第三章第4讲-定积分之换元法、分部积分法、广义积分
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04第四节定积分的换元法积分法和分部积分法第四节定积分的换元积分法和分部积分法从上节微积分学的基本公式知道, 求定积分«Skip Record If...»的问题可以转化为求被积函数«Skip Record If...»在区间«Skip Record If...»上的增量问题. 从而在求不定积分时应用的换元法和分部积分法在求定积分时仍适用, 本节将具体讨论之, 请读者注意其与不定积分的差异.分布图示★定积分的换元积分法★例1 ★例2 ★例3 ★例4★例5 ★例6 ★例7 ★例8★定积分的分部积分法★例9 ★例10 ★例11 ★例12★例13 ★例14 ★例15 ★例16★内容小结★课堂练习★习题5-4讲解注意:一、定积分换元积分法定理1设函数«Skip Record If...»在闭区间«Skip Record If...»上连续, 函数«Skip Record If...»满足条件:(1)«Skip Record If...»且«Skip Record If...»;(2)«Skip Record If...»在«Skip Record If...»(或«Skip Record If...»)上具有连续导数,则有«Skip Record If...». (4.1)公式(4.1)称为定积分的换元公式.定积分的换元公式与不定积分的换元公式很类似. 但是, 在应用定积分的换元公式时应注意以下两点:(1)用«Skip Record If...»把变量x换成新变量t时, 积分限也要换成相应于新变量«Skip Record If...»的积分限,且上限对应于上限,下限对应于下限;(2)求出«Skip Record If...»的一个原函数«Skip Record If...»后,不必象计算不定积分那样再把«Skip Record If...»变换成原变量x的函数,而只要把新变量t的上、下限分别代入«Skip Record If...»然后相减就行了.二、定积分的分部积分法«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»或 «Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...».例题选讲:定积分换元积分法例1(E01)求定积分 «Skip Record If...».解令«Skip Record If...»则«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»注: 本例中,如果不明显写出新变量«Skip Record If...»则定积分的上、下限就不要变,重新计算如下:«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»例2(E02)求定积分«Skip Record If...»解令«Skip Record If...»则«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»由换元积分公式得«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...» «Skip Record If...»注: 在第一节的课堂练习中,我们曾利用定积分的几何意义解本题并得到相同的结果.例3求定积分«Skip Record If...».解«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»例4(E03)求定积分«Skip Record If...».解令«Skip Record If...»则«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»当«Skip Record If...»时,«Skip Record If...»当«Skip Record If...»时,«Skip Record If...»从而«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»例5(E04)当«Skip Record If...»在«Skip Record If...»上连续, 则(1) 当«Skip Record If...»为偶函数, 有«Skip Record If...»;(2) 当«Skip Record If...»为奇函数, 有«Skip Record If...».证«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»在上式右端第一项中令«Skip Record If...»则«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»(1)当«Skip Record If...»为偶函数,即«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»(2)当«Skip Record If...»为奇函数,即«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»例6(E05)计算定积分«Skip Record If...».解因为积分区间对称于原点,且«Skip Record If...»为偶函数,«Skip Record If...»为奇函数,所以«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«SkipRecord If...»例7 计算«Skip Record If...»解原式«Skip Record If...»偶函数奇函数«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»单位圆的面积例8若«Skip Record If...»在[0, 1]上连续, 证明(1) «Skip Record If...»(2) «Skip Record If...»由此计算«Skip Record If...»证(1) 设«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»(2) 设«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»例9(E06)求定积分«Skip Record If...»解«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»例10(E07)求定积分«Skip Record If...»解«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»定积分的分部积分法例11(E08)计算定积分«Skip Record If...»令«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»则«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»例12计算定积分«Skip Record If...».解«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...» «Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip RecordIf...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...» «Skip Record If...»例13 求«Skip Record If...»解由分部积分公式得«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»再用一次分部积分公式得«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«SkipRecord If...»从而«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»例14(E09)计算定积分«Skip Record If...».解令«Skip Record If...»则«Skip Record If...»当«Skip Record If...»时, «Skip Record If...»当«Skip Record If...»时, «Skip Record If...»于是有«Skip Record If...»再使用分部积分法,令«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»则«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»从而«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»例15(E10)导出«Skip Record If...»(«Skip Record If...»为非负整数)的递推公式.解易见«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»当«Skip Record If...»时«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»从而得到递推公式«Skip Record If...»反复用此公式直到下标为 0 或 1,得«Skip Record If...»其中«Skip Record If...»为自然数.注: 根据例8的结果,有«Skip Record If...»例16计算定积分«Skip Record If...»解令«Skip Record If...»则«Skip Record If...», 于是 «Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»«Skip Record If...»课堂练习1.求定积分«Skip Record If...».2.设«Skip Record If...»在[0, 1]上连续, 且«Skip Record If...»求«Skip Record If...»。