语言学基本知识
语言学的基本概念
1.What is linguistics?
(1)The definition: Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language, or,
alternatively, the scientific study of language.
语音学
2.General Linguistics & Applied Linguistics
(1)The main difference
General Linguistics: 理论研究，研究对象为人类所有语言
Applied Linguistics: 应用研究，语言在各个领域的实际应用
(2)The main branches of each
General Linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,
Pragmatics
Applied Linguistics: Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Physiological
Phonelics, etc. (Page 64, Para1)
Note: 上述应用语言学分分支，指的是广义的应用语言学的分支，狭义的应用语言学只指语言教学
3.Important distinctions in Linguistics
(1)Descriptive Linguistics V.S. Prescriptive Linguistics
Don’t say X. a prescriptive command
People don’t say X. a descriptive statement
The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.
Prescriptive Linguistics: 规定正确的用法，按照此规定使用语言
Descriptive Linguistics: 语言的实际用法
(2)Synchronic Linguistics V.S. Diachronic Linguistics ----Saussure
Diachronic Linguistics: the study of language through the course of its history. Synchronic Linguistics: the study of language, which takes a fixed instant as its
point of observation.
(3)Speech V.S. Writing
Speech: communication by word of mouth
Writing: symbol of language
(4)Langue V.S. Parole
Langue: the common possession of a speech community 言语活动中社会成员共同使用的部分，是社会共有的交际工具。
Parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics 语言上的实际表现或语料，在具体场合下的具体话语。
(5)Competence V.S. Performance ---Chomsky
Competence: a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules of his language
Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situations. What we do when we speak or listen.
Phonetics语音学
1.Definition
The study of the pronunciation (including how sounds are made, transmitted, and received发出，传递，感知), description and classification of speech sounds.
比如：p是用什么发音器官发出来的？是爆破音还是唇齿音？是元音还是辅音？是轻音还是浊音？
Articulatory Phonetics
发音语音学: the production of speech sounds---organs Acoustic Phonetics
声学语音学: the property of sound waves---transmission Auditory
Phonetics听觉语音学: the way in which the listener analyses or possesses a sound wave----perception
2.Classification of English Speech Sounds
Consonants (24)
Vowels (20)
(1)Classification of Consonants
① V oiced or voicelss 清音或浊音（8对）
V oiced: p, t, k, f, θ, s, ʃ, tʃ
V oiceless: b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, dʒ
② Place of pronunciation （分为8类，共24个音标）
Bilabial: p, b, m, w (4个)
Labiodental: f,v （2个）
Denta l: θ, ð (2个)
Alveolar: t, d, s, z, n, r, l (7个)
Palatal-alveolar: ʃ, tʃ, ʒ, dʒ (4个)
Palatal: j (1个)
Velar: k, g, ŋ (3个)
Glottal: h （1个）
