English for geological and geotechnical engineering
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中科院地理所英语English Requirement for Admission to the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences.Admission to the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR) of the Chinese Academyof Sciences (CAS) is a highly competitive process that requires excellence in both academic performance andEnglish proficiency. English is an essential language for scientific research, and IGSNRR expects its students and researchers to be fluent in both written and spoken English.English Proficiency Requirements.Applicants to IGSNRR are required to demonstrate a certain level of English proficiency. This is typically assessed through scores from internationally recognized English language tests such as the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) or the International EnglishLanguage Testing System (IELTS). Minimum score requirements are set to ensure that incoming students will be able to effectively communicate and participate in the rigorous academic environment of the institute.Importance of English in Scientific Research.English is the lingua franca of internationalscientific research. The majority of research articles, conference proceedings, and other important scholarly communications are published in English. Therefore, proficiency in English is crucial for students and researchers who aim to stay up-to-date with advancements in their field and to contribute to the global scientific community.Benefits of English Proficiency.Beyond the basic requirement for admission, English proficiency also opens up numerous benefits for students and researchers at IGSNRR. It enhances their ability to read and understand international research literature,which is essential for staying abreast of new theories, methodologies, and findings. Additionally, proficiency in English allows for easier collaboration with international colleagues and participation in international conferences and workshops, thus broadening their professional networks and opportunities.Promoting English Proficiency at IGSNRR.IGSNRR recognizes the importance of English proficiency and provides various resources and opportunities to help students and researchers improve their English skills. The institute offers English courses and workshops specifically designed for students in the natural sciences, focusing on academic writing, reading comprehension, and speaking skills. Additionally, IGSNRR encourages its students and researchers to participate in international conferences and exchange programs, which not only improve their English proficiency but also broaden their horizons and enhance their research capabilities.Conclusion.In summary, English proficiency is a crucial requirement for admission to the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is not only a prerequisite for entry but also a key factor in the successful completion of academic and research endeavors at the institute. The institute recognizes the importance of English inscientific research and provides resources andopportunities to help its students and researchers achieve and maintain a high level of English proficiency.(Note: This article is a hypothetical representation of the English proficiency requirements for admission to the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Actual requirements and policies may differ.)。
