生物化学与分子生物学名词中英文对照表

《生物化学》重要术语中英语对照碳水化合物（carbohydrate）单糖（monosaccharide）寡糖（oligosaccharide）多糖（polysaccharide）醛糖（aldose）酮糖（ketose）蔗糖（sucrose）乳糖（lactose）麦芽糖（maltose）纤维二糖（cellobiose）多糖（polysaccharides）淀粉（starch）直链淀粉（amylose）支链淀粉（amylopectin）纤维素（cellulose）半纤维素（hemicellulose）糖原（glycogen）几丁质（chitin）糖胺聚糖（glycosaminolgycan）脂类（lipids）脂肪酸（fatty acid）甘油三酯（glycerol triester）亲水脂类（amphipathic lipids）蜡（wax）磷酸甘油脂（phosphoglyceride）甘油磷脂（glycerophospholipid）磷脂酰胆碱（phosphatidylcholine）磷脂酰乙醇胺（phosphatidylethanolamine）磷脂酰丝氨酸（phoshatidylserine）磷脂酰肌醇（phosphatidylinositol, PI）肌醇三磷酸（inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate，IP3）二脂酰甘油（diacylglycerol，DAG）磷脂酸（phosphatidic acid，PA）磷脂酶A2（phospholipase A2，PLA2）磷脂酶C（phospholipase C，PLC）磷脂酶D（phospholipase D，PLD）溶血磷脂(1ysophospholipid)鞘磷脂（sphingomyelin）神经酰胺（ceramide）类固醇（steroids）萜类（terpenes）胆固醇（cholesterol）麦角固醇（ergosterol）蛋白质protein简单蛋白质simple protein氨基酸amino acid结合蛋白质conjugated protein多肽polypeptide肽peptide肽键peptide bond介电常数dielectric constant范德华力van der waals force层析法chromatography吸附层析法adsorption chromatography分配系数partition or distribution confficient活性肽active peptide二硫键disulfide bond兼性离子zwitterion一级结构primary structure疏水效应hydrophobic effectSDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳SDS-PAGE毛细管电泳（capillary eletrophoresis, CE）离子交换层析ion exchange chromatography 同源蛋白homologous protein构象conformation构象角conformatiomal angle糖脂（glycolipid）糖基甘油酯（glycosylglyceride）鞘糖脂（glycosphingolipid）脑苷脂（cerebroside）N-乙酰神经氨酸（N-acetylneuraminic acid）神经节苷脂（ganglioside）硫酸脑苷脂（cerebroside sulfate）糖蛋白（glycoproteins）蛋白聚糖（proteoglycans）生物膜（biomembrane）膜脂（membrane lipids）膜蛋白（membrane proteins）脂质双层分子（lipid bilayers）外周蛋白（peripheral protein）外源性（extrinsic protein）内在蛋白（integral protein）内源性蛋白（intrinsic protein）跨膜蛋白（transmembrane proteins）流动镶嵌模型（fluid mosaic model）简单扩散（simple diffusion）协助扩散（facilitated diffusion）被动运输（passive transport）主动运输（active transport）介导性运输（mediated transport）非介导性运输（nonmediated transport）载体蛋白（carrier protein）通道蛋白（channel protein）离子通道（ionic channel）离子载体（ionophore）内吞作用（endocytosis）胞饮作用”（pinocytosis）外排作用（exocytosis）基团转移（group translocation）脂蛋白（lipoprotein）染色体（chromosome）染色质（chromatin）组蛋白（histone）核小体（nucleosome）病毒（virus）噬菌体（bacteriophage或简称phage）变性denaturation沉降系数（S）Svedberg(S)抗体antibody亲和层析法affinity chromatography 盐溶salting in盐析salting out二级结构secondary structure三级结构tertiary structureα-螺旋α-helix超二级结构super-secondaery structure 结构域structure domain氢键hydrogen bend疏水相互作用hydrophoblic interaction 肌红蛋白myoglobin寡聚蛋白质oligomeric protein无规则卷曲randon coil复性renaturation镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cell anermia 酶（enzyme）酶的专一性（specificity）单体酶（monomeric enzyme）寡聚酶（oligomeric enzyme）多酶复合体系（multienzyme system）酶活性中心（active center of enzyme）催化基团（catalytic site）酶原（zymogen or proenzyme）诱导契合（induced-fit theory）抗体酶（abzyme）酸碱催化（acid-base catalysis）共价催化(covalent catalysis)激活剂（activator）抑制剂（inhibitor）可逆抑制（reversible inhibition）竞争性抑制作用（competitive inhibition）非竞争性抑制作用（noncompetitive inhibition）调节酶（modulator）别构酶（allosteric enzyme）同配位效应（isosteric effect）变构效应（allosteric effect）变构激活（allosteric activation ）正协同效应（positive cooperative effect）负协同效应（negative cooperative effect）效应物（effector）维生素（vitamin）维生素缺少症（avitaminosis）调节中心（regulatory center）催化亚基（catalytic subunit）调节亚基（regulatory subunit）诱导酶（induced enzyme）结构酶（structural enzyme）核酶（ribozyme）辅酶（coenzyme）比活力（specific activity）脱氧核酶（deoxyribozyme）酶工程（enzyme engineering）酶纯度（purity of enzyme）酶活力（enzyme activity）α-淀粉酶（α-amylase）β-淀粉酶（β-amylase）脱支酶（debranching enzyme）淀粉的磷酸化酶（amylophosphorylase）糖酵解（glycolysis）三羧酸循环（tricarboxylic acid cycle，TCA）磷酸戊糖途径（pentose phosphate pathway，PPP）生物氧化（biological oxidation）烟酰胺脱氢酶类（nicotinamide dehydrogenase）黄素脱氢酶类（flavin dehydrogenase）铁硫蛋白类（iron-sulfur protein）泛醌（ubiquinone）细胞色素类（cytochromes）细胞色素氧化酶（cytochromeoxidase）鱼藤酮（rotenone）安密妥（amytal）杀粉蝶菌素（piericidine）抗霉素A（antimycin A）底物水平磷酸化（substrate-level phosphorylation）氧化磷酸化（oxidative phosphorylation）化学渗透假说（chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis）化学偶联假说（chemical coupling hypothesis）构象偶联假说（conformational coupling hypothesis）甘油-磷酸穿梭途径（glycerophosphate shuttle）苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭途径（malate- aspartate shuttle）异柠檬酸穿梭途径（isocitrate shuttle）能荷（energy charge）肉碱（肉毒碱，carnitine）乙醛酸体（乙醛酸循环体，glyoxysome）乙醛酸循环（glyoxylate cycle）酮体（ketone bodies）饱和脂肪酸的从头合成（de novo synthesis）谷氨酸脱氢酶（glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH）转氨基作用（transamination）转氨酶（transaminase）磷酸吡哆醛（pyridoxal phosphate，PLP）谷丙转氨酶（glutamic pyruvic transaminase，GPT或alanine transaminase，ALT）谷草转氨酶（glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase，GOT或aspartate transaminase，AST）γ-谷氨酰-半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-glutamyl systeine synthetase，γ-ECS）谷胱甘肽（glutathione）谷胱甘肽合成酶（glutathione synthetase）生物固氮（biological nitrogen fixation）固氮酶（nitrogenase）自身固氮微生物（diazatrophs）共生固氮微生物（symbiotic microorganism）硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase，NR）亚硝酸还原酶（nitrite reductase，NiR）谷氨酸合酶（glutamate: oxo-glutarate aminotransferase，GOGA T）谷氨酰胺合成酶（glutamine synthetase，GS）腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸酐（adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，APS）3'-磷酸腺酐-5'-磷酰硫酸（3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，PAPS）5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸（phosphoribosyl pyrophosphaet，PRPP）天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶（aspartate trsnscarbamoy lase）腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（adenine phosphoribosyl fransferase，APRT）黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase，HGPRT）谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase，GR）谷氧还蛋白（glutaredoxin）谷氧还蛋白还原酶（glutaredoxin reductase）胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合酶（thymidylate synthase）DNA复制（DNA replication）中心法则（central dogma）冈崎片段（Okazaki fragement）前导链（leading strand）滞后链（lagging strand）引物（primer）复制叉（replication fork）半保留式复制（semiconservative replication）模板（template）反转录（reverse transcription）转换（transition）颠换（transversion）错配修复（mismatch repair）核苷酸切除修复（nucleotide excision repair）碱基切除修复（base excision repair）同源重组（homologous recombination）特异性重组（site-specific recombination）转座子（transposon）启动子（promoter）限制性内切酶（restriction endonuclease ）修饰（modification）单链结合蛋白（single stranded binding proteins, SSB）遗传密码（genetic code）读码框架（reading frame）移码突变（frame-shift mutation）简并性（degeneracy）同义密码子（synonymous codon）起始密码子（initiatlon codon）终止密码子（termination codon）摆动假说（wobble hypothesis)同功受体tRNA（isoaccepting tRNA）反密码子（anticodon）多核糖体（polyribisome）氨酰-tRNA合成酶（aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase）Shine –Dalgarno序列（Shine –Dalgarno sequence）起始因子（initiation factor）延伸因子（elongation factor）释放因子（release factor）转肽（transpeptidation）移位（translocation）分子伴侣（molecular chapeones）共翻译转移（co-translational translocation）翻译后转移（post-translational translocation）信号肽（signal sequence）信号识别颗粒（signal recognition particle SPR）代谢（metabolism）代谢调节（metabolic regulation）共价修饰（covalent modification）反馈抑制（feedback inhibition）操纵子模型（operon model）衰减作用（attenuation）级联放大作用（amplification cascade）变（别）构效应（allosteric effect）诱导和阻遏（induction and repression）蛋白激酶C （protein kinase C，PKC）第二信使（second messenger）受体（receptor）G 蛋白（guanosine triphosphate-binding protein）信号转导（signal transduction）钙调素（calmodulin，CaM）磷酯酶（phospholipase C，PLC）。

