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当前我国国际竞争力的评价与提升研究随着全球化进程的加速和经济体系的不断演变，国家的国际竞争力成为了衡量一个国家经济发展水平和国际地位的重要指标。
在这样的背景下，当前我国的国际竞争力评价与提升显得尤为关键。
一、当前我国国际竞争力的评价1.1 国际排名与指数国际排名是一个国家国际竞争力的重要表现形式之一，包括各种全球竞争力评比、创新竞争力排名等。
如2019年全球竞争力年度报告显示，我国在全球竞争力排名中位列第14位，排名稳步提升，既是经济大国，又是通往全球市场的主要门户之一。
此外，科技创新水平也是衡量一个国家国际竞争力的重要指标之一，如2019年全球创新指数报告中，在129个经济体中，我国排名第14位。
1.2 国家经济实力和经济结构国家经济实力是影响国际竞争力的决定性因素之一，包括GDP、人均收入等指标。
据国际货币基金组织2019年数据显示，我国GDP总量已经超过13万亿元，排名世界第二。
此外，经济结构也是影响国家国际竞争力的因素之一，随着中国经济的逐步升级，高科技制造业、战略性新兴产业等成为经济增长的重要引擎。
1.3 教育、人口和社会环境等因素教育水平、人力资源储备和社会环境等因素也会影响国际竞争力。
在这些方面，我国的努力和成就也是有目共睹的。
例如，我国的高等教育质量逐步提升，全球排名不断上升；人口数量和消费能力仍处于世界领先地位；政府打击贪污腐败的力度日益加强，促进了公平竞争的环境与形成。
二、我国国际竞争力的提升2.1 推动经济增长经济增长是国家竞争力提升的重要途径，需要在创新、打造新经济体系等方面努力。
在2019年的政府工作报告中，也明确提出构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际循环相互促进的新发展格局。
这意味着，我国将加速经济结构调整、提高经济质量和效益，推动经济增长。
2.2 加强高质量发展高质量发展是当前我国国际竞争力提升的关键，是构建现代化国家体系的基石。
高质量发展需要在科技创新、产业升级、基础设施建设等方面进行深入推进。
中国企业的竞争力中国企业的竞争力竞争力是企业在市场竞争中获得持续竞争优势的能力，是企业内外因素综合作用的结果。
近几十年来，中国企业在实现快速经济发展的同时，也在逐步提高自身的竞争力。
下面将从国内外因素两个方面进行分析。
一、国内因素1.市场规模和消费能力的提升：中国国土辽阔，人口众多，市场规模大。
经过改革开放以来，中国的经济不断发展，市场需求不断增长。
同时，随着城市化进程的加速和人民生活水平的提高，消费能力也在不断提升，为企业提供了广阔的市场空间。
2.科技创新和研发能力的增强：近年来，中国政府大力支持科技创新，并投入大量资金推动科技研发。
在人工智能、5G通信、新能源等领域，中国企业取得了显著的突破。
一些中国企业在全球范围内拥有自己的研发中心，积极推动科技创新，提高了中国企业在全球市场的竞争力。
3.产业升级和优化：中国企业在不断升级优化传统产业的同时，也在积极发展新兴产业。
中国已经成为全球最大的电子制造基地和汽车消费市场，并在高端装备制造、新材料、新能源等领域取得了突破。
这些产业的发展不仅能够提供大量就业机会，还能够提高中国企业的核心竞争力。
4.工人素质和管理水平的提升：中国政府注重教育事业发展，提高了人民的素质水平。
同时，企业也加大了培训投入，提升员工的技能和专业能力。
在管理方面，中国企业也逐渐引进国际先进的管理理念和方法，提高了管理水平和效率。
二、国际因素1.全球化的市场机遇：随着全球化的深入发展，中国企业可以更好地与国际市场接轨。
中国的加入世贸组织、签署自由贸易协定等举措，使中国企业能够更加便利地进入全球市场，获取更多的商机。
2.海外投资和国际化发展：中国企业积极利用国内积累的资金，通过海外投资和并购的方式，不断拓展海外市场。
一些中国企业在全球范围内设立了研发中心、生产基地和销售网络，加快了国际化的步伐。
3.品牌建设和文化传播：中国一些企业通过品牌建设和文化传播，成功打造了一批具有国际影响力的品牌。
汉英翻译教程理解当代中国形成公平竞争
（原创版）
目录
1.汉英翻译教程的重要性
2.理解当代中国的背景
3.形成公平竞争的意义
4.汉英翻译教程与公平竞争的关系
正文
随着全球化的发展，汉英翻译的重要性日益凸显。
汉英翻译教程作为跨文化交流的重要工具，不仅可以帮助人们更好地理解和学习中国文化，还可以推动中国与世界各国的交流与合作。
因此，编写一本优秀的汉英翻译教程显得尤为重要。
然而，要想编写一本优秀的汉英翻译教程，我们首先需要理解当代中国的背景。
中国作为一个历史悠久的国家，其文化底蕴深厚，同时也经历了一系列的变革与发展。
在现代社会，中国正朝着公平竞争的方向努力，希望通过建立一个公平竞争的环境，激发各类市场主体的活力，从而实现社会的和谐发展。
在这个过程中，形成公平竞争的意义显得尤为重要。
公平竞争不仅可以保护各类市场主体的合法权益，还可以推动市场的优胜劣汰，促进资源的合理配置。
同时，公平竞争还可以激发各类市场主体的创新能力，从而推动社会的进步和发展。
那么，汉英翻译教程与公平竞争有什么关系呢？其实，汉英翻译教程可以帮助我们更好地理解公平竞争的概念和原则，从而更好地推动公平竞争的实施。
例如，汉英翻译教程可以帮助我们准确地翻译和理解关于公平竞争的法律和政策，从而更好地指导实践。
同时，汉英翻译教程还可以帮助我们了解国际上的公平竞争实践，从而为我国的公平竞争提供借鉴和参
考。
综上所述，汉英翻译教程对于理解当代中国的公平竞争具有重要的意义。
美国网友：中国的崛起，该如何解释？你不知道的中国核心竞争力？中国的崛起：解释并分析中国核心竞争力中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，最近几十年来，中国的经济发展可谓是惊人。
这是一个令人瞩目的奇迹，中国的崛起让世界各国都感到惊讶。
在这样的背景下，人们想知道中国是如何崛起的？以及中国有哪些核心竞争力？解释中国崛起，一方面是中国政府改革开放政策的发动，改革开放政策是中国经济发展的基础，改革开放政策的实施使中国经济迅速发展起来，改革开放政策的实施促进了中国市场的发展，激发了中国社会的活力和创新活力，从而使中国经济得以飞速发展。
另一方面，中国的崛起也受到了中国的人口和劳动力的支撑。
中国有大量的劳动力，劳动力的可用性让中国的企业能够节省大量的成本。
此外，中国的人口也为中国市场提供了足够的消费需求，这也是中国经济发展的推动力之一。
有了上述的基础，中国的崛起也受到了中国市场的支持。
中国市场是一个庞大的市场，拥有众多的消费者，也是众多企业的投资热土。
在这样的市场环境下，企业投资得到了很大的助力，从而使中国的经济更快地发展起来。
除了上述的原因，中国的崛起也受到了国际社会的支持。
中国在国际社会中一直处于强有力的地位，各国都对中国的发展给予了极大的支持，这也是中国的崛起的原因之一。
以上就是解释中国崛起的原因，接下来我们来分析中国的核心竞争力。
首先，中国拥有庞大的劳动力和市场，这使得中国企业可以以低廉的成本生产出高质量的产品，而且中国消费者也有足够的消费力，这给中国企业提供了可观的收益。
其次，中国的改革开放政策使中国的市场环境发生了翻天覆地的变化，这使得中国的企业可以更加自由地发展，并且中国的改革也激发了中国社会的创新活力，使得中国企业走出了自己的路。
此外，中国也受到了国际社会的支持，国际社会一直在帮助中国发展，这也是中国崛起的决定性因素之一。
总之，中国的崛起可以归结为改革开放政策、庞大的劳动力和市场、国际社会的支持，这些都是中国崛起的关键因素，而中国的核心竞争力则主要体现在低成本、庞大的市场、灵活的政策和国际社会的支持等方面。
