing and Sales Director 市场与销售总监Retail Buyer 零售采购员Market Research Analyst 市场调查分析员Manufacturer’s Representative 厂家代Purchasing Agent 采购代理Assistant Account Executive 客户管理助理Marketing Manager 市场经理Advertising Manager 广告经理Marketing Intern 市场实习Advertising Coordinator 广告协调员Marketing Director 市场总监Advertising Assistant 广告助理Account Manager 客户经理Account Representative 客户代表Accounting Payable Clerk 应付帐款文员Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Manager 会计经理Accounts Receivable Clerk 应收帐款文员Accounting Clerk 会计文员CertifiedPublic Accountant 注册会计师Senior Accountant 高级会计Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官Audit Manager 审计经理Collections Officer 收款负责人Auditor 审计师Junior Accountant 初级会计Loan Administrator 贷款管理员Management Accountant 管理会计Billing Clerk 票据文员Billing Supervisor 票据管理员Bookkeeper 档案管理Staff Auditor 审计员Bookkeeping Clerk 档案管理助理Budget Analyst 预算分析Tax Accountant 税务会计Credit Analyst 信用分析Credit Manager 信用管理经理Vice-President of Administration and Finance 财务行政副总裁Financial Analyst 财务分析Vice-President of Finance 财务副总裁Financial Consultant 财务顾问Financial Manager 财务经理Financial Planner 财务计划员VP HR 人力资源副总裁Assistant VP HR 人力资源副总裁助理HR Director 人力资源总监Compensation &Benefit Manager 薪酬福利经理Staffing Manager 招聘经理Training Manager 培训经理Benefits Coordinator 员工福利协调员Employer Relations Representative 员工关系代表Payroller 工资专员Training Coordinator 培训协调Training Specialist 培训专员HR Supervisor(Training)培训主管Vice-President of Administration 行政副总裁Administrative Director 行政总监Office Manager 办公室经理File Clerk 档案管理员Administration Assistant 行政助理Receptionist 接待员General Office Clerk 办公室文员Secretary 秘书Order Entry Clerk 订单输入文员Operator 接线员Typist 打字员公司部门：总公司Head Office分公司Branch Office营业部Business Office人事部 Personnel Department人力资源部 Human Resources Department总务部 General Affairs Department财务部General Accounting Department销售部 Sales Department国际部International Department广告部 Advertising Department企划部Planning Department研发部 Research and Development Department(R&D)秘书室 Secretarial Pool销售相关名词：KA：Key Accounts（原：主要客户）大卖场，大型连锁DM：DeliverMessageDirectMail 宣传单张POP：Point of the purchase(原：据点上的购买）店头广告PDCA：Plan,Do,Check,Action 计划、实施、检核、措施为管理循环的简称4PS：Product,Price,Place,Promotion 行销组合4p(产品价格通路促销)4CS：Consumer needs,Costs,Convienience,Communication行销组合4c(顾客需求顾客接受的成本便利性沟通)MINI：Mininum 小SWOT：trength,Weakness,Opportunity,Threat(优势弱势机会问题)为内外环境分析的一个工具USP：Unique Special Point 独特点FAB：Feature,Advantage,Benefit 产品特性，利益，功效推销法POD：Product Of Difference 产品的卖点SP：Sales Promotion 促销AD：Advertisement 广告NP：News Paper 报纸杂志PR：Public Relation 公共关系Store Check：Store Audit(偏于量的终端调查)终端调查，铺市率调查（可见度）FGD：Focus Group Discuss 座谈会(市调一种)Outdoor：户外GRP： Gross Rating Point（媒介用语）毛评点;总收视点3A：Avalible,Able,Adsire买得到，买得起，乐得买A&U：Attitude and Usage 消费态度和行为（市场调查）TG：端架SKU：单品CPM:每一百万个使用者会有几次抱怨(Complaint per Million)CRM:客户关系管理(Customer Relationship Management)JIT: 即时管理(Just In Time)KM：知识管理(Knowledge Management)LTC:最小总成本法(Least Total Cost)LUC:最小单位成本(Least Unit Cost)SO:订单(Sales Order)销售中的4P：产品（Product）、价格（Price）、通路（Place）、促销（Promotion）销售中的4C：消费者（Consumer）、成本（Cost）、方便（Convenience）、Inventory Control Manager 库存管理经理Regional Manager 区域经理Executive Marketing Director 市场行政总监Warehouse Manager 仓库经理Manager(Non-Profit and Charities)非盈利性慈善机构管理Cashier 出纳员Buyer 采购员Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员Civil Engineer 土木工程师Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书Marketing Representative 销售代表Simultaneous Interpreter 同传公司英文标识总公司Head Office分公司Branch Office 营业部Business Office人事部 Personnel Department人力资源部Human Resources Department 总务部General Affairs Department财务部General Accounting Department 销售部Sales Department 促销部Sales Promotion Department 国际部 International Department 出口部Export Department进口部Import Department 公共关系Public Relations Department 广告部Advertising Department 企划部Planning Department 产品开发部Product Development Department 研发部Research and Development Department(R&D)艺术类词汇:服装设计师Fashion Designer电影摄制助理Film Production Assistant画面设计师Graphic Designer 装饰设计师Interior Designer制片协调员Production Coordinator男演员/女演员Actor/Actress艺术总监Art Director舞蹈教练Choreographer喜剧演员Comedian舞蹈家 Dancer摄影师 Photographer服务行业词汇: 办案员Case Worker城市规划者Urban Planner临床医学家Therapist社会工作者Social Worker心理学家Psychologist客户服务经理 Customer Service Manager客户服务代表 Customer Service Representative健康俱乐部经理Health Club Manager厨师Chef美容师Cosmetologist发型师Hairstylist 教育词汇:校长Principal外语教师 Foreign Language Teacher银行词汇：工商银行 ICBC: Industrial and Commercial Bank of China中国银行 BOC: Bank of China建设银行CCB: China Construction Bank农业银行ABOC:Agriculture Bank of China交通银行BOCM: Bank of Communication招商银行CMB: China Merchant Bank民生银行 CMBC: China Minsheng Banking Group,.Ltd光大银行 CEB: China Everbright Bank华夏银行 Huaxia Bank中信银行 ChinaCitic Bank广东发展银行Guangdong Development Bank深圳发展银行Shenzhen Development Bank上海浦东发展银行SPDB: Shanghai Pudong Development Bank兴业银行 CIB: China Industrial Bank Co., Ltd.MPV是指多用途汽车(multi-Purpose Vehicles)，从源头上讲，MPV是从旅行轿车逐渐演变而来的，它集旅行车宽大乘员空间、轿车的舒适性、和厢式货车的功能于一身，一般为单厢式结构，即多用途车。

