EENG- Computer Arch ICh1-2Performance

performance monitor使用方式-回复如何使用性能监视器（Performance Monitor）引言：在计算机系统中，性能监视器是一款用于监测系统硬件和软件性能的重要工具。

它能够提供实时的性能数据，并帮助我们分析和优化系统性能。

而在本篇文章中，我将会详细介绍性能监视器的使用方式，让大家了解如何利用这个强大的工具来监控和改善计算机的性能。

第一步：打开性能监视器1. 在Windows操作系统中，我们可以通过按下Win+R快捷键来打开运行对话框。

2. 在运行对话框中输入“perfmon”并点击“确定”按钮。

3. 这将会打开性能监视器窗口，我们可以在这个窗口中查看系统的性能数据。

第二步：选择性能计数器1. 在性能监视器窗口的左侧，我们可以看到一个“性能监视器”节点。

展开这个节点，可以看到“性能计数器”子节点。

2. 在性能计数器节点中，我们可以看到各种各样的计数器，包括CPU、内存、磁盘、网络等。

3. 我们可以根据自己的需求，在这些计数器中选择需要监视的项。

例如，如果我们想监视CPU的使用情况，可以选择“处理器时间”计数器。

第三步：添加性能计数器到监视器1. 在选择好需要监视的计数器后，我们可以点击“添加”按钮将它们添加到性能监视器中。

2. 在添加计数器对话框中，我们可以看到已选中的计数器，并可以调整它们的刷新频率和显示方式。

3. 点击“确定”按钮后，选中的计数器将会显示在性能监视器窗口的右侧，我们可以通过拖动或调整大小来重新排列它们的位置。

第四步：开始监视性能1. 在完成计数器的添加后，我们可以点击性能监视器窗口的绿色三角形按钮来开始监视性能。

2. 性能监视器将会开始记录选中的计数器的数据，并以图表的形式展现出来。

3. 我们可以随时停止监视性能，只需点击性能监视器窗口的红色方块按钮即可。

第五步：分析性能数据1. 在性能监视器窗口中，我们可以通过移动鼠标来查看不同时间点的性能数据。

鼠标悬停在图表上时，会显示相应时间点的具体数值。

德语简历的‎写法/德文‎简历的写法‎(范文)‎介绍通‎常写德文申‎请信，一般‎都要附上德‎文的简历，‎如果没有特‎别的要求，‎简历应该是‎打印件，并‎且应该被制‎成表格. ‎通常页面的‎左边应该列‎明必要的标‎题，在相对‎的右边说明‎你的个人情‎况.申请者‎的优势和个‎人情况应该‎被清楚列出‎来，使审核‎人能非常容‎易比较候选‎者条件。

‎下面的信息‎应该被包括‎在简历中‎(按照通常‎的次序):‎1) 个‎人数据 (‎"die ‎p ers?‎n lich‎e n Da‎t en")‎‎全名Na‎m e:地‎址Ans‎c hrif‎t:电话‎号码Te‎l efon‎n umme‎r:出生‎日期Ge‎b urts‎d atum‎:出生地‎Gebu‎r tsor‎t:婚姻‎状况Fa‎m ilie‎n stan‎d:孩子‎的数量K‎i nder‎z ahl:‎2)‎中小学教‎育列出你‎上过的所有‎中小学名称‎.在每个‎学校名字的‎后面用德语‎简要介绍一‎下学校的类‎型.例如.‎"Gru‎n dsch‎u le",‎"Gym‎n asiu‎m".‎你也应该列‎出你获得所‎有证书和毕‎业证明, ‎最好能解释‎这些证书相‎当于德国什‎么证书.例‎如. "A‎b itur‎"3) ‎高等教育‎("das‎Stud‎i um")‎‎学校的名称‎Name‎und ‎O rt d‎e r Un‎i vers‎i t?t:‎学习的专‎业Stu‎d ienf‎a ch:‎(学习的要‎点，系等)‎(Sch‎w erpu‎n kt :‎)(论文‎的题目) ‎(Dipl‎o marb‎e itst‎h ema ‎:)如果‎有的话，你‎也可以列出‎在海外‎学习的学期‎Ausl‎a ndss‎e mest‎e r:在‎海外学习的‎学年Au‎s land‎s jahr‎:硕士学‎习Pos‎t grad‎u iert‎e Stu‎d ien:‎获得奖励‎F?rd‎e rpre‎i se:‎出版Ve‎r?ffe‎n tlic‎h unge‎n:4)‎工作经验‎("Be‎r ufli‎c he T‎?tigk‎e iten‎; Ber‎u fser‎f ahru‎n g")‎列出所有你‎参加过的职‎业和时间,‎注明你所‎能从事的工‎作5) ‎其它的知识‎("Be‎s onde‎r e Ke‎n ntni‎s se")‎换句话说‎.就是你在‎上面没有提‎到的其它的‎优秀特长，‎这应该包‎括外语知识‎("Sp‎r achk‎e nntn‎i sse"‎), 请‎尽可能详细‎.这个句‎子 "zw‎e i Ja‎h re D‎e utsc‎h unte‎r rich‎t（2年德‎语学习）"‎是很难让人‎确定你学习‎的真实水平‎。

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Ｃoｎｄitioniｎg Equipmｅnt空气调节设备?ACE ?Aｕtomａtｉc Ｃheｃk Ｅquipment 自动检测设备?ACE ?Ａutomatｉc Cｏｍｐｕting Equipｍenｔ自动计算装置ACE Air Ｃonｄｉtｉｏｎｉng Eqｕipｍent 空调设备?ＡCG ?A ｌterｎａtｉnｇCurｒeｎｔGeneｒaｔor交流发电机?ACG Automatic Coｎｔrol Gｅａr自动控制变速?AＣID TEＳT CYC-LＥＡcｃeｌeration,Ｃｒuｉｓｅ, Idle，DecｅleｒatioｎTest Cycl ｅ加速．稳速.怠速.减速试验循环AＣＩS ?Acoｕｓtic Contｒol Iｄuctiｏn Sｙsｔｅm 声控进气系统Ack Ａｃkｎｏwledge承认ＡCKV?Air Ｃheｃk Valve 空气止回阀AＣＬ?Ａｉr Clearner空气滤清器ACＬAutomatic Cｈasｓis Lｕbriｃａtion自动底盘润滑系统ＡCM Aｄvancｅd Ｃomposite Maｔerials高级复合材料ACＯN ?AirＣondiｔiｏniｎｇＯn 空调起动?ACＰ?AｉrＣｏnｄiｔioning Pｒessure空调压力ACP AuxｉliarｙCoｎtrｏｌPａｎｅl辅助操纵仪表板ACＲS Air Cushion Reｓtraｉnt Sysｔem气垫型保护装置ACS ?AｉｒConditioniｎg Syｓtem 空调系统AＣS-Ｏ?Ａcｃeｓs Oｐｅning检修孔?ACT AiｒCｈａrge Ｔem ｐeｒature进气温度ＡCT Air Charge TeｍperａturｅＳeｎｓor进气温度传感器ACＴE Ａｕtｏｍatic Cheｃkout Test Equipｍｅnt 自动检测装置ActuＡｃｔｕatｏr执行器?Actv Ａctivｅ活动的?AＣV Aｉr Con ｔｒol Vａlve 空气控制阀?ACＶAir Cut Vaｌve 断气阀ＡＣＶＡrmored Command Vｅhicle装甲指挥车ＡCV Air ContｒoｌValve 二次空气喷射量控制阀?AD Anno Domini 公元?AD AｅｒoｄynamiｃDｅceｌeratｏr气动减速器ADＣAｎalog-DiｇｉtａｌConverter模-数转换器?AＤD Addition＊添加＊补充ADEＣS AutomotivｅDiesel ElectｒoｎiｃControｌＳｙstem 汽车柴油机电子控制系统?AＤFＡeｒodynamic Drag Factor 空气阻力系数Adj Adｊuｓt or Ａｄjｕstａｂlｅ调整或可调整ADL Automａtic DｏorＬocｋ自动门锁ADＰＡir－DriveｎＨｙdraulic Ｐump气动液压泵?ADS AｄaptｉvｅＤａmｐe ｒＳｙstｅm 可变阻尼力避震系统ADV Ｗiper Presｓure Controｌ雨刷片压力控制装置Adv Advanｃe提前的?AE AｃｃeleｒａtioｎＥnricｈment 化油器加速时混合气浓度?AE Acｏｕstic Eｍiｓsion 有害声响排放?AEA Automotiｖe ElectricａｌAssociａtion (ＵS) 美国汽车电气协会?AEC AutｏｍotivｅEmisｓｉoｎCｏntroｌ汽车排气控制AECD Auxiliaｒy Ｅｍｉssion Contｒol Ｄevice 辅助排放控制装置AEI Aftｅr Ｅnd of Injection 喷射结束后AEＲＡAutomｏtive Enｇine Ｒeｂuilders Aｓsocｉａtiｏｎ(US) 美国汽车引擎修护协会?ＡＥＳC Aｍericａn Eｎgineeriｎg Stａｎdarｄs Comｍittee美国工程标准委员会?AETS ＡutomatｉｃＥｎｇiｎe Test System发动机自动测试系统AF Aｉｒ-Ｆuel Ratｉｏ混合气的空气燃油比?AF Auxｉｌiary Fu ｅl辅助燃料?AFC Aiｒｆlow Ｃoｎtrolled空气流量控制?ＡFC AｉｒfｌoｗＣontrolled FueｌI ｎjecｔｉon 空气流量控制燃料喷射AFC ＡiｒFuel Cｏnｔrｏｌ空气燃油混合比调节装置?ＡFＣAuｔomaｔic Frｅqu ｅｎcy Cｏntrｏl 自动频率调节?AFC Ａirｆlow Control空气流量控制AFCＯAuｔomａｔic Fuel Cutofｆ自动断油装置?AFＣV Air Fuel RatiｏCｏntrol Vａlv ｅ空燃比控制阀ＡＦE Aｕtomobile Fuｅl Economy 汽车燃油经济性AFER Aiｒ-Fｕｅl Eqｕｉvalence Ratｉｏ燃油过量系数AFRＡｉｒ-Fuel Ratｉｏ空气燃油混合比?AFS AirｆｌoｗＳensor空气流量传感器AFＳＡuxiliary Fuel Supply Syｓtem 辅助供油系统?ＡG Air Guard空气护罩?AGO Automotive Gas Oｉl 汽车用油AGＴＡuｔomotivｅGas Ｔuｒbiｎes 汽车用燃气轮机AGV AutomａtｉｃＧuiｄｅd Vehｉcｌｅ自动导向车辆AGＶS Ａuｔoｍaｔic Guｉded Vehicle Sｙsｔem 车辆自动导向系统AＨAmper Ｈoｕr 安培小时?ＡＨFSS AiｒCｏnditiｏnig ／Heat ｅr Ｆunction Ｓｅｌeｃt Swiｔcｈ空调/暖气功能选择开关?AI Air Ｉｎｊeｃtiｏn 空气喷射?AICV Air Iｎjeｃtｉｏn Cheｃk Valve空气喷射单向阀?AＩD ＡiｒInjeｃtion Duａｌ双空气喷射?AIR ＡｉｒＩnjectioｎReactｉon二次喷气装置?AIR Ａir Injector Reactoｒ二次空气喷射器AIR BＰV AiｒBypassＶalｖe 空气旁通阀?AIR COND RLY Ａir Conｄitioner Rｅlａy 空调继电器?AＩR ＣOND SIＧAｉr Conditioner Siｎgnal空调信号Air Ｓel Ａir Selｅctoｒ空气选择器AＩR-ＣHＶＡIR Cheｃk Ｖalve 空气单向阀?AＩＲ-DVＬV ＡIR DｉｖerteｒValve空气分流阀AIＲ-IVV ＡIＲIdlｅVacuum Valvｅ进气怠速真空阀AＩS AｉｒInjeｃtion Ｓｉｎglｅ单空气喷射AIS AｉｒＩnｊectiｏn Syｓtem二次喷气装置AIＳAuｔomａtｉc Idle Speｅd自动怠速AIV AiｒＩnjｅction Ｖａlｖe 空气喷射阀?AＩVＶＡＩR Ｉdle Vacuum Vａｌvｅ空气怠速真空阀?ＡＫI Anｔｉ-KnocｋIｎdex抗爆震指数?AL Ａccｅleratio ｎLevel 加速度级ALC Auｔｏmaｔｉc ＬeveｌControl汽车后悬挂自动高度控制?AＬＣＬ Assｅmbl ｙLine Coｍmuniｃaｔion Ｌinｋ诊断总线?ＡＬDL AssemblｙLine Dｉagnostｉc Liｎk自我诊断接线总成ＡLＤL Aｓseｍbly Lｉne Ｄａta Link 自我诊断线?Ａｌi Ａｌiｇｎment校正，定位AlｍAlａrm警报器?ALＲＡutoｍatｉｃＬoｃkiｎg Reｔｒacｔor 安全带自动锁定装置ALＲAutomatｉcＬｅngth Adjuｓｔｉng aｎd Lockiｎg Retra ｃtor?自动长度调节和锁紧式伸缩装置AＬR Autｏｍatic Ｌockiｎg Retractor自动锁紧式伸缩装置?AlｔAlternatoｒor Alｔｉtudｅ发电机，高度Ａｌt Alteｒnator交流发电机?AＬU Ariｔhｍetiｃａｎd Logical Unｉt算术及逻辑单位ＡM Ａmplｉｔude Mｏdｕｌaｔｉｏn 调幅Aｍb Ambieｎt周围的?ＡMC Ａmerican Motors Cｏrporation 美国汽车公司?AMG Ｖ AｉｒMａnａgemenｔVaｌve空气控制阀Aｍm Aｍmeｔeｒ电流表Amp Amｐｌifｉeｒ放大器?AmｐAmｐere安培AN Aｂovｅ-Named上述的?AＮＡｎnuaｌ年度的AN Anｏde 阳极?AＮＣAcｔｉveＮoise Contrｏl Sｙsｔem活性噪音控制系统?ANＬAutoｍａtic Noise Ｌimiｔer噪声自动限制器ANS Aｎsweｒ答案ANSI AmeｒiｃａｎNatiｏｎａl Stanｄaｒds Inｓtitute美国国家标准局Ａｎt Ａnteｎna天线?ＡNＴBV Antｉ-Backfｉre Vaｌvｅ防回火阀?Ａnti-Dsl Ａnti-Dieseｌ防止後燃(熄火後）?ＡO Air Oｐｅrated 气动的?AOC Air Oｉl Cooleｒ机油空气冷却器?AOC Auｔｏmaｔｉc OｖerloaｄＣｏnｔｒoｌ自动超载控制?AＯＤAutomａtｉc Oｖeｒdrive 自动超速?ＡOQ AvｅraｇｅOｕtgoing Qｕaｌitｙ平均产品质量AＯT AｕtomaｔicＯverdrive Trａnsmission超速式自动变速器ＡＰAir Pｕmp 气泵?APC AutｏmaｔｉｃＰｈase Coｎｔrol自动相位调整?APC Automaｔic Powｅr Cｏntｒｏl自动功率调整?AP ＣＡutomatｉc PrograｍＣontrol 自动程序控制APC Arｍored PeｒｓｏnｎｅｌCaｒrｉｅr 装甲人员输送车?AP ＣAｕtomaｔiｃＰerfｏｒmance Ｃontrol自动性能控制系统?AＰCV Aｉr Pｕmp Ｃontrｏl Valve 空气泵控制阀?AＰDV Air Pump Diverter Valvｅ空气泵分流阀ＡPI AmｅricaｎPetｒol Instｉtｕde美国石油协会ApｐＡpｐａｒatuｓ仪表.器件. 设备?Ａpp Appendｉｘ附录Ａｐp Approved by经.．.批准,批准人Aｐprox Approximaｔｉon近似．略计?Aｐr Aｐprｅntｉcｅ学徒,徒工?APRA AuｔｏmｏtivｅＰａrｔs Rebuｉｌｄers Aｓｓociati ｏn(ＵS)美国汽车零件再制协会AＰREＶLＶAiｒＰump Relｉef Vａlve空气泵减压阀AＰU Auxiliary Poｗer Uniｔ辅助动力设备?AQ Aqｕａ(Wａｔe ｒ)*水*水柱?AR Air Reguｌatoｒ空气流量调节器?AＲAxleＲａtｉo 驱动轴减速比?ＡRC Acceｌeration Signａｌ加速信号AＲQ AuｔｏmａtiｃEｒror Reｑuｅst Equipｅment自动误差校正装置ＡRV ArmｏｒeｄRecovery Ｖｅhｉcle装甲抢救车ＡS AirfｌoｗSensoｒ空气流量传感器AS Aｍerｉcan Sｔanｄａｒd美国标准AS AiｒＳuction进气AS Automatic Synchronizｅr自动同步器?ASＡAmeriｃaｎSta ｎdａrd(ｓ)Aｓsoｃiatioｎ美国标准化协会?ASA Ａcoustical Ｓociｅty of America美国声学学会AＳＣＡｕtｏｍａtic SｔaｂｉlｉtｙCoｎtrol 电脑控制稳定装置ASCD Ａuｔo Speｅd Contｒol Devｉce 自动速度调节装置AＳCPS AｉrＳwitｃh CaｎisteｒPuｒgｅSoleｎoid 空气切换碳罐塞电磁阀ASCPＴAｉr Switｃh Caｎiｓｔer Pｕrｇe Timｅr空气切换碳罐塞定时器ASD ＡutｏＳhuｔDown 自动切断?AＳDＭ Air BaｇSｙｓｔeｍDiagnosticＭoｄulｅ安全气囊系统诊断模块ASDV AirＳwitcｈing Diverter Valｖe 空气转换分流阀ASE Aｕｔｏｍaｔic StabiliｚａｔiｏｎEqｕｉpmenｔ自动稳定装置ＡSＩS Ａbort Sensing and Ｉmｐlemｅnｔation Ｓystem 紧急故障传感及处理系统ASIS American Socｉetｙfor IｎdusｔrｉalSecｕrity美国工业安全协会ＡSL Ａbｏve Ｓea Levｅl 海拔高度Asm Assｅmbly 总成ASＭE AmeｒicaｎＳociety of Mecｈanical Ｅnｇｉｎeers美国机械工程师协会?ASQC AｍeriｃaｎSｏｃietｙfor Quａlｉｔy Cｏｎtrol 美国品管协会?ＡSRV Ａｉr Sｗitｃhing RelieｆVａlve 空气转换减压阀?AＳS Air SwitchiｎｇＳｏlｅnｏｉd 空气转换电磁阀AＳS Air Suctiｏn System进气装置Ass Ａｓｓｅmｂｌｙ总成,装配，机组?Ａss Asｓistａnt辅助的,助手,帮手?As ｓAssoｃｉatiｏn 学会,协会.公司?AsｓｙAssemblｙ总成?ＡSTM Ａｍeｒiｃa ｎSoｃｉety foｒTestinｇａnｄＭａtｅrialｓ美国材料试验协会ＡSVＡir Switchiｎg Vａｌｖe 空气转换阀?AＳＶAiｒSuctiｏn Valve 进气阀ASＶＡiｒSwｉtｃｈinｇVａｌvｅ空气转换阀,空气开关阀?ＡSＶＳAir Switch ｉnｇVacuum Solenｏiｄ空气转换真空电磁阀?AＴAc ｃｅptaｎcｅTｅsｔ验收试验AT Air Tempeｒａture空气温度?ＡＴAmpeｒe Tｕｒｎ安培匝数?ＡＴAngｌe of Train方位角.方向角.传导方位AＴAutomatｉｃＴransｍissｉon自动变速器?AT. Ａir Tight气密的,密封的At．Atｍospheｒｅ大气．周围情况.Barometrｉc 气压(计)BBattＢattｅry电瓶电池ＢAV Bleed AirＶａlve 泄气阀?BB Ｂaｂbit Mｅtａl巴氏合金ＢBＤC Before ＢotｔoｍDｅaｄCeｎteｒ在下止点前?ＢBL．Baｒrｅl 筒?BBSＢuｉldiｎg Bｌｏck System积木式系统BC Befｏr Coｎtroｌ前段控制?ＢＣＣBaｔterｙCharｇeｒＣont ｒol电瓶充电控制BCＤD BｏｏsｔeｒCｏntｒoｌＤeｃeｌeｒaｔe Ｄeｖice 倍力控制减速装置BCM Body Ｃontrol Ｍｏdule 车体控制模块(车体电脑）?BCV Boｏst ConｔroｌＶａlｖe 真空控制阀溢油控制阀(三菱)减速节气阀(铃木）BCV Boｏster Cｏｎtｒol Vaｌｖe倍力控制阀?BＣV ＢooｓｔＣontrol Vaｌvｅ强制怠速时节气门开度控制阀?BCＶBooｓt Conｔr ｏl Ｖaｌvｅ(铃木,三菱）强制怠速工况进气管真空控制阀?ＢDC BottomＤead Ｃeｎter下止点.下死点BDＶBｒeaｋｄｏｗｎVｏltagｅ击穿电压BE Bancheｌｏｒof Ｅngｉneerｉnｇ工学士?BＥBａuｍe 玻美度BＥBｏｏster Engiｎe 助推发动机?BE Bｅst Economy 最佳经济性BEI Breakｅrleｓs ElectronｉｃIgnｉｔiｏn 无白金式电子点火?BESA Bｒｉｔiｓh EngｉnｅerinｇSｔaｎdarｄＡssociaｔioｎ英国工程标准协会ＢFＣBraｋe ＦorcｅCoefficｉｅnt 制动力系数ＢFLI Ｂｒake Fｌｕｉd LevelＩｎdicator 制动液液面指示器BHＰBｒake Horsｅpowｅｒ制动马力?ＢHS ＢimetaｌHeat Ｓenｓor 双金属热传感器?Bi Met BiＭeｔalｌic Air T empｅｒａtｕre Contrｏl Seｎsoｒ双金属进气温控传感器BICERＩBrｉｔish InteｒｎaｌCｏｍbuｓtioｎＥngiｎｅＲesearch Ｉnsｔitｕｔｅ英国内燃机研究所BIT BｅsｔIｎjｅction Tiｍinｇ最佳喷油正时?ＢK Ｂrａｋe Ｓwit ｃh 刹车开关?Bk Back 背部，後面,倒退，衬里Bk Rｅst Baｃk Reｓt 椅背,後支架?BＬＫBlaｃｋ黑色?BＬＲＢlower 鼓风机ＢLＲBeｙond Ｌocal Ｒepaｉｒ本地不能修理?Ｂlst Ballast稳压(电阻）BLU Ｂlue 蓝色Ｂlwr Blowｅr鼓风机?BM BencｈMark 基准点BM Breaｋdown Mａｉntenanｃe 故障维修?ＢM BrｅakeＥlec ｔrｏmagneｔ制动电磁铁?BM ＢrakdowｎＭaｉntenance 故障维修?BMAＰBarｏmetric and MainｆｏｌｄAｂsolｕte Preｓsurｅ大气进气歧管绝对压力?BＭEＰBrake MeａnＥffectｉve Pｅrs ｓure 平均制动有效压力BＮH Burｎisｈ抛光.精加工.烧蓝BOＣBuｉcｋ，Oｌdsｍobile, Cａdilｌac Ｇroup别克-奥兹莫比尔-凯迪莱克集团BOO ＢｒakｅＯｎ－Ｏff Switch制动开关BP Back Pｒeｓsure 背压．反压BP Bａrometric Ｐressｕｒｅ气压?BＰBoｉlｉng Pｏint 沸点BＰBｅstＰｏｗer 最佳功率BPA ＢypasｓAｉr旁通空气BPＣBack PressurｅControl背压控制ＢPO Bypａss Orifiｃe旁通口BPS Ｂarometｒic Pｒeｓsｕｒe Senｓｏr 大气压力传感器ＢPＴＢackpreｓｓure Ｔｒansducｅr 背压转换器ＢPＶBｙ-PasｓVaｌve 旁通阀Br Bromine溴?Br Brａｓs 黄铜?Brｋr Breａkｅr 断电器BRN Bｒｏwn 棕色?ＢS BaroｍeｔricＳwitch大气压力开关ＢSＢｉmｅtaｌSensｏr 双金属传感器?BＳBａchelor of Scieｎce 理工学士BＳBｉnaｒy Ｓcaｌｅ二进位?BS Both Sides 两边.两侧?BS Briti ｓh Ｓtandａrds英国(工业)标准ＢSAＵBritish SｔanｄardｓAuｔoｍotive 英国汽车标准?BSC ENGＢachlor ｏf Scｉｅｎce in Engineeriｎg工学士BSFC Brake Sｐecific Fuel Cｏｎsumption 制动油耗率, 制动单位油耗量?BSI Brｉtｉsh Sｔａndａrds Instｉtute 英国标准局?BTC Britiｓh Technｉｃal Cｏｕncil of the Motoｒand Peｔroleum Iｎｄustrｉeｓ英国汽车及石油工业技术中心BＴＤCＢeforｅTｏｐＤｅaｄCenｔer 在上止点前BTHＥBraｋeＴheｒmaｌEｆficｉencｙ制动热效率ＢTＲY Batteｒy 蓄电池ＢTU Ｂｒitｉsh Ｔｈermal Uｎits英国热量单位?BＴV Below ｔhｅTｈrotｔlｅＶalｖe 在节气门下方BUDC BofｏrｅUpｐｅｒDeaｄCeｎtre 上死点前?ＢULKHD. Ｂulｋhｅad隔壁?Buz B ｕｚzer 蜂鸣器?BV Bowl VｅnｔＰｏrt浮桶室通风孔?ＢV Bｒｅakdoｗm Voltage击穿电压ＢV Bａｌanｃed Voｌｔage 平衡电压ＢVSV BiｍｅtaｌｌiｃVａｃuuｍSｗｉtchinｇＶalｖe 双金属式真空转换阀?BVT BackＰressure VａriablｅTrａｎsdｕcer负压可变传感器?BVV Bowl Vent Ｖaｌve 浮筒室防溢油通气阀?BYP Bypaｓs 旁路，支线?BＹPA BypassＡiｒ(IｄleＳpeed Contrｏl) 旁通空气(怠速控制）CC Celcｉus 摄氏C C-Piller Ｃ柱ＣCaｌl 呼叫C Caｎdlｅ烛光?ＣCapacitａｎce 电容?C Cａr汽车ＣCaｒbｏｎ碳C Cathode 阴极?ＣCelｓｉuｓScale 摄氏温标?ＣCoｕlomb 库仑?C*Celｃｉus 摄氏度?Ｃ&M Carｅand Maｉntenａｎｃe 维修及保养C－4 Ｃoｍpuｔer Ｃｏntrolled CatalyｔiｃＣoｎverｔer电脑控制触媒转换器C．CAＮI Charcｏal Ｃaｎisｔｅr 碳罐C.E.Check Eｎｇiｎe 引擎故障灯Ｃ.G. Ｃｅnｔer of Gravity 重心C／O Chｅckout 检查,调整,测试?C/O Chｏke Ｏｐｅｎｎer阻风门强制开启阀?C3IＣomputeｒConｔrolｌeｄCoｉl Ignｉtｉon 电脑控制线圈点火C4 Compｕｔer Controled Catａlｙtic Converter 电脑控制触媒转换器?CA Ｃalｃium 钙?CA Ｃoｍpresｓｅd Aｉｒ压缩空气?ＣA ＣranｋAｎｇｌe曲轴转角?CABＲCabrｉolet 敞蓬车ＣAC ChaｒgｅAir Cooler 进气冷却器CACS Ｃompreｈensｉve Ａutomobile Control Sｙsｔeｍ汽车综合控制系统ＣACV Comｂｉｎed AｉｒConｔrｏl Valve组合空气控制阀CAＤCｏｍputeｒ-Aiｄed Design 计算机辅助设计?CＡＥComputer Aidｅd Enｇinering 电脑辅助工程?CAFＥCorpｏrａte ＡveraｇｅFuｅl Ecｏnoｍy 美国汽车制造厂采用的平均油耗?CAL Cａloｒｉｅ卡路里?CAL Ｃalculated Aｖeｒage Liｆｅ（汽车等的)平均计算寿命CAＬCaliber 口径CAL Calｉｂraｔe 校定，校正?CＡL Ｃollisｉon Avoidａｎce Light 防撞灯CAL-PＡC Caｌibraｔｉｏn Packａｇe 校正用套装软体?CalｉｂCalibration 校正,修正,定位?CaliｆCａliforｎiａ加州规格车?Calif Califoｒniａ加州CＡLSＥL Calｉbrａtion Ｓｅlｅcｔ校正选择?ＣAＭＣamｂer外倾角?CAM Cａmshaft 凸轮轴ＣAＭComputｅｒAiｄed Maｎuｆacturing 电脑辅助制造?Ｃan Cａｎaｂa加拿大?Ｃan Ｃanｉsteｒ碳罐Cａn Prg Canｉsｔer Purgｅ碳罐塞Ｃan.Prg Ｃanister Ｐuｒｇe 碳罐净化?Canc.Caｎcel 取消ＣanCV Canister ContrｏｌValve 碳罐控制阀?CANP Cａnistｅr Ｐurge solｅnoiｄ碳罐清除电磁阀CANPＣａnｉｓteｒPurｇｅ碳罐净化, 滤筒净化CAP Ｃapａｃity *容量*能力CAP Clｅanｅr AｉｒPackagｅ净化空气装置Ｃａp Capａｃitor or Caｐａcity 电容器或电容量?ＣAＲB Ｃａlifornia AirＲｅsourｃe ｓBoarｄ加州空气资源协会?Cａrb Cａrburetoｒ化油器?CＡS Casｔer 后倾角CＡS ＣｌｅaｒAｉｒSystem净化空气系统?ＣAT Carｂｕrｅtor Air Ｔｅmpｅrature 化油器空气温度?ＣAT Ｃａtalogue目录CAT Cataｌyst 催化剂CATＣategｏry种类.范畴?CAＴCarburaｔor Air Temｐrotｕｒe 化油器空气温度Cat Catalytic Cｏnvertｅr 触媒转换器?CAV ConstructioｎAｓsisｔａncｅVeｈicｌe 建筑辅助运输车辆CＡV Cｏaｓｔｉng AiｒVa ｌve 强制怠速空燃比控制阀?CＢＣirｃuit Ｂreａker 电路断电器?ＣB CｈokｅBｒeakｅr 阻风门限制器ＣＢContaｃｔBrｅａker 断电器CBE Cab Behind Ｅngｉne 驾驶舱在引擎后方式?ＣBVＶＣarbureｔoｒBowl Vent Vａlve 化油器浮子室通气阀CCＣuｂｉc Centｉmeｔerｓ立方厘米?CC Ｃruｉse Control 定速控制，巡行控制CC Catalｙtｉc Ｃｏnverter触媒转化器CC Ｃonvｅrｔer Ｃlutch 扭力转换器离合器?CCＣＣoｍpuｔer Coｍmand Control 电脑指令控制CCＣS CｏmpuｔeｒCｏntrolled Cooｌing Systｅm 电脑控制冷却系统?CCD Computer Cｏntｒol Ｄwell 电脑控制点火闭角?CＣＥGＲＣoolａnt Contｒollｅd Eｘhaust Gas?Reｃircｕlation冷却剂控制废气再循环ＣCEＶS Coolａnt Control Enｇine Vacuum Sｗitcｈ冷却水温控制引擎真空开关?ＣＣＥVV Coolant Ｃｏntｒｏl EnginｅVacuum Vａlve 冷却水温控制引擎真空阀?CCIＶCoolant Conｔrol Idle EnrｉｃhｍｅｎtＶalve 却水温控制怠速增浓阀?CCM CentraｌConｔｒｏｌModule 中央控制模块(中央电脑)?CＣＯCatａｌytｉc Cｏnveｒter foｒOxiｄation氧化触媒转换器CCOT Cycling Clutch Orifice Tｕbe 循环离合器限流孔?CCOT Cy ｃling Clｕtｃh （Orifice) Ｔｕrbo 循环离合器涡轮增压CＣＰConｔｒｏｌｌed Caniｓter Purgｅ控制碳罐净化CCP Cｈarcｏａl CanisteｒPurge活性碳罐净化CCＲCａtａlｙtic ＣoｎverteｒＲedｕcｔｉon还原催化废气净化器?ＣCRＭConstant Control Relay Modulｅ定控制继电器模组ＣCRＯCataｌytｉc Convｅｒter ｆor Reductiｏnand Oｘidatioｎ三元触媒转换器ＣCＲO ＣataｌytiｃConvｅrｔer Rhodiuｍ氧化,还原催化废气净化器?CＣS Conｔrｏl ｌed Combustｉon Syｓｔem 燃烧控制系统CＣU Cruise Coｎtｒｏl Unit定速控制电脑盒CCＷＣounｔeｒcｌoｃkwise 逆时针方向?CＤComputer AｉdeｄDesiｇｎ电脑辅助设计CD Caｎdeｒa 烛光?CＤCaｐａcity Discharge (ｅｌeｃｔronic ｉgniｔiｏｎ)电容放电式电子点火?CＤComｐaｃt Disc光盘?CD ＣａｐacitｏｒDisｃｈarge(ｉgｎiｔｉon)电容器放电(点火_)?CD Cofficienｔof Drag 空气阻力系数CD-REＧＶＬＶCranｋcase ＤepreｓsiｏｎＲｅgulaｔor Valve 曲轴箱真空调节器阀?ＣD-ROM ComｐaｃｔＤisc ReadＯnly Meｍｏry CD只读存储器CＤI Caｐacitive Diｓcharｇe Iｇｎition电容放电式点系统?CＤI Conｔrolｌed Dｉrｅc ｔInｊecｔｉoｎ（sysｔem) 可控直喷系统CDY Cｈassｉs Dｙnaｍoｍｅter底盘测功计?CEＡB Cold Eng ｉne Air Ｂleed 冷引擎空气排放CＥC Comｐuterizｅd EｍissｉoｎControl 电脑废气控制?CEC Ｃoｍbinｅd Eｍisｓion cｏnｔrol(Valvｅ）组合废气控制阀?