中国为何变得强大英文作文英文，China has become strong for a variety of reasons. One of the main reasons is its rapid economic growth. Over the past few decades, China has experienced tremendous economic development, which has propelled it to become one of the world's largest economies. This growth has been driven by a combination of factors, including government policies, investment in infrastructure, and a large, hardworking population.Another factor contributing to China's strength is its increasing global influence. China has become a major player in international politics and economics, and its influence is felt across the globe. For example, China's Belt and Road Initiative has led to significant investments in infrastructure and development in countries around the world, further solidifying China's position as a global power.Additionally, China has made significant advancementsin technology and innovation. It has become a leader in areas such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy,and e-commerce. These advancements have not only boosted China's economy but also its global standing.Furthermore, China's strong sense of national identity and unity has played a role in its rise to power. The Chinese people have a deep pride in their country and its history, and this has helped to drive progress and development.中文，中国之所以变得强大，原因有很多。
中国企业在国际市场上的竞争力中国是世界上最大的制造业国家，也是最大的出口国家之一。
中国企业在国际市场上的竞争力在过去几十年间获得了巨大的飞跃。
由于中国企业的规模和效益优势，国际市场上的竞争力与日俱增。
本文将从几个方面探讨中国企业在国际市场上的竞争力。
一、制造业实力中国制造业是世界上最为庞大的，拥有完善的供应链和成熟的生产技术。
中国的制造成本相对较低，让许多企业可以在国际市场上获得有利的地位。
尤其是在智能制造技术的应用上，中国企业也处于领先地位，为企业给产品注入更多“智慧”。
二、创新能力创新是企业发展的关键，中国企业在创新方面也经历了长足的进步。
在技术研究和开发上，许多中国企业在世界领域内排名前列，可举出不少成功的例子，如华为、阿里巴巴、腾讯等。
随着中国政府大力支持和国际创新环境的成熟，中国企业将具有更强的自主创新能力，有更多的机会赢得在国际市场上的竞争。
三、品牌价值中国企业已逐渐摆脱了从低端品牌的印象，开始在大品牌竞争上寻找空间。
品牌是中国企业与国际大企业差距的主导因素，许多中国品牌的市场占有率已经超过了外国品牌。
例如，海尔电器品牌在世界家电市场，已成了产生很大影响的品牌，符合国际市场消费者需求和市场趋势，并在国际竞争中占领优势。
也有许多企业在通过品牌推动企业的发展，竞争中抢占更广泛的市场份额。
四、国际化结构中国企业重视国际化结构推动企业的走向世界，包括分公司、工厂等投资方面的布局。
通过多层次、多形式的国际化方式，中国企业已搭起了更广的国际市场平台，带来了更多的利润和经验。
在此基础上，实现世界型企业的目标是必然的选择。
五、企业文化企业文化已经成为企业竞争的重要基础。
对于外企来说，由于具备着其独特的文化、社会风格等有形无形的软性支持，从而能带来持续的盈利。
中国企业也在重视企业文化塑造，如华为、海尔等均以塑造良好企业文化进行奋斗，提高企业的凝聚力和创新动力。
六、综合因素中国企业在进军国际市场的时候，除了以上几个因素外，还有诸如环保、劳工保障、社会责任等因素，这些因素也会影响到国际市场上的竞争力。
Why Is China So Competitive?Measuring and Explaining China’s Competitivenessby F. Gerard Adams, Northeastern University,Byron Gangnes, University of Hawaii at Manoa,and Yochanan Shachmurove, City University of New York1Working Paper No. 04-62October 2004（selection）Comparative Advantage and International CompetitivenessThe explanation of international competitiveness by economists goes back many years to the theory of comparative advantage and factor pricing (Ricardo and Heckscher-Ohlin). While Ricardo focused on one production factor and differences in technology (climate), Heckscher and Ohlin dealt with labor and capital inputs and justified comparative advantage on the basis of underlying differences in factor endowments and relative factor prices. This approach has been extended to many products and many factors (Dornbusch, Fisher, and Samuelson, 1977). In the modern theory of trade under imperfect competition, comparative advantage continues to play a central role in explaining trade patterns, although scale economies and strategic motives are also important (Helpman and Krugman, 1985). Ronald Jones (2000) has noted that absolute advantages may influence patterns of specialization if some inputs to production are mobile across borders.Comparative advantage may lie at the heart of the theory of specialization and trade but it is not always closely related to real world