2015研究生试题

1.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by4.[A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D]connected5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D]know8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit13.[A]according to[B]rather than[C]regardless of[D]along with14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]missions[D]benefits15.[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D]earlier16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive18.[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]tendency19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tellSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So,does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarised,as it was following the end of the Franco regime,monarchs can rise above“mere”politics and “embody”a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted,Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,with10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia,most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for anon-controversial but respected public figure.Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today——embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses(or helicopters).Even so,these are wealthy families who party with the international1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary(ifwell-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service——as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans,who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21.According to the first two Paragraphs,King Juan Carlosof Spain________.[A]used to enjoy high public support[B]was unpopular among European royals[C]eased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly________.[A]owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C]to give voters more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph4?[A]Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[B]The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[C]The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.24.The British royals“have most to fear”because Charles________.[A]takes a rough line on political issues[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C]takes republicans as his potential allies[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]Carlos,Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]Carlos,a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles,Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard, the state argues,for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable,even obvious,so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to,say,going through a suspect’s purse.The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home.A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history,financial history,medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence.The development of“cloud computing,”meanwhile,has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing.In many cases,it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe,urgent circumstances,and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant.The court,though,may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New,disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections.Orin Kerr,a law professor,compares thejournal’s internal editors,or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said:“The creation of the‘statistics board’was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to“play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he“found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel,unique and likely to have a lasting impact.This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself,but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis,a physician who studies research methodology,says that the policy is“a most welcome step forward”and“long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in statistical review,and this damages the quality of what they publish.I think that,for the majority of scientific papers nowadays,statistical review is more essential than expert review,”he says.But he noted that biomedical journals such asAnnals of Internal Medicine,the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data,but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research,according to David Vaux,a cell biologist.Researchers should improve their standards,he wrote in2012,but journals should also take a tougher line,“engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.”Vaux says thatScience’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians“has some merit,but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’in the first place”.31.It can be learned from Paragraph1that________.[A]Science intends to simplify its peer-review process[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects32.The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to________.