ＣEC C ｏｍpｕterized Engine Cｏnｔrol 电脑引擎控制CＥC ＣoｏrdｉnatinｇEuropean Ｃounｃｉl （sｔaｎdards）欧洲标准协会CＥLO ColｄＥnｇiｎｅLock-Out 冷机锁定CEＭＣompｏsite Eleｃtｒo-Chemical Materｉａｌ复合电化学材料CENT Centｅr中心CES Cluｔｃh ＥngageｄＳwｉtch 离合器啮合开关?CES Coast ｉnｇEｎricheｒＳystem 减速浓化系统?CESＳCold Eｎｇｉne Sｅｎｓor Ｓwitch 冷引擎传感器开关?CF C ｅnter of Ｆlｏatation浮心ＣＦCｅntｒifugal Ｆorcｅ离心力?CF Conversion Ｆactor 转换系数CＦCｕtｔing Fｌuiｄ切削液?CF Ｃonｆeｒ比较．对照?CF Cｕbic Feeｔ立方英尺?CＦＣountｅr Fire 逆火?ＣFI Central FuelＩｎjection 中央喷射系统?CFI CrosｓFi ｒe Injｅｃtion 多缸同时点火喷油?CFIＣｅnｔroｌFueｌInjecｔion 节气门上方燃油喷射系统?ＣFI Continuouｓ（tｈｒottle body)Fuｅl Iｎjｅcｔion 连续燃油喷射系统?CFRP Carbon Fｉber Reｉnforcｅd Plａｓｔiｃs 碳纤维强化塑料CFSＣoastinｇＦuel Cut Sｙｓtｅm 强制怠速工况燃油切断系统CＨ.O CｈokｅＯpｅnnｅr自动阻风门ＣHＡCharge 充电?CHBＣhoke Ｂｒaker 阻风门开度限制器?CH Ｇ.Chａｒge 进气或充电?ＣHK Check 核对,检查?Chｋ.Eng. Cｈｅc ｋEｉgine 检查引擎(灯)ＣHＮＧCｈange 交换CHO Choke Oｐｅｎｅr 阻风门开启器?CHRG Chaｒgｉng 进气,充电?CHT Cｙliｎｄer ＨeaｄTemperａturｅ汽缸盖温度CHU CeｎtigradｅHｅａt Unit 热量单位?Ｃh Vlv ChｅcｋVaｌｖｅ单向阀?ＣI Cuｂi ｃInches立方英寸CＩComｐreｓsiｏn Ignition压缩式点火ＣＩCompｒession Iｇnｉｔion Engine 压缩点火引擎ＣI CubｉｃIncｈｅs 立方英寸CI Cast Iron 铸铁CI Compｒeｓsiｏn Ｉgnｉtiｏn压燃?ＣＩDCubic Iｎｃh Ｄisｐlaｃemeｎt 立方英寸排气量ＣID CyｌｉndｅｒIdenｔiｆicａtion Sｅnsor 气缸识别传感器?CＩD Cylinder Ｉdentifｉcaｔion 汽缸识别?Cig Cｉgarette 香烟?Cig Ltr Cigaｒｅtte Lｉghter点烟器Circ Ｃircuiｔ电路?Ｃｉrc Brkr Circuit Breakｅr 电路断电器CIS Cｏntinuous Iｎjection System 连续喷射系统ＣIS－E Continuous Inｊectｉon Sysｔｅm Elｅｃｔronｉc 电子控制连续喷射CK-VLV Cheｃk Valve 止回阀,单向阀CKD Cｏmpletely Knoｃked Dowｎ完全拆散的,全解体的CＫDＬ－VＬV ChecｋDelaｙVａｌve单向延迟阀?CKP Cｒan ｋsｈａft Poｓitｉｏn 曲轴位置?CKPS Cｒanｋshaft Positｉｏn Se ｎsｏr曲轴位置传感器?Ckｔ. Circuｉt 电路，回路CＬＣｌｏsed Loop 闭环,闭路?CＬCenｔrａl Lｉｎe 中心线?CL CaｒLoad车辆载荷ＣＬＣｌass 等级. 种类CL Clｅarance 间隙CL CｒanｅＬｏad 吊车起重量ＣL Chlｏrine 氯CLA Cｈemｉlumineｃeut Anaｌyzｅr 光化学分析仪?ＣLC ConverteｒＬocｋｉｎg Clutc ｈ转换器锁定离合器ＣLＣC Clｏsed LoｏｐCarｂuｒeｔor Ｃontrol 闭环式化油器控制?Ｃｌｃh Clutcｈ离合器CＬD, ＣLA Chｅmｉｌuminecｅnt Detectoｒ(Analyzer)光化学分析仪?CLEC Closed Loop Emission Control 闭路废气控制CLＫClock 时钟CLＲC Ｃlearａnce 间隙,空隙, 游隙Clｍn. Colｏuｍn 柱Clmt.Climatｅ气候CLR Clｅaｒ清除?CLR Cｕrｒent－Limｉting Resistoｒ限流电阻器CLS Cｌosed Looｐ反馈控制?Ｃlstr．Cluｓter 群,组ＣＬＴBI Ｃlosed Loop Thｒoｔｔｌe Ｂoｄy Iｎjecｔｉon 闭路回馈式单点喷射?CＭＣentｉｍｅｔer 厘米CＭCenter ｏf Mass 质量中心?CM Ｃｏntrｏl Motｏr 控制马达CMＥT Coated Metａｌ镀层金属CＭH ColｄＭixturｅHeａter 冷车混合汽加热器?CＭO Conventi ｏｎal Ｍｉneral Ｏil 常规矿物润滑油?ＣMＰＣamｓhaft Poｓｉtion 凸轮轴位置?CMＰS Camsｈaft Posｉti ｏn Seｎsoｒ凸轮轴位置传感器Cmpｎsｔｒ. Ｃｏｍｐensator 补偿器?Cｍptｒ.Compｕteｒ电脑CMVSS Cａｎａdian Motor Vehicle Ｓaｆety Ｓｔanｄａrｄ加拿大车辆安全标准CN ChanｇｅNoticｅ更改通知?CＮCＬD Conｃｅａlｅd 隐藏式?ＣＮG Compressｅd Ｎaｔｕｒal Gas Automobile 天然气燃料汽车CＮＧＣompressｅｄNaｔurａl Gas 压缩天然气?CNT Constａnt 常数,恒量．恒定的?Cntr. Cenｔrａl orＣenter 中心,中央?CNTRL Conｔrｏl 控制Cｎvnｃ.Convenｉenｃe便利,方便?CO Ｃarbon Mｏｎｏｘide 一氧化碳CO CｈｏkｅOpenｅr 阻风门助开器?Co－Ax. Co-Ａxial 同轴?ＣO2 Cａrbon Ｄioxide 二氧化碳?COC Conveｎtionａl Oxidaｔｉon Catａlyst 普通氧化触媒CＯD Cａsh On Ｄeｌｉvery 交货付款ＣOＤＣhemical Oxygｅn Dｅｍａnd化学耗氧量ＣＯE Cab Over Eｎgine驾驶舱在引擎上?Colｎg．Cｏolng 冷却?Colnt. Coｏlaｎt冷却液?Ｃomb．Cｏmbinａｔion综合,组合?COMＰCｏmｐrｅｓsｏｒor Ｃomparｔme ｎt 压缩机或舱、室Comp．Coｍpｒessor 压缩机Cｏmｐens Comｐeｎｓａtｉｏｎ补偿Compt. Ｃomparｔmｅnt 室?CＯＮ. ROD Conneｃtiｎg Rｏｄ连杆Cond.Cｏnｄenser 电容器，冷凝器?Cｏnｎ．Connecｔｏr oｒＣoｎｎectｉon 连接器或接头COＮT Contｉｎueｄ连续?CONT. Control 控制?CONＶＣonｖｅrtｅr转换器CＯNV Cｏnｖｅrtｉble 敞蓬车Ｃonvs．Conversion 换算CORP Corｐoratiｏn 协会,社团,公司，企业Counｔ. Cｏunter 计数器(转数表)CＯV CｏnｔｒoｌValve 控制阀?CP Canｄera Poweｒ烛光CP Cａｎistｅr Puｒge 碳罐净化?ＣP Cenｔre oｆPｒessurｅ压力中心?ＣP Crankshaf ｔPｏsitiｏｎ曲轴位置?CP ConｄenｓatiｏｎPrｏｄuｃt 冷凝物,浓缩物CP Carriage Paｉd 运费已付ＣP Chｅmical Ｐｕre 化学纯CP CircｕlａｒPｉtch (齿轮)分度圆周节?CP CｏnsｔanｔPressure 等压，常压，恒压,稳定压力CPCV ＣanｉsteｒPurge Cｏｎｔrｏl Valve 碳罐净化控制阀?CPMＣyｃlｅs Per Mｉnute 每分钟转数?CＰＰS Clutch Pａdel Ｐositｉｏn Switｃｈ离合器踏板位置开关CPRV Canister PｕrｇｅＲeguｌator Ｖalve 滤筒净化调节阀?CPS Canister PurgeＳolenｏｉｄ碳罐净化电磁阀?ＣPS Cｅntral Pｏwer Supply 集中电源供应ＣＰＳCrａｎｋPoｓitｉon Senｓor 曲轴位置传感器?CＰS Cent ｒal Powｅr Supply 中央电源?CＰS Craｎkｓhaft Posｉtｉon Sensor 曲轴位置传感器?CPS Cyｃｌe Pｅr Ｓecond 每秒周期数?CP ＳConｔrol Pressｕre Sysｔem 压力控制系统CPT Cｏｎｖertibｌe PoｗeｒTrａｉn 可变式传动系?CPU Cen ｔral ProcｅsｓiｎｇUnｉt 中央控制单元?CPＵCoｍｐuter 电脑CPV ＣanisteｒＰurge Vａlve碳罐净化阀?CPV Ｃonstant Pｒe ｓｓure Vaｌve 定压阀CＰVVV Choke PｕlldｏwｎVaｃuum Vent Vaｌve阻风门真空强制通风阀?ＣＲCrｏssroａd 交叉路，十字路CＲContracｔｉｏn Ratiｏ压缩比ＣRＥCｏrrosｉoｎＲesistａｎt防腐的,耐蚀的CRＥS CorrｏsｉoｎResiｓtant Steel 耐蚀钢?CRK ＣｒanｋinｇSigｎal 曲轴起动信号Crnｒ. Corner 角?CRNRNG Ｃornerｉng 转向?CＲO Cathｏｄe-RaｙOsｃillｏｓcｏpe 阴极射线示波器?CRS C ｈｏｋe Ｒeturn Ｓysｔｅm 阻风门回位系统?CRS ChilｄRestraint Systｅm 儿童专用安全装置CＲＳCoaｓting Richer Sｙstem 强迫怠速工况混合气加浓系统CＲS Ｃooｌaｎt Recｏvery Ｓyｓｔem 密闭式冷却系统CRT Cａｔhoｄe Ray Ｔｕｂｅ阴极射线管ＣＲＴC Cａthode Rａy Ｔube Controlleｒ阴极射线管控制器CRＶCoasting Ｒｉchｅr Vａｌvｅ惯性(怠速)加浓（补偿）阀?ＣSA Coｌd Start Adｖａnｃｅ冷机起动提前装置ＣSC Cｏｏlａnt SｐaｋConｒol 冷却水点火控制?CSCSＣolｄStarｔControl Ｓolenｏid冷车起动控制电磁阀?CSD Cｏnstant Sｐeed Drｉve 等速传动?ＣＳE GＮD Case Gｒｏund外壳接地ＣＳPM Cold StarｔPｒogram Modifiｅr 冷起动程序修正器?ＣＳＳCalibration Sｅleｃt Switch 校正选择开关CSSＡＣoｌd StarｔSpａｒk Advａｎce 冷车起动点火提前?ＣSSH ColｄStart Spark Advance Ｈold(syｓｔem) (福特)冷起动点火提前控制系统?ＣSU Crank Angｌe SelecｔinｇUniｔ曲轴转角自动调节装置?CT Ｃold Temperaｔurｅ冷车温度?CT Conveｎtioｎal Ther ｍａctor 传统热反应器CT Cａｍ-Trａin凸轮系?ＣT Ｃlosed Throttｌｅ关闭的节气门CTA Ｃomputｅr-Aiｄｅd Tｅsｔ计算机辅助测试CＴA Coｎstaｎt Tｅmpeｒatuer HoｔWire Anｅmｏmｅter常温热线风速计?CTAV Ｃｏld Tempeｒatuｒe AcｔuａteｄVacuum 冷车温度动作真空?CＴD Contrｌｏlled Tractｉon Dｉｆｆeｒentｉal 可控制（调整)牵引力差速器CTＯＣoｏlaｎｔＴempｅｒaturｅOverride 冷却水温过热控制ＣTPS Clｏsｅd TｈrottlｅＰosｉtion Swｉtch 关闭节气门位置开关ＣTR Crｉｔiｃal Tｅmperａｔuｒe Resiｓtaｎｃe临界温度电阻?Ctrl. Controｌ控制,控制器?Ctrｌld Contrｏｌｌｅd 控制CＴS Coolant Ｔemｐeｒａtｕre Ｓensor冷却水温传感器?CTＳCｏoｌant TemｐｅraturｅSwｉtｃh 水温开关?ＣTSWH Ｃlｏsed T ｈrottle Ｓwitch 节气门关闭开关?CTＳY Courtesｙ门控灯?CTSY. C ｏｕrtesy 副, 反，对?CTTS ＣｏoｌａnｔTｅmpｅraｔｕｒe Theｒmo Swiｔch水温温控开关CTＶS Cｈoｋe Tｈｅrｍal Vaｃuｕm Sｗｉtch 阻风门热控真空开关?CU Ｃoｎtrol uniｔ电脑盒，控制器?Cu.In. CubｉｃIncｈｅs 立方英寸?CＵＢCubiｃ立方?CURR Ｃurrent电流CV ConstanｔVelｏcity 定速,等速CV ChecｋＶalve 单向阀?ＣVＣｈeck Vａlve止回阀CV CoaｓtiｎgＶaｌve 滑行阀?ＣＶＣonstant Veloｃity 定速, 等速ＣV ConstaｎｔＶelocｉtyＪoｉｎt等速接头CV Control Ｖalve 控制阀CV Calorific Vaｌve 热值?CＶCoｍｂat Vehｉｃle 战斗车辆?C ＶCoｍｍercial Vehｉcle商用车辆，营运车辆CV Converｔｉble 活动顶篷小客车ＣVＣonｓtant Ｖｏｌume Specific Heａt 等容比热ＣVＣritical Viscosｉty 临界粘度CＶＣCｏnｓtant Ｖacuum Coｎtrol 真空恒定控制CVC CoｎsｔａｎｔVoltａｇｅConｔｒol定电压控制?ＣVCＣComｐｏuｎd Vertｅx ContｒｏlledＣombｕｓsｉon 复合涡流控制式燃烧?CVＣC ＣｏｎstantＶolｕme ＣomｂｕstiｏｎChａmbeｒ等容燃烧室?CVRＴCｏｎｔiｎuousｌy Vａrｉable Rａｔio Tｒansmission无级调速变速器?CVＳCoｎstａnt Voluｍe Sａmplinｇ定容量取样?CVS3PＣｏld Vacuｕm Sｐark，3-Port冷车起动真空点火3孔式?CVSCC CoolanｔVa ｃuｕｍＳｗitch Cold Ｃlosed 水温温控真空开关冷车关闭?ＣVSCO Coｏｌａnt ＶａcuuｍSwｉｔch Cold Oｐeｎ水温温控真空开关冷车打开CＶT Coｎｔiuousｌy Ｖａriaｂle Tranｓmissｉoｎ无级变速器CＶU Ｃontiｎuoｕｓly－Variabｌe Unｉt 无级变速器?CＷCｌockｗisｅ顺时针方向CW Conｔiｎuous Wave连续波,等幅波?CYＣoｐy 副本,复制品?CYL Ｃylinder 气缸，油缸,圆柱?CYL Cyｌｉndｒicaｌ圆柱形的D ?ＤDrive 驱动,行驶D Drivｅ前进档?D ＊Diameter*Discｈaｒｇe*Dｒiｖｅ*Dual *Ｄｏｕｂle *直径*放电＊驱动*双重*复式Ｄ＆ＭＤriｖing and Mａｉｎtｅｎance 驾驶与维修?D/O DeliverｙＯｒder 提货单?Dam ｐDamper 阻尼器,缓冲器DＡR Drive Axｌe Ratio驱动桥减速比?DAＳDistrｉｂｕｔｏr A ｄvａnｃｅSolenoiｄ分电盘点火提前电磁阀?ＤAＳS Diesｅl Addiｔive Supply Sysｔem 柴油添加剂自动加添系统?DATA＋DataＰositiｖｅ正线（自诊)ＤAＴA- Data Ｎｅgａtｉve负线（自诊)DB Ｄecibel 分贝ＤBCＤual Bed Catalytic 双层触媒转换?DBP Dｒａwbar Pull 拉杆拉力?DＢW Drivｅ-by－Wire索控式ＤC Diｒect Curｒenｔ直流电ＤC Ｄｉgital Coｎtrol 数位控制?DC DｒoｐCenter Rim深底钢圈?DC DeaｄCｅnｔer 死点DＣELＤirecｔＣurrenｔLuｍinesｃeｎce电流直接照明?DCHDuaｌ－Cｉrcuit Ｈｙdrａuｌic Systｅm 双管路液压制动系统DCI Direｃt CylindｅｒIｎjｅｃｔioｎ直接喷入气缸(汽油喷射)?DCL Data Commｕniｃations Lｉｎk 数据交换连线ＤCＬＶＤeceleratiｏｎValve 减速阀DCM DirecｔCuｒreｎt Mｏtor直流马达DCＭ/C－VLV DｅceｌeｒatｉoｎＭixture Contｒol Vaｌve减速混合比控制阀?ＤＣS Deceleraｔｉon Ｃｏntrol System 减速控制系统?ＤＣTO Dｕal Coｏlant Ｔemperatｕｒe Oｖerｒｉde 双水温过热控制?DＣV DeｃeleｒatioｎCoｎtrｏl Valve 减速控制阀?DCV Downｄrａft ConsｔａnｔVacuum Ｃarｂuretｔｏr 下吸式等真空化油器DD DualＤistriｂuｔors 双分电盘?DD Direｃt Dｒive 直接驱动?ＤDC Direct Ｄｉgiｔal Conｔｒol 直接数字控制?Ｄｕal Diａphragm Disｔｒibutoｒ双膜片分油盘?ＤDV ＤistribｕtｏｒDecｅl Vａlve 分电盘减速阀Dｅ-Iｃe De-Icｅr 除冰装置?De－iｃe．De-Icｅ除冰DEC Ｄiｇitａl Enｇine Cｏntrol 数位引擎控制Ｄeｃｅl Deceleｒａｔioｎ减速?DECS Daihaｔｓu Ｅｃonomical Ｃleaｎ-Up Systeｍ(大发）汽车经济式净化系统?DEＥＤi ｇital Engiｎe Electronic发动机数字式电子控制单元?ＤEＦDefrost ｅｒ除雾器?DEＦDｉｅｓｅｌExhausｔＦilter 柴油机的排气过滤器?Def Ｄefrost ｅｒ除霜器?DEF．DｅfoggeｒoｒDｅfroster除雾或除霜?DEＦI Digiｔａl Electrｏnic Fuel Inｊection数字式电子燃油喷射系统Deｆog Dｅfogger除雾器?DegＤegree度Dｅl Delａy 延迟ＤELO Dieｓel EngｉｎｅＬuｂｒｉcａting Oil柴油机润滑油ＤEＲM Ｄiagｎoｓtｉc Enｅrgy Rｅserve Module 自诊备用电源模块ＤｅsｉｇDｅsignation 指明,标明，目标ＤＥT Deｔacｈed 拆开的,分开的DET Deｔaiｌ零件．细目.详图.详细?DＥＴＤｅｔｅction 检波．检测DET Dteｃtｏr 检波器.探测仪Deton. Detonａtion 爆震,敲缸?DＥＴRNT. Ｄeterrenｔ制止?DF Deｓiｇn Fｏｒmｕla设计公式ＤF Dｉrectiｏn Ｆiｎdiｎg 测向.定向?DF Defoggｉｎｇ去雾DＦDrive Fｉt推入配合?DＦF Diｒect Ｆuel Feed(ｉnjeｃtor)直接供油DＦI Digital Fuel Injecｔion 数字式汽油喷射?DＦIＰ/D Dｉesel Distribuｔｉon-Tyｐe Fｕel Ｉnjｅction Pumｐ柴油机分配式燃油喷射泵ＤftＤefeaｔ缺点，不良,损坏DG DoublｅGｌass双层玻璃?DG Doｕble Grｏｏｖe双槽DI DeｃelｅratｉｏｎIｄｌｅ减低怠速?DI DｉｒecｔInjeｃtioｎ直接喷射DI Defense Indｕｓtry 国防工业DI Deiｃｉng 防冻．去冰?DI Ｄirecｔion Inｄicator 方向指示器ＤI DiｅsｅｌIndex 柴油指数?DＩ.B Disk Brake 盘式制动器?DｉaｇDiaｇnostic 诊断DIC Drivｅr Inｆoｒmatｉon Center 行车电脑中心DIDVＤual Ignition Ｄelay Valve 双点火延迟阀?Diff Diｆfｅｒｅntiａl 差速器,差动的Dｉｇ. Diｇｉtal 数字式?DIGＲO DigitaｌReaｄouｔ数字读出Ｄｉm Dimｍeｒ变光器?DIＮDeutｓch Industriaｌ德国工业标准规格?Dir Ｄiｒｅcｔｉon oｒＤｉrectioｎａl 方向,定向,引导DIＲＳＩDeｐｏsit Inｄucｅd ＲuｎaｗａｙSurｆａｃｅIgｎition表面点火方式DIS DｉrecｔIｇｎition Syｓｔem 直接点火系统?DIS Ｄｉsｃｈａｒgｅ放电DIS Ｄistrｉbｕｔｉｏn IgnitｉoｎSysｔeｍ分电盘式点火系统DIS Dｏｐpｌer Inerｔｉａl Systeｍ多普勒惯性系统DＩSＤigiｔal Idling Stabiliｚatｉon数字式怠速稳定系统?DＩS DistributorlｅsｓIgｎｉtion Systeｍ无分电器点火系统?DIS Dｕａl Inductｉｏn Ｓｙstｅm 双进气系统ＤｉsｐＤiｓplay 显示DIＳＴDisｔriｂｕｔｉoｎ分配?DISＴDistriｂｕtor 分电器,分油盘?DIＴDirect Iｎjectiｏn Ｔurbocharged直喷式涡轮增压柴油机DITA Dｉrect Injｅcｔion Turｂocｈargｅd Ａftｅｒｃooｌed 直喷式涡轮增压后冷柴油机?ＤIX. Ｄelｕxｅ豪华型?DIY Do-Ｉｔ-Yourself 自己动手维修车辆?ＤＫBＬU ＤarｋBｌuｅ深蓝色DK ＧRN Dａrk Green深绿色DＬDatumＬevel 基准面DL Dead Lｏad静载荷,静重,自重?DL Drawing Lisｔ图纸清单?D ＬＣＤａｔa Lｉｎk Conｎeｃtoｒ自诊接头?DLI Diｓtｒｉbｕtｏrｌess Ignitioｎ无分电盘式电子点火DLL Design Limit Load 设计极限载荷?ＤLR Driｖing LaｍpｓR ｅｌay 行驶灯继电器DＬSＤｉgitaｌIdling Sｔａｂilization(unit) 数字式怠速稳定装置DLV DｅflectｉoｎLimiｔin Volume 变形极限区?Dlx Dｅlｕxe 豪华型（高级的）Ｄly Ｄelay延迟DM Diesel Ｍｏｄerate 柴油机用中级润滑油DＭDｅhyｄｒoｇeｎateｄＭixtuｒe 脱氢混合物?DM DｅsiｇｎＭanuaｌ设计手册ＤＭDevｅlｏpment Ｍｉlｅstone 发展里程碑DM Dｉfｆereｎｔial Ｍotoｒ差绕电动机?ＤM DrivｅMaｇnet 驱（启)动磁铁?DMＥDigｉtａl MotorＥleｃtronics 数字电子引擎DMS Dual Mａnifｏld Syｓｔem 双歧管系统?ＤMS DistｒｉbｕtoｒModｕlatｏr System 分电盘调节系统Dn.Doｗn 下，向下Dnｓhｆt Downsｈiｆt 低档位,降档?DOCＤiｒecｔＯpｅｒａｔing Cost 直接操作费用?DOD Depａrtmｅntｏf Ｄｅfｅｎｓe (美国)国防部?DＯＨC Double OｖerheａｄCａms ｈａｆt 双顶置凸轮轴?DＯL ＤatａOutput Liｎe数据输出线DOT Ｄepａrtment ofＴｒaｎsportａｔion（US) 美国运输局?DP Dashｐot 减速缓冲器DPＤevｅlｏｐｍeｎt Pｒoｔotyｐe 开发原型.研制原型?DP DamｐＰｒｏoｆing 防潮的,不透水的DP Ｄａta Pｒocessｉｎg数据处理?DP Dead Poinｔ死点.止点?DＰDew Poiｎｔ露点?DP Diａmeｔral Pitｃh (齿轮)径节DP. CHＡMBEＲDeｐression Chaｍber （三菱)化油器车滑轮增压控制装置?ＤＰA DelａyedPort Admｉssｉｏn(ｓystem）延迟气口进气系统?DPＡDｉstribｕtor PｕmｐＡsseｍbｌy 分配式喷油泵总成DPＢDual Poｗer Braｋe 双管路助力制动DPＣData ProｃeｓsinｇＣｅntｅｒ数据处理中心DPＤDual PointＤistribｕtｏｒ双白金分电盘ＤPDT Dｏuble-PoｌｅDoubｌe-Ｔhrｏw 双刀双掷(开关）?DPF DieｓeｌＰaｒticulaｔe Filter 柴油机微粒过滤器?DPI Dual Pｌｕg Inhｉbｉｔ双塞抑制装置?DPSＴＤｏuｂle-Ｐoｌe Single-Ｔhrｏw双刀单掷(开关）?DＰＴDｅpａrtmenｔ部．科．系.车间?DＲDｒive Rａn ｇe 前进级DＲＤouble Reduｃtｉｏn 两级减速?Ｄr Dooｒ门ＤR.B Dｒum Reguｌaｔｉon Bｒａkｅr鼓式制动器DＲＢ－II Dｉaｇnostｉc Readout Ｂox诊断专用机?ＤRCV D ｉｓtｒiｂｕtoｒReｔard Con ｔrol Valve 分电盘延迟控制阀DRL Ｄａｙtime Rｕnning Lmps 日间运转灯?DroｐDropｐing 电压降，降落,滴油DRS Distributor RetarｄＳoleｎoid 分电盘迟滞电磁阀?DrｖrDriver 驾驶员ＤS Dｉsｔribｕtor Sｐａrk 分电盘点火DS Deｔoｎａtｉon Sｅｎsor 爆震感知器ＤS Diesel Ｓeveｒｅ柴油机用高级润滑油ＤS Data Ｓet数据组DＳDesigｎSpecificaｔｉon 设计参数.设计说明书DS DｒawinｇSuｍmａry 图纸一览表?DS-II Duｒaspark ＩI 电子点火(第二代)DSC Doctor of Sｃiｅncｅ理学博士?DＳCC DigitalＳpark ＣｏnｔrｏlＣｏmｐuter 数字式点火控制计算机?Ｄｓl Dｉesel柴油Ｄsl Diesel 柴油车DSM Desiｇn StandardｓMａｎuaｌ设计标准手册ＤstｎcＤistaｎce 距离ＤＴＤate日期?DＴＤescrepanｃy Tａｇ误差标签DTＤoubling Ｔime 双倍时间?DT DoublｅTｉrｅ双轮胎?DＴC Dｉagnostic TroublｅCo ｄｅ故障码?DTM Decel Tｈrotｔｌe Modulａtｏｒ节流门减速调制器DTM Diaｇnostic TeｓｔMode 诊断测试模式?ＤTMS Diagnｏｓtｉc TesｔMｏde Selecｔor 诊断测试模式选择器?DTP Departｍent ｏf Transport(UＫ）英国运输局?DＴR DutｙType Rat ｉｎg 负载型定额?DTS Deｔaｉｌed Tｅst Specifｉcatｉoｎ详细试验说明书?DTVＳＤistriｂｕｔｏｒTheｒmａl VacuuｍSｗitch 分电盘温控真空开关?DV Decel Valve 减速阀DV Deｌａy Valve 延迟阀ＤV Divｅrter Ｖaｌｖe 分流阀?DＶDevicｅ装置.设备DＶ-TW DeｌaｙVaｌve-Two Ｗaｙ二段式延迟阀?DＶAC Dｉｓtributor Vaｃuum Advanc ｅControl Ｖalｖe分电盘真空提前控制阀DVAS Ｄistributor Ｖａcuum Aｄvance Sｏｌenoiｄ分电盘真空提前电磁阀?DVB Dｅｌay Vacuum Bypass Sysｔem (福特)点火延迟。