discussions of competitiveness. First, comparative advantage is a microeconomic concept, focusing on industry-specific trade, explaining why one country might export labor-intensive products while another country might specialize in capital-intensive ones. By definition each country has a comparative advantage in the production of some products—those for which it has a lower relative (opportunity) cost than its competitors.Therefore, comparative advantage has little significance from a macroeconomic perspective. It is not meaningful to say that at any time country A in the aggregate has a comparative advantage over country B.Second, comparative advantage is an equilibrium concept, predicting a pattern of trade when prices, trade flows and exchange rates are in equilibrium. Business decisions, in contrast, often must explicitly consider short-term developments as well as long term equilibrium outcomes. These will include current economic conditions, exchange rate fluctuations, and other factors that represent deviations from long-run equilibrium conditions.Finally comparative advantage does not take specifically into account all the technological options available to the producers. At the microeconomic level, when dealing with specific products, it is not always clear from theory which country has the most favorable mix of resources and factor prices for various types of production. Depending on technology and infrastructure, a shortage of labor relative to capital which implies relatively high wage rates may be offset by differences in productivity. High wages may or may not translate into competitive disadvantage for labor-intensive products if alternative technologies using less labor and more capital are available. For example, many products that are produced by hand in China are also produced, by machine, in the United States.Competitiveness, a term used widely in the business administration literature (Porter, 1990), has been often been applied in Europe and the US to represent the failures or successes of the economy. By competitiveness we mean the ability under present conditions of a country’s products to command world markets.In contrast to comparative advantage, it is appropriate to talk meaningfully about international competitiveness both on the macro and micro level. International competitiveness is a matter largely of costs: which country is able to deliver the product to the market most cheaply. Contributing to costs arefactors that directly affect input prices, such as exchange rates, domestic wages and material costs, and productivity, but also capabilities to produce goods of appropriate quality and meeting market specifications. Transportation and communication costs, and trade barriers and trade strategy may all play a role. Competitiveness is not an equilibrium concept. It represents a position at a point in time or its change over time. Since adjustment on the product supply side is likely to be very slow—it takes many years to establish production facilities and export markets—competitiveness typically refers to a time of disequilibrium when a country can increase its share of export markets. In other words, competitiveness often refers to dynamic rather than static perspectives.Common usage of the term, competitiveness, is usually broader than would be implied by a formal definition. In particular, advocates for competitiveness often stress the role of sustained productivity growth in