[A]found[B]marked[C]revised[D]stored33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may________.[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Science’s circulation[D]set an example for other journals34.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now________.[A]adds to researchers’workload[B]diminishes the role of reviewers[C]has room for further improvement[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers[B]Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C]Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’Desks[D]Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText4Two years ago,Rupert Murdoch’s daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the“unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions.”Integrity had collapsed,she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only“sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market.But“it’s us,human beings,we the people who create the society we want,not profit.”Driving her point home,she continued:“It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International,she thought,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes——finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson,for conspiring to hack phones,and finding his predecessor,Rebekah Brooks,innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands,Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to5,500people.This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in2001to be the point person for phone hacking.Others await trial.This long story still unfolds.In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world,it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run.Perhaps we should not be so surprised.For a generation,the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency,flexibility, shareholder value,business–friendly,wealth generation,sales,impact and,in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice,fairness,tolerance,proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding,to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.MsBrooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories,but she asked no questions,gave no instructions—nor received traceable,recorded answers.36.According to the first two paragraphs,Elisabeth was upset by________.[A]the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B]companies’financial loss due to immoral practices[C]governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions37.It can be inferred from Paragraph3that________.[A]Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B]more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking[C]Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge[D]phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions38.The author believes the Rebekah Books’s defence________.[A]revealed a cunning personality[B]centered on trivial issues[C]was hardly convincing[D]was part of a conspiracy39.The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows________.[A]generally distorted values[B]unfair wealth distribution[C]a marginalized lifestyle[D]a rigid moral code40.Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A]The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B]Common humanity is central to news reporting.[C]Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.[D]Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)How does your reading proceed?Clearly you try to comprehend,in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them,drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41)_______.You begin to infer a context for the text,for instance,by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved.Who is making the utterance,to whom,when and where？The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension.But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving.You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)_______Conceived in this way,comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader.What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute,fixed or“true”meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy,or some timeless relation of the text to the world.(43)_______Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.(44)_______.This doesn’t,however,make interpretation merely relative or even pointless.Precisely because readers from different historical periods,places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page---including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns---debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)_______.Such dimensions of reading suggest---as others introduced later in the book will also do---that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading.It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another.Ideally,different kinds of reading inform each other,and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another.Together,they make up the reading component of your overall literacy,or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A]Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course?Reading it simply for pleasure?Skimming it for information?Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B]Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading,our gender,ethnicity,age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C]If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms,you guess at their meaning,using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later,you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect,you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence,image or reference might have had:These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences,for instance,about how the text may be significant to you,or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems,characters speak as constructs created by the author,not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather,we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures(so especially its language structures)and various kinds of background,social knowledge,belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e Li Ming instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay you should1)describe the drawing briefly2)explain its intended meaning,and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)手机时代的聚会2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文选自2014年7月15日International Business Times上一篇题为“DNA of Friendship:Study Finds We are Genetically Linked to Our Friends”（DNA友谊：研究发现我们在基因上和我们的朋友有着千丝万缕的联系）的文章。

2015年考研数学一真题及答案解析22015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学（一）试题一、选择题：18小题，每小题4分，共32分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上。

(1)设函数()f x 在(),-∞+∞内连续，其中二阶导数()''f x 的图形如图所示，则曲线()=y f x 的拐点的个数为( ) (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2(D) 3【答案】（C ）【解析】拐点出现在二阶导数等于0，或二阶导数不存在的点，并且在这点的左右两侧二阶导函数异号。

因此，由()f x ''的图形可得，曲线()y f x =存在两个拐点.故选（C ）.3(2)设211()23=+-xxy ex e 是二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程'''++=xy ay by ce 的一个特解，则( )(A) 3,2,1=-==-a b c(B) 3,2,1===-a b c (C) 3,2,1=-==a b c(D)3,2,1===a b c【答案】（A ）【分析】此题考查二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程的反问题——已知解来确定微分方程的系数，此类题有两种解法，一种是将特解代入原方程，然后比较等式两边的系数可得待估系数值，另一种是根据二阶线性微分方程解的性质和结构来求解，也就是下面演示的解法.【解析】由题意可知，212xe 、13xe -为二阶常系数齐次微分方程0y ay by '''++=的解，所以2,1为特征方程20r ar b ++=的根，从而(12)3a =-+=-，122b =⨯=，从而原方程变为32xy y y ce '''-+=，再将特解xy xe =代入得1c =-.故选45y x=，y =围成的平面区域，函数(),f x y 在D 上连续，则(),Df x y dxdy =⎰⎰( )(A) ()13sin 2142sin 2cos ,sin d f r r rdrπθπθθθθ⎰⎰(B)()34cos ,sin d f r r rdr ππθθθ⎰(C) ()13sin 2142sin 2cos ,sin d f r r drπθπθθθθ⎰⎰(D) ()34cos ,sin d f r r drππθθθ⎰【答案】（B ）【分析】此题考查将二重积分化成极坐标系下的累次积分【解析】先画出D 的图形，6所以(,)Df x y dxdy =⎰⎰sin 23142sin 2(cos ,sin )d f r r rdrπθπθθθθ⎰⎰，故选（B ）(5) 设矩阵21111214A a a ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪⎪⎝⎭，21b d d ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪⎪⎝⎭，若集合{}1,2Ω=，则线性方程组Ax b =有无穷多解的充分必要条件为( )(A) ,a d ∉Ω∉Ω (B) ,a d ∉Ω∈Ω (C) ,a d ∈Ω∉Ω (D),a d ∈Ω∈Ω【答案】D 【解析】2211111111(,)1201111400(1)(2)(1)(2)A b ad a d a d a a d d ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪=→-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪----⎝⎭⎝⎭，7由()(,)3r A r A b =<，故1a =或2a =，同时1d =或2d =。

2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题及答案解析一、选择题：1~8小题,每小题4分,共32分;下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的;1下列反常积分中收敛的是A ∫√x 2B ∫lnx x +∞2dxC ∫1xlnx +∞2dxD ∫x e x +∞2dx答案D;解析题干中给出4个反常积分,分别判断敛散性即可得到正确答案;∫√x2=2√x|2+∞=+∞； ∫lnx x +∞2dx =∫lnx +∞2d(lnx)=12(lnx)2|2+∞=+∞； ∫1xlnx +∞2dx =∫1lnx +∞2d(lnx)=ln?(lnx)|2+∞=+∞； ∫xe x +∞2dx =−∫x +∞2de −x =−xe −x |2+∞+∫e −x +∞2dx=2e −2−e −x |2+∞=3e −2, 因此D 是收敛的;综上所述,本题正确答案是D;考点高等数学—一元函数积分学—反常积分2函数f (x )=lim t→0(1+sin t x )x 2t在-∞,+∞内 A 连续 B 有可去间断点C 有跳跃间断点D 有无穷间断点答案B解析这是“1∞”型极限,直接有f (x )=lim t→0(1+sin t x )x 2t =e lim t→0x 2t (1+sin t x −1)=e x lim t→0sint t =e x (x ≠0),f (x )在x =0处无定义,且lim x→0f (x )=lim x→0e x =1,所以 x =0是f (x )的可去间断点,选B; 综上所述,本题正确答案是B;考点高等数学—函数、极限、连续—两个重要极限3设函数f (x )={x αcos 1x β,x >0，0,x ≤0α>0,β>0.若f ′(x )在x =0处连续，则 A α−β>1 B 0<α−β≤1C α−β>2D 0<α−β≤2答案A解析易求出f′(x )={αx α−1cos 1x β+βx α−β−1sin 1x β,x >0，0,x ≤0再有 f +′(0)=lim x→0+f (x )−f (0)x =lim x→0+x α−1cos 1x β={0, α>1,不存在，α≤1，f −′(0)=0 于是,f ′(0)存在α>1，此时f ′(0)=0.