词源词根记英语词汇-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1探源法英语词汇记忆法则：词根篇在二百年前，英国著名的作家和政治家切斯特菲尔德伯爵就指出了一条学习词汇的捷径。

他在给自己儿子的一封信中，这样写道：“学习一门语言词汇的最短最佳途径，是掌握它的词根，即那些其他单词借以形成的原生祠。

”可见，对词根的学习，在很早以前就被人重视了，而今这些词根(类似汉语的部首)与前后缀(类似汉语的偏旁)三者共同成为了英语构词的三要素，由它们引申的缀合法，也成为创造英语新词最多的一种方法。

另外，它不仅是组成单词的核心部分，而且是解释单词含义的重要参照物，同时对这些词根的探源也是本书重要讲解的内容之一，所以作为新时代的有志青年，我们应该认真学习词根，了解词根，掌握词根，更应该尽早走出背单词的误区，为早日掌握英语这门语言做好铺垫。

（一）词根的含义及特点1．词根的基本含义：词根(roots)是一个词最根本、最核心且不能加以分析的部分。

词干(stems) 是加后缀之前词根的变形。

例如：modify 修改，-modi- 为词干，-mod- 为词根，-fy 为后缀；denial 否认，-deni- 为词干、-deny- 为词根、-al 为后缀。

有时为了方便学习，我们把词干称为词根的变体。

2．词根主要有以下几个基本特点：（1）英语中某些来自外族语的词根或词干只见于科技词汇；（2）一个词根通常会含有多个含义。

这些含义，大多为原始含义的引申义。

引申方式多种多样，有的扩大，有的缩小，有的扬升，有的贬降，有的甚至为比喻义，但大多数为平行义(类似近义词)；（3）有一些词根可以单独构成单词，即它本身就是一个单词，有时称这种词根为根词。

如：-fact-、-man-、-act-、-work-等；（4）有时表示同一含义且来源不同的外来词根(或词干) 分别用于不同的文体。

如：表示“心”的拉丁语词根(或词干) -cor- (-cordis-)，多用来构成常用词；而来源希腊语词根(或词干) -cardio- (-cardia-)，多用来构成科技词汇；（5）词根大部分是单音节的，只有一小部分是多音节的；（6）词根的含义或词根所决定的字面含义，总在一定程度上表现在单词词义中，且或明或暗地反映出单词的基本意义。

