考研英语二参考答案(星火英语版)

2019考研英语二真题及答案完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significantweight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from beinggenerally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was had to my overall fitness goats. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m e xperiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1.[A]Besides[B]Therefore[C]Otherwise[D]However2.[A]helps[B]cares[C]warns[D]reduces3.[A]initially[B]solely[C]occasionally[D]formally4.[A]recording[B]lowering[C]explaining[D]accepting5.[A]modify[B]set[C]review[D]reach6.[A]definition[B]depiction[C]distribution[D]prediction7.[A]due to[B]regardless of[C]aside from[D]along with8.[A]orderly[B]rigid[C]precise[D]immediate9.[A]claims[B]judgments[C]reasons[D]methods10.[A]instead[B]though[C]again[D]indeed11.[A]track[B]overlook[C] conceal[D]report12.[A]depend on[B]approve of[C]hold onto[D]account for13.[A]share[B]adjust[C]confirm[D] prepare14.[A]results[B]features[C]rules[D]tests15.[A]bored[B]anxious[C]hungry[D]sick16.[A]principle[B]secret[C]belief[D]sign17.[A]request[B]necessity[C]decision[D]wish18.[A]disappointing[B]surprising[C]restricting[D]consuming19.[A]if because[B]unless[C]until[D]consuming20.[A]obsessing[B]dominating[C]puzzling[D]triumphing1-20参考答案及解析：1. [答案] 【D】 However[解析] 此处是逻辑关系考点。

研究生英语第二册课后练习答案Unit 1 Coping with the ComplimentIII. VocabularyA.1. came up with 6. put your mind2. The chances are 7. appalled3. fell flat 8. verdict4. bestowed upon 9. poise5. downright 10. blurted outB1. inarticulate 6. enhance2. insults 7. invite3. inept 8. sickly4. glowingly 9. adroit5. execrable 10. charmingC.1. A 6. C2. C 7. D3. C 8. A4. B 9. C5. A 10 AIV. Cloze1. hesitant2. playing3. contributes4. or5. confidence6. external7. lurking8. whose9. because 10. withhold11. Given 12. for 13. perspective 14. drawback 15. competition16. achieved 17. equal 18. based 19. enters 20. enhancingV. TranslationA．我想了片刻，觉得世界上讲西班牙语的人最善于辞令，也许可以从他们身上学到点什么。