当α>1时,lim x→0x α−1cos 1x β=0,lim x→0βx α−β−1sin 1x β={0, α−β−1>0,不存在，α−β−1≤0， 因此,f′(x )在x =0连续α−β>1;选A综上所述,本题正确答案是C;考点高等数学—函数、极限、连续—函数连续的概念,函数的左极限和右极限4设函数f(x)在-∞,+∞内连续,其二阶导函数f ′′(x)的图形如右图所示,则曲线y =f(x)的拐点个数为A OB x A 0 B 1C 2D 3答案C解析f(x)在-∞,+∞内连续,除点x =0外处处二阶可导; y =f(x)的可疑拐点是f ′′(x )=0的点及f ′′(x)不存在的点;f ′′(x )的零点有两个,如上图所示,A 点两侧f ′′(x)恒正,对应的点不是y =f (x )拐点,B 点两侧f ′′(x )异号,对应的点就是y =f (x )的拐点;虽然f ′′(0)不存在,但点x =0两侧f ′′(x)异号,因而0,f(0) 是y =f (x )的拐点;综上所述,本题正确答案是C;考点高等数学—函数、极限、连续—函数单调性,曲线的凹凸性和拐点5设函数f(μ,ν)满足f (x +y,y x )=x 2−y 2，则f μ|μ=1ν=1与f ν|μ=1ν=1依次是 A 12,0 B 0,12C −12,0D 0,−12答案D解析先求出f (μ,ν)令{μ=x +y,ν=y x ,{x =μ1+ν,y =μν1+ν, 于是 f (μ,ν)=μ2(1+ν)2−μ2ν2(1+ν)2=μ2(1−ν)1+ν=μ2(21+ν−1) 因此f μ|μ=1ν=1=2μ(21+ν−1)|(1,1)=0 f ν|μ=1ν=1=−2μ2(1+ν)2|(1,1)=−12 综上所述,本题正确答案是D;考点高等数学-多元函数微分学-多元函数的偏导数和全微分6设D 是第一象限中由曲线2xy =1,4xy =1与直线y =x,y =√3x 围成的平面区域,函数f(x,y)在D 上连续,则∬f (x,y )dxdy =DA ∫dθπ3π4∫f(r cos θ,r sin θ)1sin 2θ12sin 2θrdr B ∫dθπ3π4∫cos θ,r sin θ)√sin 2θ1√2sin 2θrdr C ∫dθπ3π4∫f(r cos θ,r sin θ)1sin 2θ12sin 2θdr D ∫dθπ3π4∫cos θ,r sin θ)1√sin 2θ√2sin 2θdr答案 B 解析D 是第一象限中由曲线2xy =1,4xy =1与直线y =x,y =√3x 围成的平面区域,作极坐标变换,将∬f (x,y )dxdy D化为累次积分; D 的极坐标表示为π3≤θ≤π4√sin 2θ≤θ≤√2sin 2θ因此 ∬f (x,y )dxdy D =∫dθπ3π4∫cos θ,r sin θ)1√sin 2θ√2sin 2θrdr综上所述,本题正确答案是B;考点高等数学—多元函数积分学—二重积分在直角坐标系和极坐标系下的计算;7设矩阵A=[11112a 14a 2],b =[1d d 2];若集合Ω={1,2},则线性方程 Ax =b 有无穷多解的充分必要条件为A aΩ,dΩB aΩ,d ∈ΩC a ∈Ω,dΩD a ∈Ω,d ∈Ω答案D解析Ax =b 有无穷多解?r (A |b )=r (A )<3|A |是一个范德蒙德行列式,值为(a −1)(a −2),如果a?Ω,则|A |≠0，r (A )=3,此时Ax =b 有唯一解,排除A,B类似的,若d?Ω,则r (A |b )=3,排除C当a ∈Ω,d ∈Ω时,r (A |b )=r (A )=2,Ax =b 有无穷多解综上所述,本题正确答案是D;考点线性代数-线性方程组-范德蒙德行列式取值,矩阵的秩,线性方程组求解;8设二次型f(x 1,x 2,x 3)在正交变换x =Py 下的标准形为2y 12+y 22−y 32,其中P =(e 1,e 2,e 3),若Q =(e 1,−e 3,e 2)在正交变换x =Qy 下的标准形为A 2y 12−y 22+y 32B 2y 12+y 22−y 32C 2y 12−y 22−y 32D 2y 12+y 22+y 32答案A解析设二次型矩阵为A ,则P −1AP =P TAP =[20001000−1]可见e 1,e 2,e 3都是A 的特征向量,特征值依次为2,1,-1,于是-e 3也是A 的特征向量,特征值为-1,因此Q T AQ =Q −1AQ =[2000−10001]因此在正交变换x =Qy 下的标准二次型为2y 12−y 22+y 32综上所述,本题正确答案是A;考点线性代数-二次型-矩阵的秩和特征向量,正交变换化二次型为标准形;二、填空题：9~14小题,每小题4分,共24分;9设{x =acr tan t ,y =3t +t 3,则d 2y dx 2|t=1=解析由参数式求导法dy dx =y t ′x t ′=3+3t 211+t 2=3(1+t 2)2再由复合函数求导法则得d 2ydx 2=d dx [3(1+t 2)2]=d dt [3(1+t 2)2]dt dx =6(1+t 2)2t1x t ′ =12t(1+t 2)2, d 2y dx 2|t=1=48综上所述,本题正确答案是48;考点高等数学-一元函数微分学-复合函数求导10函数f (x )=x 22x 在x =0处的n 阶导数f (n )(0)=答案n (n −1)(ln2)n−2(n =1,2,3,)解析解法1 用求函数乘积的n 阶导数的莱布尼茨公式在此处键入公式。

2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题答案一、选择题:1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分.下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合 题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上. 1、下列反常积分中收敛的是（）（A）2+∞⎰（B ）2ln xdx x+∞⎰(C)21ln dx x x+∞⎰(D)2xx dx e +∞⎰【答案】(D)【考点】反常积分的收敛性 【难易度】★★ 【详解】（A）2+∞==+∞⎰，发散，（B ）222ln 1(ln )2x dx x x +∞+∞==+∞⎰，发散（C ）221ln ln ln dx x x x +∞+∞==+∞⎰，发散 （D ）当x 足够大时，21x x e x <，221dx x +∞⎰收敛，2x x dx e+∞⎰收敛 2、函数20sin ()lim(1)x tt tf x x→=+在(,)-∞+∞内（）（A ）连续 （B ）有可去间断点 （C ）有跳跃间断点 (D)有无穷间断点 【答案】(B)【考点】极限的计算 【难易度】★★【详解】当0x ≠时，22sin sin 0sin sin ()=lim(1)lim(1)x x t x x tt x tt t ttf x e xx→→+=+=3、设函数1cos ,0()0,0x x f x xx αβ⎧>⎪=⎨⎪≤⎩(0,0)αβ>>，若()f x '在0x =处连续，则（） （A ）1αβ-> (B)01αβ<-≤ (C)2αβ-> (D)02αβ<-≤ 【答案】(A)【考点】导数的定义、连续的定义 【难易度】★★★【详解】100()(0)1(0)=limlim cos x x f x f f x x xαβ-→→-'=存在 所以10α->，且(0)=0f '1111()=cossin f x x x x x ααβββαβ---'+ 由0lim ()(0)0x f x f →''==，得10αβ-->，1αβ->4、设函数()f x 在(,)-∞+∞连续，其二阶导函数()f x ''的图形如右图所示，则曲线()y f x =的拐点个数为（）（A ）0 (B)1 (C)2 (D)3 【答案】C【考点】拐点的定义 【难易度】★★★【详解】由图易知，拐点为原点和与x 正半轴的交点，所以拐点数为2 5、设函数(u v)f ，满足22(,)y f x y x y x+=-，则11u v f u ==∂∂与11u v fv ==∂∂依次是（） （A ）12,0 (B)0，12（C ）-12,0 (D)0 ,-12【答案】(C)【考点】链式求导法则 【难易度】★★【详解】法一：,y u x y v x =+=，所以,11u uvx y v v ==++所以222222(1)(,)(1)(1)1u u v u v f u v v v v -=-=+++ 2(1)1f u v u v ∂-=∂+，222(1)fu v v ∂-=∂+ 110u v f u ==∂=∂，1112u v fv==∂=-∂ 法二：22(,)x f x y x y y+=-（1）（1）式对x 求导得，22f y f x u x v ∂∂-=∂∂（2） （1）式对y 求导得，12f f y u x v∂∂+=-∂∂（3） 由1,1u v ==，得12x y ==，代入（2）（3）解得110u v f u ==∂=∂，1112u v fv==∂=-∂ 6、设D 是第一象限中曲线21,41xy xy ==与直线,y x y =围成的平面区域，函数(,)f x y 在D 上连续，则(,)Df x y dxdy ⎰⎰=（）（A ）12sin 2142sin 2(cos ,sin )d f r r dr πθπθθθθ⎰⎰（B）24(cos ,sin )d f r r dr ππθθθ⎰（C ）13sin 2142sin 2(cos ,sin )d f r r dr πθπθθθθ⎰⎰（D）34(cos ,sin )d f r r dr ππθθθ⎰【答案】(D)【考点】二重积分的极坐标变换 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】由y x =得，4πθ=由y =得，3πθ=由21xy =得，22cos sin 1,r r θθ==由41xy =得，24cos sin 1,r r θθ==所以34(,)(cos ,sin )Df x y dxdy d f r r rdr ππθθθ=⎰⎰⎰7、设矩阵A=211112a 14a ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，b=21d d ⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,若集合Ω=}{1,2，则线性方程组Ax b =有无穷多个解的充分必要条件为（）（A ）,a d ∉Ω∉Ω (B),a d ∉Ω∈Ω (C),a d ∈Ω∉Ω (D) ,a d ∈Ω∈Ω 【答案】(D)【考点】线性方程组 【难易度】★★【详解】[]()()()()2211111111,12011114001212A b a d a d a d a a d d ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=−−→--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥----⎣⎦⎣⎦Ax b =有无穷多解⇔R(A)=R(A,b)<31212a a d d ⇔====或且或.8、设二次型123(,,)f x x x 在正交变换x Py =下的标准形为2221232,y y y +-其中123P=(e ,e ,e )，若132(,,)Q e e e =-，则123(,,)f x x x 在正交变换x Py =下的标准形为（ ）(A)2221232y y y -+ (B) 2221232y y y +- (C) 2221232y y y -- (D) 2221232y y y ++ 【答案】(A) 【考点】二次型 【难易度】★★★【详解】由x Py =，故222123()2T T T f x Ax y P AP y y y y ===+-且：200010001T P AP ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦100200001,()010010001T T T Q P PC Q AQ C P AP C ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥====-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦⎣⎦所以222123()2T T T f x Ax y Q AA y y y y ===-+，故选(A)二、填空题：9～14小题,每小题4分,共24分.请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上. 9、设2231arctan ,3t x t d y dx y t t==⎧=⎨=+⎩则 【答案】48【考点】复合函数的求导法则 【难易度】★★【详解】2222333(1)11dy dy dt t t dx dx dtt +===++， 22222212(1)12(1)11d dy d y t t dt dx t t dx dx t ⎛⎫⎪+⎝⎭===++， 因此，212121448t d y dx==⋅⋅=.10、函数2()2xf x x =在0x =处的n 阶导数()(0)n f =【答案】2(1)(ln 2)n n n --【考点】高阶导数；莱布尼兹公式：()()0()()nn kn k k n k uv C u v -==∑ 【难易度】★★ 【详解】()()()2()2n n x fx x =⋅()(0)n f ⇒()()(2)222(1)222(ln 2)2n x x n n x x n n C x --==-''==⋅⋅⋅2(1)(ln2)n n n -=-.11、设函数()f x 连续，2()(),x x xf t dt ϕ=⎰若(1)ϕ1=，'(1)5ϕ=，则(1)f =【答案】2【考点】变限积分求导 【难易度】★★ 【详解】2220()()()()2()x x x xf t dt x f t dt x x f x ϕϕ'=⇒=+⋅⋅⎰⎰1(1)()2(1)(1)2(1)5(1)2f t dt f f f ϕϕ'=+=+=⇒=⎰.12、设函数()y y x =是微分方程'''20y y y +-=的解，且在0x =处()y x 取值3，则()y x = 【答案】【考点】【难易度】★★【详解】微分方程的通解是212x x y c e c e -=+则12(0)33y c c ==+=，12(0)020y c c '==-+=，121,2c c ⇒==22x x y e e -⇒=+.13、若函数(,)z z x y =由方程231x y ze xyz +++=确定，则(0,0)dz =【答案】1233dx dy --【考点】隐函数求导法则 【难易度】★★★ 【详解】,0z zdz dx dy x x y∂∂=+=∂∂0y =0z = 两边对x 求导23(31)0x y zz zeyz xy x x++∂∂⋅+++=∂∂ 代入0,0x y ==01|3x z x =∂=-∂ 两边对y 求导23(32)0x y zz zexz xy y y++∂∂⋅+++=∂∂ 代入0,0x y ==02|3y z y =∂⇒=-∂(0,0)12|33dz dx dy ⇒=--.14、设3阶矩阵A 的特征值为2，-2,1，2B A A E =-+，其中E 为3阶单位矩阵，则行列式B =【答案】21【考点】矩阵的特征值 【难易度】★★【详解】A 的特征值为2，-2,1，又由于2B A A E =-+，因此矩阵B 的特征值为3,7,1，因此矩阵B 的行列式的值为21三、解答题：15～23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤. 15、（本题满分10分）设函数()ln(1)sin f x x x bx x α=+++，2()g x kx =，若()f x 与()g x 在0x →是等价无穷小，求,,a b k 的值。

2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题考试时长：180分钟总分：100分Section I Use of English :Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understandthat monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone —a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when theysift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,”meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward”and “long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,”he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up”(Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be sosurprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for thetext, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true”meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America.46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.”said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.”The colonists’first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)手机时代的聚会I cloze1、What2、Concluded3、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、seeII Reading comprehensionPart A21.Dendedhisreigninembarrassment.22.Cowingtotheundoubtedandrespectablestatus23.Atheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracy24.Bfailstochangehislifestyleasadvised.25.DCarlos,alessonforallMonarchieshecksuspect'sphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.27.Adisapproval28.Agettingintoone'sresidenceitizens'privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected30.Bnewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheconstitution31.Bjournalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks32.Bmarked33.Dsetanexampleforotherjournals34.Chasroomforfurtherimprovement35.AsciencejoinsPushtoscreenstatisticsinpapers36.Dtheconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism37.Amorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking38.Cwashardlyconvincing39.Bgenerallydistortedvalues40.Dmoralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper41.Cifyouareunfamiliar...42.Eyoumakefurtherinferences...43.D Rather ,we ascribe meanings to...44.Bfactorssuchas...45.Aarewestudyingthat ...Part C46)在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

2015 年全国硕士研究生入一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a from the University of California and Yale University in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5.While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, "Most people do not even 7their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin."The team 9 developed a "friendship score" which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10, as the team suggests, it draws us11similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 "functional kinship" of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate people's 18to befriend those ofsimilar et 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.1.[A] what [B] why [C] how [D] when2.[A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn[D] advised3.[A] for [B] with [C] by [D] on4.[A] separated [B] sought [C] compared [D] connected5.[A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples6.[A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unreliable [D] incredi ble7.[A] visit[B] miss[C] know [D] seek8.[A] surpass [B] influence [C] favor [D] resemble9.[A] again [B] also[C] instead [D] thus10.[A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise[D] Perhaps 11.[A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like12.[A] limit [B] observe [C] confuse [D] drive13.[A]according to [B] ratherthan [C] regardlessof [D]alongwith 14.[A] chances [B] responses [C] benefits [D] missions15.[A] faster [B] slower [C] later [D] earlier16.[A] forecast [B] remember [C] express [D] understand17.