中英文摘要及关键词格式第一篇：中英文摘要及关键词格式附件3中文题目（居中）摘要：×××××（摘要内容用小四号宋体字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅）×××××关键词：×××××（关键词内容用小四号宋体字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅；关键词之间用分号相隔。

）×××××注：① 格式模板中的说明（红色或蓝色字体表示），在参阅后请删除。

② 中文摘要及关键词项目排版要求：中文摘要及关键词项目要求独占一页。

其中，中文大标题（课题题目）用二号黑体字居中书写，上空1.5行，下空1行；摘要两字用四号黑体字顶格书写，摘要内容用小四号宋体字书写，每行与冒号对齐，行距为固定值22磅；关键词三字用四号黑体字顶格书写，关键词内容用小四号宋体字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅。

英文题目（Times New Roman字体）Abstract：abcdefghijk（英文摘要内容用小四号Times New Roman字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅）×××××Keywords：abcdefghijk（英文关键词内容用小四号Times New Roman字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅；关键词之间用分号相隔）×××××注：① 格式模板中的说明（红色或蓝色字体表示），在参阅后请删除。

② 英文摘要及关键词项目排版要求：英文摘要及关键词项目要求独占一页。

其中，英文大标题（课题题目）用二号Times New Roman字居中书写，上空1.5行，下空1行；Abstract用四号Times New Roman字顶格书写，摘要内容用小四号Times New Roman字书写，每行与冒号对齐，行距为固定值22磅；Keywords用四号Times New Roman字顶格书写，关键词内容用小四号Times New Roman书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅。