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⼉童经济学：盘点各国养育孩⼦的费⽤成本欧美国家养个孩⼦要多少钱？“六⼀⼉童劫”快乐地⾛了，留下了有点沉重的爸妈信⽤卡账单。
在开放单独⼆胎政策的⽇⼦⾥，许多年轻爸妈都对第⼆个甜蜜的负担有了犹豫。
谁都知道，养个娃不容易，给娃⼀个宽裕的⽣活更难。
这话，放在全球皆准。
英国：私⽴⽐公⽴学校学费昂贵许多去年，英国王室宝宝的诞⽣使母婴⽤品商都笑开了花。
有报道指出，英国在未来两三年⾥会有⼀股“婴⼉潮”。
不过，在英国，将⼀个孩⼦抚养成⼈的费⽤并不便宜。
英国经济与商业研究中⼼公布的最新⼀期研究报告显⽰，英国⽗母抚养⼀个孩⼦并供其上⼤学的总费⽤在2014年将升⾄22.7266万英镑（约237万⼈民币）。
数据显⽰，⾃英国最⼤的互助会在2003年发布第⼀份⼉童费⽤报告以来，抚养⼀个孩⼦的总费⽤已经增长了62%。
⽬前，⽗母每年抚养孩⼦的费⽤占其年收⼊⽐例为28%，新华国际记者了解到英国的公⽴学校和私⽴学校学费收取情况⼤不相同。
在英国，5岁到17岁的孩⼦享受义务教育。
如果孩⼦就读公⽴学校，学费免费，可以⼤⼤减轻⽗母的开⽀。
如果选择私⽴学校，那么教育投⼊就昂贵得多。
私⽴学校委员会估计上幼⼉园的孩⼦每学期平均学费为1000英镑（10430⼈民币），⼀学年⼀般包括三个学期。
上⼩学的孩⼦（5-11岁）每学期平均学费为2600英镑（27120⼈民币），其中寄宿⽣的学费要更⾼。
上⾼中的孩⼦（11-16岁）若就读于⾛读学校，每学期平均学费为3000英镑（31292⼈民币），寄宿学校就更⾼了。
⽆论公校还是私校，到了⼤学阶段，⽗母就该⾃掏腰包了。
从2012年开始，英国⼤学的学费最⾼上限由之前的每学年3290英镑（34315⼈民币）调⾄9000英镑（81198⼈民币）。
其中，名牌⼤学的学费往往更⾼。
剑桥⼤学发布报告称，2014-2015学年攻读该校本科的学费每年达9000英镑（81198⼈民币）。
德国：7岁以后，⽣活和教育开销各占⼀半关于德国家庭养育孩⼦的总体花销，德国联邦统计局2013年的数据统计如下：0-6 岁平均每⽉花销468欧元（约合3986元⼈民币），总计花费约33696欧元（286995元⼈民币）；7-12岁每⽉平均花销568欧元（4838元⼈民币），共计约40896欧元（348319元⼈民币）；13-18岁每⽉花销655欧元（5579元⼈民币），共计47160欧元（401671元⼈民币）。
中英文对照的文章不少读者觉得阅读英文文章，看到不懂的单词意思却要查字典比较麻烦，但是如果带有翻译的英文文章就没有这样烦恼了。
下面就是店铺给大家整理的中英文对照的文章，希望大家喜欢。
中英文对照的文章篇1：Divorce and Kids离婚与孩子Barbara Dafoe Whitehead巴巴拉·达福·怀特黑德Divorce is transforming the lives of American children.In the past World War 2 generation, morethan 80 percent of children grew up with both biological parents. Today only half will do so.Each year more than a million children experience family breakup: about as many are born outof wedlock.离婚正在改变美国儿童的生活。
二次世界大战后的一代人中，80%以上的儿童都在亲生父母身边长大。
今天只有半数是如此。
每年有一百多万儿童的家庭破裂，这与非婚生儿的数量大体相同。
At the same time, the problems associated with family disruption have grown. Overall child well-being has declined,despite historically high public spending. The teen suicide rate has almosttripled. Juvenile crime has increased and become more violent. School performance has beenpoor.与此同时，家庭破裂带来的问题层出不穷。
一个孩子生下来至养大成人，你有算过需要多少钱吗？在现今的社会环境下，一个孩子生下来至养大成人，你有算过需要多少钱吗？《青年研究》发表了名为《孩子的经济成本：转型期的结构变化和优化》的报告。
报告指出，以上海市徐汇区为典型，在上海把一个孩子从0岁培养到18岁，要花49万元。
既然如此，那49万元是怎么花出去的？包含哪些项目呢？让我们看看——怀孕：产前诊断检查(13-15次)1000元、营养品(9个月)3000元、防辐射服400元、购置婴儿用品3000元、孕妇培训课(2个月)1000元等等总计11500元。
生产：住院费普通产房50元/天×8天=400元、生产费(顺产)2000元，等等总计2700元。
产后至上幼儿园：保姆费3年21400元、一次性尿布6个月1800元，奶粉、营养品、幼儿图书、体检、看病等等总计45100元。
幼儿园：学费：1200元/月×36个月=43200元、伙食费：200元/月×36个月=7200元、其他加上图书、玩具、动画片DVD等等开销总计65700元。
小学阶段：择校费、学费、杂费、书本费、辅导班、伙食费、班车费、卫生保健费、社会实践活动费、特长班等等，6年总计103780元。
中学阶段：择校费、学费、杂费、书本费、补课或家教费、伙食费、卫生保健费、社会实践活动费、校服、服装（校服外的）、学习用品、零用钱，以及各种隐性开支等等，6年总计166154元。
大学阶段：学费、杂费、书本费、零用钱、旅游、实习费、伙食费等等，4年总计95000元。
以上各阶段合计：49万元。
虽然全国各地收入水平差异很大，物价也不同，这份报告也许不适用于你所在的城市，但现在生养一个小孩的成本之高，恐怕是大家都认同的。
特别是对一些８５后，甚至是９０后，据统计，这群人中每年怀孕的人都不在少数，怀孕后，选择只有只有两种，或者把孩子流产掉，或者选择了把孩子养大。
他们有的刚从事工作，有的根本还没有踏入社会，他们之中的大部分又何来能力去养育一个孩子。