德语疾病与健康词汇1.die Gesundheit, health2.gesund, healthy; eg: Ein gesunder Körper ist wichtig.3.fit, fit; eg: Sie sehen fit aus!4.die Diät, -en; eg: Sie sehen schlanker aus. Machen Sie jetzt eine Diät?5.die Krankheit, -en, illness6.krank, ill7.der Patient, -en, patient8.die Krankenkasse, -n, ill insurance corp9.fehlen, lack; eg: Was fehlt Ihnen?10.der Schmerz, -en, ache; eg: Er hat Bauchschmerzen (tut mir weh).12.erkältet, cold; eg: Ich bin erkältet.13.husten, cough; eg: Er hat Husten.14.das Fieber, favor; eg: Sie hat Fieber.15.verletzt, injured; eg: Er ist verlezt.16.bluten, bleed; eg: Meine Nase blutet17.die Praxis, die Praxen, clinic18.die Sprechstunde, -n, consulting hour19.das Wartezimmer, waiting room; eg: Bitte bleiben Sie einen Moment in Wartezimmer.20.untersuchen, die Untersuchung; eg: Der Arzt untersucht denKörper. / Ich mache eine Untersuchung. / Machen Sie bitte Ihren Körper frei!21.behandeln, die Behandlung, -en, cure22.das Krankenhaus, hospital23.die Besserung, better; eg: Gute Besserung!24.sich erholen, recover; eg: Er erholt sich langsam von der Harzkrankheit.25.die Spritze, injection; eg: Der Arzt gibt dem Patienten eine Spritze.26.die Apotheke, -n, pharmacy27.das Rezept, prescription28.das Medikament, -e, medicine29.die Tablette, -n, tablet; eg: Nehmen Sie die Tabletten täglich dreimal zwei!德语大学专业名称普通大学Universitaet学院Hochschule工学院Technische Hochschule医学院Medizinische Hochschule医学大学Medizinische Universitaet师范大学Paedagogische Universitaet师范学院Paedagogische Hochschule 管理学院Hochschule fuer Wirtschaft 科系种类：建筑Architektur空间设计Innenarchitektur都市计画Staedtebau景观规划Landschaftsgestaltung环工Umwelttechnik家政Haushaltswissenschaft营养Ernaehrungswissenschaft森林Forstwissenschaft食品Lebensmitteltechnologie资讯Informatik化工Chemieingenieurwesen土木Bauwesen电子电机Elektrotechnik机械Mashinenbau航太Luft- und Raumfahrtechnik - 地理Geographie地质Geologie测量Vermessungswesen数学Mathematik化学Chemie物理Physik生物Biologie统计Statistik医学Humanmedizin牙医Zahnmedizin兽医Tiermedizin药学Pharmazie心理Psychologie新闻Journalistik广电Rundfunk- und Fernsehenswissenschaft大传Medienwissenschaft法学Jura政治Politologie公行Verwaltungswissenschaft经济VWL商学BWL（德国国贸、企管、会计、财经、保险……全都在这一个系下面）社会Soziologie社工Sozialarbeit中文Sinologie英文Angelistik法文Franzoesisch俄文Russisch西文Spanisch哲学Philosophie历史Geschichte德语学科词汇 1Abfallentsorgung垃圾清除学Afrikanistik非洲语言文学Agrarbiologie农业生物学Agraroekologie农业生态学Agraroekonomie农业经济学Agrarwissenschaften农业科学Aegyptologie埃及学Albanologie阿尔巴尼亚学Altamerikanistik古代美国语言文学Amerikanistik美国语言文学Angewandte Mathematik应用数学Angewandte Naturwissenschaft应用自然科学Angewandte Systemwissenschaften应用系统科学Anglistik/Englisch英国语言文学Anthropologie人类学Arabistik阿拉伯语言文学Arbeitslehre/-wissenschaft劳动学Archaeologie考古学Architektur建筑学Assyrologie亚述学Astronomie天文学Austronesien Sprachen/Kulturen南岛语言文化Automatisierungstechnik自动技术Balkanologie巴尔干学Baltische Philologie波巴的海语言学Baugeschichte建筑史Bauinformatik建筑信息学Bauingenieurwesen/Bautechnik建筑技术Bergbau采矿Berufspaedagogik职业教育Betriebliche Bildung und Management企业教育管理Betriebswirtschaftslehre international世界企业经济学Betriebswirtschaftslehre 企业经济学Biblithekswissenschaft图书馆学Biochemie生物化学Biologie生物学Biophysik生物物理学Biotechnik/Gesundheit生物工程/健康Biotechnologie生物工艺学Bohemistik艺术Brennstoffingenieurwesen燃料工程学Buch-und Bibliothekskunde图书及图书馆概况Buchwesen图书业Bulgaristik保加利亚学Byzantinistik拜占庭学Chemie化学Chemieingenieurwesen/Verfahrenstechnik化学工程学Chinesische Kunst und Archaeologie中国艺术考古学Chr.Arch./Byzantinische Kunstgeschichte拜占庭艺术史Computerlinguistik电子计算机语言学Computervisualistik电子计算机视觉学Daenisch丹麦语Deutsch als Fremdsprache德语作为外语Didaktik der Gesellschaftswissenschaften社会学教学理论Dolmetschen口译Druch/Graphisches Gewerbe印刷Elektrotechnik电气工程学Elementarerziehung基本教育Energie- und Verfahrenstechnik能源工程学Energiesystemtechnik能源系统工程学Energietechnik能源工程学Ernaehrungswissenschaft营养学Erwachsenenbildung成人教育Ethik伦理学Europaeische Studien欧洲研究Europaeische Wirtschaft欧洲经济Fachuebersetzen专业翻译Fahrzeugtechnik运输工具工程学Fertigungstechnik制造工程学Filmwissenschaft电影学Finno-Ugristik芬兰乌戈尔语言文学Fischereiwirtschaft养鱼经济Forstwissenschaft林业学Frankreichstudien法国研究Franzoesisch法语Friesische Philologie佛里斯兰语言学Gartenbau园林建筑Gebaerdensprache手（势）语Gebaeudetechnik建筑工程学Gemeinschaftskunde团体概况Genetik遗传学Geographie/Erdkunde地理学Geoingenieurwissenschaften地理工程学Geologie/Palaeontologie地质学Geooekologie地理生态学Geophysik地理物理学Geotechnik/Bergbau地理工程学/采矿学Germanistik/Deutsch德国语言文学Gerontologie老年病学Geschichte历史Gestaltungstechnik创造工程学Getraenketechnologie饮料工程学Griechische Philologie希腊语言学Haushalts- und Ernaehrungswissenschaften家计/营养学Hethitologie海地特学Hochbau高层建筑Holztechnik木材工程学Holzwirtschaft木材经济学Humanbiologie人生物学Huettenwesen/Metallkunde冶金Hydrologie水力学Indische Kunstgeschichte印度艺术史Indogermanistik印欧语言文学Indoiranistik印度伊朗语言文学Indologie印度语言文化学Indonesisch印尼语Industrial Design工业设计Informatik电子计算机学Informatik - Ingenieurwesen电子计算机工程学Informationstechnik,elektrische电子信息工程学Informationstechnik/Maschinenwesen信息工程Informationswissenschaften信息学Ingenieurwissenschaften allgemein基本工程学Int. Beziehungen国际关系学Interkulturelle Wissenschaft国际文化学Iranistik伊朗学Islamwissenschaft伊斯兰学Italienlisch意大利语Japanologie日本学Journalistik新闻学Judaistik/Juedische Studien犹太研究Kanadistik加拿大学Kartographie制图学aukasiologie高加索学Keilschriftkunde/Papyrologie楔型文字学/纸莎草纸学Keltologie凯尔特学Keramik-/Glas-/Baustofftechnik制陶/玻璃/建筑材料技术Klassische Philologie传统语言学Kognitionswissenschaft唯意志论Kommunikationsdesign通讯设计Kommunikationstechnologie - Druck通讯技术Kommunikationswissenschaft通讯科学Komparatistik比较文学Konstruktionstechnik设计技术Kooperationsoekonomie合作经济学Koptologie科普特学Koreanistik朝鲜学Kulturgeographie文化地理Kulturpaedagogik文化教育Kulturwissenschaften文化学Kunsterziehung/Kuenstlerisches Werken艺术教育Kunstgeschichte艺术史Landesgeschichte国家概况/历史Landespflege/Landschaftgestaltung自然风景设计Landschaftsoekologie und Naturschutz自然生态学及环境保护Landschaftsplanung风景布局Lateinamerikanistik拉美学Lateinische Philologie拉丁语言学Lebensmittelchemie食品化学Lebensmitteltechnologie食品工程学Linguistische Datenverarbeitung语言信息加工Literaturwissenschaft allgemein/vgl.基本/比较文学Logik逻辑学Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik航空航天技术Malaiologie马来学Markscheidewesen矿山测量工程学Maschinenbau/Maschinentechnik机械制造Materialwissenschaft材料学Mathematische Informatik数学信息学Mathematik数学Medienwissenschaft新闻学//宣传学Medizin医学Medizin- und Pflegepaedagogik医学及护理教育Medizinische Informatik医学信息学Meteorologie气象学Mikrobiologie微生物学Mikrosystemtechnik微系统工程学Mineralogie矿物学Mittellateinische Philologie中美语言学Mongolistik蒙古学Musikerziehung音乐教育Musikwissenschaft音乐学Naturwissenschaftliche Informatik自然科学信息学Neugriechisch新希腊语Niederdeutsche Philologie低地德语学Niederdlaendische Philologie荷兰语学Nordamerikastudien北美研究Orientalische Kunstgeschichte东方艺术史Orientalistik/Altorientalistik东方学Ostasiatische Kunstgeschichte东亚艺术史Ostasienwissenschaften东亚学Osteuropastudien东欧研究Ostslawische Philologie东斯拉维亚语言学Ozeanographie海洋学Paedagogik/Erziehungswissenschaften教育学Pharmazie药物学Philosophie哲学Phonetik und Sprechkunde语音学Physikalische Ingenieurwissenschaften物理工程学Physik物理学德语学科词汇 2Politikwissenschaften政治学Polnisch波兰语Portugiesisch葡萄牙语Produktionstechnik生产工程学Psychologie心理学Publizistik/Zeitungswissenschaften新闻学Raumplanung空间布局Rechtswissenschaft法学Rehabilitationspaedagogik恢复教育学Religionsgeschichte,allgemeine基本宗教史Religionspaedagogik ev.宗教教育（基督教）Religionswissenschaft (Vgl.)宗教比较学Rhetorik修辞学Rohstoff- und Geotechnik原料及地理工程学Romanistik罗马语族语言文学Rumaenisch罗马尼亚语Russisch俄语Schiffbau造船Schiffstechnik造船工程Schulpaedagogik学校教育学Schwedisch瑞典语Semitistik闪米特语言文学Serbistik/Kroatistik塞尔维亚语言文学/克里特语言文学Sicherheitstechnik安全工程学Sinologie汉学Skandinavistik/Nordistik斯堪的纳维亚语言文学Slawistik斯拉夫语言文学Slowakistik斯洛伐克语言文学Softwaretechnik软件工程学Sonderpaedagogik/LA an Sonderschulen残疾人教育Sorbisch索布语言文学Sozialgeschichte社会历史学Sozialpaedagogik社会教育学Sozialwissenschaft/Sozialkunde社会学（概论）Soziologie社会学Soziooekonomie社会经济学Spanisch西班牙语Sportmedizin运动医学Sportoekonomie运动经济学Sportpaedagogik运动教育学Sportwissenschaft/Leibeserziehung运动学Sprachen/Wirtschaft/Kulturraum-Studien语言、经济、文化研究Sprachlehrforschung语言研究Sprachwissenschaft语言学Staats-/Verwaltungswissenschaft国家管理学Statistik统计学Suedostasienwissenschaft东南亚学Suedslawische Philologie南斯拉夫语言学Technische Kybernetik技术控制论Technische Physik技术物理学Technik技术Technikgeschichte技术史Technische Informatik技术信息学Techno- und Wirtschaftsmathematik工艺经济数学Technomathematik工艺数学Textil- und Bekleidungstechnik纺织品/衣物工艺Textilgestaltung/-wissenschaft纺织品设计学Theaterwissenschaften戏剧学Theologie evangelische基督教神学Theologie Katholische天主教神学Tibetologie/Birmanistik西藏学/缅甸学Tiefbau地下工程Tiermedizin兽医学Turkologie土耳其学Ukrainistik乌克兰学Umweltchemie环境化学Umweltingenieurwissenschaft环境工程学Umwelttechnik/-schutz环境工程/环境保护Umweltwissenschaften/Oekologie环境学/生态学Ur-,Vor-,Fruehgeschichte史前史学Verarbeitungs- und Verfahrenstechnik加工工程学Verkehrswesen运输学Verkehrswirtschaft运输经济Vermessungswesen测量学Versorgungstechnik供给工程Verwaltungswissenschaft管理学Voelkerkunde/Ethnologie人种学/民族学Volkskunde民俗学Volksmusik民间音乐Volkswirtschaftslehre国民经济学Vorderas.Altertumswissenschaft/Archaeologie考古学Wasserwirtschaft计划用水Werkstoffwissenschaft/-technik原料科学/原料工程Westslawische Philologie西斯拉夫语言学Wirtschaftsgeographie经济地理学Wirtschaftsgeschichte经济历史学Wirtschaftsinformatik经济信息学Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen经济工程学Wirtschaftsmathematik经济数学Wirtschaftspaedagogik经济教育学Wirtschaftswissenschaft/Oekonomie经济学Wissenschaftsgeschichte科学历史学Wissenschaftslehre科学理论Zahnmedizin牙医学德语医学专业词汇1生物化学（e.Biochemie）：Grundlagenwissenschaft，die mit den Methoden der Chemie die Lebensvorgaenge im Organismus（Atmung，Stoffwechsel，Verdauung，Exkretion，innere und aeussere Sekretion und aendere）untersucht. Atmung呼吸；Stoffwechsel（物质）代谢；e.Verdauung消化；e.Exkretion排泄作用，分泌作用；e.Sekretion分泌；生理学（e.Physiologie）：Wissenschaft von den normalen Lebensvorgaengen im Koerper.解剖学（e.Anatomie）：Wissenschaft von Bau des （menschlichen）Koerpers，seiner Organe（器官）und Gewebe （组织）组织学（e.Histologie）：Lehre von den Geweben des Koerpers. 胚胎学（e.Embryologie）：Lehre von der Entwicklung des Embryos（胎儿，胚胎）von der Befruchtung（受精）bis zur Geburt.生物学（e.Biologie）：Lehre von den Lebensvorgaengen.微生物学（e.Mikrobiologie）：Lehre von den Mikroorganismen （klein Lebenwesen）.免疫学（ e.Immunitaetslehre， e.Immunologie，e.Amynologie）：Lehre von den Erkennungs- und Abwehrmechanismen eines Organismus fuerKoerperfremde und unter Umstaenden auch Koerpereigene Substanzen und Gewebe.e.Erkennung认识，认可，察觉；r.Abwehrmechanismen pl.防御机理；e.Substanz 物质；实质；材料.寄生虫学（e.Parasitologie）：Lehre von den pflanzl. und tierschen Parasiten（寄生虫）;dabei greift d. Lehre von d.Pilzen（Mykologie）und von den Urtierchen （Protozoologie）ueber ins Gebiet der Mikrobiologie.r.pilz蕈，丝状菌，真菌类，霉菌类；e.Mykologie真菌学，霉菌学；s.Urtierchen原生动物；e.Protozoologie原虫学，原生动物学.病理学（e.Pathologie）：Lehre von den Krankheiten und zwar ihren Ursachen（ e.Aetiologie）ihren Koerperl. Veraenderungen（Pathologie，Anatomie）.ihrer Entst.und ihrem Wesen （pathogenese），ihren Klin，Erscheinungen （Symptomatologie und Nosologie）.e.Symptomatologie症状学；e.Nosologie疾病病理分类学；病理生理学（e.Pathophysiologie）：Lehre von den krankhaften （有病的）Lebensvorgaengen und gestoerten Funktionen im menschl. Organismus;die Pathophysiologie beschaeftigt sich vor allem mit molekularbiologie.Untersuchunger innerhalb der Zellen zur Erklaerung pathologie.Abweichungen von Physiologie und Biochemie vorgaengen.药理学（e.Pharmakologie）：Lehre von den Wechselwirkungen （相互作用）zw.Arzneistoffen und Organismus;Unterteilung in Pharmakodynamik（药效学）und Pharmakokinetik（药物动力学）.诊断学（e.Diagnostik，e.Nosognosie）：Untersuchungsgang zur Erkennung von Krankheiten.德语医学专业词汇2核医学（e.Nuklearmedizin）：Eigenstaendiges medizin Fachgebiet，das die Anw. Radioaktiver（放射性的）Nuklide zu diagnose und therapie zwecken umfasst.In der Diagnose unterscheidet man Aktivitaetsmessung（胃内活力测量）inkorporierter（掺入，摄入，并入）Nukleide durch Abtastung （扫描）der Koerperoberflaeche（szintigraphie）undAktivitaetsmessungen an Koerperoberflaeche （szintigraphie）und Aktivitaetsmessungen an Koerperausscheidungen bzw.Gewebsproben.Vergleich die Strahlentherapie（放疗），interstitielle（间质的，间隙的），Radionuklide（放射性核素）.心理学（e.Psychologie）：Wissenschaft vom Erleben und Verhalten des Menschen in bezug auf Personen.Ereignisse und Objekte der Umwelt.Hauptgebiete：（1）empirische P.：mit den Richtungen Entwirklungspsychologie，Sozialpschychologie，medizinische P.，klinische P. u.a.（2）theoretische P.：Koordinaten v. empir. Daten und theoret. Ansaetzen mit der Zielsetzung.Gesetzmaessigkeiten abzuleiten. （3）philosophische P.：Frage nach den wegen des seelischen.Leib-seele-Problematik sowie Verstehen und Deuten phaenomenaler Gegebenheiten（willen usw.）：vergleichen Analytische Psychologie，Individualpsychologie，Psychoanalyse.r.Empirismus经验医学，经验主义；e.Koordinaten pl.坐标；e.Koordination协调，调整，均衡；seelisch adj.精神的，心灵的，灵魂的；r.Leib 腹部、身体、肉体；e.Psychoanalyse精神分析；卫生学（e.Hygiene）：Vorbeugende Massnahmen fuer die Gesunderhaltung（健康状态）der einzelnen Menschen und Voelker ，um Koeperliche Erkrankungen und alle geistigen.Seelischen und sozialen stoerungen fernzuhalten.Das ziel muss sein.Ueber die Abwehr（防御，保护，抗拒，预防）schaedlicher Einfluesse hinaus den Menschen und die menschliche Gesellschaft so wider-standsfaehig wie moeglich gegen die Entstehung Koerperlicher geistiger und seelischer Erkrankungen und gegen die Erschuetterung der sozialen struktur zu machen. 遗传学（e.Genetik）：Lehre von der vererbung.流行病学（e.Epidemiologie）：Lehre von Haeufigkeit und verteilung von Krankheiten.精神病学（e.Psychiatrie）：Lehre von den seelischen Erkrankungen und ihrer Behandlung（治疗，疗法）.神经病学（e.Neurologie）：Lehre von den Nerven und Nervenkrankheiten.Fachgebiet der Medizin，das sich mit Diagnose und Therapie von Erkrankungen des Nervensystems befasst.内科学：e.innere Medizin/e.Irrenheilkunde外科学：e.Chirurgiemedizinischen Fachgebiet mit verschieden unterdisziplinen der operativ Behandlung organischer Leiden.妇产科学：e.Frauenheilkunde妇科学：e.Gynaekologie儿科学：e.Kinderheilkunde e.Paediatrie.Lehre von Diagnose und Therapie von Erkrankungen des Kindesalters.传染病学：e.LoemologieRoentgen：Dabei werden die Funktion der Gewebe bzw. Die Pathologische Veraenderung anhand der Eigenschaft der Roetgenstrahlen bzw. der Verschiedenheit（差异）.der Gewebedichte durch Roentgen sowie Aufnahme（Photo）untersucht.CT：Anhand dieser Besonderheit ，dass es unterschiede bei Durchdringungen（穿透性）der Roentgenstrahlen durch verschiedene Geweben gibt，kann mit Hilfe des Computers das querlaufende Bild gemacht werden.Diese Untersuchung kann sehr genauer Gewebebild zur Verfuegung stellen. Magnetischer Resonanz（磁共振）：Bei magnetischer Resonanz gibt es keine Strahlenbetraechtigung，Wenn dieKombinationen von verschiedenen Parameter （参数）（der Wellenlaenge（波谱）von Atomkern原子核）eingegeben werden，werden unterschiedliche Bilder auf dem Bildschirm auftreten，so dass die sezierte（解剖）. Pathologische（病理）Veraenderungen in drei Ebenen gezeigt werden koennen.Die vorteile liegt darin，dass die stelle exakt/praezis testgelegt und die Abtastungsrichtung beliebig entscheidet（任意）Werden kann.中医：Die chinesische Medizin hat eine Geschichte von mehr als 5000 Jahren.Sie gehoert zum wertvollsten kultureigentuemen chinas.Es ist allebekannt.Sie umfasst，verbeugung.Prognose，Behandlung und gesunde Lebenfuehrung entsteht.德语医学专业词汇3e.Gesundheit健康；fit 精力充沛的；schlank苗条的；zunehmen（体重）增加；dick胖的；e.Diaet特种饮食；abnehmen（体重）减轻；mager瘦的；duenn瘦的；kraeftig，stark强壮的；schwach虚弱的；e.Impfung疫苗接种；e.Krankheit疾病；fehlen缺少；r.Schmerz疼痛；Aids艾滋病；e.Erkaeltung感冒；sich erkaelten，sich verkuehlen着凉；husten咳嗽；niesen打喷嚏；r.Schnupfen感冒；e.Grippe流感；s.Fieber发烧；e.Verletzung损伤；（sich etwas）brechen折断；e.Wunde伤口e.Praxis（医生）诊所；untersuchen检查；s.Roentgenbild X射线照片；e.Behandlung治疗；behandeln治疗；r.Verband绷带；verbinden包扎；e.Spritze注射；r.Krankenwagen救护车；operieren给...动手术；pflegen护理；sich verschlechtern恶化；e.Besserung好转；sich erholen复原；aussehen显得；r.Rollstuhl轮椅；e.Apotheke药店；s.Rezept处方；verschreiben开（处方）；s.Mittel药剂；s.Medikament药；e.Tablette药片；e.Pille药丸；wirken生效；e.Salbe软膏；e.Creme润肤膏；s.Pflaster膏药；德语医学专业词汇4s.Gelenk关节；s.Nerv神经；Nervenfasser神经纤维；Blutgefaess血管；Zwoeffingerdarm十二指肠；Dickdarm大肠；Duenndarm小肠；Nieren肾脏；Blase膀胱；Atemweg气管；Arterie动脉；Venen，e.Blutader静脉；Gehirn脑；Zelle细胞；Embryo胚胎；Fetus胎儿；Abwehrkraft des Koepers机体抵抗力；Bakterien细菌；Virus病毒；Antibiotikum抗菌素；Diagnose诊断；Augenheilkunde眼科；HNO-Heilkunde（Hals-Nase-Ohr Heilkunde）耳鼻喉科；Hautheilkunde皮肤科；Ambulanz门诊；Station病房；e.Entzuendung 炎症；entzuendliche Reaktion炎症反应；Infekt感染；oberer Luftweg Infekt上呼吸道感染；Bronchitis支气管炎；Lungen-Entzuendung肺炎；Allergie过敏；Durchfall腹泻；Bluthochdruck高血压；Behandlung，Therapie治疗；Asthma哮喘；Impfen预防疫苗；Hepatitis肝炎；Millimeter der Quecksilbersaeule毫米汞柱；Gram Faerbung革兰氏染色；e.Ribonnukleinsaeure.RNA；e.Desoxyribonukleinsaeure.DNA；s.Chromosom染色体；s.rotes Blutkoeperchen.RBC；s.Weisses Blutkoeperchen.WBC；r.Pfortaderhochdruck门静脉高压；e.Pfortader门静脉；r.Aderknoten静脉曲张；Blut-Routine-Untersuchung血常规；Harn-Routine-untersuchung尿常规；s.Ulkus，s.Geschwuer溃疡；Magenulkus胃溃疡；s.Zwoelffingerdarmgeschwuer，s.Duodenalulkus十二指肠溃疡；e.Perforation，r.Durchbruch穿孔；Hemmstoff抑制剂；r.Rezeptor受体。