producing products that meet the test of international markets and that leads to higher living standards. (Porter 1990, Competitiveness Policy Council, 1992). It is in this context that the term has been embraced by politicians to represent the failures or successes of Western economies. But, the ability to command world markets (for a time) does not necessarily imply higher living standards. A country’s products may be competitive because it has undervalued its currency. In that case, terms of trade may be unfavorable from a welfare point of view, goods may be exported cheaply in terms of the imports. Nevertheless, the effects on trade and production are real, as are the necessary structural adjustments that go along with them.In contrast to comparative advantage, it is appropriate to talk meaningfully about international competitiveness both on the macro and micro level. At the macro level, a country’s exports may be highly competitive in the destination countries or in comparison with products originating in other countries. That may reflect underlying factor cost and productivity considerations. It may also reflect the current exchange rate, undervaluation or overvaluation, as well astariffs, transportation costs and trade restrictions as well as product quality and specifications. Competitiveness has dynamic attributes in the sense that, given resource environment, countries may become more competitive as a result of learning-by doing, assimilation of technology, capital accumulation, increasing scale of production, and policy intervention. Contrary to some thinking, it does make sense to think of a country’s aggregate competitiveness and about policies intended to advance its competitiveness.From a micro perspective as well, it is possible to ask whether certain industries are competitive in world markets. This calls for a cost comparison, at a prevailing exchange rate, involving such factors as wages and capital costs, scale of production, and, of course, productivity. As we have noted in the discussion of comparative advantage, some industries will be more suited to an economy’s endowment of factors and skills than others. A dynamic improvement in competitiveness may mean that the competitiveness of currently exporting industries improves or that new products, perhaps technologically more advanced ones, become competitive.Measurement of CompetitivenessThe measurement of international competitiveness may be approached from a “results” or from a“causes” perspective. Results are basically export performance and the trade balance. These are ex post concepts and do not ask “why”, though there is often an implied explanation.Growth of exports, particularly growth that is more rapid than in other countries, implies competitiveness. A positive trade balance is also frequently cited as a positive measure of competitiveness. Presumably, competitiveness reflects relative costs, but it may also be affected by product attributes and trade restrictions. This may lead to confusion. Thus, a country that is running a trade surplus, may be suffering outflows of capital and its undervalued exchange rate may make its exports competitive. It is not clear that this type of competitiveness is a good thing. Alternatively, a trade deficit may follow from a countr y’s attractiveness toforeign investors whose capital inflow causes the exchange rate to be overvalued from the perspective of trade.A classical results measure, focused on