[A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18.[A] tendency [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] endeavor19.[A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20.[A] see [B] show[C] prove [D] tellSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited”kings don’t abdicate, they diein their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andmajestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above”mere”politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses(or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation withher rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchieshave largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21.According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used to enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals [C] eased his relationship with his rivals[D] ended his reign in embarrassment22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status [B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality [C] to give voters more public figures to look up to [D] due to their everlasting political embodiment23.Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth [B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families [D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24.The British royals ”have most of fear” because Charles[A] takes a tough line on political issues [B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised [C] takes republicans as his potential allies [D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats.Text2JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question. On Tuesday, contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted, the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument thatexploring the contents of a smartphone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when theysift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Conspiracy, the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it islegitimate to[A] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized. [C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] tolerance. [B] indifference. [C] disapproval.[D] cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handing one’s historical records. [C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29.In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed. [B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] phones are used to store sensitive information. [D] citizens’ privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.Text3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to theirreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique andlikely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approachafter Science.”31.According to Nancy Koehn,office language has become[A]more emotional[B]more object[C]less energetic[D]less stratcgic32.”Team”oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to[A]historical incidents [B]gender difference[C]sport culture[D]athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology to[A]revive historical terms [B]promote company image[C]foster corporate cooperation [D]strengthen cmployee loyalty34.It can bo inferred that Lean In .[A]voices for working women [B]appeals to passionate workholics [C]triggers debates among mommies [D]parises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A]Managers admire it avoid it[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C]Companies find it to be fundamental[D]Regular people mock it but accept itText4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent ofthe same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. Thisis hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This saga still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36.Accordign to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by(A)the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.(B)companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices(C)governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.(D)the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that(A)Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.(B)more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.(C)Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.(D)phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38.The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence(A)revealed a cunning personality.(B)centered on trivial issues.(C)was hardly convincing.(D)was part of a conspiracy.39.The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows(A)generally distorted values.(B)unfair wealth distribution.(C)a marginalized lifestyle.(D)a rigid moral code.40 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?(A)The quality of writings is of primary importance.(B)Common humanity is central to news reporting.(C)Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.