你对他们中的一个人赞叹说，“我从来没见过这么漂亮的房子”，他马上答道，“您大驾光临，更使蓬荜生辉。

”让你站在那儿，一脸尴尬。

要想回敬他们是没有用的——不管说什么，最后他们总会占上风。

有一点很清楚：在所有得体的社交场合，最根本的就是保持镇定。

伊利莎·法勒写过一本美国最早的有关礼仪方面的书。

她在书中讲述了一个故事，阐明保持镇定的重要性。

2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text,Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Being a good parent is,of course,what every parent would like to be.But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very1,particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting.A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than,2,a younger sibling.3,there’s another sort of parent that’s a bit easier to4:a patient parent.Children of every age benefit from patient parenting.Still,5every parent would like to be patient,this is no easy6.Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a7and composed style with their kids.I understand this.You’re only human,and sometimes your kids can8you just a little too far.And then the9happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too10and does nobody any good.You wish that you could11the clock and start over.We’ve all been there.12,even though it’s common,it’s important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue,you can say something to your child that you may13for a long time.This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also14your child’s self-esteem.If you consistently lose your15with your kids,then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids.We are all becoming increasingly aware of the16of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation.This is a skill that will help them all throughout life.In fact,the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when17by stress is one of the most important of all life’s skills.Certainly,it’s incredibly18to maintain patience at all times with your children.A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability,to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with19situations involving your children.I can promise you this:As a result of working toward this goal,you and your children will benefit and20 from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1.[A]tedious[B]pleasant[C]instructive[D]tricky2.[A]in addition[B]for example[C]at once[D]by accident3.[A]Fortunately[B]Occasionally[C]Accordingly[D]Eventually4.[A]amuse[B]assist[C]describe[D]train5.[A]while[B]because[C]unless[D]once6.[A]answer[B]task[C]choice[D]access7.[A]tolerant[B]formal[C]rigid[D]critical8.[A]move[B]drag[C]push[D]send9.[A]mysterious[B]illogical[C]suspicious[D]inevitable10.[A]boring[B]naive[C]harsh[D]vague11.[A]turn back[B]take apart[C]set aside[D]cover up12.[A]Overall[B]Instead[C]However[D]Otherwise13.[A]like[B]miss[C]believe[D]regret14.[A]raise[B]affect[C]justify[D]reflect15.[A]time[B]bond[C]race[D]cool16.[A]nature[B]secret[C]importance[D]context17.[A]cheated[B]defeated[C]confused[D]confronted18.[A]terrible[B]hard[C]strange[D]wrong19.[A]trying[B]changing[C]exciting[D]surprising20.[A]hide[B]emerge[C]withdraw[D]escapeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHERET.(40points)Text1Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.To find out if this extends to non-living beings,Laleh Quinn at the University of California,San Diego,and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat-one social and one asocial-for four days.The robot rats were quite minimalist,resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment,the social robot rat followed the living rats around,played with the same toys,and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape.Meanwhile,the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.Next,the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.Across18trials each,the living rats were52percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being.They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviors like communal exploring and playing.This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier,and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped,says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We’d assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail,facial features,and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat,but that wasn't necessary,”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia,who helped with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues,even when they come from basic robots.Similarly,children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings,even when they display only simple social signals.“We humans seem to be fascinated by robots,and it turns out other animals are too.”says Wiles.21.Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can.[A]pick up social signals from non-living rats.[B]distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one.[C]attain sociable traits through special training.[D]send out warning messages to their fellow.22.What did the asocial robot do during the experiment?[A]It followed the social robot[B]It played with some toys.[C]It set the trapped rats free.[D]It moved around alone.23.According to Quinn,the rats released the social robot because they.[A]tried to practice a means of escape.[B]expected it to do the same in return.[C]wanted to display their intelligence.[D]considered that an interesting game.24.Janet Wiles notes that rats.[A]can remember other rat’s facial features.[B]differentiate smells better than sizes.[C]respond more to actions than to looks.[D]can be scared by a plastic box on wheels.25.It can be learned from the text that rats.[A]appear to be adaptable to new surroundings[B]are more socially active than other animals.[C]behave differently from children in socializing.[D]are more sensitive to social cues than expected.Text2It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make300times the pay of typical workers on average,and since the mid-1970s CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has,by varying estimates,gone up by about500%The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about S18.9million a year.The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.The efforts of America’s highest-earning1%have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy.It’s not popular to say,but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOS really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S.economy.Today’s CEO,at least for major American firms,must have many mere skills than simply being able to“run the company”CEOS must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them.They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors,as the costs of even a minor slip up can be significant.Then there’s the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before,with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries.To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fiarly mind-boggling plus,virtually all major American companies are beyond this major CEOS still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn’t explain history very well.By most measures,corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the1970s.Yet it s principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising.That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.Furthermore,the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates,not to the cozy insider picks,another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company.And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to,say,stock prices,a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.26.Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?[A]The growth in the number of corporations[B]The general pay rise with a better economy[C]Increased business opportunities for top firms[D]Close cooperation among leading economicspared with their predecessors,today’s CEO are required to.[A]foster a stronger sense of teamwork[B]finance more research and development[C]establish closer ties with tech companies[D]operate more globalized companies28.CEO pay has been rising since the1970s despite.[A]continual internal opposition[B]strict corporate governance[C]conservative business strategies[D]repeated governance warnings29.High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps.[A]confirm the status of CEOs[B]motive inside candidates[C]boost the efficiency of CEOs[D]increase corporate value30.The most suitable title for this text would be.[A]CEOs Are Not Overpaid[B]CEO Pay:Past and Present[C]CEOs’Challenges of Today[D]CEO Traits:Not Easy to DefineText3Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars.Seven months and one election day later,a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone,a first step toward its possible demise.Mayor JoséLuis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign,despite its success in improving air quality.A judge has now overruled the city’s decision to stop levying fines,ordering them reinstated.But with legal battles ahead,the zone's future looks uncertain at best.Madrid's back and forth on clean air is a pointed reminder of the limits to the patchwork,city-by-city approach that characterizes efforts on air pollution across Europe,Britain very much included.Among other weaknesses,the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politicallycontentious,and therefore vulnerable.That's because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers -who must pay fees or buy better vehicles-rather then on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London.The new ultra-low emission zone(Ulez)is likely to be a big issue in next year’s mayoral election.And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021as he intends,it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.It's not that measures such as London’s Ulez are useless.Far from it,Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents'health in the face of a serious threat The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality,and the science tells us that means real health benefits-fewer heart attacks,strokes and premature births,less cancer, dementia and asthma Fewer untimely deaths.But mayors and councilors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town.They are acting because national governments-Britain's and others across Europe-have failed to do so.Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas-city centers,“school streets”,even individual roads-are a response to the absence of a1arger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution.We’re doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.31.Which of the following is true about Madrid’s clean air zone?[A]Its effects are questionable[B]It has been opposed by a judge.[C]Its fate is yet to be decided[D]It needs tougher enforcement32.Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?[A]They are biased against car manufacturers.[B]They prove impractical for city councils.[C]They are deemed too mild for politicians.[D]They put too much burden on individual motorists.33.The author believes that the extension of London’s Ulez will.[A]arouse strong resistance.[B]ensure Khan’s electoral success.[C]improve the city’s traffic.[D]discourage car manufacturing.34.Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?[A]Local residents.[B]Mayors.[C]Councilors.[D]National governments.35.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies.[A]will raise low-emission car production.[B]should be forced to follow regulations.[C]will upgrade the design of their vehicles.[D]should be put under public supervision.Text4Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring-the most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after1995,give or take a year the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks.GenZs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that's tighter than it's been in decades.And employers are planning on hiring about17percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S.this year than last,according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.If“entitled”is the most common adjective,fairly or not,applied to millennial(those born between1981and1995), the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious.According to the career counselors and experts who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed,economic pragmatists.Despite graduating into the best economy in the past50years,Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck1ooks like.They were impressionable kids during the crash of2008,when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both.They aren't interested in taking any chances.The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency,especially for those who have college debt.College loan balances in the U.S.now stand at a record$1.5trillion,according to the Federal Reserve.One survey from Accenture found that88percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind. In a2019survey of University of Georgia students,meanwhile,the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment(followed by professional development and training,and then inspiring purpose).Job security or stability was the second most important career goal(work-life balance was number one),followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the greater good.That’s a big change from the previous generation.“Millennial wanted more flexibility in their lives,”notes Tanya Michelsen,Associate Director of YouthSight,a UK-based brand manager that conducts regular60-day surveys of Britishyouth,in findings that might just as well apply to American youth.“Generation Z are looking for more certainty and stability, because of the rise of the big economy.They have trouble seeing a financial future and they are quite risk averse,”36.Generation Zs graduating college this spring.[A]are recognized for their abilities[B]are optimistic about the labor market[C]are in favor of office job offers[D]are drawing growing public attention37.Generation Zs are keenly aware.[A]What their parents expect of them[B]How valuable a counselor's advice is[C]What a tough economic situation is like[D]How they differ from past generation38.The word assuage(line9paragraph2)possibly means.[A]deepen[B]define[C]maintain[D]relieve39.It can be learned from Para3that Generation Zs.[A]give top priority to professional training[B]have a clear idea about their future jobs[C]care little about their job performance[D]think it hard to achieve work-life balance40.Michelsen thinks that compared with millennial,Generation Zs are.[A]less realistic[B]less adventurous[C]more diligent[D]more generousPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers onthe ANSWER SHEET.(10points)[A]Slow down and listen[B]Put on a good face,always[C]Give compliments,just not too many[D]Put yourselves in others’shoes[E]Tailor your interactions.[F]Spend time with everyone[G]Reveal,don’t hide,informationIs it possible to like everyone in your office?Think about how tough it is to get together15people,much less50,who all get along perfectly.But unlike in friendships,you need coworkers.You work with them every day,and whether they’re your boss,direct report or equal,you depend on them just as they depend on you.Here are some ways,based on psychological research and advice from career experts,that you can get the whole office on your side.41.If you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace,you may try to stay tight lipped around them.But you won't be helping either one of you.Psychological research shows that people tend to prefer others who reveal information about themselves,rather than conceal it A Harvard Business School study found that observers consistently rated those who were upfront about themselves more highly,while those who hid lost trustworthiness.This ides extends to the office:The same study found that employers were more likely to pick candidates who said they had done drugs over those who said no or chose not to answer.The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book,but rather,when given the option to offer up details about yourself or studiously stash them away,you should just be honest42.Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others.We often feel the need to tell others how we feel,whether it's a concern about a project,a stray thought,or a compliment.Those are all valid,but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers,too."Rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don't value their opinions,"Rita Friedman,a career coach,told Forbes.Do your best to engage coworkers in a genuine,back-and-forth conversation,rather than prioritizing your own thoughts.43.It's common to have a“cubicle mate”or special confidant in a work setting.But in addition to those trusted coworkers, you should expand your horizons and find out about all the people around you Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you don't always see.Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job.It requires minimal effort and goes a long way.“This will help to grow your internal network,in addition to being a nice break in the work day,”RyanKahn,a career coach and author of Hired!The Guide for the Recent Grad,told Forbes.44.Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear.And you don’t have to be someone's boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project,or offer thanks for help.This will help engender good will in others.But don’t overdo it or be fake about it Studies have found that lavishing people with a torrent of praise doesn’t work nearly as well as providing a mix of positive and negative feedback,One study in particular found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive,possibly because it suggested they had won somebody over.45.This one may be a bit more difficult to pull of,but it can go a long way to achieving results.Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an interaction.Watch out for how they verbalize with others.Some people like small talk in a meeting before digging into important matters,while others are more straightforward.Jokes that work on one person won’t necessarily land with another.Tailor your style accordingly to type.“Consider the person that you’re dealing with before each interaction and what will get you to your desired outcome.”Kahn said.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)It’s almost impossible to go through life without experience some kind of failure.But the wonderful thing about failure is that it’s entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.We can choose to see failure as“the end of the world”.Or we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is.Every time we fail at something,we can choose to look for the lesson we’re meant to learn,These lessons are very important;they are how we grow,and how we keep from making that same mistake again.Failure stop us only if we let them.Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise.For instance,failure can help you discover how strong a person you are.Failure at something can help you discover your truest friends,or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose you are planning a tour of historical site for a group of international students.Write them an email to1)tell him about the site,and2)give them some tips for the tourYou should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write your address.(10points)Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart.In your writing,you should1)interpret the chart,and2)give your comments.You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)2020年英语二真题答案Section I Use of EnglishSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText121—25ADBCDText226—30CDBDAText331—35CDADBText436—40DCDBBPart B41—45GAFCESectionⅢTranslation【参考答案】人生不经历任何失败，是几乎不可能的。