particular industries, was Balassa’s “revealed comparative advantage” (RCA) (Balas sa, 1965), the share of a country’s exports of a specific product category (Xij) to its total expo rts (ΣiXij) as compared to the share of total world exports of the specific category (ΣjXij) in world exports of all goods (ΣiΣjXij),RCAij = Xij/ /(ΣiXij)/ (ΣjXij)/ (ΣiΣjXij).Balassa relates RCA measures to such underlying factors as capital intensity and human resource development (Balassa, 1979). The RCAs are sector specific and static. It is possible to make them dynamic by focusing on comparisons over time and in terms of rates of change. For example, growth of a specific export more rapidly than world wide growth of the specific product exports suggests competitiveness in the specific product. Such a dynamic comparison is shown above. One may want to measure international competitiveness directly, seeking the causes for of a country’s or an industry’s international trade success. The exchange rate is, of course, the most immediate measure of the terms of trade. However, the nominal exchange rate, though relevant to trade transactions, fails to take into account differences in domestic currency production costs. Comparisons of the temporal movement of real exchange rates can be computed by adjusting changes in nominal exchange rates for the underlying domestic price movements.中国为什么这么有竞争力？测评和解释中国的竞争力情况（节选）比较优势和国家竞争力经济学者对国际竞争力的解释比对比较优势（李嘉图）和要素禀赋理论（赫克歇尔-俄林）晚许多年。
中国农产品贸易竞争力分析外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：中国主要农产品的显性比较优势及竞争力分析摘要：本文在大量数据的基础上测算了1980－2003年期间中国部分农产品的显性比较优势指数及其比较竞争力。
测算结果表明中国在可食用蔬菜、茶叶等农产品上仍然具有比较优势，但是24 年来中国农产品的显性比较优势指数呈现下降趋势。
关键词：农产品; 国际贸易; 显性比较优势(RCA); 竞争力中国的农产品出口，为增加外汇、就业机会及城乡居民收入做出了重大贡献。
2003年农产品贸易余额为2.5美元亿美元，占外贸顺差总额的9.8％。
诚（2003）报道，由农产品出口可直接和间接创造19.88个就业机会。
巴拉萨（1965）在全球层面上首次提出了中国农产品的相对竞争力可以通过显示性比较优势分析（RCA），这对意识到中国农产品的竞争地位有作用的。
显示性比较优势的公式有某些类型的测量方法可以判定一个产业的竞争力，其中RCA指数就是重要的一个，RCA的概念基于的是传统的贸易理论。
原来的RCA指数，由巴拉萨（1965），可以被定义为：RCA= (X ij /X it) / (X nj / X nt)其中x表示出口,i代表一个国家，j是一种商品，x ij表示i国用来出口商品j。
t代表一组商品和n代表一组国家。
因此,该方程分析一个国家的出口占世界出口的商品与该国的出口总额占世界出口总额。
如果i国家j商品的世界出口份额，占i国的所有产品的世界出口份额越大，RCA将越大于1，这表明一个国家在生产特定商品上有一个“显性”比较优势。
RCA是基于观察贸易模式。
RCA价值的增加意味着在一国一种商品的竞争力增加。
这种测量是很容易，它被广泛采用。
但在现实中，可以观察到的贸易格局被政策和干预扭曲，因此可能会歪曲潜在的比较优势。
这在农业部门尤其如此，政府的干预是司空见惯的，这一点由巴拉萨（1965）指出。
进口限制的程度，出口补贴和其他的保护政策可能会扭曲的显示性比较优势指数正在成为关注的问题。
中国纺织品出口竞争力分析外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中国的纺织工业国际竞争优势摘要通过改革开放的政策，凭借要素禀赋优势中国纺织工业在全球纺织市场的份额持续增长超过20年。
本文认为，目前中国纺织行业竞争优势仍然是基于传统因素的比较优势，这可能由于国际纺织产业的技术不断地升级，国际竞争比以前更激烈。
中国加入WTO后，有一些弊端，如产业和贸易结构，贸易壁垒对中国纺织业发展的阻碍。
如何加快产业结构升级，提升中国纺织工业的国际竞争优势，是中国纺织行业发展的首要任务。
纺织工业一直是中国经济的支柱，得益于其在要素禀赋和市场规模的优势。
纺织部门的贸易额在过去25年（从改革开放）增长了27.11倍。
2005年，纺织品出口占了中国出口总额的15.4％，占了世界总出口的纺织品24.4％，而中国纺织品的生产和出口都位居世界前列。
尽管如此，中国纺织工业正面临着各种各样的困难，比如过度依赖资源，技术含量低和附加值低，复杂的贸易结构和出口市场的高度集中等对中国纺织品有越来越多的贸易制裁，特别值得一提的是，因为中国在这个行业的竞争优势被限制。
本文旨在通过深入的调查中国纺织行业的竞争优势，并带来了相应的建议。
一、中国纺织工业的国际竞争优势鉴于国际竞争优势关系的因素，纺织行业的发展仍然受劳动力成本和技术的决定。
相比较而言，服装业是高强度劳动，而在纺织行业，尤其是在化纤行业，资本和技术正在成为越来越重要的因素。
中国纺织行业显示了材料供应，劳动力成本，产品质量，与上下游的兼容性，明显的出口竞争优势积极促进规模经济和成本的影响。
但是，随着发达国家新技术持续投资于他们的纺织工业，廉价劳动力优势在发展中国家是倾向于被通过不断提高生产效率在发达国家削弱。
纺织行业在发达国家从而可以维持较高的利润，而同时降低了生产。
在本节中，中国纺织行业的竞争优势进行分析，并比较其对口发达国家和发展中经济体将会作出修改。
1.中国纺织行业的竞争优势的基础目前中国纺织行业的竞争优势在很大程度上取决于其雄厚的工业基础和廉价的成本。
中国市场经济的竞争力与国际地位市场经济是指市场在资源配置中起决定性作用的经济制度。
作为世界上最大的发展中国家，中国市场经济的竞争力和国际地位备受关注。
本文将从以下几个方面来分析中国市场经济的竞争力以及国际地位。
一、中国市场经济的竞争力1.稳定发展的宏观经济环境中国通过改革开放以来，逐步建立和完善了社会主义市场经济体制，不断优化宏观经济管理，维护了良好的经济发展环境。
稳定的货币政策、适度的财政政策和灵活的产业政策为中国市场经济的发展提供了有力支撑，增强了其竞争力。