(D)Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BHow does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues; (42)Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader.What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or ‘true’meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world.(43)Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.(44)This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods. Place and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—includingfor texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important in the social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particularinterest in reading it.(45)Such dimensions of reading suggest — as other introduced later in the book will also do — that webring an implicit（often unacknowledged）agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller,more advanced and more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.A.Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a give course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.B.Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.C.If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the ash emption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as wellas possible links between them.D.In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be theones author intended.E.You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity — inferences that from the basisof personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.F.In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.G.Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or pattering we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 pionts)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide if emigration- one of the great folk wanderings of history- swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces- the immigration of European people with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across theAtlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempt to transplant their habits and traditions to new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon once another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, has a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and- 16th century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “ The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house whichextended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber……Section III WritingPart A51.Directions：You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for you recommendation. You should write neatly onthe ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52．Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should(1)Describe the picture briefly,(2)Interpret its intended meaning, and(3)Give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 point)1. 【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。

2015年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study publishedfrom the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5.While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, "Most people do not even 7their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin."The team 9 developed a "friendship score" which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10, as the team suggests, it draws us 11similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 "functional kinship" of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate people's 18to befriend those of similar et 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.1.[A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2.[A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3.[A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4.[A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5.[A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples6.[A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unreliable [D] incredible7.[A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8.[A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9.[A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10.[A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11.[A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like12.[A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D] limit13.[A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14.[A] chances [B] responses [C] missions [D] benefits15.[A] later [B] slower [C] faster [D] earlier16.[A] forecast [B] remember [C] understand [D] express17.[A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18.[A] endeavor [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] tendency19.[A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20.[A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of t he Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere”politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for anon-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today——embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (ifwell-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service——as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarc hy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs,King Juan Carlosof Spain________.