年轻人养育成本的计算English Answer:Cost of Raising a Child.The cost of raising a child varies widely depending on a number of factors, including the age of the child, the income of the family, and the location. However, there are some general guidelines that can be used to estimate the average cost of raising a child in the United States.According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the average annual cost of raising a child from birth to age 17 is $233,610. This includes the cost of food, housing, clothing, transportation, healthcare, and education. The cost of raising a child is highest in the first year of life, when the child requires a lot of specialized care. The cost then decreases gradually as the child gets older.The cost of raising a child can be a significantfinancial burden for families. However, there are a numberof ways to save money on child-rearing costs. One way is to breastfeed the child for as long as possible. Breast milkis free and provides the best nutrition for babies. Another way to save money is to buy used clothing and toys. Finally, families can save money by using public transportation or carpooling to get around.Chinese Answer:抚养一个孩子的成本。
养育一个孩子的付出The Cost ofRaising a Kid大学英语作文When I was small, my mother always told me how much work she had contributed to raising me, so I was very afraid of making her angry. For parents, raising a kid indeed costs them a lot of money and spirit, they have to contribute physically and mentally. Being a parent is not easy.当我还小的时候，我的妈妈总是告诉我为了养育我，她付出了多少，因此我很害怕惹她生气。
对于家长来说，养育孩子确实需要花费他们很多的时间和精力，他们全身心地付出。
成为家长是很不容易的。
To raise a kid, the first thing is about money. The parents need to pay off the kids’bill, including their daily diet and clothing, what’s more, some kids want to buy the expensive toys. When the kids grow up, the parents need to pay off their education, it is the most heavy burden.Parents have to give money to kids until they find a job.为了养育一个孩子，第一件事就是钱。
父母需要付清孩子的账单，包括他们的日常饮食和服装，而且，一些孩子想要买昂贵的玩具。
当孩子长大了，父母需要付孩子的教育费，这是最沉重的负担。
投资者常见金融词汇英汉对照ABS 资产担保证券（Asset Backed Securities的英文缩写）Accelerated depreciation 加速折旧Acceptor 承兑人；受票人；接受人Accommodation paper 融通票据；担保借据Accounts payable 应付帐款Accounts receivable 应收帐款Accrual basis 应计制；权责发生制Accrued interest 应计利息Accredited Investors 合资格投资者；受信投资人;指符合美国证券交易委员(SEC)条例，可参与一般美国非公开(私募)发行的部份机构和高净值个人投资者Accredit value 自然增长值Accrediting 本金增值;适用于多种工具，指名义本金在工具（如上限合约、上下限合约、掉期和互换期权）的期限内连续增长。
ACE 美国商品交易所Acid Test Ratio 酸性测验比率；速动比率Across the board 全面一致；全盘的Acting in concert 一致行动；合谋Active assets 活动资产；有收益资产Active capital 活动资本Actual market 现货市场Actuary 精算师；保险统计专家ADB 亚洲开发银行(Asian Development Bank的英文缩写)ADR 美国存股证；美国预托收据；美国存托凭证 (参见American Depository Receipt栏目）ADS 美国存托股份(American Depository Share的英文缩写)Ad valorem 从价；按值Affiliated company 关联公司；联营公司After date 发票后，出票后After-market 后市[股市] 指某只新发行股票在定价和配置后的交易市场。