癌基因oncogene艾滋病acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome,AIDS 氨喋呤anminopterin carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Ⅰ, CPS-Ⅰ氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶Ⅰ氨基末端amino terminal氨基酸amino acid氨基酸接纳茎acceptor stem氨基酸序列amino acid sequenceδ-氨基-γ-酮戊酸δ—aminolevulinic acid,ALA氨基酰-tRNA合成酶aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase氨基酰位aminoacyl site氨基转移酶aminotransferase氨甲喋呤methotrexate, MTX氨肽酶,氨基肽酶aminopeptidase胺氧化酶amine oxidase巴士德Pastuer靶细胞target cell白化病albinism白三烯leukotrienes,LTs摆动性wobble斑点印迹bot blotting半保留复制semi-conservative replication半不连续复制semi-discontinuous replication 半胱氨酸cysteine半乳糖galactose, Gal伴侣素chaperonins包涵体inclusion body胞苷cytidine胞嘧啶cytosine,C胞质小RNA small cytoplasmic RNA,scRNA 保守性转座conservative transposition苯丙氨酸羟化酶phenylalanine hydroxylase 苯酮酸尿症phenyl ketonuria, PKU吡哆胺pyridoxamine吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal必需氨基酸essential amino acid必需基团essential group必需激活剂essential activator编码链coding strand变构部位allosteric site变构调节allosteric regulation变构激活剂allosteric activator变构酶allosteric enzyme变构效应allosteric effect变构效应剂allosteric effector变构抑制剂allosteric inhibitor变性denaturation变性梯度胶电泳denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE 辨认位点recognition site标志补救marker rescue表达载体expression vector表构酶epimerase表观Km值apparent Km表面效应surface effect别嘌呤醇allopurinol丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环alanine-glucose cycle 丙酮acetone丙酮酸pyruvate丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase病毒癌基因virus oncogene,v-onc卟啉症porphyria补救合成途径salvage pathway不对称转录asymmetric transcription不可逆性抑制作用irreversible inhibition 参入incorporation残基residue残粒remnant操纵序列operator操纵子operon侧翼区flanking region层析chromatography层粘连蛋白laminin,Ln插入insertion插入序列insertion sequences, IS长末端重复序列long terminal repeat, LTR长萜醇dolichol肠肝循环bilinogen enterohepatic circulation,enterohepatic circulation超螺旋结构superhelix, supercoil超敏位点hypersensitive site超速离心ultra-centrifuge超速离心法ultracentrifugation超氧物歧化酶superoxide dismutase, SOD沉降系数sedimentation coefficient,S成肽peptide bond formation初级胆汁酸primary bile acids初级转录产物primary transcripts储脂细胞lipocyte串联酶tandem enzyme锤头结构hammerbead structure醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH次黄核苷inosine,I次黄嘌呤inosine次黄嘌呤核苷酸inosine monphosphate, IMP次黄嘌呤核苷酸转移酶adenine phosphoribosyl transferase, APRT 次级胆汁酸secondary bile acids从头合成途径de novo synthesis促红细胞生成素erythropoietin,EPO催化基团catalytic group催化型受体catalytic receptor催化性DNA DNAzyme催化性RNA catalytic RNA催化性小RNA small catalytic RNA脆性X综合征fragile X syndrome脆性位点fragile site错配mismatch大沟major groove代谢库metabolic pool单胺氧化酶monoamine oxidase, MAO单纯酶simple enzyme单核苷酸多态性single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs单链DNA结合蛋白single stranded DNA binding protein, SSB单链构象多态性single strand conformation polymorphism, SSCP 单顺反子monocistron单体酶monomeric enzyme胆chole胆钙化醇cholecalciferol胆固醇cholesterol胆固醇7a-羟化酶cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase胆固醇流出调节蛋白cholesterol-efflux regulatory protein, CERP胆固醇酯酶cholesteryl esterase胆红素bilirubin胆红素脑病bilirubin encephalopathy胆碱choline胆碱酯酶choline esterase胆绿素biliverdin胆绿素还原酶biliverdin reductase胆囊胆汁gallbladder bile胆色素bile pigment胆色素原prophobilinogen,PBG胆素bilin胆素原bilinogen胆酸cholic acid胆盐bile salts胆汁bile胆汁酸bile acids弹性蛋白酶elastase蛋白二硫键异构酶protein disulfide isomerase,PDI 蛋白激酶C protein kinase C,PKC蛋白聚糖proteoglycan蛋白聚糖聚合物aggrecan蛋白磷酸酶protein phophatase蛋白酶protease蛋白酶体proteasome,proteosome蛋白质protein蛋白质表达protein expression蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用protein-protein interaction蛋白质的靶向输送protein targeting蛋白质的凝固作用protein coagulation蛋白质数据库protein databasesDNA-蛋白质相互作用DNA-protein interaction蛋白质芯片protein chip蛋白质印迹技术Western blotting蛋白质转换protein turnover蛋白质组proteome蛋白质组学Proteomics氮平衡nitrogen balance倒位酶invertase等电点isoelectric point,pI等位基因特异寡核苷酸allele-specific ologonucleotide,ASO 低血糖diabetes mellitus低血糖症hypoglycemia底物substrate底物水平磷酸化substrate-level phosphorylation底物循环substrate cycle地心引力gravity第二信使secondary messenger点突变point mutation电穿孔electroporation电喷雾质谱electrospray ionization mass spectrometry,ESI-MS电泳electrophoresis电子传递链electron transfer chain淀粉starchα-淀粉酶α-amylase凋亡apoptosis调节部位regulatory site调节酶regulatory enzymes调节子regulon定位候选基因克隆策略positional candidate gene approaches 定位克隆positional cloning定向排列orientation arrange杜氏肌营养不良症duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD端粒telomere端粒酶RNA human telomerase RNA,hTR端粒酶逆转录酶human telomerase reverse transcriptase,hTRT 端粒酶协同蛋白1human telomerase associated protein 1,hTP1 短串联重复序列short tandem repeat断裂基因splite gene钝性未端blunt end多胺polyamines多巴胺dopamine多不饱和脂酸polyunsaturated fatty acid多功能酶multifunctional enzyme多核糖体polyribosome多接头克隆位点polylinker cloning sites多聚核蛋白体polysome多聚核苷酸polynucleotides多聚体polymer多聚脱氧核苷酸polydeoxynucleotides多酶体系multienzyme system多顺反子polycistron多顺反子mRNA polycistronic mRNA多态性polymorphism多肽polypeptide多肽链polypeptide chain多样性片段diversity segment多元催化multielement catalysis鹅膏蕈碱amanitin鹅脱氧胆酸chenodeoxycholic acid儿茶酚胺catecholamine二次转酯反应twice transesterification二级结构secondary structure二甲基丙烯焦磷酸3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, DPP 二聚化dimerization二聚体dimer二氢叶酸合成酶dihydrofolic acid synthetase二氢叶酸还原酶dihydrofolate reductase二巯基丙醇British anti-Lewisite,proteosome,BAL二十二碳六烯酸docosahexaenoic acid, DHA二十碳五烯酸eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA二肽酶dipeptidase二硝基苯酚dinitrophenol,DNP发夹hairpin翻译起始复合物translational initiation complex反基因策略antigene strategy反竞争性抑制作用uncompetitive inhibition反密码子anticodon反式trans反式作用因子trans-acting factor反烯酰CoA异构酶trans enoyl-CoA isomerase反义寡核苷酸antioligonucleotide反转录PCR reverse transcription PCR,RT-PCR反转重复序列inverted repeat泛醌ubiquinone泛素ubiquitin泛素化ubiquuitination泛酸pantothenic acid非mRNA小RNA small non-messenger RNA,snmRNAs 非必需氨基酸non-essencial amino acid非必需激活剂non-essential activator非蛋白氮non-protein nitrogen, NPN非定位候选基因克隆策略position-independent candidate gene approaches 非竞争性抑制作用non-competitive inhibitionRNA分化加工differential RNA processing分节基因segmentation genes分解代谢阻遏catabolic repression分解物基因激活蛋白catabolite gene activation protein, CAP分支酶debranching enzyme分支移动branch migration分子伴侣chaperon,molecular chaperon分子克隆molecular clone分子医学molecular medicine粉蝶霉素A piericidin A粉液化芽苞杆菌bacillus amyloliguefaciens粪卟啉原III coproporphyrinogen III,CPGIII粪胆素stercobilin,l-urobilin粪胆素原stercobilinogen,l-urobilinogen丰富基因redundant gene佛波酯phorbol ester5-氟尿嘧啶5-fluorouracil, 5-fu脯氨酸富含域proline-rich domain辅基prosthetic group辅酶coenzyme辅酶I NAD+辅酶II NADP+辅酶Q coenzyme Q,CoQ辅脂酶colipase辅助因子cofactor辅助因子Fis factor for inversion stimulation 辅阻遏剂corepressor 腐败作用putrefaction负超螺旋negative supercoil负碳离子carbanion复合体complex复合体Ⅴcomplex V复性renaturation复制replication复制酶replicase复制体replisome复制性转座duplicative transposition复制因子replication factor,RF复制子replicon富含AT AT rich钙调蛋白calmodulin CaM干扰RNA interference RNA,RNAi RNA干涉RNA interference,RNAi 甘氨胆酸glycocholic acid甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸glycochenodeoxycholic acid 甘露糖mannose, Man 甘油激酶glycerokinase甘油磷脂phosphoglycerides甘油三酯triglyceride2-甘油一酯2-monoglyceride肝胆红素hepatobilirubin肝胆汁hepatic bile肝素heparin肝细胞性黄疸hepatocellular jaundice感染infection感受态细胞competent cell岡崎片段Okazaki fragment高保真性high fidelity高脂蛋白血症hyperlipoproteinemia高脂血症hyperlipidemia功能互补实验functional complementation assay功能基因组学functional genomics功能克隆functional cloning共价修饰covalent modification共同的偶配体SMADs common-partner-SMAD,Co-SMADs共有序列consensus sequence谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase谷氨酰胺酶glutaminase谷丙转氨酶glutamic pyruvic transaminase, GPT, ALT谷草转氨酶glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, GOT, AST β-谷固醇β-sitosterol 谷胱甘肽glutathione, GSH谷胱甘肽S-环氧化物转移酶glutathione S-epoxidetransferase骨形态发生蛋白bone morphogenetic protein,BMPs钴胺素cobalamin钴胺素I transcobalamin I, TC I固醇sterol固醇载体蛋白sterol carrier protein, SCP固定化酶immobilized enzyme寡核苷酸点阵oligonucleotide arrays寡核苷酸微芯片oligonucleotide micro-chip寡核苷酸杂交分析oligonucleotide hybridization analysis 寡聚酶oligomeric enzyme寡霉素oligomycin寡肽oligopeptide寡肽酶oligopeptidase关键酶key enzymes管家基因housekeeping gene光修复light repairing光修复酶photolyase胱甘肽S-转移酶glutathione S-transferase滚环复制rolling circle replication6-果糖双磷酸酶-26-phosphofructokinase-2果糖双磷酸酶-2fructose biphosphatase-2过渡态transition state过氧化酶体peroxisomes过氧化氢酶catalase,peroxidaseALA合酶ALA synthaseATP合酶ATP snthase核磁共振技术nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR核蛋白nuclear protein核蛋白体RNA ribosomal RNA,rRNA核蛋白体蛋白质ribosomal protein,rp核蛋白体结合位点ribosomal binding site, RBS核蛋白体循环ribosomal cycle核定位信号nuclear localization signal, NLS核定位序列nuclear localization sequence,NLS核苷ribonucleoside核苷二磷酸nucleoside diphosphate,NDP核苷三磷酸nucleoside triphosphate,NTP核苷酸nucleotide核苷一磷酸nucleoside monophosphate,NMP核黄素riboflavin核酶ribozyme核内不均一RNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA,hnRNA 核内小分子RNA small nuclear RNA,snRNA核仁小分子RNA small nucleolar RNA,snoRNA核输入因子nuclear importin核酸nucleic acid核酸内切酶endonuclease核酸外切酶exonuclease核糖核苷酸ribonucleotide核糖核酸ribonucleic acid,RNA核糖体ribosome核小体nucleosome核心颗粒core particle核心酶core enzyme核因子κB nuclear factor-κB,NF-κ B Pribnow盒Pribnow box黑色素melanin亨丁顿舞蹈病Huntington disease恒定片段constant segment后基因组计划post-Human Genome Project, PHGP 呼吸控制率respiratory control ratio, RCR呼吸链respiratory chainb-胡萝卜素b-carotene琥珀酸CoA succinyl CoA琥珀酸CoA合成酶succinyl-CoA synthetase琥珀酸脱氢酶succinate dehydrogenasea互补alpha complementation互补complementary互补的单链DNA complementary DNA花生四烯酸arachidonic acid化学渗透假说chemiosmotic hypothesis化学修饰chemical modificationHMG CoA还原酶HMG CoA reductase环loop环丁基环cyclobutane ringD-环复制D-loop replication缓激肽bradykinin黄疸jaundice黄嘌呤氧化酶xanthosine oxidase黄素单核苷酸flavin mononucleotide, FMN黄素蛋白flavoprotein黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD恢复rescue回文结构palindrome混合功能氧化酶mixed-function oxidase 混合微团mixed micelles活化能activation energy活化素activin活性部位active site活性区activation domain,AD活性中心active center获得性突变gain-of-function mutation肌酸creatine肌酸酐creatinine肌酸激酶creatine kinase, CK肌营养不良蛋白dystrophin基本重组general recombination基本转录因子general transcription factors 基底层bacal laminae基膜baxal lamina基因gene基因靶向gene targeting基因沉默因子silencing factor基因工程genetic engineering基因间隔gene spacer基因矫正gene correction基因克隆gene cloning基因疗法gene therapeutics基因敲除gene knock-out基因失活gene inactivation,loss-of-function mutations 基因文库gene library 基因芯片gene chip基因芯片点阵genechip arrays基因增补gene augmentation基因诊断gene diagnosis基因治疗gene therapy基因置换gene replacement基因重组genetic recombination基因转移gene transfer基因族gene family基因组genome,genomics基因组DNA genomic DNA基因组DNA文库genomic DNA library基因作图genetic mapping激动型G蛋白stimulatory G protein,Gs激活蛋白activator激活功能activation function激活剂activator激素反应元件hormone response element激素敏感性甘油三酯脂肪酶hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase, HSL 级联系统cascade system即刻早期反应基因immediate-early gene,IEG急性时相蛋白质acute phase protein APP急性时相反应物acute phase reactant APR己糖激酶hexokinase加单氧酶monooxygenase甲基化methylation甲基化酶methylase甲基转移酶methyl transferase甲硫氨酸循环methionine cycle甲羟戊酸mevalonic acid, MVA甲胎蛋白α-fetoproteinN-甲酰甲硫氨酸N-formyl methionine,fMet 假尿嘧啶ψ,pseudouridine假神经递质false neurotransmitter间接胆红素indirect reacting bilirubin间接体内疗法ex vivomRNA剪接mRNA splcing剪接splicing剪接接口splicing junction剪接体splicesome检查点check point简并性degeneracy碱基base碱基对base pairs, bp碱性亮氨酸拉链basic eucine zipper碱性螺旋-环-螺旋basic helix-loop-helix降解degradation交联对话cross talk胶原collagen胶原微纤维collagen fibril胶原纤维collagen fiber焦谷氨酸pyroglutamic acid焦磷酸法尼酯farnesyl pyrophosphate, FPPUDPG焦磷酸化酶UDPG pyrophosphorylase焦磷酸硫胺素thiamine pyrophosphate, TPP酵解途径glycolytic pathway酵母yeast酵母基因剔除yeast knockout project酵母人工染色体载体yeast artificial chromosome vector, YAC 酵母双杂交系统yeast two-hybrid-system阶段特异性stage specificity接合作用conjugation接受体acceptor结构基因structural gene结构基因组学structural genomicsSH2结构域Scr homology 2 domainSH3结构域Scr homology 3 domain结构域domain结合胆汁酸conjugated bile acidpoly(A结合蛋白poly(A-binding protein,PABP结合反应conjugation reactionATP结合盒转运蛋白AI ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, ABCA1 结合基团binding group结合酶conjugated enzyme结合区binding domain,BD结合体adaptorDNA结合域DNA binding domain解缠酶untwisting enzyme解毒作用detoxication解磷定pyridine aldoxime methyliodide,PAM解螺旋酶helicase解偶联蛋白uncoupling protein解偶联剂uncoupler金属激活酶metal-activated enzyme金属酶metalloenzyme紧张态tense state进位entrance茎stem茎环stem-loop精胺spermine精脒spermidine竞争性抑制作用competitive inhibition矩形双曲线rectangular hyperbola巨幼红细胞性贫血megaloblastic anemia RNA聚合酶RNA-pol聚合酶链反应polymerase chain reaction, PCR 聚糖glycan绝对特异性absolute specificity癞皮病pellagra劳氏肉瘤病毒Rous sarcoma virus,RSV酪氨酸蛋白激酶tyrosine-protein kinase,TPK 酪氨酸酶tyrosinase类核nucleoid厘摩centimorgen, cM立体异构特异性stereospecificity立早基因immediate-early gene利福平rifampicinN-连接聚糖N-linked glycanO-连接聚糖O-linked glycanDNA连接酶DNA ligase连接酶类ligases连接片段joining segment连接物蛋白adaptor protein连锁分析likage analysis连锁图genetic map,linkage map连续性commaless猎物prey,target protein裂解酶类lyases邻近效应proximity effect林-贝氏Lineweaver- Burk磷酸丙糖异构酶triose phosphate isomerase磷酸二酯键phosphodiester linkage4’-磷酸泛酰氨基乙硫醇4’-phosphopantetheine 磷酸钙转染calcium phosphate transfectionα-磷酸甘油穿梭α-glycerophosphate shuttle3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglycerate mutase磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglycerate kinase6-磷酸果糖fructose-6-phosphate , F-6-P6-磷酸果糖激酶-16-phosphofructokinase-1磷酸肌酸creatine phosphate, CP6-磷酸葡萄糖glucose-6-phosphate,G-6-P磷酸戊糖旁路pentose phosphate pathway,pentose phosphate shunt 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase,phopho-enolpyruvate,PEP3'-磷酸腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸3'-phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, PAPS磷脂交换蛋白phospholipid exchange proteins磷脂酶A2phospholipase A2磷脂酶类phospholipase磷脂酸phosphatidic acid领头链leading strand另一类激酶just another kinases硫胺素thiamine硫解酶thiolase硫酸角质素keratan sulfate硫酸类肝素heparan sulfate硫酸皮肤素dermatan sulfate硫酸软骨素类chordroitin sulfates硫酸转移酶sulfate transferase硫辛酸lipoic acid硫氧化还原蛋白thioredoxin硫氧化还原蛋白还原酶thioredoxin reductase路易士气Lewisite卵母细胞oocyte伦理、法律及社会问题ethical, legal and social issues, ELSI α-螺旋α-helix螺旋反稳定蛋白helix destabilizing protein,HDP麦角钙化醇ergocalciferol麦角固醇ergosterol麦芽糖maltose慢反应物质slow reacting substances of analphylaxis锚蛋白ankynin帽结构cap sequence帽结合蛋白cap binding proteins,CBPsDNA酶deoxyribonuclease,DNaseRNA酶ribonuclease, RNase酶enzyme酶促反应动力学kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reaction酶蛋白poenzyme酶联免疫测定法enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA 酶免检测分析enzyme immunodetection assay酶偶联测定法enzyme coupled assays酶原zymogen门管周带periportal zone靡蛋白chymotrypsin米氏方程式Michaelis equation密度梯度离心density gradient centrifugation密码子codon嘧啶pyrimidine免疫印迹immunoblotting模板template模板理论piecing theory模板链template strand模体motif末端转移酶terminal transferase母亲效应基因maternal effect genes目的基因target DNA内分泌endocrine内分泌信号endocrine signal内含子intron内化internalization内皮生长抑制蛋白vastatin内皮抑素Endostatin内肽酶endopeptidase内因子intrinsic factor, IF内在序列同源结构internal seguence homology 内酯酶lactonase内质网endoplasmic reticulum,ER尼克酸nicotinic acid逆向转运reverse cholesterol transport, RCT逆转录reverse transcription逆转录病毒retro-virus, RV逆转录酶reverse transciptase鸟氨酸脱羧酶orinithine decarboxylase鸟氨酸循环orinithine cycle鸟苷guanosine鸟苷酸结合蛋白,G蛋白guanylate binding protein鸟嘌呤guanine,G鸟嘌呤环化酶guanylyl cyclase,GC尿卟啉原I同合酶UPG I cosynthased-尿胆素d-urobilini-尿胆素i-urobilind-尿胆素原d-urobilinogen尿苷uridine尿苷二磷酸葡糖醛酸uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid, UDPGA 尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖uridine diphophate glucose, UDPG尿嘧啶uracil,U尿嘧啶核苷酸uridine monophosphate, UMP尿素循环urea cycle柠檬酸citrate柠檬酸-丙酮酸循环citrate pyruvate cycle柠檬酸合酶citrate synthase柠檬酸裂合酶citrate lyase凝集素样受体lectin-like receptor凝胶过滤gel filtration牛磺胆酸taurocholic acid牛磺鹅脱氧胆酸taurochenodeoxycholic acid 偶氮还原酶类azoreductase偶氮还原酶类azoreductase爬行模型inchworn model排出位exit site旁分泌paracrine旁分泌信号paracrine signal胚胎干细胞embryonic stem cell配体ligand配体蛋白ligandin配伍未端compatible endH片段H segmentKlenow片段Klenow fragment片段重组体patch recombinant嘌呤purine嘌呤核苷酸循环purine nucleotide cycle拼接重组体splice recombinant平行分子遗传学分析parallel molecular genetic analysis苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭malate-asparate shuttle苹果酸脱氢酶fumarate hydratase,malate dehydrogenase DEAE葡聚糖介导转染DEAE dextran-mediated transfection葡糖醛酸胆红素bilirubin glucuronideUDP-葡糖醛酸基转移酶UDP-glucuronyl transferases, UGT葡萄糖glucose,Glc葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶glucose-6-phophatase葡萄糖激酶glucokinase葡萄糖耐量glucose tolerence葡萄糖转运体glucose transporter,GLUT栖热水生菌thermus aquaticus启动元件initiator启动子promoter起点origin起始tRNA initiator-tRNA起始密码initiation coden起始因子initiation factor,IF前病毒provirus前导片段leader segment前列腺环素prostacyclin前列腺素prostaglandin, PG前脑forebrain前清蛋白prealbumin, PAβ-羟丁酸β-hydroxybutyrate羟化酶hydroxylase3-羟甲基戊二酸单酰3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA, HMG CoA3-羟甲基戊二酸单酰CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA, HMG CoA3-羟甲基戊二酸单酰3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase, HMG CoA CoA合酶synthase鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘脂sphingolipids切除修复excision repairing切口-封闭酶nicking-closing enzyme5-氢过氧化廿碳四烯酸5-hydroperoxy-eicotetraenoic acid, 5-HPETE 清蛋白albumin清道夫受体scavenger receptor, SR球蛋白globulin区带zone去饱和酶desaturase去甲肾上腺素norepinephrine全酶holoenzyme醛缩酶aldolase醛脱氢酶aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH缺口nick缺失deletion染色体chromosome染色体步移chromosome walking染色体畸形chromosomal abnormality染色质chromatin热休克蛋白heat shock proteins, Hsp人类白细胞抗原human leucocyte antigen,HLA人类基因组计划human genome project, HGP人类免疫缺陷病毒human immuno-deficiency virus,HIV 溶菌生长途径lysis pathway溶血性黄疸hemolytic jaundice溶源菌生长途径lysogenic pathway融解温度elting temperature, Tm肉碱carnitine肉碱-脂酰肉碱转位酶carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase 肉碱脂酰转移酶I carnitine acyl transferase I乳酸lactate乳酸脱氢酶lactate dehydrogenase乳糖操纵子lac operon朊病毒蛋白prion protein, PrP三级结构tertiary structure三联体密码triplet codetriplex-forming oligonucleotide, TFO三链DNA形成脱氧寡核苷酸三链技术triplex approach三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle三叶草形cloverleaf patternB沙门氏菌 B Salmonella鲨烯squalene鲨烯合酶squalene synthase筛选screening上调up regulation上游因子upstream factors射线radiation,RADX射线衍射法X-ray diffraction神经鞘磷脂sphingomyelin神经肽neuropeptide肾上腺素epinephrine生长因子growth factor生糖氨基酸glucogenic amino acid生糖兼生酮氨基酸glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid 生酮氨基酸ketogenic amino acid生物胞素biocytin生物催化剂biocatalyst生物大分子biomacromolecule生物化学biochemistry生物素biotin生物信息学bioinformatics生物氧化biological oxidation生物转化biotransformationa-生育酚当量a-tocophenol equivalents, a-TE 生殖细胞germ line cell石胆酸lithocholic acid时间特异性temporal specificity视蛋白opsin视黄醇retinol视黄醇结合蛋白retinol binding protein, RBP 视黄醇磷酸retinyl phosphate视黄醛retinal视黄酸retinoic acid视网膜母细胞瘤retinoblastoma饰胶蛋白decorin释放因子release factor,RFHDL受体HDL recepter受体receptor受体调节的SMADs receptor-regulated-SMAD,R-SMADs LDL受体相关蛋白LDL receptor related protein, LRP6-疏基嘌呤6-mercaptopurine,6MP鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌salmonella typhimurium衰减attenuation衰减区域attenuator region衰减子attenuator双倒数作图法double reciprocal plot双链duplex1,6-双磷酸果糖1,6-fructose-biphosphate,F-1,6-2P双螺旋double helix双色荧光探针杂交系统wo-color fluorescent probe hybridization 双缩脲反应biuret reaction双向复制bidirectional replication双性α-螺旋amphipathicαhelix水解酶类hydrolases水溶性维生素water-soluble vitamin顺反子cistron顺式cis顺式作用元件cis-acting element瞬时转染transient transfection丝氨酸磷脂phosphatidyl serine丝甘蛋白聚糖serglycin四级结构quaternary structure四膜虫tetrahymena四氢叶酸tetrahydrofolic acid, FH4 or THFA松弛酶relaxing enzyme松弛态relaxed state酸性激活域acidic activation domain随从链lagging strandDNA损伤DNA damage羧基末端carboxyl terminal羧基末端结构域carboxyl terminal domain, CTD羧基肽酶A carboxypeptidase A肽peptide肽单元peptide unit肽-脯氨酰顺反异构酶peptide prolyl cis-trans isomerase,PPI肽核酸peptide nucleic acid, PNA肽酶peptidase肽酰位peptidyl site肽转位复合物peptide translocation complex 糖蛋白glycoprotein糖复合物glycoconjugates糖苷键glycosidic bondDNA糖苷酶DNA glyclsidase糖酵解glycolysis糖尿病hyperglycemia and glucosuria糖型glycoform糖异生gluconeogenesis糖异生途径gluconeogenic pathway糖原glycogen糖原储存疾病glycogen storage disease糖原分解branching enzyme,glycogenolysis 糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原累积症Calmodulin套索RNA lariat RNA特异位点重组site-specific recombination特异转录因子special transcription factors体内试验,直接体内疗法in vivo体外试验,试管内in vitro体细胞somatic cell体细胞基因治疗somatic cell gene therapy 天冬酰胺asparagine铁硫簇iron-sulfur cluster, Fe-S铁硫蛋白iron-sulfur protein通用性universal同二聚体homodimer同工酶isoenzyme同型半胱氨酸homocysteine同源homolog同源重组homologous recombination3-酮基二氢鞘氨醇3-ketodihydrosphingosine 酮体ketone bodiesα-酮戊二酸α- ketoglutatrateα-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex体透明质酸hyaluronic acid透析dialysis突变mutation推荐名称recommended name退火anneal,annealing脱水酶dehydrase脱羧基作用decarboxylation脱羧酶decarboxyase脱氧胞苷deoxycytidine脱氧胞苷酸deoxycytidine monophosphate, dCMP脱氧单磷酸核苷deoxynucleotide monophosphate,dNMP脱氧胆酸deoxycholic acid脱氧核苷deoxyribonucleoside脱氧核苷酸deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, dNMP 脱氧核酶deoxyribozyme脱氧核糖核苷酸deoxynucleotide脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA脱氧鸟苷deoxyguanosine脱氧鸟苷酸deoxyguanosine monophosphate, dGMP脱氧三磷酸核苷deoxynucleotide triphosphate,dNTP脱氧腺苷deoxyadenosine脱氧腺苷酸deoxyadenosine monophosphate, dAMP脱支酶glycogen phosphorylaseDNA拓扑异构酶DNA topoisomerase唾液酸酶neuraminidase外肽酶exopeptidase外显子exon网络系统networkDNA微点阵DNA microarray微粒体乙醇氧化系统microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, MEOS 微团micelles 微纤维fibrilDNA微阵列DNA microarray维生素vitamin胃蛋白酶pepsin胃蛋白酶原pepsinogencDNA文库cDNA library稳定转染stable transfection无规卷曲random coil无嘌呤/嘧啶核苷酸apurinic/apyuimidinic acids,AP 物理图physical map物理作图physical mapping吸光率absorbance,A稀有碱基rare bases系统名称systematic name细胞癌基因cellular-oncogene,c-onc细胞色素cytochrome, Cyt细胞色素C cytochrome C细胞色素P450Cytochrome P450,Cyt P450细胞特异性cell specificity细胞外基质extracellular matrixc,ECM细胞周期cell cycle细胞周期蛋白cyclin细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶cyclin dependent kinase,CDK 下调down regulation纤连蛋白fibronectin, Fn纤维蛋白fibrin纤维蛋白溶酶原plasminogen纤维蛋白原fibrinogen酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein, ACP显微注射microinjection线粒体DNA mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA线粒体孔蛋白mitochondrial porin限速酶limiting velocity enzymes限制性内切核酸酶restriction endonuclease限制性片段长度多态性restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP 限制–修饰体系restriction-modification system腺病毒adeno-virus, AV腺病毒相关病毒adeno-associated virus, AAV腺苷adenosineS-腺苷甲硫氨酸S-adenosyl methionine, SAM腺苷酸环化酶adenyl cyclase,adenylate cyclase,AC腺苷酸转运蛋白adenine nucleotide transporter腺苷脱氨酶adenosine deaminase,ADA腺嘌呤adenine,A相变异phase variation相对特异性relative specificityTBP相关因子TBP-associated factor, TAF相似性similarity相转变phase variation硝基还原酶类nitroreductase硝酸纤维素nitrocellulose , NC小分子核糖核蛋白体small nuclear ribonucleoprotein, snRNP 小沟minor groove小片段干涉RNA small interfering RNA,siRNA小叶中心带centrolobular zone校读proofread协调表达coordinate expression协调调节coordinate regulation心磷脂cardiolipin心钠素arrionatriuretic peptide, ANPcDNA芯片cDNA chipDNA芯片DNA chip锌指结构zinc finger。

绪论（prelude）生物化学biochemistry 无机离子inorganic生物分子biomolecular 糖carbohydrate脂lipid核酸nucleic acid蛋白质protein维生素vitamin酶enzyme辅酶coenzyme 激素hormone核苷酸nucleotide氨基酸amino acid 葡萄糖glucose单糖monosaccharide 双糖disaccharide脂肪酸fatty acid克隆技术cloning克隆clone糖类（carbohydrate）糖carbohydrate/saccharide糖生物学glycobiology醛糖aldose酮糖ketose单糖monosaccharide寡/低聚糖oligosaccharide二糖disaccharide三糖trisaccharide多糖polysaccharide复合糖compoud/complex saccharide 链状结构chain structure构型configuration构象conformation异构isomerism 对映体enanthiomer果糖fructose半乳糖galactose甘露糖mannose环状结构ring structure异头物anomer不对称碳原子asymmetric carbon atom 投影式Fischer式透视式Haworth式椅式构象chain form船式构象boat form旋光性optical activity比旋光度specific rotation变旋性mutarotation甜度sweetness半缩醛hemiacetal醛糖酸aldonic acid还原糖reducing sugar醛糖二酸aldaric acid糖醛酸uronic acid糖苷glycoside糖脎osazone/phenylosazone 糠醛furfural蒽酮anthroneN-乙酰葡糖胺NAGN-乙酰-胞壁酸NAM蔗糖sucrose麦芽糖maltose乳糖lactose淀粉starch糖原glycogen纤维素cellulose壳多糖(几丁质)chitin琼脂agar支链淀粉amylopectin直链淀粉amylose肽聚糖peptidoglycan 粘肽mucopeptide氨基糖肽glycoaminopeptide磷壁酸teichoic acid软骨素4-或6-硫chondroitin 4-or 6-sulfate,CS脂多糖lipopolysaccharide糖蛋白glycoprotein透明质酸hyaluronic acid,HA肝素heparin,HP蛋白聚糖proteoglycan硫酸皮肤素dermatan sulfate,DS硫酸角质素keratan suIfate,KS核心蛋白core protein连接蛋白link protein糖胺聚糖/粘多糖glycosaminoglycan/mucopolysaccharide 胞壁酸muramic acid神经氨酸neuraminic acid淀粉酶amylase糊精odextrin磷酸化酶phosphrylase糖肽键glycopeptide linkag脂质（lipid）单脂simple lipid复脂compound lipid 衍生脂质derived lipid 脂肪酸fatty acid,FA 饱和脂肪酸saturated FA不饱和脂肪unsaturated FA单不饱和脂肪酸monounsaturated FA 多不饱和脂肪酸polyunsaturated FA乳化emulsification微团micelle离子型去污剂(乳化剂)ionic detergent 三脂triester甘油glycerolSn命名法Stereospecific Numbering 酰基甘油acylglycerol三酰甘油triacylglycerol,TG甘油三脂triglyceride命名法nomenclature乙酰（化）值/价acetylation value酸值/酸价acid value加成反应addition reaction碘值/碘价iodine number or value皂化值saponification value磷脂phospholipid甘油磷酯glycerophospholipid微囊vesicle 磷脂酶phospholipase磷酸甘油脂phosphoglyceride鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘(氨醇)磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide鞘磷脂sphingomyelin糖脂glucolipid/glycolipin鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid蜡wax过氧化作用peroxidation磷脂酰胆碱/卵磷脂lecithin磷脂酰乙醇胺/脑磷脂cephalin 双磷脂酰甘油/心磷脂cardiolipin 萜terpene类固醇/甾醇steroid胆固醇cholesterol蛋白质(protein)化学蛋白质protein,pr蛋白水解酶proteolytic enzyme 蛋白酶proteinase胰蛋白酶trypsin糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin胃蛋白酶pepsin嗜热菌蛋白酶themolysin 氨基酸amino acid,AA等电点isoelectric point,pI标准氨基酸standard amino acid 甘氨酸glycine,Gly,G丙氨酸alanine,Ala,A缬氨酸valine,Val,V亮氨酸lucine,Leu,L异亮氨酸isoleucine,Ile,I丝氨酸serine,Ser,S苏氨酸threonine,Thr,T半胱氨酸cysteine,Cys,C甲硫/蛋氨酸methionine,Met,M 谷氨酸glutamic acid,Glu,E谷氨酰胺glutamine,Gln,Q天冬氨酸aspartic acid,Asp,D 天冬酰胺asparagine,Asn,N赖氨酸lysine,Lys,K精氨酸arginine,Arg,R组氨酸histidine,His,H脯氨酸proline,Pro,P苯丙氨酸phenylalanine,Phe,F 色氨酸tryptophan,Trp,W酪氨酸tyrosine,Tyr,Y2,4一二硝基氟苯DNFB苯异硫氰酸酯PITC苯硫乙内酰脲AA PTH-AA苯氨基硫甲酰AA PTC-AA坂口反应Sakaguchi反应乙醛酸反应Hopking-Cole反应肽键peptide bond二硫硝基苯甲酸DTNB (Ellman试剂) 谷胱甘肽(GSH ,Glu-Cys-Gly）肽（链）peptide chain酚试剂反应Folin-Cioculteu反应氨肽酶amino peptidase羧肽酶carboxypeptidase真正单键pure single bond二面角dihedral angle帽化capping部分双键的性质partial double-bond character一级结构primary structure二级结构secondary structure三级结构tertiary structure四级结构quaternary structure二级结构元件secondary structrue element螺旋helixα-螺旋α-Helix氢键hydrogen bond疏水作用hydrophobic interaction范德华力van der Waals forceβ-折叠β-pleated sheet亚基/亚单位subunit自由回转/无规卷曲random coil结构域structural domain次级键(非共价键)noncovalent bond肌红蛋白myoglobin,Mb对称性symmetry超二级结构(花式)Super-secondary structure肽链peptide chain多肽polypeptide活性肽active peptideα-角蛋白α-keratin丝心蛋白fibroin胶原蛋白collagen血红蛋白hemoglobin,Hb别构作用allosteric interaction别构效应allosteric effect别构蛋白allosteric protein协同效应cooperative effect二磷酸甘油酸BPG核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNaseβ-转角β-turn(β-弯曲β-bend,β-回折或发夹结构hairpin structure)纸层析filter-paper chromatography离子交换层析ion-exchange column chromatography简单/纯蛋白质simple protein缀合蛋白质conjugated protein纤维状蛋白质fibrous protein球状蛋白质globular protein二硫键disulfide bond对角线电泳diagonal electrophoresis氨基酸残基amino acid residues同源蛋白质homology protein二面角dihedral angle螺旋帽化helix capping肌球蛋白myosin膜周边蛋白peripheral protein膜内在蛋白antegral protein脂锚定蛋白Lipid-anchored protein变性denaturation变性剂denaturation agent十二烷基硫酸钠SDS复性renaturation珠蛋白globin血红素heme紧张态tense state弛态relaxed state镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cell anemia 免疫球蛋白IgG渗透压osmotic pressure沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降系数单位Svedberg unit,S凝胶过滤gel filtration聚丙烯酰胺凝胶ployacrylamide gel 水化层hydration mantle亲水胶体hydrophilic colloid 双电层electric double layer纯化purification分离isolation透析dialysis密度梯度density gradient盐溶salting in盐析salting out电泳electrophoresis聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳ployacrylamide gel electrophoresis毛细管电泳capillary electrophoresis等电聚焦isoelectric focusing亲和层析affinity chromatography酶(enzyme)化学生物催化剂biocatalyst底物substrate单纯酶simple enzyme结合酶conjugated enzyme 全酶holienzyme辅因子cofactor辅酶coenzyme辅基prosthetic group 金属离子metal ion多酶复合体multienzyme system寡聚酶oligomeric enzyme单体酶monomeric enzyme习惯命名法recommended name国际系统命名法systematic name酶的专一性/特异性enzyme specificity 诱导契合学说induced-fit hypothesis氧化还原酶oxidoreductases转移酶transferases水解酶hydrolases裂合酶lyase异构酶isomerases合成/连接酶ligases酶促反应enzymatic reaction酶活力enzyme activity比活力specific activity核酶ribozyme抗体酶abzyme酶工程enzyme engineering固体化酶immobilized enzyme酶促反应动力学kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions双倒数作图法Lineweaver-Burk作图法最适温度optimum temperature,Tm最适pHoptimum pH 活性部位active site必需基团essential group抑制剂inhibitor激活剂activator效应物effector别构酶allosteric enzyme别构调节allosteric regulation同促效应homotropic effect异促效应heterotropic effect天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶ATCase酶原zymogen酶单位enzyme unit同工酶isoenzyme共价调节（修饰）酶covalent regulatory enzyme乳酸脱氢酶LDH可逆的共价修饰reversible covalent modification维生素(vitamin)与辅酶(coenzyme)视紫红质visual purple 视黄醇retinolβ-胡萝卜素β-carotine 夜盲症nyctalopia视黄醛retinene胆钙化醇(Vitamin D3)cholecalciferolV E(生育酚/抗不育维生素)tocopherol 麦角钙化醇(Vitamin D2)ergotcalciferol 凝血维生素Vitamin K抗神经炎/脚气病维生素,硫胺(素)Vitamin B1抗癞皮病维生素Vitamin PP硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate,TPP尼克酸(烟酸)nicotinic acid尼克酰胺(烟酰胺) nicotinamide转钙化蛋白DBP维生素B2( VB2)/核黄素riboflavin黄素单核苷酸FMN ,flavin mononucleotide黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸FAD,flavin adenine dinucleotid泛酸,VB3(遍多酸)pantothenic acid辅酶A CoA-SH,coenzyme A酰基载体蛋白ACP, acyl carrier protein 维生素B6 (吡哆素)Vitamin B6吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal吡哆胺pyridoxamine磷酸吡哆醛PLP, pyridoxal-5-phosphate 醛亚胺Schiff碱维生素B12 (钴胺素) cobalamine维生素B7/H(生物素)biotin叶酸folic acid四氢叶酸(辅酶F)FH4/CoF/THF, tetrahydrofolate硫辛酸lipoic acid维生素C (抗坏血酸) ascorbic acid尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(辅酶Ⅰ)nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide，NAD+尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(辅酶Ⅱ)nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate，NADP+核酸(nucleic acid)化学DNA序列分析DNA Sequencing脱氧核糖核酸Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 核糖核酸Ribonucleic acid, RNA信使RNA (mRNA) messenger RNA 转运RNA( tRNA) transfer RNA核糖体RNA (rRNA) ribosome RNA小RNA sRNA反义RNA asRNA胞质小RNA sc RNA核不均一RNA hnRNA核内小RNA snRNA原核生物prokaryote真核生物eukaryote人类基因组计划Human Gene Project 质粒plasmid染色体chromosome染色质chromatin一磷酸腺苷(腺一磷)AMP,adenosine monophosphate二磷酸腺苷(腺二磷)ADP, adenosine diphosphate三磷酸腺苷(腺三磷)ATP,adenosine triphosphate复制replication转录transcription翻译translation逆转录reserve transcription核苷酸nucleotide 核苷nucleoside磷酸phosphate碱基base嘌呤碱purine base嘧啶碱pyrimidine base戊糖amyl sugar核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose腺嘌呤adenine,A鸟嘌呤guanine,G胞嘧cytosine,C胸腺嘧啶thymine,T尿嘧啶uracil,U二氢尿嘧啶DHU3’,5’—环化鸟苷酸cGMP3’,5’—环化腺苷酸cAMP顺反子cistron假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridineDNA双螺旋结构DNA double-helical structure碱基对base pair, bp氢键hydrogen bond碱基堆积base stacking 组蛋白histone核小体nucleosome纤维fiber突环loop玫瑰花结rosette染色单体chromatid螺管/螺线圈coil 氨基酸臂amino acid armD环(二氢尿嘧啶环) diphydrouracil loop反密码子环anticodon loop可变环(额外环) extra loop核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNase牛胰核糖核酸酶RNaseI脱氧核糖核酸酶deoxyribonuclease, DNase牛胰脱氧核糖核酸酶DNaseI牛脾脱氧核糖核酸酶DNaseⅡ熔解温度melting temperature, Tm 变性denaturation 复性reassociation杂交hybridization原位杂交hybridization in situ激素(hormone)激素hormone生长激素growth hormone促甲状腺激素thyrotropic hormone催乳激素luteotropic促黄体生长激素luteinizing hormone 促卵泡激素follicle stimulating bormone脂肪酸释放激素lipotropin 催产素oxytocin加压素vasopressin促黑素细胞激素malanophore-stimulating hormone胸腺素thymosin甲状腺激素thyroxine三碘甲状腺原氨酸triiodothyronine降钙素calcitonin甲状旁腺激素parathormone肾上腺素adrenaline去甲肾上腺素noradrenaline胰高血糖素glucagon胰岛素insulin促肠液激素enterocrinin肠促胰液素secretin肠抑胃素enterogastrone促肾上腺皮质激素adrenocorticotropic hormone促甲酸激素gastrin绒毛膜粗性腺激素chorionic gonadoreopin耻骨松弛激素relaxin瘦素leptin皮质酮corticosterone肾上腺雄酮androstenedione孕酮progesterone 原激素prohormone甲状腺过氧化物酶thyroid peroxidase 抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormone睾酮testosterone雄酮androsterone钙调蛋白calmodulin钙传感器calcium sensors磷脂酰肌醇phophatidyl inositol靶蛋白质target protein癌基因oncogenes植物生长素auxin赤霉素gibberellin细胞分裂素cytokinin保幼激素juvenile hormone激动素kinetin脱落酸abscisic acid性外激素sexpheromone蜕皮激素molting hormone生物膜(biomembrane)的组成与结构间体mesosome区域化compartmentation 鞘氨醇sphingosine 鞘磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide磷脂酸phosphatidic acid, PA多态性polymorphism双层bilayer溶血磷脂lysophospholipid两亲性分子amphipathic molecule核磁共振NMR脂质体liposome半乳糖脑苷脂galactocerebroside去垢剂detergent微团micelle非双层脂non-bilayer lipid非双层脂结构non-bilayer lipid structure磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine, PE磷脂酰胆碱phosphatidylcholine, PC磷脂酰甘油phosphatidylglycerol, PG 磷脂酰丝氨酸phosphatidylserine, PS 膜骨架membrane skeleton 血影蛋白spectrin糖蛋白glycoprotein豆蔻酸myristic acid乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylcholinesterase蛋白质复合物glycocalyx细胞外壳cell coat单葡萄糖甘油二脂monoglucsyldiglyceride,MGDG运动性mobility胞吞/内吞endocytosis胞吐exocytosis偏转gauche全反式all trans分相phase separation荧光素fluorescein肌动蛋白actin单位膜unit membrance微区domain糖基磷脂酰肌醇glycosylphosphatidylinositol,GPI心磷脂(双磷脂酰甘油) cardiolipin(diphosphatidylglycerol)光致漂白荧光恢复法Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery , FPR生物氧化(Biological Oxidation)肌酸激酶Creatine kinase磷酸肌酸Creatine phosphofat e生物氧化Biological Oxidation氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 呼吸链respiratory chainNADH-Q还原酶NADH-Q reductase 琥珀酸-Q还原酶succinate-Q reductase 细胞还原酶cytochrome reductase细胞色素氧化酶cytochrome oxidase 鱼藤酮rotenoneATP合酶ATPsynthase电动势electromotive force安密妥amytal解偶联剂uncouplers超氧化物歧化酶superoxide dismutase 过氧化氢酶catalase过氧化物酶peroxidase 高能键high-energy bond乙酰磷酸acetyl phosphate1,3-2磷酸甘油1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 氨甲酰磷酸carbamyl phosphate酰基腺苷酸acyl adenylate氨酰腺苷酸aminoacyl adenylate焦磷酸Pyrophosphate二磷酸腺苷adenosine diphosphate磷酸烯醇式丙酮phosphoenolpyruvate 酰基辅酶A acyl coenzyme A果糖-6-磷酸fructose 6-phosphate辅酶Qcoenzyme-Q腺苷三磷酸adenosine triphosphate磷酸精氨酸phosphoarginine甘油-3磷酸glycerol 3-Phosphate腺苷酸激酶adenylate kinase糖代谢（glycometabolism）糖酵解glycolysis/Embden MeyerhofParnas葡糖-6-磷酸glucosamine-6-phosphate葡糖-6-磷酸内酯6-phosphogluconolactone内酯酶lactonase核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-diphophate葡糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase葡糖酸-6-磷酸6-phosphogluconate脱支酶debranching enzyme糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原引物primer发酵fermentation己糖激酶hexokinase醛缩酶aldolase尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖( uridine diphosphate glucose , UDPG )磷酸葡萄糖异构酶glucosephosphate isomerase磷酸果糖激酶phosphofructokinase磷酸丙糖异构酶triosephosphofructokinase磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglycerate kinase磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglyceromutase 烯醇化酶enolase丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase乳酸脱氢酶lactate dehydrogenase丙酮酸脱羧酶pyruvate decaboxylase 乙醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate甘油醛-3-磷酸glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate3-磷酸甘油酸3-phosphoglycerate丙酮酸pyruvate果糖-2，6-二磷酸fructose2,6-bisphosphate五碳糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway果糖激酶fructokinase果糖-1-磷酸醛缩酶fructose-1-phosphate aldolase甘油醛激酶glyceraldehyde kinase甘油激酶glycerol kinase半乳糖galactose半乳糖激酶galactolinase半乳糖出醇galactitol丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvatedehydrogenase complex磷酸甘露糖异构酶phosphomannose isomerase硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate 硫辛酰胺lipoamide黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide二氢硫辛酰转乙酰基酶dihydrolipoyl transacetylase二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase柠檬酸合酶citrate synthase乌头酸酶aconitase异柠檬酸脱氢酶isocitrate dehydrogenase琥珀酰-CoA合成酶succinyl-CoA synthetase琥珀酸脱氢酶succinate dehydrogenase 延胡索酸酶fumarase苹果酸脱氢酶malate dehydrogenase草酰乙酸oxaloacetate异柠檬酸裂解酶isocitate lyase丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase 戊糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway己糖单磷酸途径hexose monophosphate pathway戊糖磷酸循环pentose phosphate cycle 磷酸戊糖酸phosphopentonic acid磷酸己糖酸phosphohexonic acid景天庚酮糖sedoheptulose核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose核酮糖ribulose磷酸葡糖酸氧化途径phosphogluconate oxidative pathway核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-phosphate核糖-5-磷酸ribose-5-phosphate木酮糖-5-磷酸xylulose-5-phosphate转醛酶transaldolase葡糖异生gluconeogenesisUDP-葡糖焦磷酸化酶UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase乙醛酸途径glyoxylate pathway异柠檬酸裂合酶isocitrate lyase苹果酸合酶malate synthase糖原的降解glycogen breakdown糖原磷酸化酶glycogen phosphorylase 糖原脱支酶glycogen debranching enzyme磷酸葡萄糖变位酶phosphoglucomutase糖原合酶glycogen synthase 糖原分支酶glycogen branching enzyme 丙酮酸脱氢酶组分pyruvate dehydrogenase component磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenaseα-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex脂代谢（lipometabolism）硫酯键thioester link脂酰辅酶A合酶acyl-CoA脂肪酸硫激酶1 fatty acid thiokinase脂酰腺苷酸混合酸酐acyladenylate mixed andydride无机焦磷酸酶inorganic pyrophosphatase肉碱carnitine肉碱-脂酰转移酶Ιcaunitine acyltransferaseΙ肉碱移位酶carnitine translocaseN-苯乙酰甘氨酸phenylaceturic acidN-苯甲酰甘氨酸hippuric acidβ-羟酰-ACP脱水酶β-hydrdoxyacyl-ACP dehydrase β-氧化β-oxidation活化activation氧化oxidation水合hydration断裂cleavage硫激酶thiokinase脂酰-CoA合酶acyl CoA synthase烯酰-CoA水合酶enoyl CoA hydratase β-酮硫解酶β-keto-thiolase电子传递黄素蛋白electron-transfer flavoprotein泛醌氧化还原酶ubiquinone oxidoreductase烯酰-CoA异构酶isomerase甲基丙二酰-CoA消旋酶methylmalonyl-CoA racemase甲基丙二酰-CoA变位酶methylmalonyl-CoA mutase单加氧酶monooxygenase酮体ketone body乙酰乙酸acetoacetateHMG-CoA裂解酶HMG-CoA lyase丙二酰-CoA malonyl-CoA生物素羧化酶biotin carboxylase转羧酶trans carboxylase生物胞素biocytin酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein磷酸泛醌巯基乙胺phosphopantetheine 硫辛酰赖氨酸臂lipoyl lysine arm软脂酰-ACP硫脂酶palmitoy-ACP thioesteraseβ-酮酰-ACP合酶β-ACP-ketoacyl-ACP synthase缩合condensation还原reductionβ-酮酰ACP还原酶β-toacylACP reductase脱水dehydration 烯酰-ACP还原酶enyl-ACP reductase 软脂酰-ACP硫酯酶palmitoyl thioesterase脂肪酰-CoA去饱和酶fatty acyl-CoA desaturase亚油酸linoleic acid亚麻酸linoleuic acid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid混合功能氧化酶mixed-function oxidase脂酰甘油acyl glycerols甘油-3-磷酸glucerol 3-phosphate磷脂酸phosphatidic甘油磷脂glycerophospholipids磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine磷脂酰甘油phosphatidyl glycerol二磷脂酰甘油diphosphatidyl glycerol CDP-二脂酰甘油CDP-diacylglycerol 5’-胞苷二磷酸cytidine diphosphate尿苷二磷酸uridine diphosphate共底物cosubstrate二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate鞘磷脂sphingolipids鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid缩醛磷脂plasmalogen胆固醇cholesterol类固醇steroids类固醇激素steroid hormines 胆汁酸bile acids麦角固醇ergosterol 甲羟戊酸mevalonic acid蛋白磷酸酶proteinphosphatases三羧酸转运体系tricarboxylate transport systemD-β-羟丁酸脱氢酶D-β-hudoxybutyrate dehydogenase丙二酸单酰-CoA-ACP转酰酶malonyl-CoA-ACP transacetylase蛋白质代谢（protein metabolism）细胞溶胶cytosolically组织蛋白酶cathepsins抗蛋白酶antipain泛肽ubiguitin泛肽-蛋白连接酶ubiquitin-protein ligase多胺polyamine鸟氨酸脱羧酶ornithine decarboxylase丝氨酸脱氢酶serine dehydrogenase色氨酸氧化酶tryptophan oxygenase 酪氨酸氨基转移酶tyrosin aminotransferase 氨基转移酶aminotrandferase氧化脱氨基作用oxidative deamination 吡哆醛-5’-磷酸pyridoxal-5’-phosphate 吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛磷酸pyridoxal phosphate吡哆胺磷酸pyridoxamine phosphate 醛亚胺aldimine腺苷代琥珀酸adenylosuccinate转氨酶transaminase联合脱氨基作用transdeamination神经递质neurotransmitter酪胺tyramine谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase 尿素循环urea cycle鸟氨酸ornithine瓜氨酸citrulline精氨酸酶arginase氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamoyl phosphate synthetase鸟氨酸转氨甲酰酶prnithine transcarbamoylase精氨琥珀酸酶argininosuccinase精氨琥珀酸合成酶argininosuccinate SynthetaseN-乙酰谷氨酸合酶N-acetylglutamate synthase丝氨酸转羟甲基酶serine transhydroxymethylase丝氨酸-苏氨酸脱水酶serine-threonine dehydratase苏氨酸醛缩酶threonine aldolase乙醛acetaldehyde氨基丙酮aminoacetone半光氨酸脱巯基酶cysteine desulfhydrase苯丙氨酸氢化酶phenylalanine hydoxylase酵母氨酸sacharopine组氨酸氨裂合酶higtidine ammonia lyase尿苷酸水合酶urocanate hydratase谷氨酸转甲亚氨酶glutamate transformiminase天冬酰胺酶asparaginase天冬氨酸氨裂解酶aspartate ammonia lyase生酮氨基酸ketogenic amino acids生糖氨基酸glucogenic amino acids亚氨甲酰谷氨酸N-formimino glutamate酪氨酸酶tyrosinase多巴胺dopamine核糖体ribosome遗传密码genetic code三联体triplet染色体外基因extrachromosomal gene转录初产物primary transcript添加appending修饰modification异构化isomerization拼接splicing编辑editing再编码recoding断裂基因interrupted gene选择性拼接alternative splicing同源体isoform错义突变missense mutation无义突变mimsense mutation核糖体移码ribosomal frame shifting 移码突变frame-shift mutation重叠基因overlapping genes同义密码子syninymous codon反密码子anticodon密码子coden简并性degeneracy变偶性wobble蛋白质生物合成protein biosynthesis 无细胞体系cell-free system多聚核糖体polysome读码框架reading frame 起始密码start codon终止密码stop codon核糖体结合位点ribosome-binding site 核糖体进入部位ribosome entry site胸腺嘧啶核糖核苷ribothymidine假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridine校正基因suppressor gene回复突变reverse mutation起始因子initiation factor延长因子dlongation factor肽酰转移酶peptidyl transferse转肽transpeptidation移位translocation释放因子release factors核糖体释放因子ribosome releasing factor位移translational frameshifting翻译跳跃translational jumping信号肽序列signal or leader sequence 信号肽signal sequence信号肽酶signal peptidase信号识别体signa recognition particle,SRP停泊蛋白docking protein翻译后运输posttranslationlal transport 多肽链结合蛋白polypeptide binding proteins 终止因子termination factor磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸所激酶phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase核酸代谢（nucleic acid metabolism）核酸内切酶endonuclease核酸外切酶exonuclease核苷酶nucleosidase核苷磷酸化酶nucleoside phosphorylase核苷水解酶nucleoside hydrolase腺嘌呤脱氨酶adenine deaminase腺嘌呤核苷脱氨酶adenosine deaminase鸟嘌呤脱氨酶guanine deaminase尿酸氧化酶utate oxidase5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate磷酸核糖焦磷激酶phosphoribosyl pyrophosphokinase5-磷酸核糖胺5-phosphoribosylamine 5-氨基咪唑核苷酸5-aminoimidazole ribotide 磷酸核糖焦磷酸转酰氨酶phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate transamidase甘氨酰胺核苷酸glycinamide ribotide 甘氨酰胺核苷酸合成酶glycinamide rihotide synthetase甘氨酰胺核苷酸转甲酰基酶glycinamide ribotide transformylas甲酰甘氨脒核苷酸合成酶formylglycinamidine ribotide synthetase 氨基咪唑核苷酸合成酶aminoimidazole ribotide synthetase腺苷酸琥珀酸裂解酶adenylosuccinate lyase氨基咪唑核苷酸羧化酶aminoinidazole ribotide carboixylase腺苷酸琥珀酸合成酶adenylosuccinate synthetase次黄嘌呤核苷酸脱氢酶inosine-5-phosphate dehydrogenase鸟嘌呤核苷酸合成酶guanylate synthetase磷酸核糖转移酶phosphoribosyl transferase乳清苷酸orotidine-5’-phoshate氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamyl phosphate synthetase全酶holoenzyme天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶aspartate carbamyl transferase二氢乳清酸酶dihydroorotase二氢乳清酸脱氢酶dihydroorotate dehydrogenase乳清苷酸焦磷酸化酶orotidylic acid pyrophosphorylase乳清苷酸脱羧酶orotidylic acid decarboxylase尿嘧啶核苷酸激酶uridine-5’-phosphate kinase核苷二磷酸激酶mucleoside diphosphokinase复制replication转录transcription 翻译translation三联体密码triplet code模板template逆转录reverse transcription逆转录酶reverse transcriptase逆转录病毒retrovirus自我复制self-replication半保留复制semiconservative replication拓扑学topology复制子replicon起点origin终点terminus转化子transformant反向重复inverted repeatsDNA聚合酶DNA polymerase取代环displacement loop核小体nucleosome信息大分子informational macromolecule指令instruction促突变因子mutator抗突变因子antimutator修复机制reair mechanism复制酶replicase核心酶core enzymeDNA连接酶DNA ligase冈崎片断Okazaki fragment顺反子cistron半不连续复制semidisontinuous replication前导链leading strand滞后链lagging strand引物合成酶primase拓扑异构体topological isomers拓扑异构酶topoisomerase切口封闭酶nick-closing enzyme旋转酶gyrase连锁体catenane解螺旋酶helicase解链蛋白unwinding protein复制体replisome引发体primosome前引发体preprimosome终止区terminus region 自主复制序列autonomously replicating sequence起点识别复合物origin recognition complex端粒telomere端粒酶telomerase复制许可因子replication licensing factor错配修复mismatch repair直接修复direct repair切除修复excision repair易错修复error-prone repair光复活修复photoreactivation repair暗修复dark repair光复活修复酶photoreactivating enzyme碱基切除修复base-excision repair核苷酸切除修复mucleotide-excision repair切除酶excinuclease辅蛋白酶coprotease性导sexduction转导transduction接合conjugation转化transformation细胞融合cell fusion受体细胞recipient cell附加体episome转座因子transposable element 转座子transposon转座酶transposase解离酶resolvaseRNA聚合酶RNA polymerase 全保留方式conservative mode 时序调控temporal regulation 适应调控adaptive regulation 操纵子结构模型operon structural model调节基因regulatory gene操纵基因operator阻遏蛋白repressor protein内含子intron外显子extron调节子regulon协同调节cooperative regulation激活蛋白activator整合酶integrase增强子enhanser终止子terminator多聚腺苷酸聚合酶polyadenylation细胞代谢调节和基因表达调控(cellular metabolism regulation and gene expression regulation and control)构造单元buliding block前馈feedforward反馈feedback一价/单价反馈抑制monovalent feedback inhibition 二价或多价反馈抑制divalent or multivalent feedback inhibition管家基因housekeeping genes组成型表达constitutive expression可调型表达regulated expression乳糖操纵子模型lac operon model启动子premotor操纵基因operator酶诱导enzyme induction酶阻遏enzyme repression辅阻遏物corepressor阻遏物蛋白aporepressor降解物基因活化蛋白catabolite gene activation protein衰减子attenuator上游控制元件upstream control静默子silencer锌指zinc finger亮氨酸拉链leucine zipper重组体recombinant分子克隆molecular cloning蛋白质工程protein engineering限制性核酸内切酶restricton endonuclease同尾酶isocaudamers 同裂酶isoschizomers回文结构palindrome质粒plasmid载体vector分子重排rearrangement基因文库genomic library多联体concatemer脂质体liposome可调基因regulated genes基因枪gene gun菌落形成单位colony forming unit筛选screening原位杂交in situ bybridization基因组测序genomic sequencing基因定位诱变site-directed mutagenesis 包涵体inclusion body整合质粒yeast integrating plasmid基因治疗gene therapy聚合酶链式反应polymerase chain reaction, PCR。

生物化学和分子生物学英语术语*第一章蛋白质的结构与功能protein 蛋白质amino acid 氨基酸peptide bond 肽键isoelectric point 等电点peptide 肽oligopeptide 寡肽polypeptide 多肽residue 氨基酸残基amino terminal 氨基末端（N-端）carboxyl terminal 羧基末端（C-端）peptide unit 肽单元α-helix α-螺旋β-pleated sheet β-折叠β-turn β-转角random coil 无规卷曲motif 模体primary structure 一级结构secondary structure 二级结构tertiary structure 三级结构quaternary structure 四级结构domain 结构域molecular chaperone 分子伴侣protein family 蛋白质家族homologous protein 同源蛋白质cooperativity 协同效应positive cooperativity 正协同效应negative cooperativity 负协同效应allosteric effect 别构效应prion protein, PrP 朊病毒蛋白denaturation 变性renaturation 复性dialysis 透析*第二章核酸的结构与功能nucleic acid 核酸deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 脱氧核糖核酸ribonucleic acid, RNA 核糖核酸nucleotide(,nt) 核苷酸deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸ribonucleotide 核糖核苷酸purine 嘌呤pyrimidine 嘧啶Adenine, A 腺嘌呤Guanine, G 鸟嘌呤Uracil, U 尿嘧啶Thymine, T 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine, C 胞嘧啶β-N-glycosidic bond β-N糖苷键phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键base sequence 碱基序列base pair, bp 碱基对kilobase pair, kbp 千碱基对anti-parallel 反向平行right-handed helix 右手螺旋major groove 大沟minor groove 小沟complementary base pair 互补碱基对complementary strand 互补链base stacking interaction 碱基堆积力telomere 端粒superhelix/supercoil 超螺旋结构chromatin 染色质chromosome 染色体nucleosome 核小体histone 组蛋白messenger RNA, mRNA 信使RNA open reading frame, ORF 开放(阅)读框codon 密码子transfer RNA, tRNA 转运RNArare base 稀有碱基stem-loop structures 茎环结构anticodon 反密码子ribosomal RNA, rRNA 核糖体RNA ribosome 核糖体non-coding RNA, ncRNA 非编码RNA DNA denaturation DNA变性hyperchromic effect DNA的增色效应renaturation 复性annealing 退火heteroduplex 杂化双链nucleic acid hybridization 核酸杂交deoxyribonuclease, DNase DNA酶ribonuclease, RNase RNA酶*第三章酶enzyme 酶monomeric enzyme 单体酶oligomeric enzyme 寡聚酶multienzyme complex 多酶复合物multienzyme system 多酶体系multifunctional enzyme 多功能酶tandem enzyme 串联酶simple enzyme 单纯酶conjugated enzyme 缀合酶(结合酶) coenzyme 辅酶prosthetic group 辅基metalloenzyme 金属酶metal activated enzyme 金属激活酶active center 活性中心essential group 必需基团binding group 结合基团catalytic group 催化基团isoenzyme/isozyme 同工酶activation energy 活化能turnover number 转换数specificity 特异性/专一性absolute specificity 绝对专一性relative specificity 相对专一性proximity effect 邻近效应orientation arrangement 定向排列desolvation 脱溶剂化surface effect 表面效应general acid-base catalysis 酸-碱催化作用nucleophilic catalysis 亲核催化covalent catalysis 共价催化electrophilic catalysis亲电催化maximum velocity 最大反应速率Michaelis constant, K m米氏常数turnover number 转换数optimum temperature 最适温度optimum pH 最适pHinhibitor 抑制剂irreversible inhibition 不可逆性抑制reversible inhibition 可逆性抑制competitive inhibition 竞争性抑制non-competitive inhibition 非竞争性抑制uncompetitive inhibition 反竞争性抑制apparent K m表观K mactivator 激活剂allosteric regulation 别（变）构调节allosteric enzyme 别构酶allosteric site 别构部位allosteric effector 别构效应剂covalent modification 共价调节zymogen 酶原*第五章维生素与无机盐vitamin 维生素lipid-soluble vitamin 脂溶性维生素water-soluble vitamin 水溶性维生素trace element 微量元素macroelement 常量元素*第六章糖代谢carbohydrates 糖（碳水化合物）Na+-dependent glucose transporter, SGLT Na+依赖型葡萄糖转运体glucose transporter, GLUT 依赖葡糖转运蛋白glycolysis 糖酵解lactic acid fermentation 乳酸发酵ethanol fermentation 乙醇发酵aerobic oxidation 有氧氧化anaerobic oxidation 无氧氧化hexokinase 己糖激酶glucokinase 葡糖激酶6-phosphofructokinase-1, PFK-1 磷酸果糖激酶-1 substrate-level phosphorylation 底物水平磷酸化phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸pyruvate kinase 丙酮酸激酶。

碳水化合物（carbohydrate）单糖（monosaccharide）寡糖（oligosaccharide）多糖（polysaccharide）醛糖（aldose）酮糖（ketose）蔗糖（sucrose）乳糖（lactose）麦芽糖（maltose）纤维二糖（cellobiose）多糖（polysaccharides）淀粉（starch）直链淀粉（amylose）支链淀粉（amylopectin）纤维素（cellulose）半纤维素（hemicellulose）糖原（glycogen）几丁质（chitin）糖胺聚糖（glycosaminolgycan）脂类（lipids）脂肪酸（fatty acid）甘油三酯（glycerol triester）亲水脂类（amphipathic lipids）蜡（wax）磷酸甘油脂（phosphoglyceride）甘油磷脂（glycerophospholipid）磷脂酰胆碱（phosphatidylcholine）磷脂酰乙醇胺（phosphatidylethanolamine）磷脂酰丝氨酸（phoshatidylserine）磷脂酰肌醇（phosphatidylinositol, PI）肌醇三磷酸（inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate，IP3）二脂酰甘油（diacylglycerol，DAG）磷脂酸（phosphatidic acid，PA）磷脂酶A2（phospholipase A2，PLA2）磷脂酶C（phospholipase C，PLC）磷脂酶D（phospholipaseD，PLD）溶血磷脂(1ysophospholipid)鞘磷脂（sphingomyelin）神经酰胺（ceramide）类固醇（steroids）萜类（terpenes）胆固醇（cholesterol）麦角固醇（ergosterol）蛋白质 protein简单蛋白质 simple protein氨基酸 amino acid结合蛋白质conjugated protein多肽 polypeptide肽 peptide肽键 peptide bond介电常数dielectric constant范德华力 van der waals force层析法 chromatography 吸附层析法 adsorption chromatography分配系数 partition or distribution confficient活性肽 active peptide二硫键 disulfide bond兼性离子zwitterion一级结构 primary structure疏水效应 hydrophobic effectSDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 SDS-PAGE毛细管电泳（capillary eletrophoresis, CE）离子交换层析 ion exchange chromatography同源蛋白 homologous protein构象 conformation构象角 conformatiomal angle糖脂（glycolipid）糖基甘油酯（glycosylglyceride）鞘糖脂（glycosphingolipid）脑苷脂（cerebroside）N-乙酰神经氨酸（N-acetylneuraminic acid）神经节苷脂（ganglioside）硫酸脑苷脂（cerebroside sulfate）糖蛋白（glycoproteins）蛋白聚糖（proteoglycans）生物膜（biomembrane）膜脂（membrane lipids）膜蛋白（membrane proteins）脂质双层分子（lipid bilayers）外周蛋白（peripheral protein）外源性（extrinsic protein）内在蛋白（integral protein）内源性蛋白（intrinsic protein）跨膜蛋白（transmembrane proteins）流动镶嵌模型（fluid mosaic model）简单扩散（simple diffusion）协助扩散（facilitated diffusion）被动运输（passive transport）主动运输（active transport）介导性运输（mediated transport）非介导性运输（nonmediated transport）载体蛋白（carrier protein）通道蛋白（channel protein）离子通道（ionic channel）离子载体（ionophore）内吞作用（endocytosis）胞饮作用”（pinocytosis）外排作用（exocytosis）基团转移（group translocation）脂蛋白（lipoprotein）染色体（chromosome）染色质（chromatin）组蛋白（histone）核小体（nucleosome）病毒（virus）噬菌体（bacteriophage或简称phage）变性 denaturation沉降系数（S）Svedberg(S)抗体 antibody亲和层析法 affinity chromatography 盐溶 salting in盐析 salting out二级结构 secondary structure三级结构 tertiary structurea-螺旋 a-helix超二级结构 super-secondaery structure结构域 structure domain氢键 hydrogen bend疏水相互作用 hydrophoblic interaction肌红蛋白 myoglobin寡聚蛋白质 oligomeric protein无规则卷曲 randon coil复性 renaturation镰刀状细胞贫血病 sickle-cell anermia酶（enzyme）酶的专一性（specificity）单体酶（monomeric enzyme）寡聚酶（oligomeric enzyme）多酶复合体系（multienzyme system）酶活性中心（active center of enzyme）催化基团（catalytic site）酶原（zymogen or proenzyme）诱导契合（induced-fit theory）抗体酶（abzyme）酸碱催化（acid-base catalysis）共价催化(covalent catalysis)激活剂（activator）抑制剂（inhibitor）可逆抑制（reversible inhibition）竞争性抑制作用（competitive inhibition）非竞争性抑制作用（noncompetitive inhibition）调节酶（modulator）别构酶（allosteric enzyme）同配位效应（isosteric effect）变构效应（allosteric effect）变构激活（allosteric activation ）正协同效应（positive cooperative effect）负协同效应（negative cooperative effect）效应物（effector）维生素（vitamin）维生素缺少症（avitaminosis）调节中心（regulatory center）催化亚基（catalytic subunit）调节亚基（regulatory subunit）诱导酶（induced enzyme）结构酶（structural enzyme）核酶（ribozyme）辅酶（coenzyme）比活力（specific activity）脱氧核酶（deoxyribozyme）酶工程（enzyme engineering）酶纯度（purity of enzyme）酶活力（enzyme activity）a-淀粉酶（a-amylase）b-淀粉酶（b-amylase）脱支酶（debranching enzyme）淀粉的磷酸化酶（amylophosphorylase）糖酵解（glycolysis）三羧酸循环（tricarboxylic acid cycle，TCA）磷酸戊糖途径（pentose phosphate pathway，PPP）生物氧化（biological oxidation）烟酰胺脱氢酶类（nicotinamide dehydrogenase）黄素脱氢酶类（flavin dehydrogenase）铁硫蛋白类（iron-sulfur protein）泛醌（ubiquinone）细胞色素类（cytochromes）细胞色素氧化酶（cytochromeoxidase）鱼藤酮（rotenone）安密妥（amytal）杀粉蝶菌素（piericidine）抗霉素A（antimycin A）底物水平磷酸化（substrate-level phosphorylation）氧化磷酸化（oxidative phosphorylation）化学渗透假说（chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis）化学偶联假说（chemical coupling hypothesis）构象偶联假说（conformational coupling hypothesis）甘油-磷酸穿梭途径（glycerophosphate shuttle）苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭途径（malate- aspartate shuttle）异柠檬酸穿梭途径（isocitrate shuttle）能荷（energy charge）肉碱（肉毒碱，carnitine）乙醛酸体（乙醛酸循环体，glyoxysome）乙醛酸循环（glyoxylate cycle）酮体（ketone bodies）饱和脂肪酸的从头合成（de novo synthesis）谷氨酸脱氢酶（glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH）转氨基作用（transamination）转氨酶（transaminase）磷酸吡哆醛（pyridoxal phosphate，PLP）谷丙转氨酶（glutamic pyruvic transaminase，GPT或 alanine transaminase，ALT）谷草转氨酶（glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase，GOT或 aspartate transaminase，AST）γ-谷氨酰-半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-glutamyl systeine synthetase，γ-ECS）谷胱甘肽（glutathione）谷胱甘肽合成酶（glutathione synthetase）生物固氮（biological nitrogen fixation）固氮酶（nitrogenase）自身固氮微生物（diazatrophs）共生固氮微生物（symbiotic microorganism）硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase，NR）亚硝酸还原酶（nitrite reductase，NiR）谷氨酸合酶（glutamate: oxo-glutarate aminotransferase，GOGAT）谷氨酰胺合成酶（glutamine synthetase，GS）腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸酐（adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，APS）3'-磷酸腺酐-5'-磷酰硫酸（3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，PAPS）5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸（phosphoribosyl pyrophosphaet，PRPP）天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶（aspartate trsnscarbamoy lase）腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（adenine phosphoribosyl fransferase，APRT）黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase，HGPRT）谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase，GR）谷氧还蛋白（glutaredoxin）谷氧还蛋白还原酶（glutaredoxin reductase）胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合酶（thymidylate synthase）DNA复制（DNA replication）中心法则（central dogma）冈崎片段（Okazaki fragement）前导链（leading strand）滞后链（lagging strand）引物（primer）复制叉（replication fork）半保留式复制（semiconservative replication）模板（template）反转录（reverse transcription）转换（transition）颠换（transversion）错配修复（mismatch repair）核苷酸切除修复（nucleotide excision repair）碱基切除修复（base excision repair）同源重组（homologous recombination）特异性重组（site-specific recombination）转座子（transposon）启动子（promoter）限制性内切酶（restriction endonuclease ）修饰（modification）单链结合蛋白（single stranded binding proteins, SSB）遗传密码（genetic code）读码框架（reading frame）移码突变（frame-shift mutation）简并性（degeneracy）同义密码子（synonymous codon）起始密码子（initiatlon codon）终止密码子（termination codon）摆动假说（wobble hypothesis)同功受体tRNA（isoaccepting tRNA）反密码子（anticodon）多核糖体（polyribisome）氨酰-tRNA合成酶（aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase）Shine –Dalgarno序列（Shine –Dalgarno sequence）起始因子（initiation factor）延伸因子（elongation factor）释放因子（release factor）转肽（transpeptidation）移位（translocation）分子伴侣（molecular chapeones）共翻译转移（co-translational translocation）翻译后转移（post-translational translocation）信号肽（signal sequence）信号识别颗粒（signal recognition particle SPR）代谢（metabolism）代谢调节（metabolic regulation）共价修饰（covalent modification）反馈抑制（feedback inhibition）操纵子模型（operon model）衰减作用（attenuation）级联放大作用（amplification cascade）变（别）构效应（allosteric effect）诱导和阻遏（induction and repression）蛋白激酶 C （protein kinase C，PKC）第二信使（second messenger）受体（receptor）G 蛋白（guanosine triphosphate-binding protein）信号转导（signal transduction钙调素（calmodulin，CaM）磷酯酶（phospholipase C，PLC）（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。

汉英生物化学名词3-羟-3-甲戊醛酸||mevaldic acid5-氟尿嘧啶||5-fluorouracil, 5-FU5-氟脱氧尿苷||5-fluorodeoxyuridine5-溴脱氧尿苷||5-bromodeoxyuridine5-羟色氨酸||5-hydroxytryptophane5-羟色胺||serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT6-硫代鸟嘌呤||6-thioguanineC端||C-terminal; 又称“羧基端(carboxyl term inal)”。

DNA 印迹||Southern blotDNA拓扑异构酶||DNA topoisomeraseN-乙酰神经氨酸||N-acetylneuraminic acidN-羟乙酰神经氨酸||N-hydroxyacetylneuraminic acidN端||N-terminal; 又称“氨基端(amino terminal)”。

P 物质||P substanceRNA 印迹||Northern blotS-腺苷高半胱氨酸||S-adenosylhomocysteineS-腺苷甲硫氨酸||S-adenosylmethionineX射线衍射||X-ray diffraction[胞]内酶||endoenzyme[胞]外酶||ectoenzyme, lyoenzyme[酶]锁钥学说||lock and key theory[酶]诱导契合说||induced-fit theory[膜的]流动镶嵌模型||fluid mosaic model[微管]连接蛋白||nexin[运]载体||vector, vehicle●牛儿醇||geraniol●牛儿焦磷酸||geranylpyrophosphateα-甘油磷酸循环||α-glycerophosphate cycleα-酮戊二酸||α-ketoglutaric acidα淀粉酶||α-amylase; 俗称“糖化酶”。

生物化学常用专业术语中英文对照汇编手册1000字生物化学（Biochemistry）是研究生物体内化学反应的一门科学，生物化学所涉及的专业术语较为专业，往往需要一定的专业背景才能更好地理解。

以下是生物化学常用专业术语的中英文对照汇编手册：1. 蛋白质(Protein)2. 糖(Glucose)3. 赖氨酸(Lysine)4. 脂肪酸(Fatty Acid)5. 核苷酸(Nucleotide)6. 氨基酸(Amino acid)7. 磷酸(Phosphate)8. 酯化(Esterification)9. 质子化(Protonation)10. 非极性(Nonpolar)11. 极性(Polar)12. 激酶(Kinase)13. 烷基化(Alkylation)14. 脱氨反应(Deamination)15. 氧化还原反应(Redox Reaction)16. 立体化学(Stereochemistry)17. 亲水性(Hydrophilicity)18. 亲疏水性(Hydrophobicity)19. 复合物(Complex)20. 磷酸化(Phosphorylation)21. 氧化作用(Oxidation)22. 磷酸二酯酶(Phosphodiesterase)23. 沸点(Boiling Point)24. 极性溶剂(Polar Solvent)25. 亲水基(Hydrophilic Group)26. 缩合作用(Condensation Reaction)27. 慢性疾病(Chronic Disease)28. 氮循环(Nitrogen Cycle)29. 化学平衡(Chemical Equilibrium)30. 盐桥(Salt Bridge)31. 热力学(Thermodynamics)32. 分子生物学(Molecular Biology)33. 氧化酶(Oxidoreductase)34. 无机盐(Inorganic Salt)35. 线粒体(Mitochondria)36. 氨酸序列(Amino Acid Sequence)37. 细胞膜(Cell Membrane)38. 色素(Pigment)39. 光合作用(Photosynthesis)40. 反应机理(Reaction Mechanism)41. 伊那霉素(Inamycin)42. 席夫碱(Swainsonine)43. DNA聚合酶(DNA Polymerase)44. 谷氨酰胺合成酶(Glutamine Synthetase)45. C-末端(C-Terminus)46. 磷酸酶(Phosphatase)47. 糖原合成酶(Glycogen Synthase)48. 细胞应激(Cell Stress)49. 酪蛋白酶(Casein Kinase)50. 组蛋白甲基转移酶(Histone Methyltransferase)51. 酰化(Acetylation)52. 丙酰化(Acrolysation)53. 编码基因(Coding Gene)54. 非编码RNA(Non-Coding RNA)55. 外周蛋白(Peripheral Protein)56. 光度法(Spectrophotometry)57. 鞘糖脂(Sphingolipid)58. 胰高血糖素(Insulin)59. 聚合酶链式反应(PCR)60. 生物发酵(Biofermentation)61. 酶促反应(Enzymatic Reaction)62. 分子动力学(Molecular Dynamics)63. 免疫组化(Immunohistochemistry)64. 旋光度(Specific Rotation)65. 电泳法(Electrophoresis)66. 高压液相色谱法(HPLC)67. 螺旋卷曲(Helical Coiling)68. 光反应(Photoreaction)69. 疏水性交互作用(Hydrophobic Interaction)70. 粉碎(Homogenization)71. 光合体(Photosystem)72. 熟化(Aging)73. 磷酸酰胺合成酶(Phosphoramide Synthetase)74. 水解(Hydrolysis)75. 活体摄像(Live Imaging)76. 液态闪烁计数法(Liquid Scintillation Counting)77. 光合反应(Photosynthetic Reaction)78. 神经元(Neuron)79. 完整核醣体(Ribonucleoprotein)80. 转录因子(Transcription Factor)81. 基因修饰(Gene Modification)82. 核糖体(Ribosome)83. 线粒体DNA(Mitochondrial DNA)84. 生态学(Ecology)85. 分子毒理学(Molecular Toxicology)86. 光化学(Photophysics)87. 糖类代谢(Glycolysis)88. 线粒体膜(Mitochondrial Membrane)89. 运动蛋白(Motor Protein)90. 谷丙转氨酶(Alanine Transaminase)91. 细胞信号传导(Cell Signaling)92. 核酸(Nucleic Acid)93. 羟分子(Hydroxyl Radical)94. 有机溶剂(Organic Solvent)95. 基因表达(Gene Expression)96. DNA复制(DNA Replication)97. 线粒体病(Mitochondrial Disease)98. 同工酶(Isoenzyme)99. 解剖学(Anatomy)100. 脂类代谢(Lipid Metabolism)以上是部分生物化学常用专业术语的中英文对照汇编手册，生物化学涉及面广，其中还有许多其他的专业术语和概念。

生物学英语中英对照1. 遗传学 Genetics基因 Gene染色体 Chromosome遗传变异 Genetic variation2. 细胞生物学 Cell Biology细胞 Cell细胞核 Nucleus细胞膜 Cell membrane3. 生态学 Ecology生态系统 Ecosystem生物多样性 Biodiversity生物群落 Biome4. 分子生物学 Molecular Biology蛋白质 Protein核酸 Nucleic acid酶 Enzyme5. 发育生物学 Developmental Biology胚胎发育 Embryonic development细胞分化 Cell differentiation形态发生 Morphogenesis6. 植物学 Botany叶绿体 Chloroplast光合作用 Photosynthesis根系 Root system7. 动物学 Zoology器官 Organ组织 Tissue神经系统 Nervous system8. 微生物学 Microbiology细菌 Bacteria病毒 Virus真菌 Fungus9. 生物化学 Biochemistry代谢 MetabolismATP（三磷酸腺苷） ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)酶促反应 Enzymatic reaction10. 生理学 Physiology心脏 Heart肺 Lung肝脏 Liver生物学英语中英对照（续）11. 进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology自然选择 Natural selection物种形成 Speciation进化树 Evolutionary tree12. 行为生物学 Behavioral Biology繁殖行为 Reproductive behavior领域行为 Territorial behavior社会行为 Social behavior13. 神经生物学 Neurobiology神经元 Neuron突触 Synapse神经递质 Neurotransmitter14. 免疫学 Immunology抗体 Antibody免疫系统 Immune system炎症 Inflammation15. 营养学 Nutrition蛋白质 Protein碳水化合物 Carbohydrate脂肪 Fat16. 遗传工程 Genetic Engineering基因克隆 Gene cloning基因编辑 Gene editing转基因技术 Genetic modification 17. 生态遗传学 Ecological Genetics种群 Population环境适应性 Environmental adaptation遗传漂变 Genetic drift18. 生物信息学 Bioinformatics基因组学 Genomics蛋白质组学 Proteomics生物数据挖掘 Bioinformatics data mining19. 生物统计学 Biostatistics实验设计 Experimental design数据分析 Data analysis显著性检验 Significance test20. 环境生物学 Environmental Biology环境污染 Environmental pollution生态修复 Ecological restoration生物降解 Biodegradation这份生物学英语中英对照文档旨在帮助您更全面地了解生物学领域的专业术语。