之前tangzhichengok 虫子发过一个【分享】岩土领域内几个SCI期刊,连接如下:/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1754221我稍微做点补充吧!国际著名岩土类SCI期刊中英文简介转载请注明原出处:临峰山庄 详细介绍1. Canadian Geotechnical Journal加拿大岩土工程杂志,1963年开始出版,世界上发行量最大的三家岩土工程学术期刊之一,以刊登有关基础、隧道、水坝、边坡问题精彩文章及相关学科的新技术、新发展而闻名月刊SCI期刊主编:Dr. Ian Moore, Queen's Universityhttp://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/rp-ps ... de=cgj&lang=eng/ehost/d ... #db=aph&jid=35Hmonthly ISSN : 1208-6010 影响因子Impact factor: 0.542NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA, RESEARCH JOURNALS,MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, CANADA, K1A 0R6Published since 1963, this monthly journal features articles, notes, and discussions related to new developments in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, and applied sciences. The topics of papers written by researchers, theoreticians, and engineers/scientists active in industry include soil and rock mechanics, material properties and fundamental behaviour, site characterization, foundations, excavations, tunnels, dams and embankments, slopes, landslides, geological and rock engineering, ground improvement, hydrogeology and contaminant hydrogeology, geochemistry, waste management, geosynthetics, offshore engineering, ice, frozen ground and northern engineering, risk and reliability applications, and physical and numerical modelling. Papers on actual case records from practice are encouraged and frequently featured.更多资讯请上浏览2. Geotechnical Engineering, Proceedings of ICE/journals/英国土木工程师协会(ICE)主办,集中了岩土工程实践中的所有方面内容,包括工程实例、工程设计讨论、计算机辅助设计等SCI期刊双月刊影响因子(2006): 0.286 Geotechnical Engineering covers all aspects of geotechnical engineering including tunnelling, foundations, retaining walls, embankments, diaphragm walls, piling, subsidence, soil mechanics and geoenvironmental engineering.Presented in the form of reports, design discussions, methodologies and case records it forms an invaluable reference work, highlighting projects which are interesting and innovative.Geotechnical Engineering publishes six issues per year.ISSN 1353-2618 (Print)ISSN 1751-8563 (Online)Impact Factor (2006): 0.2863. Géotechnique, Proceedings of ICE国际著名的有关土力学、岩石力学、工程地质、环境岩土工程的岩土技术期刊,每期只刊登几篇文章,都是鸿篇巨著。
用英语介绍地理信息科学专业的作文Geographic Information Science (GIS) is an intriguing field of study that has revolutionized the way we perceive and analyze the world around us. It is an interdisciplinary domain that merges elements of geography, computer science, and information technology, focusing on the development and application of tools and techniques for understanding spatial data. GIS integrates various types of geographical information, such as maps, images, videos, and statistics, to provide valuable insights into complex spatial relationships and patterns.The essence of GIS lies in its ability to capture, store, analyze, and visualize geographic information. It involves the use of advanced technologies like remote sensing, global positioning systems (GPS), and geovisualization to gather and interpret data about the earth's surface. By integrating thisdata with analytical methods, GIS enables us to uncover meaningful patterns, correlations, and trends within thespatial domain.The study of GIS encompasses an extensive range of topics. It includes the analysis of spatial patterns, such as identifying population distribution trends or studying the spread of diseases, understanding geographic features and processes, and developing models to predict and explain them. GIS also involves the creation of digital maps and utilizing them for navigation and location-based services, which has become increasingly important with the rise of technologieslike augmented reality (AR) and location-aware devices.Remote Sensing is a crucial aspect of GIS, as it involves acquiring information about the earth's surface fromsatellite imagery or aerial photographs. This data provides valuable insights into changes in the environment, such as urban growth, deforestation, or natural disasters. Byanalyzing these remote-sensed images, we can extract information on land use, identify changes over time, and even detect subtle environmental impacts that might otherwise go unnoticed.Another core component of GIS is spatial database management, which focuses on organizing and managing large volumes of geographic data. This process involves digitizing and storing information, creating spatial databases, and utilizing them for efficient data retrieval and analysis. Mastery of spatial database management is essential for effective GIS practice, as it enables the integration and analysis of diverse datasets, ensuring accurate and timely decision-making.GIS also lends itself to solving complex real-world problems across various sectors. For instance, urban planners can utilize GIS to study traffic patterns, optimize transportation networks, and develop efficient cityinfrastructure. Environmental scientists can use it to monitor and assess the impact of human activities on ecosystems, aiding in sustainable development and conservation efforts. Furthermore, emergency response teams can leverage GIS for disaster management, quickly analyzing evacuation routes, identifying at-risk areas, andfacilitating coordinated responses to natural calamities.The applications of GIS extend beyond these examples, touching upon fields like archaeology, public health, and even social network analysis. Its versatility allows professionals to explore and interpret spatial relationships within their specific areas of expertise.In addition to its practical applications, GIS has a significant theoretical component. The study of geographic information science involves delving into the philosophical and ethical dimensions of space and place, exploring concepts like cartographic representation, spatial cognition, and thesocietal impacts of geographic knowledge. This helps professionals develop a profound understanding of the complexities and implications of spatial data and its communication.The field of GIS is ever-evolving, rapidly advancing with technological breakthroughs and an expanding body of knowledge. This creates exciting opportunities for innovation and research. Researchers and practitioners alike are constantly developing new methods and technologies to enhance our ability to collect, analyze, and interpret geographic information.For instance, advancements in GPS technology have led to the creation of real-time location-based services, enabling us to track and monitor objects in real-time. Theproliferation of drones has opened new possibilities for remote sensing, providing high-resolution imagery and facilitating the monitoring of hard-to-reach areas. Moreover,progress in geovisualization allows for immersive experiences like virtual reality mapping, offering a revolutionary way to explore and understand geographic data.To excel in the field of geographic information science, professionals must stay updated with these advancements and embrace a spirit of continuous learning. They require a robust blend of technical expertise, analytical skills, and a deep understanding of the societal and ethical implications of their work.In conclusion, Geographic Information Science is a dynamic and fascinating area of study that impacts numerous aspects of our daily lives. Its ability to unveil the stories hidden within spatial data and its practical applications across various sectors make it a invaluable tool in the modern world. As a field that continually evolves and adapts to emerging technologies, GIS holds immense potential forshaping our understanding and interaction with the environment around us.。
地理科学进展英文版The Progress of Geographical ScienceGeographical science is a multidisciplinary field that studies the Earth's physical features, climate patterns, landforms, ecosystems, human settlements, and their interactions. Over the years, there have been significant advancements in geographical science that have greatly contributed to our understanding of the world. Here are some key areas of progress:1. Remote Sensing and GIS: Remote sensing technology has revolutionized the way we collect data about the Earth's surface. Satellites and airborne sensors provide high-resolution images that help in mapping and monitoring various phenomena such as land use, vegetation cover, and urban growth. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enable the storage, analysis, and visualization of spatial data, facilitating advanced spatial modeling and decision-making processes.2. Climate Change Research: Geographical science plays acrucial role in studying the impacts of climate change. Scientists analyze temperature records, precipitation patterns, and sea level rise to understand the changing climate and its effects on ecosystems, agriculture, and human societies. This research helps in developing strategies for adaptation and mitigation.3. Geospatial Analysis: Geographical science has seen advancements in geospatial analysis techniques, allowing for more accurate and detailed investigations. Geographic data can be analyzed using statistical methods, spatial interpolation, and geostatistics to identify spatial patterns, trends, and relationships. This aids in solving complex spatial problems, such as disease mapping, urban planning, and transportation optimization.4. Human Geography: The study of human geography has advanced significantly, focusing on the relationships between people and the environment. It includes analyzing population dynamics, migration patterns, urbanization, cultural landscapes, and socioeconomic inequalities. Understanding these factors is crucial for effective urban planning, resource management, and sustainable development.5. Geographical Information Science (GIScience): GIScience is an emerging field that combines geographical science with computer science and artificial intelligence. It explores new methods and algorithms for spatial analysis, data integration, and modeling. GIScience contributes to advancements in location-based services, spatial data mining, and geovisualization techniques.6. Geographical Education: There have been improvements in geographical education, with innovative teaching methods and technologies being adopted. Interactive mapping tools, online data resources, and virtual field trips provide students with hands-on learning experiences and a deeper understanding of geographical concepts.These are just a few examples of the progress made in geographical science. With ongoing advancements in technology and interdisciplinary collaborations, geographical science continues to evolve and contribute to our knowledge of the world around us.。
acta geotechnica的under review -回复中括号内的内容指的是“acta geotechnica的under review”,这里我将为你提供一篇1500-2000字的文章,逐步回答该主题。
文章标题:《acta geotechnica的under review:一份重要的地质工程期刊的回顾与评估》引言:地质工程作为一个关键的学科领域,对于人类社会的发展和建设起着重要的作用。
而acta geotechnica作为一份重要的地质工程期刊,在该领域的研究和发展中扮演着关键的角色。
本文将对acta geotechnica的under review的概念进行详细解释,并对该期刊的质量评估和影响力进行深入分析。
第一部分:acta geotechnica的under review的含义acta geotechnica的under review可以被理解为该期刊正在接受审查过程的意思。
在科学出版流程中,审稿人会对投稿论文进行评估,并提出建议和意见,以确定是否适合在期刊上发表。
因此,under review标志着该论文正在接受评估,并说明该期刊对论文的质量和内容有严格的要求。
对于研究者来说,被acta geotechnica under review是一种荣誉,也是展示研究成果的机会。
第二部分:acta geotechnica作为一份地质工程期刊的质量评估acta geotechnica致力于发布高质量、有影响力的地质工程研究论文。
该期刊要求作者提交原创研究,以进行同行评审。
论文需要经过专家认真审查和编辑团队的评估,以确保其质量和科学性。
acta geotechnica注重点评审的严谨性,并对质量抱有高标准的期望。
因此,该期刊的under review 标志着论文处于一种审慎而严格的评估阶段,对于作者和读者来说,具有重要的意义。
第三部分:acta geotechnica under review的影响力被acta geotechnica under review的论文通常来自世界各地的重要研究机构和专家。
地质学英语Geology, from the Greek ge “earth” and logos “word,” is the science of the origin, history, and structure of the solid earth, its rocks and minerals, and its internal and surface processes. In general, geology is the study of the earth’s crust and the processes by which it has been formed.Geology is a branch of the earth sciences and involves the study of plate tectonics, rocks and minerals, volcanism, earthquakes, geomorphology, sedimentology, hydrology, mineralogy, glaciology and other related topics. Numerous fields in earth science are interrelated and geology can be said to include all the sciences of the Earth.Geology is divided into several specialised fields. Petrology, which includes the study of rocks, and mineralogy, which includes the study of minerals, are two prominent areas within geology. Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes that shape them. Sedimentology and stratigraphy analyze the depositional environment, distribution and composition of sedimentary rocks. Volcanology, seismology and geophysics are important branches of geology that are concerned with the study of volcanic activities, earthquakes,and the physics of the earth.Paleontology is the study of fossils and the history of life on the earth. It is closely connected with evolutionary biology and incorporates the influence of past life on the earth’s ecology. Engineering geology applies the principles of geology to engineering problems. It examines the earth’s surface and subterranean environments and assesses their effect on the stability of foundations, dams, roads, railway embankment and other construction works.The subdisciplines of geology also have distinct terminologies. In structural geology, for example, a “fold” is a bent or warped layer of strata i n the rock, a “fault” is a fracture in a rock, and a “fracture zone” is an area of the earth’s crust that has been tectonically fractured. In geomorphology, a “moraine” is a mass of rocks, boulders and other materials that has been deposited by a glacier, a “river terrace” is an outcropping formed by a river, and an “alluvial fan” is an area where sediment has been transported by water.In addition to the specialized terms used in certain subdisciplines, there are certain aspects of geology which all geologists should be familiar with. These include basic concepts such as latitude, longitude, topography, geography,climate, field mapping, chemistry, geologic time, geomorphology, stratigraphy and sedimentary rocks. Geologists should also have a general understanding of the historic development of the earth and current events affecting our planet.Geology is both a science and an art, combining observation, hypothesis and experimentation to create a detailed body of knowledge of the developing planet. By understanding geology, we can develop better ways to use the earth responsibly, recognize the potential risks of natural disasters, and appreciate the beauty of our planet.。
专业术语英译汉affine 仿射band 波段cartography 制图学clip 剪切digitizer 数字化仪DLG 数字线划图dpi 每英寸点数edgematching 边缘匹配equator 赤道equiarea 等积geoid 大地水准面geospatial 地理空间GPS 全球定位系统Habitat 栖息地Interface 接口Item 项目Latitude 纬度legend 图例longitude 经度median 中值meridian 子午线metadata 元数据neatline 图廓线Object-Based 基于对象的parcel 宗地photogrammetry 摄影测量precipitation 降水量range 范围raster 栅格resample 重采样resolution 分辨率RMS 均方根scanner 扫描仪siting 选址TIGER 拓扑统一地理编码topology 拓扑tuple 数组UTM 通用横轴墨卡托投影vector 矢量专业术语汉译英保护区protected area比例尺Scale bar标准差Standard deviation标准图幅Standard picture frame 单精度Single precision地理空间数据Geospatial data点缓冲区Point buffer动态分段Dynamic segmentation度量标准Metrics多项式变换Polynomial transformation 高程基准Elevation base跟踪算法Tracking algorithm规则格网Rules grid过渡带Transition zone基于位置服务Based on location service畸形线Malformation line几何变换Geometric transformation 检验图Inspection chart解析几何Analytic geometry空间要素Space element平面坐标系统Planar coordinate system曲流河Meandering river人口普查地段Census Lot上四分位数The upper quartile矢量数据模型Vector data model数据可视化data visualization数据探查Data exploration双精度Double precision水文要素Hydrological elements泰森多边型Tyson Polygons统一建模语言Unified Modeling Language投影坐标系统Projection coordinate system 线缓冲区Line buffer遥感数据Remote sensing data用材林Timber forest晕渲法Halo rendering method 指北针Compass属性表Property sheet最短路径分析Shortest path analysis最小二乘法Least squares method翻译例子如下。
国际著名岩土力学、工程地质学报及期刊国际著名岩土力学、工程地质学报及期刊索引 PDF下载1.《Engineering Geology》An International Journal, Elsevier——《工程地质》——国际学报2.《The Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology》,U.K.——《工程地质季刊学报》3.《News Journal, International Society for Rock Mechanics》——《国际岩石力学学会信息学报》4.《International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences》——《国际岩石力学与矿业科学学报》包括岩土力学文摘5.《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》——《岩石力学与岩石工程》6.《Felsbau》[G.]——《岩石力学》,奥地利地质力学学会(AGG)主办7.Geomechnik and Tunnelbau (G.) Geomechanics and Tunnelling——《地质力学与隧道工程》——奥地利地质力学学会(ACC)主办8.《GEOTECHNIGUE》——《岩土力学》,英国土木工程师学会ICE主办9.《Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering》(formerly Journal of Geotechnical Engineering) 《岩土工程与环境岩土工程学报》,改版前称《岩土工程学报》,美国土木工程师学会ASCE 主办。
10.《Canadian Geotechnical Journal》——《加拿大岩土工程学报》——由加拿大国家研究委员会出刊11.《ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal》——American Society forTesting and Materials (ASTM)——《美国试验与材料学会岩土工程试验学报》12.《Computers & Geosciences》——An Official International Journalof the International Association for Mathematical Geology (IAMG) ——《计算机和地球科学》——国际计算地质协会学报13.《International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods inGeomechanics》——《国际岩土力学数值与解析方法学报》14.《International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering》——《国际工程数值方法学报》15.《Acta Geologica Sinica》Journal of the Geological Society of China《中国地质学报》中国地质学会学报16.《Earth Science》——Journal of China University of Geoscience——《地球科学》,中国地质大学学报17.《Science in China》, Series D, Earth Sciences——《中国科学》D 系列——地球科学18.《Chinese Science Bulletin》——《科学通报》19.《Geotimes——The Magazine of Geoscience News and Trends(APublication of the American Geological Institute》《地学时代——地球科学信息与发展趋势杂志》,美国地质研究院刊物20.《Journal of the Geological Society》,UK——《地质学会学报》英国21.《Journal of Structural Geology》——《构造地质学报》22.《Tectonophysics》——International Journal of Geotectonics andthe Geology and Physics of the Interior of the Earth 《构造物理》——国际构造物理与地球内部地质学及物理学学报23.《Economic Geology》——Bulletin of the Society of EconomicGeologists——《经济地质学》——美国经济地质师学会通报24.《Environmental Geology》——International Journal of Geosciences,Springer——《环境地质》——国际地球科学学报25.《Journal of Environmental Engineering》ASCE——《环境工程学报》,美国土木工程学会ASCE主办26.《Environmental Engineering and Policy 》——International Journalfor Environmental Engineers, Scientists and Policy Makers ——《环境工程与对策》——国际环境工程师、科学家及决策人员学报27.《World Tunnelling》——《世界隧道》28.《Tunnels and Tunneling International》(T & T, International)——《国际隧道与隧道工程》29.《Tunneling and Underground Space Technology》,TUST——《隧道与地下空间技术》,国际隧道与地下空间协会(ITA)主办30.《Tunnelling & Trenchless Construction》,TTC——《隧道与非明挖工程》31.《Tunnelbuilder》——《隧道建设者》32.《Trenchless Technology》——Servirg the utility, pipeline anddistribution construction markets——《非明挖技术》,为公用事业,管道铺设、配电、配水,配气工程市场服务33.《No Dig International 》——An official magazine of theInternational Society for Trenchless T echnology(ISTT) and its affiliate Societies, U. K. ——《国际非明挖技术》国际非明挖技术学会及所属分会机关学报34.《Gallerie e Grandi Opere Sotterrance》[I.]——《隧道与大型地下工程》,意大利隧道学会(SIG)主办35.《Directional Drilling》, U. S. A.——《定向钻探》36.