市场参与者关注的是紧随的后市情况，即头几个交易日。
听力题News report 3第一单元News report 31 What is the main idea of the news report?新闻报道的主旨是什么B . Many Africans study in China with financial assistance.许多非洲人在中国学习，得到经济援助。
2 What will Violet Bwalya of Zambia study after finishing her study of Chinese?赞比亚的维奥莱特. 布瓦利亚完成她的中文学习后会学什么？D. Medicine.医学。
3 Which one is mentioned as a problem affecting the quality of Chinese education?哪一个是影响中国教育质量的问题？C . Language communication.第二单元News report 31，What is the main idea of the news report?了。
2，At which stage of the child's growth do parents spend the largest amount of money?在孩子成长的哪个阶段，父母花的钱最多？C . When their child studies at university.3 Where does the largest part of the child-rearing cost go to?抚养孩子的大部分费用都花在哪里了？C . Child care and education.第三单元News report 31，What happened in Shinshu University?信州大学里发生了什么？D . Students were told to give up their smartphones or leave the school.学生被告知放弃智能手机或离开学校。
The Virtues of Growing Older （长大变老有好处）Our society worships youth. Advertisements convince us to buy Grecian Formula and Oil of Olay so we can hide the gray in our hair and smooth the lines on our face. Television shows feature attractive young stars with firm bodies, perfect complexions, and thick manes of hair. Middle-aged folks work out in gyms and jog down the street, trying to delay the effects of age.我们所处的社会崇尚年轻。
连篇累牍的广告劝我们买希腊配方的洗发水和玉兰油，这样的话，白发无处可寻，面部的皱纹也能被抚平。
电视节目上尽是体魄强健，肤色无暇，头发浓密的年轻明星。
而中年人则在体育馆里锻炼，在马路上慢跑，尽量不让岁月过早地留下痕迹。
Wouldn't any person over thirty gladly sign with the devil just to be young again? Isn't aging an experience to be dreaded? Perhaps it is unAmerican to say so, but I believe the answer is "No." Being young is often pleasant, but being older has distinct advantages.不是所有三十出头的人都会为了重获青春而心甘情愿地与魔鬼订立合约吗？长大变老难道不可怕吗？说它不可怕可能不是美国人的回答，但我却认为长大变老不可怕。
UNIT 1 One Writer’s Beginnings1 I learned from the age of two or three that any room in our house, at any time of day, was there to read in, or to be read to. My mother read to me. She’d read to me in the big bedroom in the mornings, when we were in her rocker together, which ticked in rhythm as we rocked, as though we had a cricket accompanying the story. She’d read to me in the dining room on winter afternoons in front of the coal fire, with our cuckoo clock ending the story with “Cuckoo,”and at night when I’d got in my own bed. I must have given her no peace. Sometimes she read to me in the kitchen while she sat churning, and the churning sobbed along with any story. It was my ambition to have her read to me while I churned; once she granted my wish, but she read off my story before I brought her butter. She was an expressive reader. When she was reading “Puss in Boots,” for instance, it was impossible not to know that she distrusted all cats.我从两三岁起就知道，家中随便在哪个房间里，白天无论在什么时间，都可以念书或听人念书。