考研英语二样卷（附答案解析）考研英语（二）样题Section I Use of EnglishDirection:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)① Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes1 different nations compete against each other in a2of sports.② There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.① In order to3the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the International Olympic Committee(IOC).② After all proposals have been4, the IOC votes. ③ If no city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues, with5rounds, until a majority winner is determined.④ Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance,6the winning city time to prepare for the Games.⑤ In selecting the7of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build,the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to8the Games effectively.① The IOC also9which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. ②10 , Tokyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico City, Mexico, the host ofthe 1968 Summer Games, were chosen11to popularize the Olympic movement in Asia and in Latin America.①12the growing importance of television worldwide, theIOC in recent years hasalso taken into 13 the host ci ty ‘ s time zone②. 14 the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay 15 higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events 16 , in prime viewing hours.①17 the G ames have been awarded, it is the responsibility of the local organizing committeeto finance them. ② This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television 18 and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. ③ In many 19 there is also direct government support.①Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially 20. ② When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, the city was left with large debts.1.[A]in[B]for[C]of[D]from2.[A]lot[B]number[C]variety[D]series3.[A]host[B]take[C]run[D]organize4.[A]supported[B]submitted[C]substituted[D]subordinated5.[A]suggestive[B]successful[C]successive[D]succeeding6.[A]letting[B]setting[C]permitting[D]allowing7.[A]site[B]spot[C]location[D]place8.[A]state[B]stage[C]start[D]sponsor9. [A]thinks[B]reckons[C]considers[D]calculates10.[A]For instance[B]As a result[C]In brief[D]On the whole11.[A]in time[B]in part[C]in case[D]in common12.[A]Since[B]Because[C]As for[D]Because of13.[A]amount[B]account[C]accord[D]acclaim14.[A]However[B]Whatever[C]Whenever[D]Wherever15.[A]greatly[B]handsomely[C]meaningfully[D]significantly16.[A]live[B]living[C]alive[D]lively17.[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Whether[D]Once18.[A]incomes[B]interests[C]revenues[D]returns19.[A]cases[B]conditions[C]chances[D]circumstances20.[A]safe[B]risky[C]tempting[D]feasibleSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing A, B, C, or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1①Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he gothis new home in exchange for a red paper clip.② Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered theclip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. ③Having announced his aim (the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techieseager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power.④― My whole motto wasStart small, think big, and have fun ‘ ,says‖ MacDonald, 26, ― Ireally kept my effort on thecreative side rather than the business side.‖①Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. ②This year more than 400,000 companies worldwide will exchange some ＄ 10 billion worth ofgoods and services on a growing number of barter sites.③ These Web sites allow companies totrade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members.④ InIceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetidexchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries.⑤The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than 4,600 services, from math lessons toironing.①This is not a primitive barter system. ② By creating currencies, the Internet removes a majorbarrier—what Bob Meyer, publisher of Barter News , calls― the double coincidence of wants③.‖That is, two parties once not o nly had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that bothdesired. ④ Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.① Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity.② For example, advertising is―hugely bartered ‖causebe many media, particularly on the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost.③Moreover, Internet ads don ‘register in industry -growth statistics, because many exchanges arearranged outside the formal exchanges.① Like e Bay, most barter sites allow members to―grade‖ trading partners for honesty, qualityand so on. ② Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter global trades. ③ Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000Kenyan farmers in remote areas.④ Two small planes will deliver the goods.⑤ QL2 director GaciiWaciuma says the farmers are excited to be ― liberated from corrupt middlemen.‖⑥ For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a precapitalist past.21. The word― techies‖ (Para. 1) probably refers to those who are ___________.[A]afraid of technology[B]skilled in technology[C]ignorant of technology[D]incompetent in technology22.Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they ___________.[A]were impressed by his creativity[B]were eager to identify with his motto[C]liked his goal announced in advance[D]hoped to prove the power of the Internet23.The Internet barter system relies heavily on ___________.[A]the size of barter sites[B]the use of virtual currency[C]the quality of goods or services[D]the location of trading companies24.It is implied that Internet advertisements can help ___________.[A]companies make more profit[B]companies do formal exchanges[C]media register in statistics[D]media grade barter sites25.Which of the following is true of QL2 according to the author?[A]It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.[B]It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.[C]It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.[D]It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.①Internet commerce did not exist at the beginning of this decade, but now it is a superchargedengine driving the world economy. ② Industries are redesigning the mselves around new methods of doing things. ③ Survivors will be those that successfully adapt their processes in the New Economy, according to Robert D. Atkinson and Randolph H. Court. ④― Three main foundationswill underpin strong and widely shared economic growth in the New Economy: (1) developmentof a ubiquitous digital economy, (2) increased research and innovation, and (3) improved skillsand knowledge of the work force,‖ write Atkinson and Court.① The total U.S. Internet economy more than doubled in just one year, from＄15.5 billion in 1996 to nearly ＄39 billion in 1997.② By 2001, the Internet economy will soar to＄350 billion, with business-to-business activity leading the way. ③ Another sign of the growth of the digital economy is the mushrooming of Internet hosts, which are nearly doubling in the United States every year. ④ More households, businesses, and schools are on the Net, too. ⑤ The only laggard in the digital revolution is government: Local, state, and federal governments combined spent 9.4%more each year on computers between 1986 and 1996, while business spent 22% more a yearin the same period.①Venture capitalists are pouring money into thedevelopment of growing companies, oftenbecoming involved as board members and advisers, and helping startups refine business plans.①―It ‘importants to keep an eye on the straight dollar amount of venture capital in theeconomy, but it‘ s just as important to remember the exponential ripple effect of the cash,Atkinson and Court. ②― Many of the g azelles of the New Economy are venture-backedcompanies, and they are having a profound impact —employment in venture-backed companiesincreased 34%annually between 1991 and 1995 while employment in Fortune 500 companiesdeclined 3.6%.③ Moreover, venture-capital-backed firms are more technologically innovativethan other firms.‖①The numbers of engineers and scientists are growing; jobs requiring science andengineering expertise will grow three times faster than other occupations between 1994 and 2005.②W ithout adequately prepared homegrown workers to fill these jobs, and with decreasedcorporate spending on training programs, the demand for engineers and scientists will increasinglybe met by immigrants. ③ Already, almost one-fourth of engineers in the U.S. who earned Ph.D.sin the last five years are foreign born.①Atkinson and Court conclude: ―The New Economy puts a premium on what Nobel laureateeconomist Douglas North calls ?adaptive efficiency —‘theability of institutions to innovate,continuously le arn, and productively cha nge ?② If we are to ask workers to take the risks inherentin embracing the New Economy, we must equip them with the tools to allow them to prosper andcope with change and uncertainty. ③ If we fail to invest in a knowledge infrastructure — world-classeducation, training, science, and technology —our enterprises will not have the skilled workers andcutting-edge tools they need to grow and create well- paying jobs.‖26.We learn from the text that ________ seems to be more important for a person to survivethe New Economy.[A]adaptability[B]diligence[C]intelligence[D]modesty27.In the second paragraph, the author mainly concentrates on the ___________.[A]tendency of American economy[B]contribution American households have made to the economy[C]low efficiency of the government[D]progress toward digital transformation28.The venture-capital-backed firms are more successful because they ___________.[A]have invested in innovation[B]are good at stock exchanges[C]have abundant funds[D]have increased employment‖29. The fact that― alm-f o sturthoneof engineers in America who earned Ph.D.s are foreign bornimplies that ___________.[A]the majority of American people are not interested in getting Ph.D.[B]foreign students are more eager to get Ph.D.[C]the American education has lagged behind in the New Economy[D]American students are not as clever as foreign students30.A suitable title for this text might be ___________.[A]How to Develop US Economy[B]The Relation between American Industry and New Economy[C]Digital Engine Powers New Economy[D]Our New Policy on EconomyText 3①When Thomas Keller, one of America‘sforemost chefs, announced that on Sept. 1 hewould abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se, his luxury restaurant in New York City, and replace itwith a European-style service charge, I knew three groups would be opposed: customers, serversand restaurant owners. ② These three groups are all committed to tipping — as they quickly madeclear on Web sites. ③ To oppose ti pping, it seems, is to be anticapitalist, and maybe even a littleFrench.①But Mr. Keller is right to move away from tipping —and it ‘worths exploring why justabout everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.①Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense. ②―Waitersknow that they won‘ t get paid if they don‘ t do a good job‖ is how most advocates of the system would put it. ③To be sure, this is a tempting, apparently rational statement about economic theory,but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.①Michael Lynn, an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell ‘sSchool of Hotel Administration, has conducted dozens of studies of tipping and has concludedthat consumer ‘ s assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.①Rather, customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly andleaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass isrefilled — in other words, customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good.② Mr. Lynn ‘ s studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers whilefemale customers increase their tips for male servers.①What‘s more, consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases. ② Thus,the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call ―upselling ‖ :everybottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktailis extra money in the server‘③Aggressive upselling for tips is often rewarded while low-key, quality service often goes unrecognized.①In addition, the practice of tip pooling, which is the norm in fine-dining restaurants and isbecoming more common in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon, has ruinedwhatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter.② In an unreasonableoutcome, you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one. ③ Indeed,there appears to be little connection between tipping and good service.31.It may be inferred that a European-style service___________.[A]is tipping-free[B]charges little tip[C] is the author‘ s initiat ive[D] is offered at Per Se32.Which of the following is NOT true according to the author?[A]Tipping is a common practice in the restaurant world.[B]Waiters don ‘ t care about tipping.[C]Customers generally believe in tipping.[D]Tipping has little connection with the quality of service.33.According to Michael Lynn‘ s studies, waiters will likely get more tips if they ___________.[A] have performed good service[B] frequently refill customer‘ s water glass[C] win customer ‘ s favor[D] serve customers of the same sex34.We may infer from the context that― upselling ‖ (Para. 6) probably means __________.[A]selling something up[B]selling something fancy[C]selling something unnecessary[D]selling something more expensive35.This text mainly discusses ___________.[A]reasons to abolish the practice of tipping[B]economic sense of tipping[C]consumers ‘ attitudes towards tipping[D]tipping for good serviceText 4①Henric Ibsen, author of the play―A Doll‘s House‖, in whicha pretty, helpless housewifeabandons her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.②From January 1st, 2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% oftheir board directors are women. ③ Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.④But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government‘s liking. ⑤ They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act, or face the legal consequences—which could include being dissolved.①Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female,according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity.② The number has since jumped to 36%.③ Thatis far hig her than the average of 9% for big companies acrossEurope or America‘ s 15% for the Fortune 500. ④ Norway ‘ s stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen. ⑤― I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle,says‖SverreMunck, head of international operations at a media firm.⑥ ― Boardmembers of publiccompanies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,he‖says. ⑦ Severalfirms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.① Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. ② Many complain that ithas been difficult to find experienced candidates. ③ Because of this, some of the best women havecollected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the―golden skirts ④ One‖. reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in managementin Norwegian companies —they occupy around 15% of senior positions. ⑤ It has been particularlyhard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with enough experience.①Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards,and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account.②Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors.③― Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework,‖ says Ms RekstenSkaugen, who was votedNorway‘ s chairman of the year for 2007,― and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers. ‖36. The author mentions Ibsen‘ s play in the first paragraph in order to ___________.[A]depict women‘ s dilemma at work[B]explain the newly passed law[C]support Norwegian government[D]introduce the topic under discussion37.A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to ___________.[A]pay a heavy fine[B]close down its business[C]change to a private business[D]sign a document promising to act38.To which of the following is SverreMunck most likely to agree?[A]A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.[B]A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.[C]A common principle should be followed by all companies.[D]An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.39. The author attributes the phenomenon of― golden skirts‖ to ___________.[A]the small number of qualified females in management[B]the over-recruitment of female managers in public companies[C]the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positions[D]the discrimination toward women in Norwegian businesscircles40.The main idea of the text might be___________.[A]female power and liberation in Norway[B] the significance of Henric Ibsen‘ s play[C]women‘ s status in Norwegian firms[D]the constitution of board members in NorwayPart BSample 1Directions：Read the following text and choose the best answer from the right column to complete each of theunfinished statements in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)①The World economy has run into a brick wall. ② Despite countless warnings in recentyears about the need to address a looming hunger crisis in poor countries and a looming energycrisis worldwide, world l eaders failed to think ahead. ③ The result is a global food crisis. ④ Wheat,corn and rice prices have more than doubled in the past two years, and oil prices have more thantripled since the start of 2004. ⑤ These food-price increases combined with soaring energy costs willslow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even undermine political stability,as evidenced by the protest riots that have erupted in places in Haiti,Bangladesh and Burkina Faso. ⑥Practical solutions to these growing woes do exist,but we‘ llhave to start thinking ahead and acting globally.① The crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends. ② The first is the chronically lowproductivity of farmers in the poorest countries,caused by their inability to pay for seeds,fertilizers and irrigation.③ The second is the misguided policy in the U.S.and Europe ofsubsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn-based ethanol.④ The third isclimate change; take the recent droughts in Australia and Europe, which cut the global production ofgrain in 2005 and 2006. ⑤ The forth is the growing global demand for food and feed grains broughton by swelling populations and incomes. ⑥ In short, rising demand has hit a limited supply, with thepoor taking the hardest blow.①So, what should be done? ② Here are three steps to ease the current crisis and avert thepotential for a global disaster. ③ The first is to scale-up the dramatic success of Malawi,afamine-prone country in southern Africa, which three years ago established a special fund to helpits farmers get fertilizer and high-yield seeds.④ Malawi‘s harvest doubled after just one year.⑤An international fund based on the Malawi model would cost a mere ＄ 10 per person annually in therich world, or ＄ 10 billion in all. ⑥ Such a fund could fight hunger as effectively as the①Second, the U.S. and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing the conversion offood into biofuels. ② The U.S. government gives farmers a taxpayer-financed subsidy of 51 centsper gal of ethanol to divert corn from the food and feed-grain supply.③ There may be a case forbiofuels produced on lands that do not produce foods— tree crops (like palm oil), grasses andwood products —but there‘ s no case for doling out subsidies t o put the world‘ s dinner into the tank. ④Third, we urgently need to weatherproof the world‘ s cropsnda aseffectivelysoona aspossible. ⑤ For a poor farmer, sometimes something as simple as a farm pond–which collectsrainwater to be used for emergency irrigation in a dry spell–can make the difference between abountiful crop and a famine.⑥ The world has already committed to establishing a ClimateAdaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as foodproduction and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.[A] poor countries41.Anti-hunger campaigns are successful in[B] all the world42.Production of biofuels is subsidized in[C] the Climate Adaptation Fund43.Protest riots occurred in[D] the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB andMalaria44.The efforts were not so successful with[E] Bangladesh45.Food shortage becomes more serious in[F] Malawi[G] the US and EuropePart BSample 2Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitle form the listA-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).There are two extra subtitle which you do not needto use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)[A]Follow on Lines[B]Whisper: Keep It to Yourself[C]Word of Experience: Stick to It[D]Code of Success: Freed and Targeted[E]Efficient Work to Promote Efficient Workers[F]Recipe: Simplicity Means Everything[G]Efficiency Comes from Order① Every decade has its defining self-help business book.②In the 1940s it was How to WinFriends and Influence People, in the 1990s The Seven Habits of Highly Successful People. ③ Thesedays we ‘ re worried about something much simpler:Getting Things Done .41.____________________________________① That ‘ s the title of productivity guru David Allen pit hy 2001 treatise‘s on working efficiently,which continues to reson ate in this decade‘ s overworked, overwhelmed, overteched workplace②.Allen hasn ‘just sold 500,000copies of his book.③ He has preached his message of focus,discipline and creativity everywhere from Sony and Novartis to the World Bank and the U.S. AirForce. ④ He counsels swamped chief executives on coping with information overload.⑤ Heministers to some clients with an intensive, two-day, $6,000 private session in which he and histea m organize their lives from top to bottom.⑥ And he has won the devotion of acolytes whodocument on their blogs how his Getting Things Done (GTD) program has changed their lives.42.____________________________________①Allen admits that much of his basic recipe is common sense.② Free your mind, andproductivity will follow. ③ Break down projects and goals into discrete, definable actions, andyou won ‘ t be bothered by all those loose threads ullingp at your attention.④ First make decisionsabout what needs to get done, and then fashion a plan for doing it.⑤ If you ‘ vecatalogedeverything you have to do and all your long-term goals, Allen says, you‘ re lesswakelilyuptoat 3 a.m. worrying about whether you‘ ve forgotten something:― Most people haven‘ t rea liz out of control their head is when they get300 e-mails a day and each of them has potentialmeaning. ‖43.____________________________________①When e-mails, phone calls and to-do lists are truly under control, Allen says, the realchange begins. ② You will finally be able to use your mind to dream up great ideas and enjoy yourlife rather than just occupy it with all the thi ngs you ‘ vegot to do③. Allen himself, despite runninga $5.5 million consulting practice, traveling 200 days a year and juggling a business thatgrowing 40% every year, finds time to joyride in his Mini Cooper and sculpt bonsai plants.④ Oh,and he has earned his black belt in karate.44.____________________________________①Few companies have embraced Allen ‘philosophy as thoroughly as General Mills, theMinnesota-based maker of Cheerios and Lucky Charms.②Allen began at the company with acouple of private coaching sessions for top executives, who raved about his guidance. ③ Allenand his staff now hold six to eight two-day training sessions a year.④ The company has alreadyput more than 2,000 employees through GTD training and plans to expand it company-wide.⑤― Fads come and go,‖ says Kevin Wilde, General Mills‘ CEO,― but this continues to work.45._____________________________________①The most fevered followers of Allen ‘organizationals methodology gather online. ②Websites like gtdindex. marvelz. com parse Allen‘ s every③Theutterance43Fold.rs blog ran aneight-part pod-cast interview with him.④GTD enthusiasts like Frank Meeuwsen, on whatsthenextaction. com gather best practice techniques for implementing the book ‘ideas. ⑤More than 60 software tools have been built specifically to supplement Allen‘ s system.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)There are different types of Business-to-Business (B2B) e-commerce sites that work in variousways and are broken into two major groups: the verticals and horizontals. Verticals are Business-to-Business (B2B) sites designed specifically to meet the needs of a particular industry, such as retail. Vertical sites are the most likely to contain community features like industry news, articles, and discussion groups. Horizontals provide products, goods, materials, or services that are not specific toa particular industry or company. Horizontals that retailers could use might provide travel, transportation services, office equipment, or maintenance and operating supplies.Horizontals and verticals can connect buyers and sellers together directly or act as intermediarieswho facilitate transactions. There isn ‘onet model that appears everywhere for Business-to Businesse-commerce. Business-to Business (B2B) sites vary from those providing simple lead generation, to complex marketplaces serving a variety of buyers and sellers, to private extranets. Auctions allow multiple buyers to bid competitively for products from individual suppliers. Auctions can be used to get rid of surplus inventory by item or lot, or excess fixed assets like display fixtures.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试备考资料2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题及参考答案SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)It's not difficult to set targets for staff.It is much harder, 1,to understand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components.2one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you'll3see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected?Never.Do people get on without paying?Of course!Are there inspectors to4that people have paid?Possibly,but very few.And people who run for the bus?They are5.How about jumping lights?Buses do so almost as frequently ascyclists.Why?Because the target is6.People complained that buses were late and infrequent.7,the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,and drivers were8or punished according to the time they took.And drivers hit these targets.But they9hit cyclists.If the target was changed to10,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety,you would get more11drivers who obeyed traffic laws.But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another12:people became immensely inventive in hitting targets.Have you13that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?Tailwinds?Of course not!Airlines have simply changed the time a14is meant to take.A one-hour fight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.The15of the story is simple.Most jobs are multidimensional,with multiple criteria.Choose one criterion and you may well16 others.Everything Can be done faster and made cheaper,but thereis a17.Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is an argument for exploring consequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria18critical factors such as time,money, quality and customer feedback.The trick is not only to19just one or even two dimensions of the objective,but also to understand how to help people better20the objective.1.[A]therefore[B]however[C]again[D]moreover2.[A]Emphasizes[B]Identify[C]Asses[D]Explain3.[A]nearly[B]curiously[C]eagerly[D]quickly4.[A]claim[B]prove[C]check[D]recall5.[A]threatened[B]ignored[C]mocked[D]blamed6.[A]punctuality[B]hospitality[C]competition[D]innovation7.[A]Yes[B]So[C]Besides[D]Still8.[A]hired[B]trained[C]rewarded[D]grouped9.[A]only[B]rather[C]once[D]also10.[A]comfort[B]revenue[C]efficiency[D]security11.[A]friendly[B]quiet[C]cautious[D]diligent12.[A]purpose[B]problem[C]prejudice[D]policy13.[A]reported[B]revealed[C]admitted[D]noticed14.[A]break[B]trip[C]departure[D]transfer15.[A]moral[B]background[C]style[D]form16.[A]interpret[B]criticize[C]sacrifice[D]tolerate17.[A]task[B]secret[C]product[D]cast18.[A]leading to[B]calling for[C]relating to[D]accounting for19.[A]specify[B]predict[C]restore[D]create20.[A]modify[B]review[C]present[D]achieveSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1“Reskilling”is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly,as will the requirements of the jobs that remain Research by the WEF detailed in the Harvard Business Review,finds that on average42 percent of the“core skills"within job roles will change by2022.That is a very short timeline,so we can only imagine what the changes will be further in the future.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one.For individual companies,the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are.That does not always happen.AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy.Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans.When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy. Though,the focus usually tums to government to handle.Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best.And have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers.Even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic,unemployment is very high indeed.In February at 3.5per cent and5.5P.C.respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.As of May,those rates had spiked up to13.3per cent and13.7 per cent,and although many worker shortages had disappeared,not all had done so.In the medical field,to take an obvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clean shortages of doctors,nurses and other medical personnel.Of course,it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks,no matter who pays for it.But even ifyou cannot close the gap,maybe you can close others and doing so would be to the benefit of all concern.That seems to be the case in Sweden:when forced to furlough90PC.of their cabin staff.Scandinavian Airline decided to start up a short retaining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff.The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.21.Research by the World Economic Forum suggests.[A]an increase in full time employment[B]an urgent demand for new job sills[C]a steady growth of job opportunities[D]a controversy about the“core skills”22.AT&T is cited to show_______.[A]an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy[B]an immediate need for government support[C]the importance of staff appraisal standards[D]the characteristics of res-killing programs23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada_______.