2.庞大的消费市场中国拥有超过14亿的人口规模，形成了庞大的消费市场。
随着居民收入的增加和消费观念的改变，消费需求日益增长，为各类企业提供了广阔的市场空间。
这不仅促进了国内产业的升级和转型，也吸引了外国企业的积极参与。
3.人力资源和技术创新中国拥有庞大的劳动力资源，具备较低的劳动力成本和充足的人力储备。
同时，中国政府高度重视教育和技术创新，大力推进科技进步和人才培养。
这为中国企业提供了源源不断的人力支持和技术支持，提升了市场竞争力。
4.成熟的基础设施和产业链中国在基础设施建设方面取得了巨大的进步，如高速公路、铁路、港口、机场等一系列设施基本完善，形成了发达的现代化物流体系，为产品的生产和流通提供了便利。
此外，中国的产业链逐渐成熟，从原材料供应到成品制造可以实现全产业链闭环，提高了整体的市场竞争力。
二、中国市场经济的国际地位1.贸易伙伴地位的提高中国是世界上最大的商品贸易国之一，出口和进口规模庞大。
与此同时，中国积极推动区域经济合作，加强与周边国家和地区的贸易往来，与多个国家签署了自由贸易协定，提升了中国在国际贸易中的地位。
2.国际投资的重要目的地由于市场潜力巨大且日趋成熟，中国逐渐成为国际投资的热门目的地。
外国投资者对中国市场的信心不断增强，纷纷将资金投入中国的各个领域。
这不仅为中国带来了新的技术、管理经验和市场渠道，也提升了中国在国际经济中的地位。
Why Is China So Competitive?Measuring and Explaining China’s Competitivenessby F. Gerard Adams, Northeastern University,Byron Gangnes, University of Hawaii at Manoa,and Yochanan Shachmurove, City University of New York1Working Paper No. 04-62October 2004（selection）Comparative Advantage and International CompetitivenessThe explanation of international competitiveness by economists goes back many years to the theory of comparative advantage and factor pricing (Ricardo and Heckscher-Ohlin). While Ricardo focused on one production factor and differences in technology (climate), Heckscher and Ohlin dealt with labor and capital inputs and justified comparative advantage on the basis of underlying differences in factor endowments and relative factor prices. This approach has been extended to many products and many factors (Dornbusch, Fisher, and Samuelson, 1977). In the modern theory of trade under imperfect competition, comparative advantage continues to play a central role in explaining trade patterns, although scale economies and strategic motives are also important (Helpman and Krugman, 1985). Ronald Jones (2000) has noted that absolute advantages may influence patterns of specialization if some inputs to production are mobile across borders.Comparative advantage may lie at the heart of the theory of specialization and trade but it is not always closely related to real world discussions of competitiveness. First, comparative advantage is a microeconomic concept, focusing on industry-specific trade, explaining why one country might export labor-intensive products while another country might specialize in capital-intensive ones. By definition each country has a comparative advantage in the production of some products—those for which it has a lower relative (opportunity) cost than its competitors.Therefore, comparative advantage has little significance from a macroeconomic perspective. It is not meaningful to say that at any time country A in the aggregate has a comparative advantage over country B.Second, comparative advantage is an equilibrium concept, predicting a pattern of trade when prices, trade flows and exchange rates are in equilibrium. Business decisions, in contrast, often must explicitly consider short-term developments as well as long term equilibrium outcomes. These will include current economic conditions, exchange rate fluctuations, and other factors that represent deviations from long-run equilibrium conditions.Finally comparative advantage does not take specifically into account all the technological options available to the producers. At the microeconomic level, when dealing with specific products, it is not always clear from theory which country has the most favorable mix of resources and factor prices for various types of production. Depending on technology and infrastructure, a shortage of labor