常用生化中英文对照表第一章Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物fractionation 分级、分馏biomolecule 生物分子organism 生物体、有机体membrane 膜nucleus 细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli 杆菌spirilla 螺旋菌Eubacteria 真细菌Archaebacteria 原细菌Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Plasma 细胞浆Mesosome 间体Nuleoid 拟核Sytosol 细胞质、原生质Bilayer 双分子层（膜）Protein 蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohydrate 糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressure 渗透压Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Subcellular 亚细胞的Ganelle 细胞器Genetic 遗传的Chromosome 染色体ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNAEndoplasmic reticulum 内质网Phospholipid 磷脂Detoxification 解毒Golgi apparatus 高尔基体Refresh 更新Mitochondria 线粒体oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化 fatty acid脂肪酸 degradation降解 Chloroplasts 叶绿体thylakoid vesicles类囊体 photosynthesis光合作用Lysosomes 溶酶体Macromolecule 大分子Enzyme 酶Cytoskeleton 细胞支架Metabolic 新陈代谢的Centrifugation 离心Isolate 分离Equilibrium 平衡Density 密度Friction 摩擦力Velocity 速率Supernatant 上清夜Pellet 沉淀 第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantiomers 对映体Tetrahedral 正四面体的Hydrophobic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic 脂肪族的Aromatic 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged 带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleucine Ile,异亮氨酸methionine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenylalanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosine Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptophan Trp,色氨酸Asparagines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutamine Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threonine Thr,苏氨酸Varginine Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidine His,组氨酸aspartic acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutamic acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxyl 羧基isoelectric point 等电点positive 正的、阳性的negative 负的、阴性的buffering 缓冲physiological 生理的Primary structure 一级结构 Secondary structure 二级结构 Tertiary structure 三级结构 Quaternary structure 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequence 顺序、序列covalent Bond 共价键polypeptide 多肽terminal 末端carbonyl 羰基resonance structures 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate旋转trans configuration顺式构象disulfide bonds二硫键α-helix α-落选hydrogen bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片parallel 平行的antiparallel 反平行的random coil 无规卷曲unique 唯一的spatial 空间的arrangement 排列、安排linear sequence 线性序列residue 残基Hydrophobic interaction 疏水相互作用Interior 内部的Electrostatic force静电力salt bridge盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit 亚基allosteric effect 变构效应Noncovalent interactions 非共价相互作用protein stability 蛋白质的稳定dimensional 空间的、维的proton 质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electrons 孤对电子collinear 在同一直线上 Hydrophobic force 疏水力Nonpolar 非极性Minimize 最小化protein folding 蛋白质折叠Accessory protein 辅助蛋白质molecular chaperones 分子伴侣Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白prosthetic group 辅基essential 必需的heme 血红素crevice缝隙protoporphyrin 原卟啉porphyrin 卟啉ferrous 含铁的proximal 最接近的cooperative 协同的noncooperative 非协同的dissociation curve 解离曲线sigmoidal S 形曲线hyperbolic 双曲线affinity 亲和性blood capillaries 血管Bohr effect 波尔效应2,3-biphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechanism 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglobinopathies 血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia 镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythrocyte 红血球sticky patch 粘性小区therapeutic治疗的Collagen胶原蛋白Skin皮肤Bone骨骼Tendon腱Cartilage软骨blood vessel血管mammal哺乳动物fibrous纤维状的tripeptide 三肽的triple-helical 三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysine 醛基赖氨酸Antibodie 抗体immune system 免疫系统pathogen 病原体trigger 引发、触发response 响应、应答antigen 抗原antigenic determine 抗原决定簇epitope 抗原决定簇Immunolocalization 免疫定位Antibody 抗体Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA 酶联免疫吸附测定 purification 提纯、纯化Homogenization 匀浆solubilization 溶解Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵Precipitation 沉淀Dialysis 透析Chromatographic techniques 层析技术gel filtration 凝胶过滤affinity chromatography 亲和层析 Electrophoretic techniques 电泳技术isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦SDS polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresisSDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeable 半透性ligand 配基inert 惰性的matrix 基质elute 洗出、流出lectin 外源凝集素glycoprotein 糖蛋白molecular sieve 分子筛polyampholytes 聚两性电解质gradient 梯度migrate 迁移、移动chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶sequencing 测序2-mercaptoethanol ２－巯基乙醇ninhydrin 茚三酮fluorescamine 荧光胺fluorodinitrobenzene 二硝基氟苯dansyl chloride 丹磺酰氯phenyl isothiocyanate PITC 苯异硫氰酸酯fragment 片断、碎片encoding 编码decipher 解读、破译anchor 锚定 第三章biocatalyst 生物催化剂active site 活性中心substrate 底物The induced –fit model 诱导契合学说Stereospecificity 立体异构专一性Specificity 专一性Trypsin 胰蛋白酶Elastase 弹性蛋白酶Oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶Transferase 转移酶Hydrolase水解酶 Lyase裂合酶 Isomerase异构酶 Ligase连接酶 Ribozyme 核酶Abzyme 抗体酶catalytic antibody 抗体酶analog 类似物assay 化验、测定 optimal 最佳的Coenzyme 辅酶Cofactor 辅因子apoenzyme 脱辅酶holoenzyme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinamide 烟酰胺Adenine 腺嘌呤Dinucleotide 二核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸Oxidation 氧化reduction 还原Flavin 黄素Mononucleotide 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素decarboxylase 脱羧酶Pyridoxal 吡哆醛Pyridoxamine 吡哆胺Pyridoxine 吡哆醇Ubiquinone 泛醌Isoenzymes 同功酶Kinetic 动力学lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶proportional 成比例的saturate 使饱和thermal 热的denaturation 变性optimum 最适宜的diversity 多样性Michaelis-Menten equation 米氏方程double-reciprocal plot 双倒数作图法inhibition 抑制Inhibitor 抑制剂Metabolite 代谢物Irreversible 不可逆的Reversible 可逆的Competitive 竞争性的Noncompetitive 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinically 临床上Regulation 调节committed step 关键步骤activator 激活剂Adjust 调节Feedback 反馈Sequential 连续的Branched 分支的Conformational 构象的homotropic effect 同促效应heterotropic effect 异促效应Phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶Citrate 柠檬酸盐Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate 2,6-二磷酸果糖phosphorylation 磷酸化dephosphorylation 去磷酸化hydroxyl 羟基hormone 激素Glycogen phosphorylase 糖原磷酸化酶Phosphorylate 使磷酸化glycogen synthase 糖原合酶unphosphorylate 使去磷酸化proteolytic 蛋白质水解的proenzymes 酶原zymogen 酶原hydrolysis 水解pancreatic 胰腺的pancreas 胰腺small intestine 小肠blood clotting 血液凝固amplification 扩大cascade 级联 第四章boundary 边界compartments 小室Mechanical 机械的signaling 发信号insoluble 不可溶的glycerophospholipids 甘油磷脂类sphingolipids 鞘脂类sterols 固醇类glycerol 甘油sphingosine 鞘氨醇sphingomyelins 鞘磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇steroid 类固醇Amphipathic 两性的Hydrophilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assemble 自组装的fluidity 流动性rotational 转动的lateral 侧向的Fluid mosaic model 流体镶嵌模型Integral 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integral membrane proteins 内在膜蛋白peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白asymmetry 不对称asymmetrically 不对称地membrane-spaning protein 跨膜蛋白Multiple 多重的Lipid-anchored proteins 脂锚定蛋白Heterokaryon 异核体Fusion 融合Reconstitution 重建Reincorporated 重新合并Extracellular 细胞外的Intercellular 细胞内的Passive transport 被动运输active transport 主动运输concentration 浓度diffusion 扩散saturable 可饱和的facilitated 协助的、推动的symport 同向运送antiport 逆向运送epithelial cells 上皮细胞exocytosis 分泌作用endocytosis 内吞作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用pinocytosis 胞饮作用Receptor mediated endocytosis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris 碎片transduction 转导Lipophilic 亲脂性的Receptors 受体second messengers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replication 复制Nucleotide 核苷酸Pyrimidine 嘧啶Guanine 鸟嘌呤Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Nucleoside 核苷Deoxyribonucleoside 脱氧核糖核苷ribonucleoside 核糖核苷deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complementarily 互补地nucleosome 核小体loop 突环rosette 玫瑰花结semi-conservative 半保留的polymerase 聚合酶template 模板primer 引物fork 叉Bidirectional 双向的Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段semi-discontinuous 半不连续的strand 链、一股hybridization 杂交melting temperature 熔融温度renaturation 复性labeled 标记的fluorescent 荧光的tag 标记、标签annealing 退火amplify 增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcription 转录initiation 起始Elongation 延伸termination 终止promoters 启动子palindrome 回文结构processing 加工splicing 拼接reverse transcription 逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码intermediate 中间的、媒介codons 密码子unambiguous 明确的correspond 相应、符合degenerate 简并的mutation 变异incorporation 合并nonoverlapping 不相重叠的reading frames 阅读框aminoacyl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNApeptidyl-tRNA 肽酰-tRNAstem 茎、干、臂anticodon 反密码子translocation 移位第七章metabolism 代谢Saccharides 糖类monosaccharides 单糖aldehyde group 醛基ketone group 酮基Stereoisomers 立体异构体Oligosaccharides 寡糖Glycosidic bond 糖苷键Polysaccharides 多糖Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维素Dextran 葡聚糖Amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉Glycolysis 糖酵解Cytoplasm 细胞质Glucose 葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokinase 己糖激酶Fructose 果糖Phosphoglucoisomerase 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphosphate 二磷酸glyceraldehydes 甘油醛dihydroxyacetone 二羟丙酮aldolase 醛缩酶triose 丙糖1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydrogenase 脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase 激酶mutase 变位酶phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase 烯醇化酶pyruvate 丙酮酸Gluconeogenesis 糖异生Noncarbhydrate 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeletal muscle 骨骼肌phosphorylase 磷酸化酶Phosphorolysis 磷酸化pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶glucosyl 葡萄糖基nonreducing end 非还原端Epinephrine 肾上腺素glucagon 胰高血糖素Insulin 胰岛素第八章fatty acid 脂肪酸hydrocarbon 烃、碳氢化合物carboxylic acid 羧酸Unsaturated 不饱和的Triacylglycerol 三酰甘油Acetyl 乙酰基Thioester 硫酯Carnitine 肉(毒)碱Hydration 水合作用Thiolysis 硫解Consume 消耗ketone bodies 酮体acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸D-3-hydroxybutyrate D-3-羟基丁酸Acetone 丙酮diabetes 糖尿病toxic 有毒的lethal 致命的multifunctional 多功能的malonyl 丙二酰基carboxylation 羧化condensation 缩合acetoacetyl 乙酰乙酰基hydroxybutyryl 羟丁酰基crotonyl 丁烯酰基butyryl 丁酰基hydrolyzation 水解作用palmitoyl 软脂酰基palmitate 软脂酸lipoproteins 脂蛋白globular 球状的micelle 胶束、微囊第九章Respiration 呼吸作用citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环、三羧酸循环concomitant 伴随的isocitrate 异柠檬酸酸盐α-ketoglutarate α-酮戊二酸succinate 琥珀酸盐succinyl 琥珀酰基fumarate 延胡索酸盐malate 苹果酸盐oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸盐cytochrome 细胞色素oxidase 氧化酶reductase 还原酶Rotatory 旋转的engine 发动机第十章Nitrogen 氮Diet 常吃的食物Erythrose 赤藓糖Ribose 核糖Transamination 转氨基作用Deamination 脱氨基作用Transdeamination 联合脱氨基作用Ammonia 氨Excrete 排泄Aquatic 水生uric acid 尿酸terrestrial 陆生的reptile 爬行动物urea 尿素vertebrates 脊椎动物ornithine 鸟氨酸arginine 精氨酸citrullin 瓜氨酸permanently 不变地。

生物化学与分子生物学名词解释官方版第一章1.模体（motif）：蛋白质分子中具有特定空间构象和特定功能的结构成分。

2.锌指结构（zinc finger）：由蛋白质结构域围绕一个锌离子折叠形成的、保守的DNA结合蛋白模体。

3.纤连蛋白（fibronectin）：一类细胞外粘连蛋白，可与其他细胞外基质组分、血纤维蛋白、整合蛋白家族的细胞表面受体结合，其功能是连接细胞与细胞外基质，参与损伤愈合。

4.结构域（domain）：分子量较大的蛋白质常可折叠成多个结构较为紧密且稳定的区域，并各执行其功能，称为结构域。

5.亚基（subunit）：组成具有四级结构的蛋白质的次级结构，每一条多肽链都有其完整的三级结构，称为亚基。

6.分子病（molecular disease）：由于基因上DNA分子的缺陷，致使细胞内RNA及蛋白质合成出现异常，人体结构与功能随之发生变异的疾病。

7.蛋白质等电点（protein isoelectric point／pI）：蛋白质静电荷为零时的溶液pH。

8.蛋白质变性（protein denaturation）：多肽／蛋白质的特定空间构象的部分或完全，非折叠过程或形式。

9.电泳（electrophoresis）：在电场作用下，带电溶液向正极或负极的移动。

经常用于蛋白质、核酸或其他带电颗粒混合物的分离。

10.层析（chromatography）：利用物质分子在流动相与固定相之间分配比例不同，将不同物质分子的混合物分离的一种技术。

例如薄层层析、柱层析等。

第二章1.碱基堆积力（base stacking interaction）：DNA分子的两条多聚核苷酸链在旋进过程中，相邻的两个碱基对平面会彼此重叠，由此产生的疏水作用力。

2.DNA变性（DNA denaturation）：在某些理化因素（温度、pH、离子强度等）作用下，DNA双链的互补碱基之间的氢键断裂，使双螺旋结构松散，形成单链的构象，不涉及一级结构的改变。

生物化学与分子生物学名词解释官方版第一章1.模体（motif）：蛋白质分子中具有特定空间构象和特定功能的结构成分。

2.锌指结构（zinc finger）：由蛋白质结构域围绕一个锌离子折叠形成的、保守的DNA结合蛋白模体。

3.纤连蛋白（fibronectin）：一类细胞外粘连蛋白，可与其他细胞外基质组分、血纤维蛋白、整合蛋白家族的细胞表面受体结合，其功能是连接细胞与细胞外基质，参与损伤愈合。

4.结构域（domain）：分子量较大的蛋白质常可折叠成多个结构较为紧密且稳定的区域，并各执行其功能，称为结构域。

5.亚基（subunit）：组成具有四级结构的蛋白质的次级结构，每一条多肽链都有其完整的三级结构，称为亚基。

6.分子病（molecular disease）：由于基因上DNA分子的缺陷，致使细胞内RNA及蛋白质合成出现异常，人体结构与功能随之发生变异的疾病。

7.蛋白质等电点（protein isoelectric point／pI）：蛋白质静电荷为零时的溶液pH。

8.蛋白质变性（protein denaturation）：多肽／蛋白质的特定空间构象的部分或完全，非折叠过程或形式。

9.电泳（electrophoresis）：在电场作用下，带电溶液向正极或负极的移动。

经常用于蛋白质、核酸或其他带电颗粒混合物的分离。

10.层析（chromatography）：利用物质分子在流动相与固定相之间分配比例不同，将不同物质分子的混合物分离的一种技术。

例如薄层层析、柱层析等。

第二章1.碱基堆积力（base stacking interaction）：DNA分子的两条多聚核苷酸链在旋进过程中，相邻的两个碱基对平面会彼此重叠，由此产生的疏水作用力。

2.DNA变性（DNA denaturation）：在某些理化因素（温度、pH、离子强度等）作用下，DNA双链的互补碱基之间的氢键断裂，使双螺旋结构松散，形成单链的构象，不涉及一级结构的改变。

生物化学中英文名词解释汇总生化不是危机。

就看你怎么复习啦第一部分：糖类1.糖（Saccharide）：糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。

2.单糖（monoaccharide）：也称简单糖，不能被水解成更小分子的糖类，是多羟醛或多羟酮。

常见的单糖有葡萄糖（Glucoe）、果糖（Fructoe）、半乳糖（galactoe）。

3.寡糖（oligoaccharide）：又称低聚糖，是由2~20个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的糖类物质。

可分为二糖、三糖、四糖、五糖等。

4.二糖（diaccharide）：又称双糖，是最简单的寡糖，由2个分子单糖缩合而成。

常见的二糖有蔗糖（ucroe）、乳糖（lactoe）、麦芽糖（maltoe）。

5.多糖（polyaccharide）：由多分子单糖或单糖的衍生物聚合而成。

6.同多糖（homopolyaccharide）由同一种单糖聚合而成，如淀粉（tarch）、糖原（glycogen）、纤维素（celluloe）。

7.杂多糖（heteropolyaccharide）有不同种单糖或单糖衍生物聚合而成，如透明质酸（hyaluronicacid,HA）、肝素（heparin,Hp）等。

8.糖胺聚糖（glycoaminoglycan,GAG）又称粘多糖，氨基多糖和酸性多糖。

是动植物特别是高等动物的结缔组织中的一类结构多糖。

例如透明质酸.硫酸软骨素.硫酸角质素等。

9.蛋白聚糖（proteoglycan）：由一条或多条糖胺聚糖和一个核心蛋白共价连接而成，糖含量可超过95%。

主要存在于软骨、腱等结缔组织，构成细胞间质。

由于糖胺聚糖有密集的负电荷，在组织中可吸收大量的水而赋予粘性和弹性，具有稳定、支持和保护细胞的作用。

10.糖蛋白(glycoprotein)：短链寡糖与蛋白质以共价键连接而形成的复合物，其总体性质更接近蛋白质。

糖蛋白的寡糖链参与分子识别和细胞识别。

11.糖脂（glycolipid）12.脂多糖（lipopolyaccharide）第二部分脂质1.脂质：lipid是一类低溶于水而高溶于非极性溶剂的生物有机分子。

（生物科技行业）分子生物学中英文对照acetylCoA/乙酰辅酶A壹种小分子的水溶性代谢产物,由和辅酶A相连的乙酰基组成,产生于丙酮酸、脂肪酸及氨基酸的氧化过程;其乙酰基在柠檬酸循环中被转移到柠檬酸。

actin/肌动蛋白,肌纤蛋白富含于真核细胞中的结构蛋白,和许多其他蛋白相互作用。

其球形单体(G2肌动蛋白)聚合形成肌动蛋白纤丝(F2肌动蛋白)。

在肌肉细胞收缩时F2肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白相互作用。

activationenergy/活化能(克服障碍以)启动化学反应所需的能量投入。

降低活化能,可增加酶的反应速率。

activesite/活性中心,活性部位酶分子上和底物结合及进行催化反应的区域。

activetransport/主动转运离子或小分子逆浓度梯度或电化学梯度的耗能跨膜运动。

由ATP耦联水解或另壹分子顺其电化学梯度的转运提供能量。

adenylylcyclase/酰苷酸环化酶催化由ATP生成环化腺苷酸(cAMP)的膜附着酶。

特定配体和细胞表面的相应受体结合引发该酶的激活且使胞内的cAMP升高。

allele/等位基因位于同源染色体上对应部位的基因的俩种或多种可能形式之壹。

allosterictransition/变构转换小分子和蛋白质上特定调节部位相结合所引起的蛋白质之三级及(或)四级结构的改变,其活性随之发生变化。

多亚单位酶的变构调节很普遍。

alpha(α)helix/α螺旋常见的蛋白质二级结构,其氨基酸线性序列叠为右旋螺旋,借助主链上的羧基和酰胺基间的氢键维持稳定。

aminoacyl2tRNA/氨酰转移核糖核酸用于蛋白合成的氨基酸的激活形式,含有借高能酯键和tRNA分子上3’2羟基相结合的氨基酸。

amphipathic/俩亲的,兼性的指既有亲水性部分又有疏水性部分的分子或结构。

anaphase/(细胞分裂)后期姐妹染色体(或有丝分裂期的成对同源物)裂开且分别(分离)朝纺锤体俩极移动的有丝分裂期。

anticodon/反密码子和mRNA的密码子互补的tRNA中三个核苷酸的序列,蛋白合成过程中,密码子和反密码子之间的碱基配对使携带增长肽链的新增对等氨基酸的tRNA排齐。