[A]have driven up labour costs[B]have proved to be inconsistent[C]have met with fierce opposition[D]have appeared to be insufficient24.We can learn from Paragraph3that there was[A]a call for policy adjustment[B]a change in hiring practices[C]a lack of medical workers[D]a sign of economic recovery25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to[A]create job vacancies for the unemployed[B]prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs[C]retrain their cabin staff for better services[D]finance their staff"s college educationText2With the global population predicted to hit close to10billion by2050, and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace,food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK,it has become a big talking point recently too,for a rather particular reason:Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food.The country produces only about60per cent of the food it eats,down from almost three-quarters in the late1980s.A move back to self-sufficiency,the argument goes,would boost the farming industry,political sovereignty and even the nation's health.Sounds great —but how feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK,85per cent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy production.That supplies80per cent of what is consumed,so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures,but they are still grave.To become much more self-sufficient,the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods,and probably also farm more intensively —meaning fewer green fields,and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help.There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry:most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis. Just25per cent of the country's land is suitable for crop-growing,most of which is already occupied by arable fields.Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg—which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes—we would achieve only a30per cent boost in crop production.Just23per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown,so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only30per cent of our fresh produce needs.That is before we look for the space to grow the grains,sugars,seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of or current calorie intake.26.Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UKwould_______.A.be hindered by its population growthB.contribute to the nation's well-beingC.become a priority of the governmentD.pose a challenge to its farming industry27.The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK_______.A.farmland has been inefficiently utilizedB.factory-style production needs reformingC.most land is used for meat and dairy productionD.more green fields will be converted for farming28.Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to_______.A.its farming technologyB.its dietary traditionC.its natural conditionsD.its commercial interests29.It can be learned from the last paragraph that Britishpeople_______.A.rely largely on imports for fresh produceB.enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumptionC.are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intakeD.are trying to grow new varieties of grains30.The author's attitude to food self-sufficiency in the UK is_______.A.defensiveB.doubtfulC.tolerantD.optimisticText3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in2015,it picked two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley.Microsoft's own Office dominates the market for"productivity”software,but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.Both apps,however,were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products.Their teams of engineers stayed on,making them two of the many“acqui-hires”that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hunger for tech talent.To Microsoft's critics,the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path.“They bought the seedlings and closed them down,”complained Paul Arnold,a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures,putting an end to businesses that might one day turn into competitors.Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors,Mr Arnold's own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies,though he admits to mixed feelings about the result:“I think these things are good for me,if I put my selfish hat on.But are they good for the American economy?I don't know."The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question.This week,it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only a research project at this stage,the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than$5.5trillion,rifling through such small Deals—many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise—might seem beside the point.Between them,the five biggest tech companies have spent an average of only$3.4billion a year on sub-$1 billion acquisitions over the past five years—a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves,and the more than$130billion of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However,critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum,in some cases as part of a“buy and kill”tactic to simply close them down.31.What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?A.Their engineers were retained.B.Their market values declined.C.Their tech features improved.D.Their products were re priced.32.Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend to ____.A.exaggerate their product qualityB.eliminate their potential competitorsC.treat new tech talent unfairlyD.ignore public opinions33.Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might____.A.weaken big tech companiesB.worsen market competitionC.harm the national economyD.discourage start-up investors34.The US Federal Trade Commission intends to___.A.limit Big Tech's expansionB.encourage research collaborationC.examine small acquisitionsD.supervise start-ups operations35.For the five biggest tech companies,their small acquisitions have ____.A.brought little financial pressureB.raised few management challengesC.set an example for future dealsD.generated considerable profitsText4We're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions,thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five-minute interaction,and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. In one study of the ability she called“thin slicing,”the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness.Their ratings correlated strongly.with students'end-of-semester ratings.Another set of participants had to count backward from1,000by nines as they watched the clips,occupying their conscious working memory.Their ratings were just as accurate,demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically,another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment,before giving the rating.Accuracy,dropped dramatically.Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures or utterances,rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression. She found similar interference when participants watched15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers,friends,or dating partners.Other research shows we're better at detecting deception from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection.“It's as if you're driving a stick shit,”says Judith Hall,a psychologist at Northeastern University,“and if you start thinking about it too much,you can't remember what you're doing.But if you go on automatic pilot,you're fine. Much of our social life is like that.”Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students'ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts'opinions when the students weren't asked to analyzetheir rationale.And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details,but only if the decision was complex —when they had a lot of information to process.Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. In one study,participants completed a battery of eight tasks,including four that tapped reflective thinking(discerning rules,comprehending vocabulary)and four that tapped intuition and creativity(generating new products or figures of speech).Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition(“gut feelings,”“hunches,”“my heart”).Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks,as expected,and helped them on the rest.Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36.Nalini Ambady's study deals withA.the power of people’s memoryB.the reliability of first impressionsC.instructor-student interactionD.people's ability to influence others37.In Ambady's study,rating accuracy dropped when participants.A.focused on specific detailsB.gave the rating in limited timeC.watched shorter video clipsD.discussed with one another38.Judith Hall mentions driving to show thatA.reflection can be distractingB.memory may be selectiveC.social skills must be cultivatedD.deception is difficult to detect39.When you are making complex decisions,it is advisable to_A.collect enough dataB.list your preferencesC.seek expert adviceD.follow your feelings40.What can we learn from the last paragraph?A.Generating new products takes time.B.Intuition may affect reflective tasks.C.Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity.D.Objective thinking may boost intuitiveness.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)A.Stay calm.B.Stay humble.C.Decide whether to wait.D.Be realistic about the risks.E.Don't make judgements.F.Identify a shared goal.G.Ask permission to disagree.How to disagree with someone more powerful than youYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work.Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic.What do you see when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do?How do you decide whether it's worth speaking up?And if you do,what exactly should you say?Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you.41._______________________You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion.Maybe you haven't finished thinking the problem through,or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks.If you think other people are going to disagree,too,you might want to gather your army first.People can contribute experience or information to your thinking—all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid.It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are in a meeting or other public space. Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.1142._________________________Before you share your thoughts,think about what the powerful person cares about一it may be the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time.You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose.State it overtly,contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but as a colleague who's trying to advance a common objective.The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match.43._______________________This step may sound overly deferential,but it's a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and control.You can see something like,“I know we seem to be moving toward a first quarter commitment here.I have reasons to think that won't work.I'd like to layout my reasoning. Would that be OK?”This gives the person a choice,allowing him to verbally opt in.And,assuming he says yes,it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.44._________________________You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red,but do whatever you can to remain natural in both your words and actions.When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety,it undercuts the message.It sends a mixed message,and your counterpart gels to choose what signals to read.Deep breaths can help,a can speaking more slowly and deliberately.When we feel panicky,we tend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps the other person cool down and does the same for you.It also makes you seem confident,even if you aren't.45.__________________________Emphasize that you're only offering your opinion,not gospel truth. It may be a well-informed,well-researched opinion,but it's still an opinion,so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence. Instead of saying,“If we set an end of quarter deadline,we will never make it”say,“This is just my opinion,but I don't see how we will make that deadline.”Having asserted your opinion(as a position,not as a fact), demonstrate equal curiosity about other views.Remind the person that thisis your point of view,and then invite critique.Be open to hearing other opinions.Part C Directions:46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write yourtranslation on ANSIWER SHIEET.(15points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggestsources of connection,laughter,and warmth.While that may wellbe true,researchers have also recently found that interacting withstrangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belongingthat we didn't expect.In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago-areacommuters using public transportation to strike up a conversationwith someone near them.On average,participants who followed thisinstruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sitin silence.The researchers also argued that when we shy away fromcasual interactions with strangers,it is often due to a misplacedanxiety that they might not want to talk to us.Much of the time,however,this belief is false.As it turns out,many people areactually perfectly willing to talk and may even be flattered toreceive your attention.Section III WritingPart A47.Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting themto attend the graduation ceremony.In your email you should include time,place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about100words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEET.Do not use your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Suppose you are organizing an online meeting,write an email to Jack,an international student to1.invite him to participate2.Tell him about the detailsPart B48.Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below.In your writing.you should1.interpret the chart,and2.give your comments.You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题参考答案Section I Use of English1.[B]however2.[A]Emphasize3.[D]quickly4.[C]check5.[B]ignored6.[A]punctuality7.[B]So8.[C]rewarded9.[D]also10.[B]revenue11.[C]cautious12.[B]problem13.[D]noticed14.[B]trip15.[B]background16.[C]sacrifice17.[D]cost18.[C]relating to19.[A]specify20.[D]achieveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText121.[B]an urgent demand for new job skills22.[A]an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy23.[D]have appeared to be insufficient24.[C]a lack of medical workers25.[B]prepare their laid-off workers for other jobsText226.[B]contribute to the nation’s well-being27.[C]most land is used for meat and dairy production28.[C]its natural conditions29.[A]rely largely on imports for fresh produce30.[B]doubtfulText331.[A]their engineers were retained32.[B]eliminate their potential competitors33.[C]harm the national economy34.[C]examine small acquisitions35.[A]brought little financial pressureText436.[B]the reliability of first impression37.[A]focused on specific details38.[A]reflection can be distracting39.[D]follow your feelings40.[B]intuition may affect reflective tasksPart B41.[C]Decide whether to wait42.[F]Identify a shared goal全国硕士研究生入学统一考试备考资料43.[G]Ask permission to disagree44.[A]Stay calm45.[B]Stay humblePart C（参考译文）我们往往认为朋友和家人是联系、欢笑和温暖的最大来源。