relative to capital which implies relatively high wage rates may be offset by differences in productivity. High wages may or may not translate into competitive disadvantage for labor-intensive products if alternative technologies using less labor and more capital are available. For example, many products that are produced by hand in China are also produced, by machine, in the United States.Competitiveness, a term used widely in the business administration literature (Porter, 1990), has been often been applied in Europe and the US to represent the failures or successes of the economy. By competitiveness we mean the ability under present conditions of a country’s products to command world markets.In contrast to comparative advantage, it is appropriate to talk meaningfully about international competitiveness both on the macro and micro level. International competitiveness is a matter largely of costs: which country is able to deliver the product to the market most cheaply. Contributing to costs arefactors that directly affect input prices, such as exchange rates, domestic wages and material costs, and productivity, but also capabilities to produce goods of appropriate quality and meeting market specifications. Transportation and communication costs, and trade barriers and trade strategy may all play a role. Competitiveness is not an equilibrium concept. It represents a position at a point in time or its change over time. Since adjustment on the product supply side is likely to be very slow—it takes many years to establish production facilities and export markets—competitiveness typically refers to a time of disequilibrium when a country can increase its share of export markets. In other words, competitiveness often refers to dynamic rather than static perspectives.Common usage of the term, competitiveness, is usually broader than would be implied by a formal definition. In particular, advocates for competitiveness often stress the role of sustained productivity growth in producing products that meet the test of international markets and that leads to higher living standards. (Porter 1990, Competitiveness Policy Council, 1992). It is in this context that the term has been embraced by politicians to represent the failures or successes of Western economies. But, the ability to command world markets (for a time) does not necessarily imply higher living standards. A country’s products may be competitive because it has undervalued its currency. In that case, terms of trade may be unfavorable from a welfare point of view, goods may be exported cheaply in terms of the imports. Nevertheless, the effects on trade and production are real, as are the necessary structural adjustments that go along with them.In contrast to comparative advantage, it is appropriate to talk meaningfully about international competitiveness both on the macro and micro level. At the macro level, a country’s exports may be highly competitive in the destination countries or in comparison with products originating in other countries. That may reflect underlying factor cost and productivity considerations. It may also reflect the current exchange rate, undervaluation or overvaluation, as well astariffs, transportation costs and trade restrictions as well as product quality and specifications. Competitiveness has dynamic attributes in the sense that, given resource environment, countries may become more competitive as a result of learning-by doing, assimilation