生物化学和分子生物学英语术语*第一章蛋白质的结构与功能protein 蛋白质amino acid 氨基酸peptide bond 肽键isoelectric point 等电点peptide 肽oligopeptide 寡肽polypeptide 多肽residue 氨基酸残基amino terminal 氨基末端（N-端）carboxyl terminal 羧基末端（C-端）peptide unit 肽单元α-helix α-螺旋β-pleated sheet β-折叠β-turn β-转角random coil 无规卷曲motif 模体primary structure 一级结构secondary structure 二级结构tertiary structure 三级结构quaternary structure 四级结构domain 结构域molecular chaperone 分子伴侣protein family 蛋白质家族homologous protein 同源蛋白质cooperativity 协同效应positive cooperativity 正协同效应negative cooperativity 负协同效应allosteric effect 别构效应prion protein, PrP 朊病毒蛋白denaturation 变性renaturation 复性dialysis 透析*第二章核酸的结构与功能nucleic acid 核酸deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 脱氧核糖核酸ribonucleic acid, RNA 核糖核酸nucleotide(,nt) 核苷酸deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸ribonucleotide 核糖核苷酸purine 嘌呤pyrimidine 嘧啶Adenine, A 腺嘌呤Guanine, G 鸟嘌呤Uracil, U 尿嘧啶Thymine, T 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine, C 胞嘧啶β-N-glycosidic bond β-N糖苷键phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键base sequence 碱基序列base pair, bp 碱基对kilobase pair, kbp 千碱基对anti-parallel 反向平行right-handed helix 右手螺旋major groove 大沟minor groove 小沟complementary base pair 互补碱基对complementary strand 互补链base stacking interaction 碱基堆积力telomere 端粒superhelix/supercoil 超螺旋结构chromatin 染色质chromosome 染色体nucleosome 核小体histone 组蛋白messenger RNA, mRNA 信使RNA open reading frame, ORF 开放(阅)读框codon 密码子transfer RNA, tRNA 转运RNArare base 稀有碱基stem-loop structures 茎环结构anticodon 反密码子ribosomal RNA, rRNA 核糖体RNA ribosome 核糖体non-coding RNA, ncRNA 非编码RNA DNA denaturation DNA变性hyperchromic effect DNA的增色效应renaturation 复性annealing 退火heteroduplex 杂化双链nucleic acid hybridization 核酸杂交deoxyribonuclease, DNase DNA酶ribonuclease, RNase RNA酶*第三章酶enzyme 酶monomeric enzyme 单体酶oligomeric enzyme 寡聚酶multienzyme complex 多酶复合物multienzyme system 多酶体系multifunctional enzyme 多功能酶tandem enzyme 串联酶simple enzyme 单纯酶conjugated enzyme 缀合酶(结合酶) coenzyme 辅酶prosthetic group 辅基metalloenzyme 金属酶metal activated enzyme 金属激活酶active center 活性中心essential group 必需基团binding group 结合基团catalytic group 催化基团isoenzyme/isozyme 同工酶activation energy 活化能turnover number 转换数specificity 特异性/专一性absolute specificity 绝对专一性relative specificity 相对专一性proximity effect 邻近效应orientation arrangement 定向排列desolvation 脱溶剂化surface effect 表面效应general acid-base catalysis 酸-碱催化作用nucleophilic catalysis 亲核催化covalent catalysis 共价催化electrophilic catalysis亲电催化maximum velocity 最大反应速率Michaelis constant, K m米氏常数turnover number 转换数optimum temperature 最适温度optimum pH 最适pHinhibitor 抑制剂irreversible inhibition 不可逆性抑制reversible inhibition 可逆性抑制competitive inhibition 竞争性抑制non-competitive inhibition 非竞争性抑制uncompetitive inhibition 反竞争性抑制apparent K m表观K mactivator 激活剂allosteric regulation 别（变）构调节allosteric enzyme 别构酶allosteric site 别构部位allosteric effector 别构效应剂covalent modification 共价调节zymogen 酶原*第五章维生素与无机盐vitamin 维生素lipid-soluble vitamin 脂溶性维生素water-soluble vitamin 水溶性维生素trace element 微量元素macroelement 常量元素*第六章糖代谢carbohydrates 糖（碳水化合物）Na+-dependent glucose transporter, SGLT Na+依赖型葡萄糖转运体glucose transporter, GLUT 依赖葡糖转运蛋白glycolysis 糖酵解lactic acid fermentation 乳酸发酵ethanol fermentation 乙醇发酵aerobic oxidation 有氧氧化anaerobic oxidation 无氧氧化hexokinase 己糖激酶glucokinase 葡糖激酶6-phosphofructokinase-1, PFK-1 磷酸果糖激酶-1 substrate-level phosphorylation 底物水平磷酸化phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸pyruvate kinase 丙酮酸激酶fructose-2,6-biphosphate, F-2,6-BP 果糖-2，6-BP citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸citric acid 柠檬酸succinic acid 琥珀酸Pasteur effect 巴斯德效应pentose phosphate pathway 磷酸戊糖途径glycogen 糖原glycogenesis 糖原合成primer 糖原引物glycogenin 糖原蛋白branching enzyme 分支酶glycogenosis 糖原分解gluconeogenesis 糖异生blood sugar 血糖insulin 胰岛素glucagon 胰高血糖素glucose tolerance 葡萄糖耐量第七章脂质代谢lipids 脂质lipoid 类脂triglyceride, TG 甘油三酯fatty acid 脂肪酸phospholipid 磷脂ceramide 神经酰胺cholesterol 胆固醇glycerol 甘油acyl CoA 脂酰CoAchylomicron, CM 乳糜颗粒acetyl CoA 乙酰CoApalmitic acid 软脂酸citrate pyruvate cycle 柠檬酸-丙酮酸循环acetyl CoA carboxylase 乙酰CoA羧化酶fat mobilization 脂肪动员β-oxidation β-氧化carnitine acyl transferaseⅠ肉碱脂酰转移酶ketone bodies 酮体acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸β-hydroxy-butyrate β-羟丁酸acetone 丙酮3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA 羟甲基戊二酸单酰CoAphosphatidyl choline, PC 磷脂酰胆碱phosphatidyl ethanolamine, PE 磷脂酰乙醇胺HMG-CoA reductase HMG-CoA还原酶squalene 鲨烯bile acid 胆汁酸lipoprotein 脂蛋白very low density lipoprotein, VLDL 极低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein, LDL 低密度脂蛋白high density lipoprotein 高密度脂蛋白apolipoprotein, Apo 载脂蛋白第八章生物氧化biological oxidation 生物氧化oxidative respiratory chain 氧化呼吸链electron transfer chain 电子传递链nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavoprotein 黄素蛋白flavin mononucleotide, FMN 黄素单核苷酸coenzyme Q, CoQ, Q 泛醌；辅酶Q cytochrome, Cyt 细胞色素substrate level phosphorylation 底物水平磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化ATP synthase ATP合酶adenylate kinase 腺苷酸激酶creatine phosphate, CP 磷酸肌酸第九章氨基酸代谢nitrogen balance 氮平衡nutritionally essential amino acid 营养必需氨基酸non-essential amino acid 非必需氨基酸nutrition value 营养价值pepsin 胃蛋白酶pepsinogen 胃蛋白酶原autocatalysis 自身激活作用endopeptidase 内肽酶exopeptidase 外肽酶γ-glutamyl cycle γ-谷氨酰基循环putrefaction 腐败作用half time, t1/2半寿期ubiquitination 泛素化aminoacid metabolic pool 氨基酸代谢库transamination 转氨基作用transaminase 转氨酶alanine transaminase, ALT 丙氨酸转氨酶aspartate transaminase, AST 天冬氨酸转氨酶transdeamination 转氨脱氨作用α-keto acid α-酮酸glucogenic amino acid 生糖氨基酸ketogenic amino acid 生酮氨基酸glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid 生糖兼生酮氨基酸alanine-glucose cycle 丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环ornithine cycle 鸟氨酸循环urea cycle 尿素循环N-acetyl glutamic acid, AGA N-乙酰谷氨酸one carbon unit 一碳单位tetrahydrofolic acid, FH4 四氢叶酸S-adenosyl methionine, SAM S-腺苷甲硫氨酸methionine cycle 甲硫氨酸循环creatine 肌酸creatine phosphate 磷酸肌酸creatinine 肌酐第十章核苷酸代谢de novo synthesis 从头合成途径salvage pathway 补救合成途径phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, PRPP 磷酸核糖焦磷酸adenine phosphoribosyl transferase, APRT 腺苷酸磷酸核糖转移酶hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, HGPRT 次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶uridine monophosphate, UMP 尿嘧啶核苷酸第十一章非营养物质代谢biotransformation 生物转化作用oxidation 氧化reduction 还原hydrolysis 水解conjugation 结合反应ethanol 乙醇bile 胆汁bile acid 胆汁酸heme 血红素hemoglobin 血红蛋白oxidative stress 氧化应激jaundice 黄疸第十二章物质代谢的整合与调节oxaloacetate, OAA 草酰乙酸adenylate deaminase 腺苷酸脱氨酶substrate cycle 底物循环key enzyme 关键酶multi-enzyme system 多酶体系feedback inhibition 反馈抑制covalent modification 共价修饰ubiquitin 泛素第十九章细胞信号转导的分子机制cell communication 细胞通讯signal transduction 信号转导ligand 配体receptor 受体cross-talking 交叉调控signal transduction network 信号转导网络signal transducer 信号转导分子second messenger 第二信使adenylate cyclase, AC 腺苷酸环化酶protein kinase G, PKG 蛋白激酶Gprotein phosphatase, PP 蛋白磷酸酶guanine nucleotide-binding protein, G protein 鸟苷酸结合蛋白，G 蛋白**被生物体直接用于合成蛋白质的20种氨基酸1.非极性脂肪族氨基酸甘氨酸Glycine, Gly丙氨酸Alanine, Ala缬氨酸Valine, Val亮氨酸Leucine, Leu异亮氨酸Isoleucine, Ile脯氨酸Proline, Pro2.极性中性氨基酸丝氨酸Serine, Ser半胱氨酸Cysteine, Cys甲硫氨酸Methionine, Met天冬酰胺Asparagine, Asn谷氨酰胺Glutamine, Gln苏氨酸Threonine, Thr3.含芳香环的氨基酸苯丙氨酸Phenylalanine, Phe酪氨酸Tyrosine, Tyr色氨酸Tryptophan, Trp4.酸性氨基酸天冬氨酸Aspartic acid, Asp谷氨酸Glutamic acid, Glu5.碱性氨基酸精氨酸Arginine, Arg赖氨酸Lysine. Lys组氨酸Histidine, His。