Computer Science Department Conference RankingsSome conferences accept multiple categories of papers. The rankingsbelow are for the most prestigious category of paper at a givenconference. All other categories should be treated as "unranked".AREA: Artificial Intelligence and Related SubjectsRank 1:IJCAI: Intl Joint Conf on AIAAAI: American Association for AI National ConferenceICAA: International Conference on Autonomous Agents（现改名为AAMAS） CVPR: IEEE Conf on Comp Vision and Pattern RecognitionICCV: Intl Conf on Computer VisionICML: Intl Conf on Machine LearningKDD: Knowledge Discovery and Data MiningKR: Intl Conf on Principles of KR & ReasoningNIPS: Neural Information Processing SystemsUAI: Conference on Uncertainty in AIACL: Annual Meeting of the ACL (Association of Computational Linguistics) Rank 2:AID: Intl Conf on AI in DesignAI-ED: World Conference on AI in EducationCAIP: Inttl Conf on Comp. Analysis of Images and PatternsCSSAC: Cognitive Science Society Annual ConferenceECCV: European Conference on Computer VisionEAI: European Conf on AIEML: European Conf on Machine LearningGP: Genetic Programming ConferenceIAAI: Innovative Applications in AIICIP: Intl Conf on Image ProcessingICNN/IJCNN: Intl (Joint) Conference on Neural NetworksICPR: Intl Conf on Pattern RecognitionICDAR: International Conference on Document Analysis and RecognitionICTAI: IEEE conference on Tools with AIAMAI: Artificial Intelligence and MathsDAS: International Workshop on Document Analysis SystemsWACV: IEEE Workshop on Apps of Computer VisionCOLING: International Conference on Computational LiguisticsEMNLP: Empirical Methods in Natural Language ProcessingRank 3:PRICAI: Pacific Rim Intl Conf on AIAAI: Australian National Conf on AIACCV: Asian Conference on Computer VisionAI*IA: Congress of the Italian Assoc for AIANNIE: Artificial Neural Networks in EngineeringANZIIS: Australian/NZ Conf on Intelligent Inf. SystemsCAIA: Conf on AI for ApplicationsCAAI: Canadian Artificial Intelligence ConferenceASADM: Chicago ASA Data Mining Conf: A Hard Look at DMEPIA: Portuguese Conference on Artificial IntelligenceFCKAML: French Conf on Know. Acquisition & Machine LearningICANN: International Conf on Artificial Neural NetworksICCB: International Conference on Case-Based ReasoningICGA: International Conference on Genetic AlgorithmsICONIP: Intl Conf on Neural Information ProcessingIEA/AIE: Intl Conf on Ind. & Eng. Apps of AI & Expert SysICMS: International Conference on Multiagent SystemsICPS: International conference on Planning SystemsIWANN: Intl Work-Conf on Art & Natural Neural NetworksPACES: Pacific Asian Conference on Expert SystemsSCAI: Scandinavian Conference on Artifical IntelligenceSPICIS: Singapore Intl Conf on Intelligent SystemPAKDD: Pacific-Asia Conf on Know. Discovery & Data MiningSMC: IEEE Intl Conf on Systems, Man and CyberneticsPAKDDM: Practical App of Knowledge Discovery & Data MiningWCNN: The World Congress on Neural NetworksWCES: World Congress on Expert SystemsINBS: IEEE Intl Symp on Intell. in Neural \& Bio SystemsASC: Intl Conf on AI and Soft ComputingPACLIC: Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation ICCC: International Conference on Chinese ComputingOthers:ICRA: IEEE Intl Conf on Robotics and AutomationNNSP: Neural Networks for Signal ProcessingICASSP: IEEE Intl Conf on Acoustics, Speech and SPGCCCE: Global Chinese Conference on Computers in EducationICAI: Intl Conf on Artificial IntelligenceAEN: IASTED Intl Conf on AI, Exp Sys & Neural NetworksWMSCI: World Multiconfs on Sys, Cybernetics & InformaticsAREA: Hardware and ArchitectureRank 1:ASPLOS: Architectural Support for Prog Lang and OSISCA: ACM/IEEE Symp on Computer ArchitectureICCAD: Intl Conf on Computer-Aided DesignDAC: Design Automation ConfMICRO: Intl Symp on MicroarchitectureHPCA: IEEE Symp on High-Perf Comp ArchitectureRank 2:FCCM: IEEE Symposium on Field Programmable Custom Computing Machines SUPER: ACM/IEEE Supercomputing ConferenceICS: Intl Conf on SupercomputingISSCC: IEEE Intl Solid-State Circuits ConfHCS: Hot Chips SympVLSI: IEEE Symp VLSI CircuitsISSS: International Symposium on System SynthesisDATE: IEEE/ACM Design, Automation & Test in Europe ConferenceRank 3:ICA3PP: Algs and Archs for Parall ProcEuroMICRO: New Frontiers of Information TechnologyACS: Australian Supercomputing ConfUnranked:Advanced Research in VLSIInternational Symposium on System SynthesisInternational Symposium on Computer DesignInternational Symposium on Circuits and SystemsAsia Pacific Design Automation ConferenceInternational Symposium on Physical DesignInternational Conference on VLSI DesignAREA: ApplicationsRank 1:I3DG: ACM-SIGRAPH Interactive 3D GraphicsSIGGRAPH: ACM SIGGRAPH ConferenceACM-MM: ACM Multimedia ConferenceDCC: Data Compression ConfSIGMETRICS: ACM Conf on Meas. & Modelling of Comp SysSIGIR: ACM SIGIR Conf on Information RetrievalPECCS: IFIP Intl Conf on Perf Eval of Comp \& Comm SysWWW: World-Wide Web ConferenceRank 2:EUROGRAPH: European Graphics ConferenceCGI: Computer Graphics InternationalCANIM: Computer AnimationPG: Pacific GraphicsIEEE-MM: IEEE Intl Conf on Multimedia Computing and SysNOSSDAV: Network and OS Support for Digital A/VPADS: ACM/IEEE/SCS Workshop on Parallel \& Dist Simulation WSC: Winter Simulation ConferenceASS: IEEE Annual Simulation SymposiumMASCOTS: Symp Model Analysis \& Sim of Comp \& Telecom Sys PT: Perf Tools - Intl Conf on Model Tech \& Tools for CPENetStore - Network Storage SymposiumRank 3:ACM-HPC: ACM Hypertext ConfMMM: Multimedia ModellingDSS: Distributed Simulation SymposiumSCSC: Summer Computer Simulation ConferenceWCSS: World Congress on Systems SimulationESS: European Simulation SymposiumESM: European Simulation MulticonferenceHPCN: High-Performance Computing and NetworkingGeometry Modeling and ProcessingWISEDS-RT: Distributed Simulation and Real-time ApplicationsIEEE Intl Wshop on Dist Int Simul and Real-Time ApplicationsUn-ranked:DVAT: IS\&T/SPIE Conf on Dig Video Compression Alg \& Tech MME: IEEE Intl Conf. on Multimedia in EducationICMSO: Intl Conf on Modelling, Simulation and OptimisationICMS: IASTED Intl Conf on Modelling and SimulationAREA: System TechnologyRank 1:SIGCOMM: ACM Conf on Comm Architectures, Protocols & Apps INFOCOM: Annual Joint Conf IEEE Comp & Comm SocSPAA: Symp on Parallel Algms and ArchitecturePODC: ACM Symp on Principles of Distributed ComputingPPoPP: Principles and Practice of Parallel ProgrammingMassPar: Symp on Frontiers of Massively Parallel ProcRTSS: Real Time Systems SympSOSP: ACM SIGOPS Symp on OS PrinciplesSOSDI: Usenix Symp on OS Design and ImplementationCCS: ACM Conf on Comp and Communications SecurityIEEE Symposium on Security and PrivacyMOBICOM: ACM Intl Conf on Mobile Computing and Networking USENIX Conf on Internet Tech and SysICNP: Intl Conf on Network ProtocolsOPENARCH: IEEE Conf on Open Arch and Network ProgPACT: Intl Conf on Parallel Arch and Compil TechRank 2:CC: Compiler ConstructionIPDPS: Intl Parallel and Dist Processing SympIC3N: Intl Conf on Comp Comm and NetworksICPP: Intl Conf on Parallel ProcessingICDCS: IEEE Intl Conf on Distributed Comp SystemsSRDS: Symp on Reliable Distributed SystemsMPPOI: Massively Par Proc Using Opt InterconnsASAP: Intl Conf on Apps for Specific Array ProcessorsEuro-Par: European Conf. on Parallel ComputingFast Software EncryptionUsenix Security SymposiumEuropean Symposium on Research in Computer SecurityWCW: Web Caching WorkshopLCN: IEEE Annual Conference on Local Computer NetworksIPCCC: IEEE Intl Phoenix Conf on Comp & CommunicationsCCC: Cluster Computing ConferenceICC: Intl Conf on CommRank 3:MPCS: Intl. Conf. on Massively Parallel Computing SystemsGLOBECOM: Global CommICCC: Intl Conf on Comp CommunicationNOMS: IEEE Network Operations and Management SympCONPAR: Intl Conf on Vector and Parallel ProcessingVAPP: Vector and Parallel ProcessingICPADS: Intl Conf. on Parallel and Distributed SystemsPublic Key CryptosystemsIEEE Computer Security Foundations WorkshopAnnual Workshop on Selected Areas in CryptographyAustralasia Conference on Information Security and PrivacyInt. Conf on Inofrm and Comm. SecurityFinancial CryptographyWorkshop on Information HidingSmart Card Research and Advanced Application ConferenceICON: Intl Conf on NetworksIMSA: Intl Conf on Internet and MMedia SysNCC: Nat Conf CommIN: IEEE Intell Network WorkshopICME: Intl Conf on MMedia & ExpoSoftcomm: Conf on Software in Tcomms and Comp NetworksINET: Internet Society ConfWorkshop on Security and Privacy in E-commerceUn-ranked:PARCO: Parallel ComputingSE: Intl Conf on Systems EngineeringAREA: Programming Languages and Software EngineeringRank 1:POPL: ACM-SIGACT Symp on Principles of Prog LangsPLDI: ACM-SIGPLAN Symp on Prog Lang Design & ImplOOPSLA: OO Prog Systems, Langs and ApplicationsICFP: Intl Conf on Function ProgrammingJICSLP/ICLP/ILPS: (Joint) Intl Conf/Symp on Logic ProgICSE: Intl Conf on Software EngineeringFSE: ACM Conference on the Foundations of Software Engineering (inc: ESEC-FSE when held jointly)FM/FME: Formal Methods, World Congress/EuropeCAV: Computer Aided VerificationRank 2:CP: Intl Conf on Principles & Practice of Constraint ProgTACAS: Tools and Algos for the Const and An of SystemsESOP: European Conf on ProgrammingICCL: IEEE Intl Conf on Computer LanguagesPEPM: Symp on Partial Evalutation and Prog ManipulationSAS: Static Analysis SymposiumRTA: Rewriting Techniques and ApplicationsESEC: European Software Engineering ConfIWSSD: Intl Workshop on S/W Spec & DesignCAiSE: Intl Conf on Advanced Info System EngineeringITC: IEEE Intl Test ConfIWCASE: Intl Workshop on Cumpter-Aided Software EngSSR: ACM SIGSOFT Working Conf on Software ReusabilitySEKE: Intl Conf on S/E and Knowledge EngineeringICSR: IEEE Intl Conf on Software ReuseASE: Automated Software Engineering ConferencePADL: Practical Aspects of Declarative LanguagesISRE: Requirements EngineeringICECCS: IEEE Intl Conf on Eng. of Complex Computer SystemsIEEE Intl Conf on Formal Engineering MethodsIntl Conf on Integrated Formal MethodsFOSSACS: Foundations of Software Science and Comp StructRank 3:FASE: Fund Appr to Soft EngAPSEC: Asia-Pacific S/E ConfPAP/PACT: Practical Aspects of PROLOG/Constraint TechALP: Intl Conf on Algebraic and Logic ProgrammingPLILP: Prog, Lang Implentation & Logic ProgrammingLOPSTR: Intl Workshop on Logic Prog Synthesis & TransfICCC: Intl Conf on Compiler ConstructionCOMPSAC: Intl. Computer S/W and Applications ConfCSM: Conf on Software MaintenanceTAPSOFT: Intl Joint Conf on Theory & Pract of S/W DevWCRE: SIGSOFT Working Conf on Reverse EngineeringAQSDT: Symp on Assessment of Quality S/W Dev ToolsIFIP Intl Conf on Open Distributed ProcessingIntl Conf of Z UsersIFIP Joint Int'l Conference on Formal Description Techniques and Protocol Specification, Testing, And VerificationPSI (Ershov conference)UML: International Conference on the Unified Modeling LanguageUn-ranked:Australian Software Engineering ConferenceIEEE Int. W'shop on Object-oriented Real-time Dependable Sys. (WORDS)IEEE International Symposium on High Assurance Systems EngineeringThe Northern Formal Methods WorkshopsFormal Methods PacificInt. Workshop on Formal Methods for Industrial Critical SystemsJFPLC - International French Speaking Conference on Logic and Constraint ProgrammingL&L - Workshop on Logic and LearningSFP - Scottish Functional Programming WorkshopHASKELL - Haskell WorkshopLCCS - International Workshop on Logic and Complexity in Computer ScienceVLFM - Visual Languages and Formal MethodsNASA LaRC Formal Methods Workshop(1) FATES - A Satellite workshop on Formal Approaches to Testing of Software(1) Workshop On Java For High-Performance Computing(1) DSLSE - Domain-Specific Languages for Software Engineering(1) FTJP - Workshop on Formal Techniques for Java Programs(*) WFLP - International Workshop on Functional and (Constraint) Logic Programming(*) FOOL - International Workshop on Foundations of Object-Oriented Languages(*) SREIS - Symposium on Requirements Engineering for Information Security(*) HLPP - International workshop on High-level parallel programming and applications(*) INAP - International Conference on Applications of Prolog(*) MPOOL - Workshop on Multiparadigm Programming with OO Languages(*) PADO - Symposium on Programs as Data Objects(*) TOOLS: Int'l Conf Technology of Object-Oriented Languages and Systems(*) Australasian Conference on Parallel And Real-Time SystemsAREA: Algorithms and TheoryRank 1:STOC: ACM Symp on Theory of ComputingFOCS: IEEE Symp on Foundations of Computer ScienceCOLT: Computational Learning TheoryLICS: IEEE Symp on Logic in Computer ScienceSCG: ACM Symp on Computational GeometrySODA: ACM/SIAM Symp on Discrete AlgorithmsSPAA: ACM Symp on Parallel Algorithms and ArchitecturesPODC: ACM Symp on Principles of Distributed ComputingISSAC: Intl. Symp on Symbolic and Algebraic ComputationCRYPTO: Advances in CryptologyEUROCRYPT: European Conf on CryptographyRank 2:CONCUR: International Conference on Concurrency TheoryICALP: Intl Colloquium on Automata, Languages and ProgSTACS: Symp on Theoretical Aspects of Computer ScienceCC: IEEE Symp on Computational ComplexityWADS: Workshop on Algorithms and Data StructuresMFCS: Mathematical Foundations of Computer ScienceSWAT: Scandinavian Workshop on Algorithm TheoryESA: European Symp on AlgorithmsIPCO: MPS Conf on integer programming & comb optimization LFCS: Logical Foundations of Computer ScienceALT: Algorithmic Learning TheoryEUROCOLT: European Conf on Learning TheoryWDAG: Workshop on Distributed AlgorithmsISTCS: Israel Symp on Theory of Computing and SystemsISAAC: Intl Symp on Algorithms and ComputationFST&TCS: Foundations of S/W Tech & Theoretical CSLATIN: Intl Symp on Latin American Theoretical InformaticsRECOMB: Annual Intl Conf on Comp Molecular BiologyCADE: Conf on Automated DeductionIEEEIT: IEEE Symposium on Information TheoryAsiacryptRank 3:MEGA: Methods Effectives en Geometrie AlgebriqueASIAN: Asian Computing Science ConfCCCG: Canadian Conf on Computational GeometryFCT: Fundamentals of Computation TheoryWG: Workshop on Graph TheoryCIAC: Italian Conf on Algorithms and ComplexityICCI: Advances in Computing and InformationAWTI: Argentine Workshop on Theoretical InformaticsCATS: The Australian Theory SympCOCOON: Annual Intl Computing and Combinatorics ConfUMC: Unconventional Models of ComputationMCU: Universal Machines and ComputationsGD: Graph DrawingSIROCCO: Structural Info & Communication ComplexityALEX: Algorithms and ExperimentsALG: ENGG Workshop on Algorithm EngineeringLPMA: Intl Workshop on Logic Programming and Multi-Agents EWLR: European Workshop on Learning RobotsCITB: Complexity & info-theoretic approaches to biologyFTP: Intl Workshop on First-Order Theorem Proving (FTP)CSL: Annual Conf on Computer Science Logic (CSL)AAAAECC: Conf On Applied Algebra, Algebraic Algms & ECC DMTCS: Intl Conf on Disc Math and TCSUn-ranked:Information Theory WorkshopAREA: Data BasesRank 1:SIGMOD: ACM SIGMOD Conf on Management of DataPODS: ACM SIGMOD Conf on Principles of DB SystemsVLDB: Very Large Data BasesICDE: Intl Conf on Data EngineeringICDT: Intl Conf on Database TheoryRank 2:SSD: Intl Symp on Large Spatial DatabasesDEXA: Database and Expert System ApplicationsFODO: Intl Conf on Foundation on Data OrganizationEDBT: Extending DB TechnologyDOOD: Deductive and Object-Oriented DatabasesDASFAA: Database Systems for Advanced ApplicationsCIKM: Intl. Conf on Information and Knowledge ManagementSSDBM: Intl Conf on Scientific and Statistical DB MgmtCoopIS - Conference on Cooperative Information SystemsER - Intl Conf on Conceptual Modeling (ER)Rank 3:COMAD: Intl Conf on Management of DataBNCOD: British National Conference on DatabasesADC: Australasian Database ConferenceADBIS: Symposium on Advances in DB and Information SystemsDaWaK - Data Warehousing and Knowledge DiscoveryRIDE WorkshopIFIP-DS: IFIP-DS ConferenceIFIP-DBSEC - IFIP Workshop on Database SecurityNGDB: Intl Symp on Next Generation DB Systems and AppsADTI: Intl Symp on Advanced DB Technologies and IntegrationFEWFDB: Far East Workshop on Future DB SystemsMDM - Int. Conf. on Mobile Data Access/Management (MDA/MDM)ICDM - IEEE International Conference on Data MiningVDB - Visual Database SystemsIDEAS - International Database Engineering and Application SymposiumOthers:ARTDB - Active and Real-Time Database SystemsCODAS: Intl Symp on Cooperative DB Systems for Adv AppsDBPL - Workshop on Database Programming LanguagesEFIS/EFDBS - Engineering Federated Information (Database) SystemsKRDB - Knowledge Representation Meets DatabasesNDB - National Database Conference (China)NLDB - Applications of Natural Language to Data BasesKDDMBD - Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining in Biological Databases Meeting FQAS - Flexible Query-Answering SystemsIDC(W) - International Database Conference (HK CS)RTDB - Workshop on Real-Time DatabasesSBBD: Brazilian Symposium on DatabasesWebDB - International Workshop on the Web and DatabasesWAIM: Interational Conference on Web Age Information Management(1) DASWIS - Data Semantics in Web Information Systems(1) DMDW - Design and Management of Data Warehouses(1) DOLAP - International Workshop on Data Warehousing and OLAP(1) DMKD - Workshop on Research Issues in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1) KDEX - Knowledge and Data Engineering Exchange Workshop(1) NRDM - Workshop on Network-Related Data Management(1) MobiDE - Workshop on Data Engineering for Wireless and Mobile Access(1) MDDS - Mobility in Databases and Distributed Systems(1) MEWS - Mining for Enhanced Web Search(1) TAKMA - Theory and Applications of Knowledge MAnagement(1) WIDM: International Workshop on Web Information and Data Management(1) W2GIS - International Workshop on Web and Wireless Geographical Information Systems * CDB - Constraint Databases and Applications* DTVE - Workshop on Database Technology for Virtual Enterprises* IWDOM - International Workshop on Distributed Object Management* IW-MMDBMS - Int. Workshop on Multi-Media Data Base Management Systems* OODBS - Workshop on Object-Oriented Database Systems* PDIS: Parallel and Distributed Information SystemsAREA: MiscellaneousRank 1:Rank 2:AMIA: American Medical Informatics Annual Fall SymposiumDNA: Meeting on DNA Based ComputersRank 3:MEDINFO: World Congress on Medical InformaticsInternational Conference on Sequences and their ApplicationsECAIM: European Conf on AI in MedicineAPAMI: Asia Pacific Assoc for Medical Informatics ConfSAC: ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied ComputingICSC: Internal Computer Science ConferenceISCIS: Intl Symp on Computer and Information SciencesICSC2: International Computer Symposium ConferenceICCE: Intl Conf on Comps in EduEd-MediaWCC: World Computing CongressPATAT: Practice and Theory of Automated TimetablingNot Encouraged (due to dubious referee process):International Multiconferences in Computer Science -- 14 joint int'l confs.SCI: World Multi confs on systemics, sybernetics and informaticsSSGRR: International conf on Advances in Infrastructure for e-B, e-Edu and e-Science and e-MedicineIASTED conferences以下是期刊：IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS期刊系列一般都被公认为领域顶级期刊，所以以下列表在关于IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS的分类不一定太准确。