考研英语二答案完整版xx考研英语二答案完整版考研英语二答案完整版就在这里，大家来看看，对一下自己的答案吧，下面是搜集的xx考研英语二答案完整版，欢迎阅读，希望对你能够提供帮助。

1C. warning2A. Inequality3D. Prediction4A. characterized5B. meaning6B. Indeed7C. working8A. explanation9D. among10C. worry about 11C. necessarily 12B.downsides13A. absence14D. yield15C. virtue16D. scarce17A. demands18B. tired19D. into20B. ProfessionalPART AText 121. A gained great popularity22. B promote sport participation23. C does not emphasize elitism24. D invest in public sports facilities25. B criticalText 226. B absorb user attention27. D reduces mother-child munication28. D parentsneed to respond to children’s emotional needs29. C ensure constant interaction with theirchildren30. A give their parents some free timeText 331. C it feels strange to do differently fromothers32. D relieve freshmen of pressures33. A adaptation34. D decide on the right major35. A In Favor of the Gap YearText 436. B consumed a record-high percentage ofbudget37. D guarantee safer spending of publicfunds38. C other factors should not be overlooked39. D understand the interrelations of manand nature40. B e to terms withPart B41. [E] says that for factory owners, workersare harder to find because of stiff petition.42. [A] says that he switched to electricalengineering because he loves working with tools.43. [G] says that the manufacturing recessionis to blame for the lay-off the young people’s parents.44. [B] pointsout that there are enough people to fill the jobs that don’t need much skill.45. [F] points out that a work/life balancecan attract young people into manufacturing.Section III Translation46. 参考译文(作者：武峰 @brotherfive )我的梦想一直是在时装界和出版界的某个地方找到一个工作。