生物化学及分子生物学常用缩略语生物化学及分子生物学实验常用缩略语（教学团队的范浩讲师编制）英文缩写英文名中文名A(1) absorbance(2) absorbency 吸收率吸收Acr acrylamide 丙烯酰胺ADP adenosine diphosphate二磷酸腺苷，腺苷二磷酸AMP adenosine monophosphate腺苷一磷酸，腺苷酸Amp ampicillin氨苄青霉素AMV avian myeloblastosis virus禽类成髓细胞瘤病毒APS ammonium persulfate 过硫酸铵AR analytical reagent 分析纯试剂ATP adenosine triphosphate三磷酸腺苷，腺苷三磷酸ALT alanine transaminase丙氨酸转氨酶BAC bacterial artificial chromosome细菌人工染色体Bis N,N’-methylene-bis-acrylamide N,N’-亚甲双丙烯酰胺BSA bovine serum albumin 牛血清白蛋白bp base pair碱基对ccc-DNA covalently closed circular DNA共价闭环DNAcDNA complementary DNA互补DNACE capillary electrophoresis 毛细管电泳Ch cholesterol 胆固醇CP creatine phosphate 磷酸肌酸DEPC diethylpyrocarbonate焦碳酸二乙酯DNA deoxyribonucleic acid脱氧核糖核酸dsDNA double stranded DNA双链DNAdsRNA double stranded RNA双链RNADTT dithiothreitol二硫苏糖醇EB ethidium bromide溴乙锭E.coli Escherichia coli 大肠杆菌EDTA ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid乙二胺四乙酸EGTA ethylene glycol bis (2-aminoethyl) tetraacetic acid 乙二醇二乙醚二胺四乙酸ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附测定（法）FAM Carboxyfluorescein 羧基荧光素FCM flow cytometry 流式细胞仪FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate 异硫氰酸荧光素FPLC fast protein liquid chromatograpgy 快速（蛋白）液相层析G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 葡糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶GFP green fluorescence protein 绿色荧光蛋白GST glutathione-S-transferase 谷胱甘肽S转移酶Hb hemoglobin 血红蛋白HEPES 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid 4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸His，H histidine 组氨酸HPLC high performance liquid chromatography 高效液相层析Hsp heat shock protein 热休克蛋白IEF isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦IPTG isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside 异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷kb kilobase pair 千碱基对kDa kilo-Dalton 千道尔顿Km Michaelis constant 米氏常数LDH lactic dehydrogenase; lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶mRNA messenger RNA 信使RNAMW molecular weight 分子量NBT nitrotetrazolium blue氯化硝基四氮唑蓝NC nitrocellulose membrane 硝酸纤维素膜oc-DNA open circular DNA 开环DNAOD optical density 光密度PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳PCR polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应PKC protein kinase C 蛋白激酶CpI isoelectric point 等电点PMSF phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride 苯甲基磺酰氟RNase ribonuclease RNA酶PBS phosphate buffered saline PBS缓冲液RNAi RNA interference RNA干扰RPM round per minute 每分钟转数RQ-PCR Real-time quantitative PCR 实时定量PCRRT-PCR reverse transcription PCR 反转录PCR，逆转录PCRSDS sodium dodecyl sulfate 十二烷基硫酸钠siRNA small interfering RNA 小干扰RNASNP single nucleotide polymorphism 单核苷酸多态性SSCP single strand conformation polymorphism 单链构象多态性SWR standard working reagent 标准工作液TBS Tris-buffered sodium chloride TBS缓冲液TE Tris-EDTA buffer 含Tris和EDTA的缓冲液TEMED N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl ethylene diamine N,N,N’,N’-四甲基乙二胺TLC thin-layer chromatography 薄层层析Tris N-Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane 2-氨基-2-羟甲基-1,3-丙二醇UV ultraviolet 紫外线X-gal 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside 5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-β-D-半乳糖苷YAC yeast artificial chromosome vector 酵母人工染色体载体生物化学与分子生物学实验常用词中英文对照（教学团队的范浩讲师编制）Aabluent 洗洁剂absolute (ethyl) alcohol 无水乙醇absorbance (A) 吸光率，吸收率absorbency (A) 吸收性，吸光度absorption 吸收（作用）absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption spectrum 吸收光谱abstract 提取acetate 乙酸盐，醋酸盐acetic acid 乙酸，醋酸acidity 酸度，酸性acrylamide 丙烯酰胺adjustable micropipetter 可调式微量移液器/加样器affinity 亲和，亲和力，亲和性affinity labeling 亲和标记agar 琼脂agarose 琼脂糖agarose gel electrophoresis 琼脂糖凝胶电泳agitate 搅动A:G ratio A/G比率，清球比率alanine (Ala, A) 丙氨酸albumin 清蛋白，白蛋白alcohol 酒精，乙醇alcohol burner 酒精灯alkalinity 碱度，碱性alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶alpha complementation α-互补amino 氨基amino terminal 氨基（末）端，N-（末）端ammonium persulfate 过硫酸铵ampholyte 两性电解质amplicon PCR扩增产物amplification 扩增analytical balance 分析天平analytical reagent 分析纯试剂anhydrous 脱水的，无水的annealing 退火antibiotics 抗生素antibody 抗体antigen 抗原antiseptic 消毒剂，防腐剂apolipoprotein 载脂蛋白apoptosis 凋亡appearent molecular weight 表观分子量aseptic 无菌的，防腐剂autoclave 高压灭菌器automatic biochemical analyzer 全自动生化分析仪automatic gel image analysis system 全自动凝胶成像分析系统autoradiography 放射自显影azotometer 定氮仪Bbalance 天平base 碱基base sequence 碱基序列beaker 烧杯beaker brush 烧杯刷Beer’s law 比尔定律benchtop ultracentrifuge 台式超速离心机biochemistry 生物化学biochip 生物芯片biomacromolecule 生物大分子biotin 生物素biuret reaction 双缩脲反应blender 搅拌器，搅碎器blood 血液blood sugar 血糖blotting 印迹分析blotting membranes 印迹膜blotting paper 印迹用滤纸blue-white selection 蓝白斑筛选blunt end 平端bottle brush 瓶刷bromophenol blue 溴酚蓝buffer 缓冲液Ccapacity 容量capillary electrophoresis 毛细管电泳capillary electrophoresis system 毛细管电泳仪carboxy(l) 羧基catalyst 催化剂catecholamine 儿茶酚胺cation 阳离子cDNA 互补DNAcDNA chip cDNA芯片cDNA library cDNA文库cDNA probe cDNA探针cell 细胞cell culture 细胞培养cellophane 玻璃纸cellulose acetate membrane 醋酸纤维薄膜centrifugal force 离心力centrifuge 离心机centrifuge tube 离心管chromatogram 层析图，色谱chromatography 层析，色谱法chromatography column 层析柱clamp 夹子clone 克隆cloning vector 克隆载体CO2 incubator 二氧化碳培养箱coomassie (brilliant) blue 考马斯亮蓝coomassie (brilliant) blue staining 考马斯亮蓝染色coefficient 系数colloid 胶体colony 菌落colony counter 菌落计数器color reaction 呈色反应colorimetry 比色法competence 感受态competent cell 感受态细胞competitive inhibition 竞争性抑制作用complementary DNA (cDNA) 互补DNA component 成分，组分concentration 浓度condenser 冷凝器conformation 空间构象conical beaker 锥形瓶conical bottom culture tube 锥底试管constant temperature incubator 恒温培养箱constant temperature oven 恒温箱content 含量control experiment 对照实验cosmid vector 黏粒载体，科斯质粒载体counter 计数器creatine 肌酸culture dish 培养皿culture flask 培养瓶culture media 培养基culture shaker 培养摇床culture vessel 培养瓶culture tube 培养管cuvette 比色皿D2-D electrophoresis apparatus 双向电泳仪denaturant 变性剂denaturation 变性（作用）density 密度density gradient centrifugation 密度梯度离心desiccator 干燥器desiccant 干燥剂detector 检测器detergent 去垢剂,去污剂dialysis 透析differential display PCR 差异显示PCRdigital gel image analysis system 数码凝胶成像分析仪diluent 稀释剂dilute 稀释distilled water 蒸馏水DNA blotting DNA印迹(法)DNA chip DNA芯片DNA ligase DNA连接酶DNA marker 标准分子量DNADNA polymerase DNA聚合酶DNA recombination DNA重组DNA recombination technique 重组DNA技术DNA recombination technology 重组DNA技术DNA sequencer DNA测序仪dot blotting 斑点印迹dropper 滴管drying oven 干燥箱,干燥炉Eelectric stove 电炉electrical receptacle 电源插座electrode 电极electrolyte 电解质electromagnetic oven 电磁炉electrophoresis 电泳electronic analytical balance 电子分析天平electronic balance 电子天平electrophoresis cell 电泳槽electrophoresis system 电泳仪electrophoretogram 电泳图(谱) electrophorogram 电泳图(谱) electroporation 电穿孔electroporation instrument 电穿孔转化仪electrothermal incubator 电热恒温培养箱eluant 洗脱液，洗脱剂eluate 洗出液eluent 洗脱液，洗脱剂elution 洗脱enzyme 酶Escherichia coli大肠杆菌ethanol 乙醇exon 外显子exponential growth phase 指数生长期expression vector 表达载体extinction coefficient 消光系数extract ①提取，抽取②提取液Ffetal calf serum 胎牛血清filter 过滤filtration 过滤flask 培养瓶,长颈瓶flow cytometer (FCM) 流式细胞仪fluorescence 荧光fluorescence intensity 荧光强度fluorescence probe 荧光探针fluorescence quantified PCR 荧光定量PCR fluorescence spectrophotometer 荧光分光光度计fluorochrome 荧光染料fluorophore 荧光基团forceps 镊子formamide 甲酰胺freezer 冷冻冰箱frost-free refrigerator 无霜冰箱full size ultracentrifuge 大型超速离心机fume hood 通风橱Ggas chromatography 气相层析gel 凝胶gel chromatography 凝胶层析gel comb 凝胶梳gel dryer 凝胶干燥仪gel imaging system 凝胶成像系统gene 基因gene chip 基因芯片gene cloning 基因克隆gene expression 基因表达gene inactivation 基因失活gene knock-out 基因敲除gene library 基因文库genetic analyzer 全自动遗传分析仪genetic engineering 基因工程genome 基因组genomic DNA 基因组DNAgenomic library 基因组文库glassware 玻璃仪器glass graduates with scale 刻度量杯glass stopper 玻璃瓶塞globulin 球蛋白glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) 6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) 谷草转氨酶glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) 谷丙转氨酶glycogen 糖原gradient centrifugation 梯度离心gradient thermal cycler 梯度PCR仪graduated cylinder 量筒growth media 培养基Hhemoglobin 血红蛋白heat shock protein (HSP) 热休克蛋白heating bath 加热水浴箱heat-stable 耐热的，热稳定的heparin 肝素high density lipoprotein (HDL) 高密度脂蛋白高效液相层析，高效液相色谱法high pressure steam sterilizer 高压蒸汽灭菌器high speed centrifuge 高速离心机high speed refrigerated centrifuge 高速冷冻离心机high speed centrifugation 高速离心histidine (His, H) 组氨酸homogenate 组织匀浆homogenize 匀浆homogenizer 匀浆器homoiothermic 恒温的horizontal gel electrophoresis system 水平凝胶电泳仪horseradish peroxidase 辣根过氧化物酶host 宿主hybrid molecule 杂交分子hybridization 杂交hybridization in situ原位杂交Iice machine 制冰机ice scoop 冰勺immunoblotting 免疫印迹法immunoradioautography 免疫放射自显影inactivation 灭活incubation 保温，温浴incubator 培养箱induce 诱导induced mutagenesis 诱变inducer 诱导物induction 诱导作用infection 感染inhibitor 抑制剂insertion inactivation 插入灭活insertion sequence (IS) 插入序列in situ hybridization 原位杂交in situ PCR 原位PCRinsulin 胰岛素in vitro 体外，试管内in vivo体内iodacetamide 碘乙酰胺ion-exchange resin 离子交换树脂ion exchange chromatography 离子交换层析ionic strength 离子强度isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦isoelectric focusing system 等电聚焦仪isoelectric point (pI) 等电点isoelectric separation 等电分离Jjar 广口瓶Kkalium 钾kinase 激酶kinetic coefficient 动力学系数kinetic constant 动力学常数Klenow fragment Klenow片段，DNA聚合酶I大片段Llab cart 实验室样品推车lab sink 实验室水槽lab stool 实验凳laboratory notebook 实验记录本laboratory coat 工作服label 标签lactose 乳糖laser scanning confocal microscope 激光扫描共焦显微镜Lambert-Beer law 朗伯-比尔定律latex glove 乳胶手套ligand 配体ligase 连接酶liquid nitrogen 液氮liquid nitrogen storage tank 液氮储存罐loop 细菌接种环low speed centrifuge 低速离心机lysis 溶菌作用lysozyme 溶菌酶Mmagnetic stirrer 磁力搅拌器malonic acid 丙二酸marker 记号笔medicine dropper 滴管medium 培养液methylase 甲基化酶methylation 甲基化methylene blue 亚甲蓝，甲烯蓝microbalance 微量天平microcentrifuge 微型离心机microcentrifuge tube 微型离心管microliter syringe 微量注射器microinjection 显微注射microinjector 微量注射器microplate reader 酶标仪micropipetter 微量移液器micropipetter tip 微量移液头microwave oven 微波炉milligram 毫克mince 切碎mini gel system 迷你凝胶电泳仪mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 线粒体DNA mixer 混合器，搅拌器mobility 迁移率molecular cloning 分子克隆，无性繁殖molecular hybridization 分子杂交molecular weight 分子量monoclonal antibody 单克隆抗体mortar 研钵multichannel pipetter 多道移液器multifunctional PCR 多功能PCR仪multiplex PCR 多重PCRmutation 突变Nnegative 负的，阴性的nick 缺口nick translation 缺口平移法non-protein nitrogen 非蛋白氮Northern blotting RNA印迹nucleic acid 核酸nucleic acid hybridization 核酸分子杂交nucleic acid sequencing system 核酸序列分析仪Ooligonucleotide 寡核苷酸orbital rocker 旋转混匀器optimum pH 最适pHoptimum temperature 最适温度outlet strip 电源插座板oven 烤箱Ppaper chromatography 纸层析，纸色谱法paper label 标签paraffin film 密封用石蜡薄膜PCR thermocycler 基因扩增仪PCR plate PCR板penicillin 青霉素pestle 研杵pH buffer pH缓冲液pH meter pH酸度计pH paper pH试纸pH testing strips pH试纸plasma 血浆plasmid 质粒pipette 移液管，吸量管pipette tip 移液器吸头，枪头pipettor 移液器polyclonal antibody 多克隆抗体polymerase 聚合酶，多聚酶polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 聚合酶链反应polymorphism 多态性，多态现象point mutation 点突变positive 正的，阳的power supply 电源precipitation reaction 沉淀反应pre-cast gel 预制凝胶板pretreat 预处理primer 引物probe 探针protease 蛋白酶protein 蛋白质protein chip 蛋白质芯片protein expression 蛋白质表达protein kinase 蛋白激酶purification 纯化purity 纯度Rradioactivity 放射性radioautography 放射自显影random primer 随机引物random priming 随机引物法reagent 试剂reagent bottle 试剂瓶Real-time fluorescence quantified PCR 实时荧光定量PCRreceptor 受体reference weight set 标准砝码系列refrigerator 冰箱relaxed circular DNA 开环DNArepeating pipetter 连续移液器reporter gene 报告基因restriction endonuclease 限制性核酸内切酶restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 限制性片段长度多态restriction map 限制酶切图谱reverse transcription 逆转录ribonuclease (RNase) RNA酶RNase H RNA酶Hrocker 混摇器rocking platform 摇床rotor 离心机转头rubber pipette bulb 洗耳球rubber stopper 橡皮瓶塞Ssafety glasses 安全眼镜salt precipitation 盐析sample 样品sampling 采样，抽样scalpel 解剖刀scanner 扫描器scintillation counter 闪烁计数仪scissors 剪刀screening 筛选seal sample bag 密封样品袋semi-dry transfer unit 半干转膜仪separation 分离sequence 序列sequencing 测序sequenator 序列分析仪serum 血清shaker 摇床，混合器shoe covers 鞋套sodium tetraphenylboron 四苯硼钠solid medium 固体培养基solubility 溶解度solute 溶质solution 溶液solvent 溶剂sonic oscillation 超声振荡sonication probe 超声（探）头/端子sonicator 超声破碎仪Southern blot DNA印迹spatula 药匙specimen 样品，标本spectrofluorimeter 荧光分光光度计spectrophotography 分光光度法spectrophotometer 分光光度计squirt bottles 洗瓶standard curve 标准曲线steam sterilizer 蒸汽灭菌器stir 搅动stir bar磁力搅拌转子stopcock 活塞，玻璃活塞stopper 塞子substrate 底物superhelix 超螺旋结构supernatant 上清液syringe needle 注射器针头TTaq DNA polymerase Taq DNA聚合酶test tube 试管test tube holder 试管夹test tube rack 试管架test tube shelf 试管架template 模板terminal transferase 末端转移酶tetracycline 四环素thermoduric 耐热的thermometer 温度计thermostat 恒温器thermostatic oscillation incubator 恒温振荡培养器thermostatic oven 恒温烤箱thermostatic water bath 恒温水浴箱timer 定时器thin membrane electrophoresis 薄膜电泳tissue 组织tissue grinder 组织研磨器tissue culture 组织培养tissue homogenate 组织匀浆tracer isotope 示踪同位素transaminase 转氨酶transfer apparatus 电转仪transduction 转导，转导作用transfection 转染transformation 转化transmittance 透光度transmittancy 透射比tube brush 试管刷tumbling mixer 翻转混匀器Uultra freezer 超低温冰箱ultra purified water system 超纯水系统ultrabalance 微量天平ultracentrifuge 超速离心机ultracentrifugation 超速离心ultrafiltration membrane 超滤膜ultrasonication 超声破碎ultrasonator 超声振荡器ultrasonic cell disruptor 超声细胞破碎仪ultraviolet absorption 紫外吸收ultraviolet lamp 紫外观察灯ultra-low temperature freezer 超低温冰箱universal microplate reader 通用酶标仪urea 尿素UV spectrophotometer 紫外分光光度计UV/VIS spectrophotometer 紫外可见分光光度计Vvacuum drying apparatus 真空干燥器vacuum drying oven 真空干燥炉/箱vaseline 凡士林vector 载体vertical electrophoresis apparatus 垂直电泳仪vertical electrophoresis system 垂直电泳仪virus 病毒VIS spectrophotometer 可见分光光度计volumetric flask 容量瓶vortex mixer 漩涡混匀器Wwater bath shaker 水浴摇床water bath 水浴，水浴槽water bath pot 水浴锅water still 蒸馏水器wavelength 波长96-well plate 96孔板weighing paper 称量纸Western blot 蛋白印迹wild type 野生型wiper for lens 擦镜纸Xxerogel 干凝胶Yyeast 酵母yeast two-hybrid system 酵母双杂交系统参考文献1.Amos B, et al. The universal protein resource (UniProt). Nucleic Acids Research. 2005, 33 (suppl 1):D154-D159.2.Arnold K, et al. The SWISS-MODEL Workspace: A web-based environment for protein structure homologymodelling. Bioinformatics, 2006(22): 195-201.3.Ausubel FM, et al. Short Protocols in Molecular Biology. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2002.4.Bergmeyer HU, et al. IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. Journal ofClinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 1986, 24(7):481-495.5.Berman HM, et al. The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Research. 2000(28): 235-242.6.Bertram, J. MATra - Magnet assisted transfection: combining nanotechnology and magnetic forces to improve intracellular delivery of nucleic acids. Current PharmaceuticalBiotechnology. 2006, 7(4), 277-285.7.Bickle TA, et al. Biology of DNA restriction. Microbiological Reviews. 1993, 57 (2): 34-450.8.Bjellqvist B, et al.Isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients: principle, methodology and someapplications. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods. 1982, 6(4): 317-339.9.Bonfoco E, et al. BCL-2 delay apoptosis and PARP cleavage induced by NO donors in GT1-7 cells.Neuroreport. 1996, 8(1): 273-276.10.Brummelkamp TR, et al. New tools for function mammalian cancer genetics. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2003, 3(10):781-9.11.Brymora A, et al. Enhanced protein recovery and reproducibility from pull-down assays andimmunoprecipitations using spin columns. Analytical Biochemistry. 2001, 295: 119-122.12.Butler M. Animal Cell Technology, Principle and Products. Milton Keynes, Open University Press, 1987.13.Dennis A, et al. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Research, 2008(36): D25-D30.14.Edwards D, et al. Bioinformatics: T ools and Applications. Springer,2009.15.Freshney RI. Animal Cells Culture, A Practical Approach. Oxford University Press, 1992.16.Fire A, et al. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.Nature, 1998, 391(6669):806-811.17.GE Healthcare. 2-D Electrophoresis principle and method. GE Healthcare Handbook, 2004.18.Gella FJ, et al.A simple procedure for the routine determination of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase with pyridoxal phosphate. Clinca Chimia Acta, 1985, 153: 241-247.19.Gonzalgo ML, et al. Rapid quantitation of methylation differences at specific sites usingmethylation-sensitive single nucleotide primer extension (Ms-SNuPE). Nucleic Acids Research, 1997, 25(12): 2529-2531.20.Graham FL, et al. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology, 1973, 52(2): 456-467.21.Guex N, et al. SWISS-MODEL and the Swiss-PdbViewer: An environment for comparative protein modeling.Electrophoresis, 1997,18(15): 2714-2723.22.Guo Su,et al. Par-1,a gene required for establishing polarity in C.elegant embryos, encodes a putative Ser/Thr kinase that is asymmetrically distributed. Cell, 1995, 81(4):611-620.23.Herman JG, et al. Methylation-specific PCR: A novel PCR assay for methylation status of CpG islands.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 1996, 93: 9821-9826.24.Honda H. Linear plasmids in plant mitochondria: peaceful coexistences or malicious invasions?Mitochondrion, 2008, 8(1): 15-25.25.Hovius R, et al.Fluorescence techniques: shedding light on ligand–receptor interactions.Trends inPharmacological Sciences, 2000,21(7): 266-273.26.Huntley D,et al. SEAN: SNP prediction and display program utilizing EST sequence clusters. Bioinformatics,2006(22): 495-496.27.Jia HT. Textbook of Biochemistry. People’s Medical Publishing House,2007./doc/82658bf20640be1e650e52ea551810a 6f424c804.html zzerini PE, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia: a cardiovascular risk factor in autoimmune diseases? Lupus, 2007, 16(11), 852–862.29.Liu Q, et al. R2D2, a bridge between the initiation and effector steps of the Drosophila RNAi pathway.Science, 2003, 301(5641):1921-1925.30.Liu XD, et al. Down-regulation of telomerase activity and activation of caspase-3 are responsible fortanshinone I-induced apoptosis in monocyte leukemia cells in vitro. International Journal of MolecularSciences, 2010,11(6):2267-2280.31.Loverro G, et al.The plasma homocysteine levels are increased in polycystic ovary syndrome.Gynecological Obstetris Investigation,2002,53(3):157-162.32.Macrae IJ, et al. Structural basis for double-stranded RNA processing by dicer. Science, 2006,311 (5758):195-198.33.McGuffin LJ, et al. The PSIPRED protein structure prediction server. Bioinformatics, 2000,16(4): 404-405.34.Mishra PK, et al. Synergism in hyperhomocysteinemia and diabetes: role of PPAR gamma and tempol.Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2010,9:49.35.Montalescot G, et al. Plasma homocysteine and the extent of atherosclerosis in patients with coronary disease.International Journal of Cadiology, 1997, 60(3): 295-300.36.Njishikure K. A Short Primer on RNAs: RNA-Directed RNAPolymerase Acts as a Key Catalyst. Cell, 2001,107(4): 415-418.37.O’Farrell PH. High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1975. 250(10), 4007–4021.38.Parrot F,et al. Osteoporosis in late-diagnosed adult homocystinuric patients. Joural of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 2000, 23(4):338-340.39.Rivas FV, et al. Purified Argonaute2 and an siRNA form recombinant human RISC. Nature Structural &Molcular Biology, 2005,12(4):340-9.40.Roy A, et al. I-TASSER: a unified platform for automated protein structure and function prediction. NatureProtocols. 2010,5(4):725-738.41.Schumann W, et al. Production of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Genetics and Molecular Biology.2004, 27(3): 442-453.42.Schwede T, et al. SWISS-MODEL: an automated protein homology-modeling server. Nucleic Acids Research,2003,31(13): 3381-3385.43.Sethi AA, et al. Nanogen microelectronic chip for large-scale genotyping. Clinical Chemistry. 2004, 50(2):443-446.44.Sorensen HP,et al. Soluble expression of recombinant proteins in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli.Microbial Cell Factories,2005, 4(1):145.Steinmetz CG., et al, Weiner H., Hurley T D. Structure of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogense: the geneticcomponent of ethanol aversion. Structure, 1977, 5(5): 701-711.46.V on Wurmb-Schwark N, et al. A low dose of ethidium bromide leads to an increase of total mitochondrialDNA while higher concentrations induce the mtDNA 4997 deletion in a human neuronal cell line. Mutation Research. 2006, 596(1-2): 57-63.47.Wilson JA,et al. RNA interference blocks gene expression and RNA synthesis from hepatitis C repliconspropagated in human liver cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 2003,100(5):2783-2788.48.Zamore PD, et al. RNAi: double-stranded RNA directs theA TP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23nucleotide intervals. Cell, 2000, 101 (1): 25–33.49.Zhang Y. I-TASSER: Fully automated protein structure prediction in CASP8. Proteins, 2009,77(Suppl 9):100-113.50.Zhang Y. I-TASSER server for protein 3D structure prediction. BMC Bioinformatics, 2008,9: 40.51./doc/82658bf20640be1e650e52ea5518 10a6f424c804.html /jy/lc1.htm52./doc/82658bf20640be1e650e52ea5518 10a6f424c804.html53.Sambrook J，Russell DW.黄培堂等译.分子克隆实验指南.第3版.北京:科学出版社，2008.54.Samet,James M.分子生物学实验室工作英汉图解指南.第1版.北京:科学出版社,2004.55.蔡武城等.等电聚焦.北京:科学出版社,1985.56.曹亚.实用分子生物学操作指南.第1版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003.57.查锡良.生物化学.第7版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2008.58.丛玉隆.实用检验医学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2009.59.陈钧辉等.生物化学实验.第3版.北京:科学出版社,2003.60.陈毓荃.生物化学实验方法和技术.第1版.北京:科学出版社,2002.61.陈正炎.临床生物化学和生物化学检验实验指导.第1版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1999.62.鄂征.组织培养和分子细胞学技术.北京:北京出版社,2001.63.董晓燕.生物化学实验.第2版.北京:化学工业出版社,2008.64.冯海燕等.双向凝胶电泳技术及其应用.生物技术通报,2009(1):59-63.65.冯作化.医学分子生物学.第1版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005.66.贺林.解码生命——人类基因组计划和后基因组计划.北京:科学出版社,2000.67.何忠效等.生物技术概论.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2002.68.黄永莲.琼脂糖凝胶电泳实验技术研究.湛江师范学院学报,2009,30(6):83-85.69.揭克敏等.医学生物化学与分子生物学教程.北京:科学出版社,2008.70.库西热·玉努斯等.生物化学与分子生物学实验指导.北京:科学出版社,2006.71.郭庆. IEF/SDS-PAGE双向电泳技术的建立.昆明师范高等专科学校学报,2002, 24(4):47-48.72.郭蕴苹等.有机化学实验.云南大学出版社.2010.73.李常艳等.量子点荧光标记技术的研究热点及面临的挑战.生物化学与生物物理进展,2010,37(1):103-110.74.李建武等.生物化学实验原理和方法.北京:北京大学出版社,1994．75.李金生等.生物化学实验教程.第2版.南昌:江西高校出版社,2000.76.李金生.生物化学实验教程.江西:高校出版社,2000.77.李林等.生物化学与分子生物学实验教程.北京:化学工业出版社,2006.78.李萍等.生物化学检验.第二版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2008.79.梁淑新等.临床检验操作技术系列丛书——生物化学检验分册.北京:军事医学科学出版社,2006.80.林菊生.现代细胞分子生物学技术.北京:科学出版社,2004.81.罗德生等.生物化学与分子生物学教程.北京:科学出版社,2007.82.钱士匀.临床生物化学与检验实验指导.北京:人民卫生出版社,2007.83.钱小红等.蛋白质组学.北京:科学出版社. 2003.84.沈昭文.英汉汉英生物化学词汇.第1版.北京:科学出版社,1996.85.石继红等. SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析小分子多肽.第四军医大学学报,2000,21(6)：761-763.86.宋方洲.生物化学与分子生物学实验.北京:科学出版社,2008.87.宋革等.二维凝胶电泳的新技术及其应用.中国微循环,2005,9(1):62-65.88.孙志贤等.现代生物化学理论与研究技术.北京:军事医学科学出版社,1995.89.王京兰等.亲和毛细管电泳技术及其应用.色谱,1999,17(4):342-345.90.王琰等.生物化学和临床生物化学检验.第1版.北京:清华大学出版社,2005.91.王庸晋.现代临床检验学.北京:人民军医出版社,2002.92.吴士良.生物化学与分子生物学实验教程.北京:科学出版社,2009.93.许彦鸣等.医学分子生物学实验指导.第1版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2006.94.徐筱杰等.计算机辅助药物分子设计.北京:化学工业出版社,2004.95.叶冀明,朱月春.HPLC同步测定磷酸肌酸、腺苷酸等的探讨.昆明医学院学报,1995,16(3):13-16.96.叶应妩等.全国临床检验操作规程.第3版.南京:东南大学出版社,2006.97.余冰宾.生物化学实验指导.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.98.岳俊杰等.蛋白质结构预测实验指南.北京:学工业出版社,2010.99.张晶等.电泳分离血清蛋白实验探讨.黑龙江医药,2008,21(3):52-53.100.张龙翔等.生化实验方法和技术.第二版.北京:高等教育出版社.101.张书霞等.临床基础检验.北京:军事医学科学出版社,2009.102.张秀明等.现代临床生化检验学.北京:人民军医出版社,2003.103.赵宝昌.生物化学.第2版.北京:高等教育出版社,2009.104.赵新颖等.毛细管电泳技术及其应用进展.上海工程技术大学学报,2006,6(2):140-143.105.赵永芳.生物化学技术原理及应用.第3版.北京:科学出版社,2002,355-412.106.朱月春等.HPLC同步测定肌酸、磷酸肌酸、腺嘌呤及次黄嘌呤类物质.昆明医学院学报,1992,13(1):6-8.。