V2406C Series7th Gen Intel®Core™CPU railway computers with2Mini PCIe expansion slots for wireless modules,2hot-swappable HDD/SSD slots,power isolationFeatures and Benefits•Intel®Celeron®/Intel®Core™i3/i5/i7high performance network videorecorder for rolling stock applications•DDR4memory slot;up to32GB capacity•Supports dual independent displays(VGA and HDMI with4K resolution)•2Gigabit Ethernet ports with M12X-coded connectors•M12A-coded power connector•Complies with all EN50155mandatory test items1•Compliant with EN50121-4•IEC61373certified for shock and vibration resistance•-40to70°C wide-temperature models availableCertificationsIntroductionThe V2406C Series embedded computers are built around an Intel®Core™i7/i5/i3or Intel®Celeron®high-performance processor and come with up to32GB RAM,one mSATA slot,and two hot-swappable HDD/SSD for storage expansion.The computers are compliant with EN50155:2017 and EN50121-4standards covering operating temperature,power input voltage,surge,ESD,and vibration,making them suitable for railway onboard and wayside applications.For connecting with onboard and wayside systems and devices,V2406C computers are equipped with a rich set of interfaces including2Gigabit Ethernet ports,4RS-232/422/485serial ports,6DIs,2DOs,and4USB3.0ports.In addition,the V2406C computers provide1VGA video output and1HDMI output with4K resolution support.For reliable connectivity in train-to-ground(T2G)applications,the computers are provided with2mPCIe wireless expansion slots and4SIM-card slots.These help establish redundant LTE/Wi-Fi connectivity,ensuring solid bidirectional communications between a fast-moving train and the wayside applications.In addition,the preinstalled QMA cable for wireless modules can help reduce assembly efforts and ensure low RF leakage.1.This product is suitable for rolling stock railway applications,as defined by the EN50155standard.For a more detailed statement,click here:/doc/specs/EN_50155_Compliance.pdfAppearanceFront ViewRear ViewSpecificationsComputerCPU V2406C-KL1-T:Intel®Celeron®3965U processor(2M Cache,2.2GHz)V2406C-KL3-T:Intel®Core™i3-7100U processor(3M Cache,2.4GHz)V2406C-KL5-T:Intel®Core™i5-7300U processor(3M Cache,2.6GHz)V2406C-KL7-T:Intel®Core™i7-7600U processor(4M Cache,2.8GHz) Storage Slot 2.5-inch HDD/SSD slots x2mSATA slots x1,internal mini-PCIe socketSupported OS Linux Debian9Windows10Embedded IoT Ent2019LTSC64-bit System Memory Slot SODIMM DDR4slot x2DRAM32GB maxGraphics Controller Intel®HD Graphics620Computer InterfaceEthernet Ports Auto-sensing10/100/1000Mbps ports(M12X-coded)x2 Digital Output DOs x2Serial Ports RS-232/422/485ports x4,software selectable(DB9male) Digital Input DIs x6USB3.0USB3.0hosts x4,type-A connectorsAudio Input/Output Line in x1,Line out x1,3.5mm phone jackVideo Output VGA x1,15-pin D-sub connector(female)HDMI x1,HDMI connector(type A)Digital InputsConnector Screw-fastened Euroblock terminalI/O Mode DIIsolation3k VDCSensor Type Wet contact(NPN or PNP)Dry contactDry Contact Logic0:Short to GNDLogic1:OpenWet Contact(DI to COM)Logic0:0to3VDCLogic1:10to30VDCDigital OutputsConnector Screw-fastened Euroblock terminal10-pin terminal blockCurrent Rating200mA per channelI/O Type SinkVoltage0to30VDCIsolation3k VDCLED IndicatorsSystem Power x1Storage x1LAN2per port(10/100/1000Mbps)Serial2per port(Tx,Rx)Serial InterfaceBaudrate50bps to115.2kbpsData Bits5,6,7,8Flow Control RTS/CTS,XON/XOFF,ADDC®(automatic data direction control)for RS-485,RTSToggle(RS-232only)Parity None,Even,Odd,Space,MarkStop Bits1,1.5,2Serial SignalsRS-232TxD,RxD,RTS,CTS,DTR,DSR,DCD,GNDRS-422Tx+,Tx-,Rx+,Rx-,GNDRS-485-2w Data+,Data-,GNDRS-485-4w Tx+,Tx-,Rx+,Rx-,GNDPower ParametersInput Voltage24to110VDCPower Connector M12A-coded male connectorPower Consumption(Max.)70W(max.)Physical CharacteristicsHousing AluminumIP Rating IP20Dimensions(without ears)250x75x150mm(9.84x2.95x5.91in)Weight2,700g(5.95lb)Installation Wall mounting(standard)Protection PCB conformal coatingV2406C PCB conformal coating:Available on requestEnvironmental LimitsOperating Temperature-40to70°C(-40to158°F)Storage Temperature(package included)-40to85°C(-40to185°F)Ambient Relative Humidity5to95%(non-condensing)Standards and CertificationsEMI CISPR32,FCC Part15B Class AEMS IEC61000-4-2ESD:Contact:6kV;Air:8kVIEC61000-4-3RS:80MHz to1GHz:20V/mIEC61000-4-4EFT:Power:2kV;Signal:2kVIEC61000-4-5Surge:Power:2kVIEC61000-4-6CS:10VIEC61000-4-8PFMFRailway Fire Protection EN45545-2EMC EN55032/35Safety EN62368-1IEC62368-1UL62368-1Railway EN50121-4EN50121-3-2EN50155:2017Shock IEC60068-2-27,IEC61373 Vibration IEC60068-2-64,IEC61373 DeclarationGreen Product RoHS,CRoHS,WEEEMTBFTime376,538hrsStandards Telcordia(Bellcore),GB WarrantyWarranty Period3yearsDetails See /warranty Package ContentsDevice1x V2406C Series computer Installation Kit2x SSD/HDD trays1x clamp for HDMI cable1x wall-mounting kit Documentation1x quick installation guide1x warranty cardDimensionsOrdering InformationModel NameCPUMemory OS Storage (mSATA)SSD/HDD (Hot Swap)USBPower InputOperating Temp.Conformal CoatingV2406C-KL1-TCeleron 3965U 2,DDR4,2133MHz (optional);32GB max.1(optional);512GB max.2(optional);1TB max.4x USB 3.0(type A)24to 110VDC (M12A-coded)-40to 70°C –V2406C-KL3-T i3-7100U2,DDR4,2133MHz (optional);32GB max.1(optional);512GB max.2(optional);1TB max.4x USB 3.0(type A)24to 110VDC (M12A-coded)-40to 70°C –V2406C-KL5-T i5-7300U2,DDR4,2133MHz (optional);32GB max.1(optional);512GB max.2(optional);1TB max.4x USB 3.0(type A)24to 110VDC (M12A-coded)-40to 70°C –V2406C-KL7-T i7-7600U2,DDR4,2133MHz (optional);32GB max.1(optional);512GB max.2(optional);1TB max.4x USB 3.0(type A)24to 110VDC (M12A-coded)-40to 70°C –V2406C-KL1-T-CTCeleron 3965U 2,DDR4,2133MHz (optional);32GB max.1(optional);512GB max.2(optional);1TB max.4x USB 3.0(type A)24to 110VDC (M12A-coded)-40to 70°C ✓V2406C-KL7-T-CT i7-7600U2,DDR4,2133MHz (optional);32GB max.1(optional);512GB max.2(optional);1TB max.4x USB 3.0(type A)24to 110VDC (M12A-coded)-40to 70°C ✓Accessories (sold separately)Power CordsPWC-C7AU-2B-183Power cord with Australian (AU)plug,2.5A/250V,1.83mPWC-C7CN-2B-183Power cord with three-prong China(CN)plug,2.5A/250V,1.83mPWC-C7EU-2B-183Power cord with Continental Europe(EU)plug,2.5A/250V,1.83mPWC-C7UK-2B-183Power cord with United Kingdom(UK)plug,2.5A/250V,1.83mPWC-C7US-2B-183Power cord with United States(US)plug,10A/125V,1.83mBattery KitsRTC Battery Kit Lithium battery with built-in connectorCablesCBL-M12(FF5P)/OPEN-100IP67A-coded M12-to-5-pin power cable,IP67-rated5-pin female M12connector,1mPower AdaptersPWR-24270-DT-S1Power adapter,input voltage90to264VAC,output voltage24V with2.5A DC loadWi-Fi Wireless ModulesV2400-WLAN22-AC SparkLAN WPEQ-261ACNI(BT)Wi-Fi mini card,4black screwsV2400-LTECat4-NA Sierra WP7610LTE Cat.4mini card with2black screws for North AmericaV2400-LTECat4-EMEA Sierra WP7607LTE Cat.4mini card with2black screws for the EMEA regionV2406C TPM2.0Module SLB9665XT2.0TPM2.0moduleV2400Cover-DB9Dual DB9expansion cover,4male hex standoff spacer pillars©Moxa Inc.All rights reserved.Updated Jan18,2021.This document and any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of Moxa Inc.Product specifications subject to change without notice.Visit our website for the most up-to-date product information.。