2022年考研英语真题答案：研究生考试英语二真题及答案Section 1 Use of EninglishDirections :Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )thebest trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries。

His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .JoeBlow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe。

2020 年英语（二）考研真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Being a good parents is of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very_ (1),particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than (2), a younger sibling.(3),There's another sort of parent that s a bit easier to (4)a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, (5)every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy (6).Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a(7) and composed style with their kids. I understand this.You're only human, and sometimes your kids can (8) you just a little too far. And then the (9)happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too (10) and does nobody any good. You wish that you could (11) the clock and start over, we've all been there.(12), even though it's common, it's important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue. you can say something to your child that you may(13)for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with.your child but also (14)your child's self-esteem.If you consistently lose your (15)with your kids. then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the (16)of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when (17)by stress is one of the most important of all life's skills.Certainly, it's incredibly (18)to maintain patience at all times with your children.A more practical goal is to try to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with (19)situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal. you and your children will benefit and (20)from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1.A tedious B pleasant C instructive D tricky2.A in addition B for example C at once D by accident3.A fortunately B occasionally C accordingly D eventually4.A amuse B assist C describe D train5.A while B because C unless D once6.A answer B task C choice D accessword精品文档,可编辑,欢迎下载7.A tolerant B formal C rigid D critical8.A move B drag C push D send9.A mysterious B illogical C suspicious D inevitable10.A boring B naive C harsh D vague11.A turn back B take apart C set aside D cover up12.A overall B instead C however D otherwise13.A like B miss C believe D regret14.A raise B affect C justify D reflect15.A time B bond C race D cool16.A nature B secret C importance D context17.A cheated B defeated C confused D confronted18.A terrible B hard C strange D wrong19.A trying B changing C exciting D surprising20.A hide B emerge C withdraw D escapeSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat- one social and one asocial for 5 our days. The robots rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We' d assumed we' d have to give it a moving head and tail,facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary, ”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals.“ We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turn s out other animals are too,”says Wiles.21.Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can[A]pick up social signals from non-living rats[B]distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one[C]attain sociable traits through special training[D]send out warning messages to their fellow22.What did the social robot do during the experiment?[A]It followed the social robot.[B]It played with some toys.[C]It set the trapped rats free.[D]It moved around alone.23.According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they[A]tried to practice a means of escape[B]expected it to do the same in return[C]wanted to display their intelligence[D]considered that an interesting game24.James Wiles notes that rats[A]can remember other rat's facial features[B]differentiate smells better than sizes[C]respond more to cations than to looks[D]can be scared by a plastic box on wheels25.It can be learned from the text that rats[A]appear to be adaptable to new surroundings[B]are more socially active than other animals[C]behave differently from children in socializing[D]are more sensitive to social cues than expectedText 2It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500% The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about S18.9 million a year.The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America's highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. It's not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.Today's CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many mere skills than simply being able to“run the company" CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. Then there' s the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before,with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is farly mind-boggling plus, virtually all major American companies are beyond this major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn't explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governmance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger govemnance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.”Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.26.Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?[A]The growth in the number of corporations[B]The general pay rise with a better economy[C]Increased business opportunities for top firms[D]Close cooperation among leading economiespared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required to[A]foster a stronger sense of teamwork[B]finance more research and development[C]establish closer ties with tech companies[D]operate more globalized companies28.CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite[A]continual internal opposition[B]strict corporate governance[C]conservative business strategies[D]Repeated government warnings29.High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps[A]confirm the status of CEOs[B]motivate inside candidates[C]boost the efficiency of CEOs[D]increase corporate value30.The most suitable title for this text would be[A]CEOs Are Not Overpaid[B]CEO Pay: Past and Present[C]CEOs' challenges of Today[D]CEO Traits: Not Easy to DefineText 3Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.Mayor Jose Luis Martinez -Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city 's decision to stop levying fines, ordering them reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks uncertain at best.Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers 一who must pay fees or buy better vehicles 一rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next year's mayoral election. And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.It's not that measures such as London's Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents' health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits - fewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments 一Britain s and others across Europe - have failed to do so.Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas - city centres, 。