英国调查显示养成年女儿比儿子多花近6万元
时下英国通胀压力大，房子、汽车、上学的费用样样都在上升，父母给儿女的“财政支持”也水涨船高。
据英国《每日电讯报》10月24日报道，一项研究表明英国父母在成年女儿身上的花费，比成年儿子多5700英镑(约合人民币56102元)，也就是说，养女儿比养儿子更花钱。
该研究显示，在英国，在孩子18岁到30岁期间，父母平均在孩子身上花费了约32700英镑(约合人民币321850元)，其中包括了大学学费、房产首付以及婚礼的花销，各高达5000英镑左右(约合人民币49213元)。
而根据对1000名老年父母的调查，女儿得到的房产首付和婚礼的费用都比儿子多，因此才造成养女儿的花费较高。
此外，该研究还表明抚养儿女的花费在不同城市差异较大，如在伦敦，抚养一个成年孩子的花销是全国平均水平的两倍多。
正因为养孩子实在太贵了，一项相关研究表明每五个英国父母中，就有一个在推迟生育孩子。
孩子18岁以后抚养成本更（英汉对照）孩子18岁以后抚养成本更高Kids Can Be Costly Long After They Turn 18Parents and would-be parents might be relieved to hear that last week’s widely reported government figure estimating the cost of raising a child -- around $300,000 over the first 17 years for middle-income, two-parent families -- is, according to several economists, wide of the mark. 上月中旬，美国农业部(U.S. Department of Agriculture)公布了抚养一个孩子的估计成本──中等收入双亲家庭抚养子女到18岁的成本约为300,000美元，然而据多位经济学家称，这一广泛报道的政府数据错得离谱，父母们和即将成为父母的人听到这里或许会感到松了一口气。
The bad news is it may be a severe underestimate. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s report leaves two things out of account. For a start, it doesn’t reflect unpaid time spent on parenting, including income forgone by parents who cut back on work hours to care for their children. 坏消息是，这个数字其实是可能严重低估了。
美国农业部的报道没有计入两个项目。
首先，它没有反映出抚养孩子所花的无报酬时间，包括减少工作时间以照顾子女的父母放弃的收入。
Plus, the hit to parents’ wallets doesn’t end when the child turns 18, as the parents often still provide housing and food as well as pay for college. These could add up to hundreds of thousands of dollars in additional costs. 而且，当子女到18岁以后，父母的荷包还要继续出血，因为父母经常仍要为他们提供食宿和支付大学学费。
这些费用会增加数十万美元的成本。
‘The real costs of raising a child for a moderate-income family’ -- including forgone income, college for those who attend, and the so-called opportunity cost of not investing the money -- ‘would be closer to $900,000 to age 22 than the reported $300,000 expenditures to age 18,’ says John Ward, an economist and the president of John Ward Economics, based in Prairie Village, Kan., which consults on legal disputes for plaintiffs and defendants. 堪萨斯州普莱瑞村的John Ward Economics 公司的总裁、经济学家约翰沃德说，中等收入家庭抚养一个子女的实际成本──包括放弃的收入、大学学费、以及没有将这些钱进行投资而导致的所谓的机会成本──到子女22岁时将接近900,000美元，而不是媒体报道的抚养到子女18岁时的300,000美元。
John Ward Economics为原告和被告的法律纠纷提供咨询服务。
(The $300,000 estimate takes into account expected inflation. In 2011 dollars, the price tag for a middle income family is $234,900.)USDA economist Mark Lino, chief author of the annual study, acknowledges the report excludes college and forgone income. These expenses and others after a child turns 18, he says, typically aren’t included in calculating state guidelines for child-support and foster-care payments -- a principal use of the report. 美国农业部的经济学家、该项年度研究的主要作者马克利诺承认，该报告没有考虑大学学费和父母放弃的收入。