[A] used to enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] eased his relationship with his rivals[D] ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly________.[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voters more public figures to look up to[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles________.[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone —a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, going through a suspect’s purse. T he court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s r eading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.A s so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe,urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares theexplosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to______.[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a wa rrant[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of________.[A] disapproval[B] indifference[C] tolerance[D] cautiousness28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to________.[A] getting into one’s residence[B] handling one’s historical records[C] scanning one’s correspondences[D] going through one’s wallet29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that________.[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed[B] the court is giving police less room for action[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected[D] phones are used to store sensitive information30. Orin Kerr’s c omparison is quoted to indicate that________.[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution[C] California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution[D] principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistic board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will beflagged upfor additional scrutiny by thejournal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors o r by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the poli cy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential tha n expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging review ers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.” Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that________.[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to________.[A] found[B] marked[C] revised[D] stored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may________.[A] pose a threat to all its peers[B] meet with strong opposition[C] increase Science’s circulation[D] set an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now________.[A] adds to researchers’ workload[B] diminishes the role of reviewers[C] has room for further improvement[D] is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions.” I ntegrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit.”Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was woundin g companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes——finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge —the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. MsBrooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by________.[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues[D] the wide misuse of integrity among institutions37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that________.[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s defence________.[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows________.[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral code40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central to news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) _______.You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where？The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving.You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42) _______Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” mean ing that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _______.This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page---including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns---debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45) _______. Such dimensions of reading suggest---as others introduced later in the book will also do---that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily asmouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America.In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established inMexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores. Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)手机时代的聚会2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文选自2014年7月15日International Business Times上一篇题为“DNA of Friendship: Study Finds We are Genetically Linked to Our Friends”（DNA友谊：研究发现我们在基因上和我们的朋友有着千丝万缕的联系）的文章。