2021年考研英语（二）真题原文及答案解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)It's not difficult to set targets for staff.It is much harder,1,to understand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components.2one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you'll3see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected?Never.Do people get on without paying?Of course!Are there inspectors to4that people have paid?Possibly,but very few.And people who run for the bus?They are5.How about jumping lights?Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why?Because the target is6.People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7,the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,and drivers were8or punished according to the time they took.And drivers hit these targets.But they9hit cyclists.If the target was changed to10,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety,you would get more11drivers who obeyed traffic laws.But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another12:people became immensely inventive in hitting targets.Have you 13that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?Tailwinds?Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a14is meant to take.A one-hour fight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.The15of the story is simple.Most jobs are multidimensional,with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well16others.Everything Can be done faster and made cheaper,but there is a17.Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negativeconsequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is an argument for exploring consequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria18critical factors such as time,money,quality and customer feedback.The trick is not only to19just one or even two dimensions of the objective,but also to understand how to help people better20the objective.1.[A]therefore[B]however[C]again[D]moreover2.[A]Emphasizes[B]Identify[C]Asses[D]Explain3.[A]nearly[B]curiously[C]eagerly[D]quickly4.[A]claim[B]prove[C]check[D]recall5.[A]threatened[B]ignored[C]mocked[D]blamed6.[A]punctuality[B]hospitality[C]competition[D]innovation7.[A]Yes[B]So[C]Besides[D]Still8.[A]hired[B]trained[C]rewarded[D]grouped9.[A]only[B]rather[C]once[D]also10.[A]comfort[B]revenue[C]efficiency[D]security11.[A]friendly[B]quiet[C]cautious[D]diligent12.[A]purpose[B]problem[C]prejudice[D]policy13.[A]reported[B]revealed[C]admitted[D]noticed14.[A]break[B]trip[C]departure[D]transfer15.[A]moral[B]background[C]style[D]form16.[A]interpret[B]criticize[C]sacrifice[D]tolerate17.[A]task[B]secret[C]product[D]cast18.[A]leading to[B]calling for[C]relating to[D]accounting for19.[A]specify[B]predict[C]restore[D]create20.[A]modify[B]review[C]present[D]achieve参考答案：1.[B]however2.[A]Emphasize3.[D]quickly4.[C]check5.[B]ignored6.[A]punctuality7.[B]So8.[C]rewarded9.[D]also10.[B]revenue11.[C]cautious12.[B]problem13.[D]noticed14.[B]trip15.[B]background16.[C]sacrifice17.[D]cost18.[C]relating to19.[A]specify20.[D]achieveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1‘Reskilling’is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly,as will the requirements of the jobs that remain Research by the WEF detailed in the Harvard Business Review,finds that on average42percent of the“core skills"within job roles will change by2022. That is a very short timeline,so we can only imagine what the changes will be further in the future.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one.For individual companies,the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are.That does not always happen.AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy.Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans.When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy.Though,the focus usually tums to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best.And have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers.Even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic,unemployment is very high indeed.In February at3.5per cent and5.5 P.C.respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.As of May,those rates had spiked up to13.3per centand13.7per cent,and although many worker shortages had disappeared,not all had done so.In the medical field,to take an obvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clean shortages of doctors,nurses and other medical personnel.Of course,it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks,no matter who pays for it.But even if you cannot close the gap,maybe you can close others and doing so would be to the benefit of all concern.That seems to be the case in Sweden: when forced to furlough90PC.of their cabin staff.Scandinavian Airline decided to start up a short retaining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff.The effort wasa collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.21.Research by the World Economic Forum suggests.[A]an increase in full time employment[B]an urgent demand for new job sills[C]a steady growth of job opportunities[D]a controversy re about the“core skills”22.AT&T is cited to show.[A]an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy[B]an immediate need for government support[C]the importance of staff appraisal standards[D]the characteristics of res-killing programs23.Eflor1s to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada[A]have driven up labour costs[B]have proved to be inconsistent[C]have met with fierce opposition[D]have appeared to be insufficient24.We can learn from Paragraph3that there was[A]a call for policy adjustment[B]a change in hiring practices[C]a lack of medical workers[D]a sign of economic recovery25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to.[A]create job vacancies for the unemployed[B]prepare their laid of workers for other jobs[C]retrain their cabin staff for better services[D]finance their staff"s college education参考答案：21、[B]an urgent demand for new job skills22、[A]an alternative to the fire and hire strategy23、[D]have appeared to be insufficient24、[C]a lack of medical workers25、[B]prepare their laid-off workers for other jobsText2With the global population predicted to hit close to10billion by2050,and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace,food security is increasingly making headlines.In the UK,it has become a big talking point recently too,for a rather particular reason:Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food.The country produces only about60per cent of the food it eats,down from almost three-quarters in the late1980s.A move back to self-sufficiency,the argument goes,would boost the farming industry,political sovereignty and even the nation's health.Sounds great一but how feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds,UK,85per cent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy production.That supplies80per cent of what is consumed,so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures,but they are still grave.To become much more self-sufficient,the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods,and probably also farm more intensively一meaning fewer green fields,and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help.There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry:most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis.Just25per cent of the country's land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields.Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg-which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes-we would achieve only a30per cent boost in crop production.Just23per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown,so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only30per cent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains,sugars,seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26.Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would_______.A.be hindered by its population growthB.contribute to the nation's well-beingC.become a priority of the governmentD.pose a challenge to its farming industry27.The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK_______.A.farmland has been inefficiently utilizedB.factory-style production needs reformingC.most land is used for meat and dairy productionD.more green fields will be converted for farming28.Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to_______.A.its farming technologyB.its dietary traditionC.its natural conditionsD.its commercial interests29.It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people_______.A.rely largely on imports for fresh produceB.enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumptionC.are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intakeD.are trying to grow new varieties of grains30.The author's attitude to food self-sufficiency in the UK is_______.A.defensiveB.doubtfulC.tolerantD.Optimistic参考答案26.[B]contribute to the nation's well.being27.[C]most land is used for meat and dairy production28.[C]its natural conditions29.[A]rely largely on imports for fresh produce30.[B]doubtfulText3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015,it picked two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft's own Office dominates the market for"productivity”software,but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.Both apps,however,were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products.Their teams of engineers stayed on,making them two of the many“acqui-hires" that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hunger for tech talent.To Microsoft's critics,the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path."They bought the seedlings and closed them down,"complained Paul Arnold,a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures,putting an end to businesses that might one day turn into competitors.Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors,Mr Arnold's own business often depends on selling start:ups to larger tech companies,though he admits to mixed feelings about the result:“I think these things are good for me,if I put my selfish hat on.But are they good for the American economy?I don't know."The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question.This week,it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade.Although only a rescarch project at this stage,the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than＄5.5trillion,rifling through such small Deals-many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise-might seem besidethe point.Between them,the five biggest tech companies have spent an average of only＄3.4 billion a year on sub-$1billion acquisitions over the past five years-a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves,and the more than＄130billion of venture capital that was invested in the Us last year.However,critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum,in some cases as part of a "buy and kill tactic to simply close them down.31.What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?A.Their engineers were retained.B.Their market values declined.C.Their tech features improved.D.Their products were re priced.32.Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend to_.A exaggerate their product qualityB.eliminate their potential competitorsC.treat new tech talent unfairlyD.ignore public opinions33.Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might.A.weaken big tech companiesB.worsen market competitionC.harm the national economyD.discourage start-up investors34.The US Federal Trade Commission intends to_.A.limit Big Tech's expansionB.encourage research collaborationC.examine small acquisitionsD.supervise start-ups operations35.For the five biggest tech companies,their small acquisitions have.A.brought little financial pressureB.raised few management challengesC.set a example for future dealsD.generated considerable profits参考答案：31.[A]Their engineers were retained.32.[B]eliminate their potential competitors33.[C]harm the national economy34.[C]examine small acquisitions35.[A]brought little financial pressureText4We're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions,thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five minute interaction,and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive.In one study of the ability she called“thin slicing."the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness.Their ratings correlated strongly.with students'end-of-semester ratings.Another set of participants had to count backward from1,000by nines as they watched the clips,occupying their conscious working memory.Their ratings were just as accurate,demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically,another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment,before giving the rating.Accuracy,dropped dramatically.Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression.She found similar interference when participants watched15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers,friends,or dating partners.Other research shows we're better at detecting deception from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection."It's as if you're driving a stick shit,"says Judith Hall,a psychologist at Northeastern University,“and if you start thinking about it too much,you can't remember what you're doing.But if you go on automatic pilot,you're fine.Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences.College students'ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts'opinions when the students weren't asked to analyze their rationale.And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details,but only if the decision was complex--when they had a lot of information to process.Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances.In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks,including four that tapped relctive thinking (discerning nules,comprehending vocabulary)and four that tapped intuition and creativity(generating new products or figures of speech).Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition("gut feelings.""hunches,"“my heart").Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks,as expected,and helped them on the rest.Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36.Nalini Ambady's study deals with[A]the power of people S memory[B]the reliability of first impressions[C]instructor-student interaction[D]people's ability to influence others37.In Ambady's study,rating accuracy dropped when participants.[A]focused on specific details[B]gave the rating in limited time[C]watched shorter video clips[D]discussed with one another38.Judith Hall mentions driving to show that[A]reflection can be distracting[B]memory may be selective[C]social skills must be cultivated[D]deception is difficult to detect39.When you are making complex decisions,it is advisable to_[A]collect enough data[B]list your preferences[C]seek expert advice[D]follow your feelings40.What can we learn from the last paragraph?[A]Generating new products takes time[B]Intuition may affect reflective tasks[C]Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity[D]Objective thinking may boost intuitiveness.参考答案36.[B]the reliability of first impression37.[A]focused on specific details38.[A]reflection cam be distracting39.[D]follow your feelings40.[B]intuition may affect reflective tasksPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)A.Stay calm.B.Stay humble.C.Decide whether to wait.D.Be realistic about the risks.E.Don't make judgements.F.Identify a shared goal.G.Ask permission to disagree.How to disagree with someone more powerful than youYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work.Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic.What do you see when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do?How do you decide whether it's worth speaking up?And if you do, what exactly should you say?Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you. 41._______________________You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion.Maybe you haven't finished thinking the problem through,or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks.If you think other people are going to disagree,too,you might want to gather your army first.People can contribute experience or information to your thinking一all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid.It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are in a meeting or other public space.Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.42._________________________Before you share your thoughts,think about what the powerful person cares about一it may be the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time.You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose.State it overtly,contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but as a colleague who's trying to advance a common objective.The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match.43._______________________This step may sound overly deferential,but it's a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and control.You can see something like,“I know we seem to be moving toward a first quarter commitment here.I have reasons to think that won't work.I'd like to layout my reasoning-Would that be OK?"This gives the person a choice,allowing him to verbally opt in.And,assuming he says yes,it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.44._________________________You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red,but do whatever you can to remain natural in both your words and actions.When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety,it undercuts the message.It sends a mixed message,and your counterpart gels to choose what signals to read.Deep breaths can help,a can speaking more slowly and deliberately.When we feel panicky,we tend to talk louder and faster.Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps the other person cool down and does the same for you.It also makes you seem confident,even if you aren't.45.__________________________Emphasize that you're only offering your opinion,not gospel truth.It may be a well-informed, well-researched opinion,but it's still an opinion,so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence.Instead of saying,“If we set an end of quarter deadline,we will never make it"say, "This is just my opinion,but I don't see how we will make that deadline."Having asserted your opinion(as a position,not as a fact),demonstrate equal curiosity about other views.Remind the person that this is your point of view,and then invite critique.Be open to hearingother opinions.参考答案：41.[C]Decide whether to wait42.[F]Identify a shared goal43.[G]Ask permission to disagree44.[A]Stay calm45.[B]Stay humblePart C46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSIWER SHIEET.(15points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection, laughter,and warmth.While that may well be true,researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them.On average,participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence.The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers,it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us.Much of the time,however,this belief is false.As it tums out,many people are actually perfectly willing to talk and may even be flattered to receive your attention.参考译文：我们倾向于认为朋友和家人是我们关系、欢乐和温暖的最大来源。

2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试（英语二）参考答案及解析Section Ⅰ Use of English【1】D. tricky解析：考察形容词，but一词前文提到大家都想成为好父母，但是，所以本句要选贬义词，排除BC，根据语义，因为孩子对不同的养育方式反映不同，所以定义好的父母是很难的，很棘手的，D正确，A单调的B.愉悦的C.有指导意义的【2】B. for example解析：考察句子间逻辑关系，上一句提到孩子们对同一种养育方式的反应是不同的，本句中指出一个冷静的、循规蹈矩的孩子可能会比弟弟妹妹对不同的教育方式有更好的反应，很明显是举例子，总分关系，for example最合适，D正确。

A. in addition此外，除了，递进关系，两句话之间不存在递进关系；C. at once. 马上，立刻，用来形容动词的速度之快，不符合原文；D. by accident，偶然意外，形容出乎意料，但是上文提到同样的信息，所以不是偶然意外。

【3】A.Fortunately解析：考察句子间逻辑关系，上文提到很难定义好父母，本句提到有一种是很容易描述的，形成转折关系，所以选择A.Fortunately B.【4】C. describe解析：考察动词，逻辑主语为另外一种父母，根据上文，只有D描述另外一种父母更容易符合上下文，【5】A. while解析：考察逻辑关系词，后一句提到这不是容易的事情，本句说每一个父母都想有耐心，形成转折关系，所以while尽管更合适。

【6】B. task解析：考察名词，this指代上文的有耐心的养育，这是一种任务，而不是一种回答，选择或者入口。

【7】A. tolerant解析：考察形容词，本段一直讲有耐心的养育，所以本句提到因为太累了，太沮丧，没有办法对孩子做到...，空处应该是要选择和有耐心类似的词语，只有A.tolerant有包容性的更贴切原文。

【8】C. push解析：考察动词，后文提到你失去了耐心，要么对孩子大喊大叫，要么说一些对任何人都没有好处的话，所以相应孩子应该是对你做了一些不好的事情，C推的更远，逼的更紧要更符合原文。