《Civil Engineering》American Society of Civil Engineering—《土木工程》美国土木工程学会ASCE主办37.《Civil Engineering》Institute of Civil Engineers, U. K.——《土木工程》,英国土木工程师学会ICC主办38.《Engineering News Record》The Construction Weekly, U. S. A.—《工程新闻纪录》,ENR,建筑周报39.《International Water Power & Dam Construction》——《国际水力发电与坝工建设》40.《Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture》, U. S.A.——《土木工程与建筑学报》41.《Terra et Aqua》[N1.]International Journal on PublicWorks, Ports& Waterways Development, Netherlands——《土地和水》国际公用事业、港口、水道开发学报,国际疏浚公司协会(IADC, International Association of Dredging Companies)主办42.《Construction Today》International Magazine of Civil Engineering,U. K.《今日建设——国际土木工程杂志》43.《Mining Journal》, U. K.——《采矿学报》44.《Mining magazine》, U. K.——《采矿杂志》45.《Mining Environmental Management》, U. K.——《采矿环境管理》46.《The International Journal for Blasting and Fragmentation》,Austria——《国际爆破与粉碎学报》47.《International Journal of Solids and Structures》——《国际固体与结构学报》48.《International Journal of Engineering Mechanics》——《国际工程力学学报》49.《Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids》——《固体力学与物理学学报》50.《Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics》——《理论与应用断裂力学》51.《International Journal of Fracture》——《国际断裂学报》52.《Mechanics of Cohesive---Frictional Materials》An InternationalJournal of Experiments, Modelling and Computation of Materials and Structures, Netherlands——《粘聚—摩擦材料力学》国际材料与结构试验、模拟和计算学报53.《Reviews of Geophysics》American Geophysical Union(AGU)《地球物理评论》美国地球物理联合会54.《Journal of Geophysical Research》American Geophysical Union (AGU)——《地球物理研究学报》美国地球物理联合会主办55.《Geophysics——Journal of the Society of Exploration Geophysics》——《地球物理——勘探地球物理学会学报》美国勘探地球物理学会主办56.《Geophysical Journal International》——Published by RoyalAstronomical Society(RAS), the European Geophysical Society etc.《国际地球物理学报》,由皇家天文学会(英国)、欧洲地球物理学会等主办57.《Applied Geophysics》Journal of Chinese Geophysical Society,Springer.——《应用地球物理》中国地球物理学会学报58.《Chinese Journal of Geochemistry》——《中国地球化学学报》补充:岩土工程方面,除了以上提到的3大期刊Geotechnique(ICE)、Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering和Canadian Geotechnical Journal,还有和 Soils and Foundations(日本地盘工学会),可并称为岩土工程四大牛刊。
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主要的几个岩土国际SCI期刊介绍及点评(摘自小木虫)(2014-05-11 14:41:09)转载▼网络上流传着所谓岩土四大牛刊的说法实际上是不准确的,岩土虽然看似一家,但还是有区别的。
那四大牛刊实际上都是偏向于土力学方面的研究,岩石力学的第一刊物就是Elesiver(爱思维尔)旗下的international journal of rock mechanics and mining sciences(国际岩石力学及采矿科学杂志),这份杂志创办于60年代,是岩石力学界几个大牛创立的,现在里面的编委各个都还是大牛(这些家伙是实实在在地在做事哦,不是挂个名),口碑很好,岩石力学最影响的文章都是发表在这个刊物上,全球做岩石力学的研究人员都认同的。
第二刊物是Springer(斯普林格)旗下的Rock mechanics and rock engineering(岩石力学与岩石工程),感觉这个刊物上的文章质量和前一个比,差了不少,但还是不错的。
接下来就是土力学方面的刊物了,首先是Geotechnique(岩土技术?),很老牌的在英国的刊物,实际上感觉它主要偏向于岩土模型方面的文章,以前明尼苏达大学的一个教授P cundall在上面发过一篇文章,搞岩土的人应该都知道itasca这个公司(他是老板),他有篇离散元的文章(1979年)已经被引用近六千次了(有兴趣大家可以Google下),这是很恐怖的数字,特别是对工程类文章来说是非常之多的,而且引用还在增加(Cundall 2008年当了美国工程院院士,估计这篇文章作用很大)。
主要是那篇是离散元方面的鼻祖,而离散元已经应用到科学领域的各个方面,所以这种文章可遇不可求(百年一篇???)。
但近十年来,感觉刊物的水平在不停地下降,已经有被第二刊物超越的趋势。
这第二刊物就是美国土木工程师协会(ASCE)旗下的Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering-ASCE(岩土工程及岩土环境工程学报),这个刊物在北美是公认土力学的第一刊物,全美国上下都认的。
teaching materials[英] [məˈtiəriəl]:English for geological and geotechnical engineering基础工程foundation engineeringSpeciality english[ˌspeʃiˈæliti]岩土工程geotechnical engineeringUnit oneNew words and Expressionsmagma 岩浆[ˈmæɡmə]lava 1. (火山喷发的)熔岩2. (熔岩冷凝后的)火山岩 [英][ˈlɑ:və] crystalline[英] [ˈkrɪstəlaɪn]晶质的fragment . 碎片碎屑enrich使富足[inˈritʃ]dissipate驱散[ˈdisipeit]solidify凝固结晶[səˈlɪdəˈfaɪ]igneous 火成的[ˈɪgni:əs]classification分类, 分级[ˈklæsifiˈkeiʃən]arrangement排列[əˈreindʒmənt]phaneritic显晶岩的[fænəˈritik]plutonic深成的,火成的(岩石) [plu:ˈtɔnik]pegmatite结晶花岗岩[ˈpeɡmətait]beryl绿柱石[ˈberil]aphanitic非显晶质的[ˌæfəˌnitik]name for 与同名porphyritic斑状的[ˈpɔ:fiˈritik]matrix基质[ˈmeɪtrɪks]vocano 火山[vɔlˈkeinəu]instantaneous 瞬间的[ˈɪnstənˈteinjəs]obsidian [ɔbˈsɪdi:ən] 黑曜石pumice 浮岩[ˈpʌmɪs]foam 泡沫水沫[fəum]unaided 无助的独立的unaided eye [ʌnˈeɪdɪd]Text Igneous Rock火成岩1 What is magma?1岩浆第一段Magma is molten rock that flows within the earth.岩浆是在地球内部流动着的熔融的岩石。