of technology, capital accumulation, increasing scale of production, and policy intervention. Contrary to some thinking, it does make sense to think of a country’s aggregate competitiveness and about policies intended to advance its competitiveness.From a micro perspective as well, it is possible to ask whether certain industries are competitive in world markets. This calls for a cost comparison, at a prevailing exchange rate, involving such factors as wages and capital costs, scale of production, and, of course, productivity. As we have noted in the discussion of comparative advantage, some industries will be more suited to an economy’s endowment of factors and skills than others. A dynamic improvement in competitiveness may mean that the competitiveness of currently exporting industries improves or that new products, perhaps technologically more advanced ones, become competitive.Measurement of CompetitivenessThe measurement of international competitiveness may be approached from a “results” or from a“causes” perspective. Results are basically export performance and the trade balance. These are ex post concepts and do not ask “why”, though there is often an implied explanation.Growth of exports, particularly growth that is more rapid than in other countries, implies competitiveness. A positive trade balance is also frequently cited as a positive measure of competitiveness. Presumably, competitiveness reflects relative costs, but it may also be affected by product attributes and trade restrictions. This may lead to confusion. Thus, a country that is running a trade surplus, may be suffering outflows of capital and its undervalued exchange rate may make its exports competitive. It is not clear that this type of competitiveness is a good thing. Alternatively, a trade deficit may follow from a countr y’s attractiveness toforeign investors whose capital inflow causes the exchange rate to be overvalued from the perspective of trade.A classical results measure, focused on particular industries, was Balassa’s “revealed comparative advantage” (RCA) (Balas sa, 1965), the share of a country’s exports of a specific product category (Xij) to its total expo rts (ΣiXij) as compared to the share of total world exports of the specific category (ΣjXij) in world exports of all goods (ΣiΣjXij),RCAij = Xij/ /(ΣiXij)/ (ΣjXij)/ (ΣiΣjXij).Balassa relates RCA measures to such underlying factors as capital intensity and human resource development (Balassa, 1979). The RCAs are sector specific and static. It is possible to make them dynamic by focusing on comparisons over time and in terms of rates of change. For example, growth of a specific export more rapidly than world wide growth of the specific product exports suggests competitiveness in the specific product. Such a dynamic comparison is shown above. One may want to measure international competitiveness directly, seeking the causes for of a country’s or an industry’s international trade success. The exchange rate is, of course, the most immediate measure of the terms of trade. However, the nominal exchange rate, though relevant to trade transactions, fails to take into account differences in domestic currency production costs. Comparisons of the temporal movement of real exchange rates can be computed by adjusting changes in nominal exchange rates for the underlying domestic price movements.中国为什么这么有竞争力？测评和解释中国的竞争力情况（节选）比较优势和国家竞争力经济学者对国际竞争力的解释比对比较优势（李嘉图）和要素禀赋理论（赫克歇尔-俄林）晚许多年。