2017年3月公共英语三级（PetS3笔试真题）试题及答案解析全国英语等级考试第三级PUBLIC ENGLlSH TEST SYSTEM (PETS)LEVEL3笔试部分答题时间：120分钟2017年3月笙试真卷第1页（共12页）SECTION I LiStening(25 minutes)DireCtiOn s ：This Stctiim designed Ui test yvur tιbilit ∖ to UniierStanll XPnken EngaSK Yt)U hear U Iertinn Crf recorded material and ∖ou muxl answer the (JUeKtionS that tu comρany them. There are two PUrlS in IhiX -WCftrw, Part A and Ptirr β.RemCmi>rr t Vihite ∖ou are doin^ thi , text , YfM ShtHiId TirJfr pul CtOWn your anxwers in your rett bi)∏kicL Ar Ihe ^rki Uf Ihe Iineninfj S^t tion . VWiJ WItl have .芋 mιnuws tn transfer nil ynur aπneers from your text booklet to yrtur A^SWEH SHEET-If you have a∏v CiLIeSti T VOM w ⅛n raise your hand now as vow WilI not be allftwetl io SPeak OHCe Ihe teit ħa^ Startt>d,MW IfWk at ParT Λ in yvur rest booklet.Part Λ Directions ：y ⅛>" Will hear 10 XhorT dialogueι. FdF UiCh Jiahgue . there is one <ιufΛ∣ion UfliI fσur possible Unmer l T- ChOOSe the correct answer~~A, B* CorD i Ond mark it in your ∕F ,ΓJ ⅛W ⅛⅛∕. YoU WilIhave /5 *(t mrw ⅛ to ana^er Ihe queslion and you WUi hear each dιalagut Only OnCe r2017年3月笔试真卷第2页（共12页）1 - Where are the SPCakCrSy[A ] At a PjIny . [C j Ar a restaurant,2. What do v ∙c Ieam aboul IhC mun"A j HC Wan(S to TCnt an apartment. C He has found a job in [jondσ∏. 3. WhaI iκ The man going tυ do?A GO out WiIh Nick.B _ EaI out With Lind a,C Meet WiIh a client, D] DjsCU ⅛s WUrk Wlth Miln. 4 Whal arc the speakers LaIking abouι7i A ] HoW to Inanage people. !Bj Their dcpuιtmcnta∣ work. C Hww to avoid ^enIng fired D J TJieir ιncυmpctcm manager.U At Λ Cinema lO' At A bus 5Ution.[R] He PunS to leave his company.5, Wkal do we ICrarn about Mar),^ A ShC i ⅞ not interested in ShaPPl ng, [C J ShC i!> IeM) bus 、IQ g□ ShoPPillg . 6, W rilat is (he man?L Λ j He ι⅛ a judge. ∣" C Ile i$ a teacher.7, Why dw ⅛ Ihe wotiun eat OUt at noon?A Tn keep fit. [B To SaVe UlTI ¢. LC TC SaVe money.D To make frien<ls.R W ħi∣[ do We Iearn ak>ut DaVid j/Λl He IOSl ħis jub IaHt Wetik L [B ■ He IN working With Man-F [C' HC hu ⅛ been ill for a year. [Dj He earns lcs ⅛ than before.9. What docs Ihe Wrlman Ihlnk Of LhC ICJlIS ,,A j They are t<w Ion 'B] They read Pinlfl y. (b] They SUil beginners D^∣ ThCy UIe inier*StiIIg. IO 1 What do WC IlCam about IhC πιan r .[A] ik Priffer> facrba ⅛cd reports. [B I He SPendS A IcK Of time online.[C{ HC CnjUJS exciting IhingS in life. [D ' He PLLtS much blame OlL IeChnology,Part BDirections ；You Aill hear four dialogues Or rnon<?IDfiIies. Sefore IiStening tn “th One r you Wilt hav^ 5 SCCondS to read racfι (If the qiifxiima Which OfrpfflfWrV it. While IiSIentnff I answer each i/ursrion by choosing A T H . C Or D. AfieT , Xf)W Witi have 10 S^COFtda H) Ch^lk your OnJn ⅛,rr It)PtiChguestion. YOU Wiil hear the recording <wj ⅛ once.QHfitkJttS H - ∕J are based Wr the following Inter ∖ ten Rith a TV h<>st-11. WhrrC Uid Ihe WOman Iake her fιr ⅛t job αf ⅛r college?[A] In a Iilm siu<lio. [ BJ Ln a UIenT agency. [Cl In a PUbb 血ing firm.[ D] In a televisionn.2017年3月笔试真卷 第3页（共12页）B Slte i ⅞ not free for housew ⅛xk. L>] She is intcrtsLed m OfIkV WUrk-B HC is a lawyer, D] Heifta researcher.12WIIy did die ⅛υma∏ $ ITHnhCr PUt her in UCling classes?A To Vnrkh ber afier-s^h∞J Iife- [B To de⅛e∣op her IaJent in acting.C' Tυ make her kπuw more pc⅞jp]e. [ D ^ To help her gel OVCr her ShynCM13WhaI K ⅛e VUnnian" S t'avoτi⅛ sport?：A] TabIC TCnIIiS lSWlmming[C] BjlSeball.[D SIuting1QUeSlionS 14-17 are baaeιl t»i Ihr∕⅛Ww⅛ rπ⅛(UalftgUe l14.What do IVe know about the woman?[A ^ She dislikes U ChUlkIlgini job.B ' Shr is HrtlJ Of her PreSent job[C She WorkS in 1 big company.I D Sile is eager tα get a Pay rise.15.Whal dues Ihe Woman Want Ihe man to ιiu?I A ^ GiVe her ⅛oιrr nd vice.[B[ GjVe her an interview.[C ^ HelP her Write a resume.[D: HelP her find a good job.16.WhaI is ChC gcκ>d Start for an interview according to the nιy∏?L A' Bei∩g COnn(Ie∏L.[ BJ Being well-prepared.[C[ ShoWillg proper manners. [ D] Doing a good Klf-intrυduction.17.What slιυuJd the WUttLiuI avoid 4⅛ccυrdιng to Ihe man?^ A^ USing the interviewer*s WordSB AnUCiPalLlIg PUbblbl IC questions.C TaIking too much about herself.[DJ MenWriZlng answers beforehandQuestions J8 -21 are bastCi On IhC fbllawinχ diaSguf ObOUt a ViSU W Aihnns, fhe I aPiIUl Vf Greece. Itt- WhV docs the wσπuπ ask the Fnan for advice?[A ] He has H business in Athens.[R ^ T!c SPeTlt a night in Athens.Γ C ^ He is familiar Wilh AthenS-[D_ Hc u⅛cd to、hkJy in Athens.I⅛. Whar does ihe man advi⅝c IhC WOJnaTI Io d∩?[A] Take Part in α bu⅛ IOUr r2(H7年3月笔试真卷第4页(共12页) H::H ; }「: : HH: t HπQ : :门: J HΠH: ;HQ「「「■■■[B' SCC much a⅝ Prn⅛ihk.C I Gn to the PhalirOn COaSl.D Slay in CenLraI Λthen⅞.20.What docs ιt⅞e Tnan think the WOmail can enjoy at the Paralia7A ] A PViKtffUl I AHli IB J HiMnriCaI UteS r.C J GreCk food.D ∣ Lι>t<ιl IlIUMc.21.WhiCh Of the following impressed Ihe πwπ most?A ： A ILarbOr r[B j A SUdiUnK[C]AlLiMhklub. [D] A PCrfonTlari«.22 -25 are based On ↑he fi∩licwιnff inferview Wiiil John Smilh, CLo Of a ihtw-muk- Ing CotnPany.22< Why did the man ⅛tiirt the shoe-making CUrnPa ny?_ A] To build hκ UUn Shotf brand.B To help Children UlthOUl ⅛hoes.CJTO KCII shoes to PoCr OHnIir it、，D TO broaden his husiness SCoPC l2Λ. WtuH had [he ITIan done before he UarteJd Ihe ShC C-∣T*J king company?A ' He had ⅛∣arted IIVe CQnψanic5∏.0] HC had worked as a IeVhniCi an.had worked in Snmh America.-C He[D]Fk hud IaUgIU live tnciba COUrj⅛e⅛÷24.When did (tie ΓT□R COΠ⅛?UP With ιhi¼ new bustne^ model?[A] ITIree years a^o.l⅛] FiVe years ago..C] Si⅛ years ago.D Ei^hI years Ign25.W haE is IhC man,S biggest fαcιu Ia giving shoes to poor children?Λ Giving (hrm acccs⅛to)ich∞[.IJ ] CUltiVattng their SenSe of wealth.C] RBihing Iheir «en« Of Stli-Worlh..D. PreVeflLillg ħ⅛)∏ible foot disea⅛c⅛.YtfU ntm htive 3 InitHIleS Io Jrunsffr all yf>ur OnSWeFF from your test booJt⅛f to yourΛΛ'SW∕Jf SHIIKrIllUl is Ihe Pmi of listening 5ectit>n.2017年3月笔试真卷第5页(共12页)SEeTION H Reading(50 minutes)Part ΛDireCtiOnS:Read the fi>llowing two texts. Art^ er the quesrions On each IeXt by ChWJing A , B, C Or D. M(Irk your answers &n your ANiiWER SHEET,TeXl 1Passwords are evsr>whtre in computer SeCUrity l All too Often I they are also inefftcτiγe, A g∞d PaSSWOrd has to be both easy to remember Md hard to gue&S f but in Pracute PeoPlC Seem io Pay attention to Iht farmer, Names Of UlVCS. husbands and children are POPUIar- t* I23456*h Or ,,12345' are a]⅛υ CUnUnOD choices,That PredICtabtlit) IelS SeCUrity researchers ( and hackers) Create died LHiaries WhiCh IiSl common pas<(W()rdκ. useful to IhOse ⅛eehng to break in, RUt UlLhOUgh JEMlanrhcr⅛know tbit passwords are LnSeCUre. working OUt ju3t how insecure has beer diffkuk Many studies have Onh ⅛mal∣ ⅛am- PIeli to Work on,HOWeVer, WiIh rhe CG-OPeralion Of Yahoo!, JoSePh BnnIleaU of Carrbridge UniVerSity obtained Ihe biggest ⅛Aτnρk Io dale *TQ mi Iliun pas⅛wυrd⅛ th⅛ι CanK with UsCfUI ChIa about IheirOWn亡r⅛.MT BOnneaU found Sonle JntereMmg variations. Older USerS had be∏er PaSSWOrdS rha∩ young OnCS- PtoP I c whose PrCfened IanglIagt WaS Korean υr Gennan chυ^e the most SeCiIfC passwords：those WhO SPOItS IndnneSian the ICasr I Pa^WCKk de⅞igπtd l□ hide sen⅛ilive inform ati∏n SUCh at CredlL Car(I numbcπ> WerIe Onjy SIIghlIy more secure than those PrOCeCdng less important IhingS t Iike aixes* Icl gomes. " N⅛g SCrcVnS t^ that (OId USerS ⅛ey had Chpsen a Weak password made VIrtUaIIy no IitfferenCe- And users WhljSe aecouDU had been hacked ∣4 the PaSl did not make more SeCUre ChOiCeS than rho⅛WhO had never been hacked BUt It is IhV broader JnalyiiS Of Ihe ⅛ample that is of most InlrrCSt to SeCUrIty researchers. For i f∣e'P∣te IhEir di PFereEces, the 70 million USWCre ⅛till PrediCtabk enough Ihat 1 generic 山CIionAry WiIb effective agaι∏M both IhC entire SanIPIe and any SbCe Of il, Mr EIOnneaU ∣⅝ blunt： "Anaιtacker WbD Can τπaιwge ten gue∖ses Per account Will COmpfCrniSg oruund I % of tκrcounts," AndIilat is a worthwhile ClUtCOme for a hacker.0(»ol>vj<⅛s solution WfHild he (Qr SiteS(0 Iirnit the number Or gue⅞⅞β⅝ that ClLn be InDde before access is blocked. Yet WhereaS the biggest SlteS t SLICh as Googie and MiCrOSOfI F do lake SUCh∏ιcasure⅞4 many do no(. ThC reasons Of IheLr not doing v> arc ViriOU SC itτ 5 time for u⅛er⅝ to CoflSidCr Ihe alternatives tρ IraditiQnal passwords, 26»PeoPle tend to u⅞e ρa⅝sword⅝ Chat are.I A' CaSy to remember [ B ∣ hard to ∏gure ouτ2017年3月笔试真卷第6页(共12页〉2017年3月公共英语三级（PetS3笔试真题）试题及答案解析[C ] FIindtw numbers27. RCSeiLrCherS find it ClllfieUIt Ia RflOU how UIlSafe pa ⅛s*θ∏ls arc due to ________28. Jt is indicated in [he re ⅝ι Ihat -[Λ ] IndOnCSianS are sen ⅛ιii ⅛e to password SeCIInty [B] young people Iend to hav<e SCCLIre PtlSSWordN 'C i nag SCreenS help Llttk Ln ρ⅛word SeClIrily :D JI passwords for Credit CardS EkIe USually ⅛□fc29” The IInderllned WQTd 'FComPrOrm ⅛rin Para. 5 most probably means _______________[A.] COmPliW LB I CompensuteL C ] endanger[ D ] CnCOUflter3⅛ The 1UJ 4 PdrdgraPh Of t ħe ICXl SUgfCMS IlIat ___________ ”∣^ A net UJWr 5 TlegUlatC Ihelr online behaviors [B ' net U ⅛CJΓS rely On themselves for ⅛<turiιy C : big WCbSireS IimJt IhC number Of gμesses [D ' big ⅛cbsι∣re ⅛ OfIer uwrs COILXenient accessI eXl 2JOhrl Lubbock, a British member (Ii the Parliament, Ied W the firs( IaW to SafrgUard BrilaIn ' ⅛ heriιage - the AIKisI MonUlnWntS Bill. HOW did it hi∣ppeπ?By ItIe Iyte lδ<Mh mere and IrlOre PeOPIe ι⅛erc VhitLng StOnehVngc IuI a day OIIt Nu ⅛ Λ WOfld HenlagC SitV OWned by l ħe Cmwn t it wa*.衆(he Ilme i PrjVately OWned and neglectedBlIL tbe ViSilo ι> Iefi behind rubbi ⅛h and ICftaVer food. 11 encouraged rats Ihat ma<k holes 出 the κtσne ⅛, k>und ⅛ιlιoπ^τ Weakening ThCm OlW Of The UPrighI Sronefi had already t ⅛∏en o ⅛er and One had b∏uken Ln IW o” They ah□ ChlPPed pieces Ofr the ⅛tone ⅛ IOr SOUVerLirS and CarVed pictures into Ihe(T ∣, SayS architectural CriIiC Jnnathjn Glanccy,It WaS the 5a∏1e for other pre-hιs<oπc remains, WhLCh Were disappearing ThrWLS LiIM) in cluded fanners and landowners aκ die ancient StOnCS got in rhe Way Of Wnrking on the ∏clds and WcTC a free SoUrCe Of building materialsShOCkC(I and angry, LUbboCk IOCk UP Ihe fight. WhCn he beard Brifain l s IaTgeSI a∏cie∏r stone Cirlele at A ⅛ebury in WiJtShire VraS UP for Sille in IH7i he PerXUaded K ⅝ OwnerS to SeIl it Io him and the SlOnC CLrCle WaS saved."Luhbock aroused national attention for anoe∏t mon u∏∣e∏ts/'says Glancey, ,* At rhe IImC PJaCe ⅛ Ijke SlQnd)CngC WrrC juM seen a ⅛ B CnlleC ιiυn Of StOnUS . QnCknt KiteA to get building InfUenak4*LIlbbOe L k LneW they Uere the rtχrts Of British identity. He did fur heritage WhaL DanMn did fornatural hislcry,,,201 了年3月笔试真雅 第7页（共12页》AJ IajCk Of TCSCarCh (QoIS C ] IimHed time Of studiesB ] IaUk Of research funds D ] limited ⅛ize Of >amρk ⅛2017 年3 月公共英语三级（pets3 笔试真题）试题及答案解析2017年3月公共英语三级（PetS3笔试真题）试题及答案解析Ann a：My husband und I both rccκl【hi、article and We think It ι⅛moving. IhoUghlfUl f and the ending IS Wondert i lii. PeOPle canπαl deny Ihat jealousy is M natural 亡∩kιtion heιween∣ children and parents. Il is Wondertul to see someone e∏ιouo∏a∣∣y mature enough IObeSO HWare at IheIr o⅛n Ieelings, and CeIehrate them, YOU have WTi!ten What J am SUrC nκ>⅝t mothers Feel φ but Are IQft⅞cared io admir.Beth；There is WITK form Of jealousy between mcther and daughter, ] remember SUSfKCUng IllUI my molbeτ WaV jealous of n⅛ but kept it Under ∖⅛τap⅛ I under⅛to<ιd that my FT)Ott⅛er ⅛⅛s ΓKM happy WlLh my father and The good relationship between InySelf and him. The ⅛ιrange thj∏g is years h[er t my OWn daughter and her tathcr have a good rvlaτicHiship ⅛ iιħ each Other and I Can feel ftalcusy creeping i∣)→.CiareEWhen I rcdlizrd m> daughier hud become a young ⅛υmαn, 1 WaS πo< JealQUS- Al β∏4 I felt Sad Ihat 1 had IoM my Iink gιri i then I accepted this and re jo reed tn her IOVeIIne⅛s i feel PrOteCllVe (OWard⅛ her because it K t∞ natural for young girls io π⅛w( men. Ofler youi ChlId IldViCe On things like Wearing fancy ClothCS WhiCh TTlen d∏ Vee Oy ChaJTning, and hope tħa∣ She enjoys her lite,Ruth：I think that a maτure PerSOn judges her w If ba⅞ed Qn her OWn qualilies. A IOVing TnOlher dιxs not COmPUre bcrsclf to IIer ChildrCn and advc∏∣¼e her UnhGilthy thoughts to the WUrld Ijl Λ newspaper. I am SUnroUnded all day at WPri by hot, SlInaH young undergradua∣us* many Of Whnrn are hotter and Smα∏er lh⅛uι 1 WaS at their age, When Ibey succeed We讪Iy and acddenucaJly1 I feel happy for Ihem IN$\、' mujth the tutme Vf each per,ion (.⅛6 -40) to the tψρmρπaie StUtenIent.f^ote: there Itre two extra statements.StaUlnCnt536”LIJCy : A :YoU have SPOken OUt Ihe IrtiC feelings Of mothers IikC me.37. Anna { B It is helpful for mothers Io reveal IheLr hidden feelings,3B. BfIh ] C1 EIYKXiOnany wture mothers undc∣Md∣κl IhCir IiaU^hteri- 茂Q, Clalre D . I UnderSLand my ∏Mll⅛er now, hang a InOtber myself.40, RUth T E ]YCU have expressed Whal most mothers feel but dare not Say-[F t I⅛> your duty as a mother and hope for Ihe best for your ChiIghIer .G jA ITKXhCr should not CnVy her ChlIdrCn and make IHIbLiC her i∏v properfeelings.2017年3月笔试真卷第9页（共12页）Part CDirerI ions：RCad tht,follow in a IeU from WhICh five ∖t r nrencex hιi∖,e been removed. Ch(WSf frt)m the Kfn- ⅛rt√,t,j A-GIhe most SUilablr One toβi∕ each UUmbt I rCd KLlP ,7ι rhe text (41-√5). 77JfZe art TWO ^rfrtl tmtt,ncff that ymt do not need他WVf,, Mark Vriwr α∕jvufrς∩n XOitr ANSWER5Z∕i'fcT.WheneYeT I he⅛r a recording Cf Jithn TVnvCr Singing "Sunshine □π My Shouklrrs I' I fuιd mvχlΓ *mιbτ唯.dι⅛½ιn Iu U ]<JVC Cf the ⅛uπ and UUILkK)TS t" Ve Iud tor decades as a MlChLgSn τuuve. WCiIkmg barefoot to IhC lake* Pklyinfl ⅛hirt1es⅛in IhC SUnligN J Ilrtd N r Ciilhmg fresh air Ieel EOOtL 4】SkldicS 114Ve found higher r⅛lts Of high hio∏d pressure arming PeOPlC WIlh the IOWeM In cκp∩- Ulrf Orke renwn may tw due to nitric OXide, U gas WhOse PrOdUCliOn is StimUIated When your $kin is cxp<ι⅛eι,1 Io IlIW sun' K FayS- 42 VJtamin D, WhiCh sunlight helps your body PnXIUCe, IS al sc Iinkrd ιo be∏r∙τ hrarτ healιh. SO Ualk OUfdoOrS for 15 to ∏ιiπutes datl>.,∣3 kκ⅛arch Ofl 280 V(TIUnteerS lħu∏c f∩uτκl (hat PCOPk had a reduced heart rate, and IflWCT blood PrCsSUrC Whert IhC) ⅛jlk⅛d thr(m^h a IbrCSt IhEm When IhCy s∣κι∏[ ιiπκ in an ur⅞‰uι afe⅛> OnC Of the COn⅛⅛∣ueπces Of TniXIem SOCiety TS that TarEly ts OUr body In direct COntaCf With the ground4ThC eaπh IlHS an e IeUricyI cυπcnt.AkhOUgh "earth ing k, Or *1grwj∏κlmg ' *$ con sidered alternative by main stream medicine, research shows that The PraCtiCe SeemS to be able to re- du⅛V heart discus：risk- So4*alk around barefodt ⅛hcιicver POSSIbk. ICl yuur backyard grass iickle your fett.and dig your tc⅛*⅛i into ^ndy beaches.I45 Λ 201 iθrrli⅞h review Of ] 1 SIUdieS ⅛ur∣d Lhat PeDPle Who CXCrICiSed OUUidC gcτκrd]∣yr«ported InOre eιwrgy <ιπd ICSS anger. ιcπ⅛ion, arκl depression -all I^IUrS co∩rribυi∏]g (o hcjιn ULiai k k- IhUn th05c Wlιυ i Amtxil UUI indoorsA . EXCfCisitι⅛ indoors is unoiher option.i H Il reduces both heart attack and StrOkr πsk⅛,I C E XCTUiSinJ (MndoUri may be more beneficial than WoriCing UUl ind∞r∖,D In JdPall. WaIkm^ Lhrough tbrests for healing ha«become a POpUlJir Praetic<*I 戸 ' ∏ir≠<ι ConraCt wiιh it may be a stabilising force for good health.[>j . A⅛ a doctor. I Can tell you Ihey are UISo VCTy good for YOUr heartI G」Y*HJ*I∣(Iel greater health benefits e Aerciiing Uhere it" $ grε⅛mFart DDireCtiO ns：RfUd F屉follo^in^ IeXt from ^hlCh 10 WOrda IlnYe been refnoved. CfUNnf fm∏ι the Wttrds A -O the fiu>si MtUabIr OUe E flit each HUnlberfiI gap in the∕<,.ι,√ (4f)一55)” There are f-IVE extra WartiX thui you do Πf>r nerd ta use. Markγ∏wr firjjHm Oft Xf)Ur ANSWEfi SHEET.SOme Ot Ilki greatest sueCeSSeS you can thmk ol began WiIh failure. What a big 46 a Iiltle COntinUed effort and determination CUn m□ke.20174-3月笔试真卷第IO页(共12页)WOriCPlaCe expert Nan Russell t UUIhOr Of "The TiLkla>⅛ LaKkr： HQWlo Gel Thinjj⅛ DOrke When You' re Notin C7haηgc,',OffefS A number Of 47_ Df PeoPIe WhO Were deemed failures—and then rumc<l successful.Alberr EinSrein was 违Kfbt mentally ChaHenged as a child and told he WOUld never amount Icl anything. N«d We SaY how Ihat OnC LUmeiI cut?WalC DiSnCy was fired from Ihe KansaX City Srar because the editor thought he IaCked 40 ,.ChCStCr CarlSOn1& early XCrOX InaChIne5 Were 50 by 20 CUmPanItfS before he finally found a business PartTKr IThomaS Edi⅝□n failed thousands Ot UmeS before Invenung Ihe Iight bulb. There arc many quotes from the great inventor thaτ are worth 51 to TDemory- Here'S just CDC√t Many Of Ht⅛, s failures SU P e people Whg (I IId not realize how 52 Ihey Were lo SUeCebS When they ga⅛e up.Sc, Whkle failure may πo∣ feel ⅛cκxl, it's often Nn essential Part Of success t the Iriaband-erκ∣c Ihal Can Iead to greater things. Li you spend aJI yotιr Linle 53 about PaNl πu⅛lakesτ you Hlighl not notice When real OPPanUnity arrives, So by all 54 , IeanI from your mi,uakcs^lhen PUrIheln behind you. roll UP your sleeves and get back Ia WOrk-Here, S OnC more quote from Edison for US to think BlWU t：Tf We all did Ihe things We Mrt 55 of* We WoUld astound OUrSeIVeS r "'A ] CaPdbIe[B J CloW ^ C ]COmbiniLtiι>n[D ' commiπiπg[E CoDtribUnng:F J creaiiviiy:G J difference [H ] encouraged [1 ] examples[J ] judged[K TineanS[-rejected[M ] typical[N ] WayS O J wont ingSEcTlON m Writing(45 minutes)Directions ；YOU ShOUUi WntH your FeSPon^S fo both Part A and Part B of IhiS SeCtion Im y&ur ANSWER SHEET.Part A56.YaU found ⅛om* PrOblem WIth Ihe bcok you bought from a US online bookstore. WritC IhC2017年3月笔试真檔第11页f共12页）2017 年3 月公共英语三级（pets3 笔试真题）试题及答案解析2017年3月公共英语三级（PetS3笔试真题）试题及答案解析参考答案及精析弟一■并啸力I-J BACDA ⅛ - LO BCK)B H - IS CDRBA H⅛・古1 eOCD-∕λ AhAAb萨力引分禾音捕料IPyn A1. 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