molten[ˈməʊltən] . 熔化的;熔融的It may be completely liquid or, more commonly,a fluid mixture of liquid,solid crystals,and dissolved gases.岩浆可以是全部的液态,更多情况下是由液体、固态晶体和溶解的气体组成的流动混合物。
熔化形成的液体、从液体中结晶的矿物、捕虏体和包裹体、岩浆中溶解的气体fluid流体的, 流动的[ˈflu:ɪd] crystal结晶体[ˈkristəl] dissolved溶解的iˈzɔlvid]When magma reaches the Earth’s surface,we call it lava,ormolten rock that flows above ground.当岩浆喷出地表,我们称之熔岩,或者叫在地表流动着的熔岩熔岩流。
第二段Magma forms when underground temperatures become high enough to break the bonds in some minirals,causing the minerals to melt. 当地下温度达到足够破坏一些矿物间的联结时就会使这些矿物熔化而形成岩浆。
bond连接, 接合, 结合[bɔnd] melt融[溶, 熔]化; 溶解The rock then changes from a crystalline solid to a fluid mix containing freely moving ions and atoms as well as some still-soild crystalline fragments.接着岩石从结晶的固体变成流动的混合物,这种混合物含有自由运动的离子和原子以及一些仍然保持固态的晶质碎屑。
Ion离子['aiən]atom原子['ætəm]Different minerals melt out of the rock at different temperatures as the heat gradually increases,with the minerals having the highest melting points remaining the longest as still-soild fragments in the magma.随着热量逐渐地增加,在不同的温度下不同的矿物从岩石中融化出来。
具有最高融点的这些矿物会在岩浆中以固态碎屑保持最久。
At the same time,the composition of the magma changes as eachnewly molten mineral enters and enriches it.同时,新熔融矿物混入和富集,岩浆组分随之发生改变。
第三段When heat dissipates from magma, its bonds no longer break and new bonds start to form. 当热量从岩浆中消散,矿物间的联结不再破坏,新的联结开始形成。
Firstly, some of the free atoms and ions in the liquid bond to form tiny crystals.首先,液体中的一些自由的原子和离子联结形成微小晶体。
tiny ['taini]Additional ions and atoms bond at prescribed sites in the crystal structures. 另外一些离子和原子会在晶体结构中的特定位置胶结起来。
Additional:[ə'diʃənəl]附加的, 另外的; 补充的prescribe:[pri'skraibd]规定的,特定的crystal ['kristl]The crystals grow until they touch the edges of adjacent crystals.晶体接触到相邻晶体边缘就会停止生长。
Adjacent相邻的[ə'dʒeisnt]As cooling progresses, different minerals crystallize from the magma, again changing the magma's composition. 当冷凝时不同矿物从岩浆中结晶,再次改变岩浆组分。
Progress进行If cooling continues long enough, the entire body of magma will become solidified as igneous rock.如果冷凝持续足够长,岩浆将变成固体,称为火成岩。
Solidify[sə'lidifai]2 Classification of Igneous rock 火成岩的分类Igneous rock are classified based on their two most obvious properties:火成岩依据两个最明显的特征分类:结构和成分。
property[ˈprɔpəti]their texture,which is determined by the size and shape [ʃeip] of their mineral crystals and the manner in which these grew together during cooling,and their composition,which is deterimined by the minerals that they contain.火成岩结构由其矿物晶体的大小、形状和冷凝时矿物生长联结方式决定,火成岩的成分由其所含矿物决定。
3.Igneous textures 火成岩结构A rock’s texture refers to the appearance of itssurface-specifically the size, shape, and arrangement of the rock’s mineral components.岩石的结构指其表面的特征-尤其是岩石中矿物成分的大小、形状和排列方式。
appearance外观, component 成分, 组成部分[kəmˈpəunənt]The most important factor controlling these features inIgneous rocks is the rate at which a magma or lava cools.控制火成岩结构的最重要的因素是岩浆或熔岩冷凝的快慢。
Feature特征] [ˈfi:tʃə]When a magma’s minerals crystallize slowly underground over thousands of years,crystals have ample time to grow large enough to be seen with the unaided eye.当岩浆中的矿物在地下缓慢地结晶数千年,晶体会有足够的时间生长成肉眼可见的颗粒。
Ample足够的[ˈæmpl]The resulting texture is called phaneritic rocks(Fig.1.1) 形成的结构称之显晶质。
figure ['figə] one point oneSlow cooling occurs when magmas enter, or intrude, preexisting soild rock;当岩浆侵入先前形成的岩石,缓慢冷凝,Occur[ə'kə:] Intrude侵入[inˈtru:d] preexist先前存在[ˈpri:iɡˈzist]Thus rocks with phaneritic textures are known as intrusive rocks.具有显晶质结构的岩石被称为侵入岩。
intrusive:[in'tru:siv]侵入的,闯入的They are also called plutonic rocks.也称为深成岩。