该报告的主要用途是为美国州政府处理子女抚养费用相关问题时提供指引，利诺说，这些费用和子女18岁以后的其他费用在州政府制定相关指导方针时通常不包括在内。
‘We have traditionally only looked at direct, out-of-pocket expenditures,’ he says. 他说，我们传统上只考察直接的、现付的支出。
The USDA numbers represent how much parents spend on their children, and not necessarily how much they should spend, which Dr. Lino says would be ‘very subjective.’ His staff derives its spending data from the federal Consumer Expenditure Survey, produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, assigning child expenses in various categories to households including children. 美国农业部的数字表示父母对子女的支出金额，而不一定是他们应该支出的金额，利诺博士称后者是非常主观的。
他手下的研究人员根据美国劳工统计局编写的联邦《消费者支出调查》得出这一支出数据，计算出有子女家庭的各类子女抚养费用。
Since the first USDA report, in 1960, the data and approach have evolved. As the nation’s farming population has declined, the report no longer breaks out spending on farms, though it includes separate estimates for rural areas and urban areas in different parts of the country. 自从1960年美国农业部第一份此类报告出台以来，相关数据和统计方法一直在演变。
当美国的农业人口下降时，该报告不再单列农场家庭的支出，但它仍包括对全国不同区域的农村地区和城市地区的分别估计。
In 2008, Dr. Lino’s staff made two broader shifts that pulled the estimate in different directions. Pushing the figure higher, the USDA began including in its estimate of child-care and education costs only households that bore such costs. Previously, it averaged in households without direct expenses for child care and education as zeros. The change led to an increase in the cost estimate of 33% for the category. 2008年，利诺博士手下的研究人员作出两项主要变化，推动估计数字向不同方向变动。
令数字升高的是，美国农业部开始在子女照顾与教育成本的估计数据中只计入承担此类成本的家庭。
之前在计算平均值时，将没有子女照顾与教育直接费用的家庭计为零。
这一变化导致此类家庭的估计成本提高了33%。
A change in calculating housing expenses had the opposite effect. Before 2008, each child was assigned the same share of housing costs as any other member of the household. Since then, the cost per child has been set at the marginal cost of an additional bedroom, lowering the housing cost by between 22% and 45%, depending on the region. 住房费用计算方法的变化影响则与之相反。
2008年以前，对每个子女和任何其他家庭成员赋予的住房成本份额相同。
从那以后，每个子女的住房成本被定为增加一间卧室的边际成本，根据地区的不同，房屋成本的降低幅度在22%至45%之间。
The education cost would be far higher if college were included, even accounting for children who don’t attend co llege, pay for it themselves or attend low-priced institutions. Several economists, including Jane Venohr, a research associate at the Denver-based Center for Policy Research think tank who studies child support, say the USDA’s approach, by cutting off at age 18, is consistent with most states’ child-support guidelines. She adds, however, that guideline details vary widely across the country, and that most states don’t base their guidelines entirely on the USDA estimate. 如果加上大学学费，教育成本将高得多，即使算上没有上大学的子女，以及自己支付学费或上低学费大学的子女。
