2004-A-Anti-windup synthesis via sampled-data piecewise affine optimal control

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FAPα_靶向标记化合物131I-FAPI-03_的合成及初步体内外实验研究

FAPα靶向标记化合物131I-FAPI-03的合成及初步体内外实验研究马　欢1,2, 廖家莉2, 杨远友2, 刘　宁2, 李飞泽2（1. 四川省医学科学院四川省人民医院（电子科技大学附属医院）核医学科，成都　610072；2. 四川大学原子核科学技术研究所，辐射物理及技术教育部重点实验室，成都　610064）摘要：本研究以4-喹啉基-甘氨基-2-氰基吡咯烷为骨架，对连接基团进行碳链延长及羟基修饰成功合成FAPI 衍生物ATE-FAPI-03；通过亲电取代反应实现其131I 标记，并对标记化合物131I-FAPI-03的脂水分配比、体外稳定性等进行分析；开展细胞结合、内吞、流出等实验以评价131I-FAPI-03的体外动力学特征；并考察了131I-FAPI-03在荷胶质瘤小鼠体内的分布情况。

结果表明：131I-FAPI-03为亲脂性小分子，并具有良好的体外稳定性；与FAPα阳性细胞U87MG 孵育10 min 时的结合率为（22.00 ± 0.35）%，且随着孵育时间的延长结合率有明显的上升趋势，而与FAPα阴性细胞MCF-7的结合率始终处于较低水平；通过竞争结合实验测得131I-FAPI-03的IC 50值为45.5 nM ，表明其对FAPα具有较高的亲和力；大部分与U87MG 细胞结合的131I-FAPI-03可被细胞内吞，但其在细胞中的滞留能力偏低。

131I-FAPI-03在荷胶质瘤小鼠体内具有快速的肿瘤靶向能力：经尾静脉注射5 min 后，肿瘤组织对131I-FAPI-03的放射性摄取值为（14.90 ±3.21）% ID/g ，注射2 h 后，肿瘤/肌肉的放射性摄取比值达到（43.7 ± 16.7）。

上述结果为新型FAPα靶向药物的研发提供了重要的参考。

关键词：FAPα；131I ；FAPI ；胶质瘤中图分类号：TL92+3 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000-7512(2024)02-0097-09doi ：10.7538/tws.2024.37.02.0097Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of FAPα Targeted Tracer 131I-FAPI-03MA Huan 1,2, LIAO Jiali 2, YANG Yuanyou 2, LIU Ning 2, LI Feize2（1. Department of Nuclear Medicine , Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital ,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610072, China ;2. Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education ,Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China ）Abstract: Using N-(4-quinolinoyl)-Gly-(2-cyanopyrrolidine) as scaffold ，we prolonged the linker with serine to obtain a FAPI derivative ATE-FAPI-03，which was subsequently labeled with131I byelectrophilic substitution. Then the in vitro stability ，Log P value ，binding affinity ，targeting properties and biodistribution behavior of 131I-FAPI-03 was evaluated. Results show that 131I-FAPI-03 was lipophilic and stable in vitro ，capable of specifically binding to FAPα-positive U87MG cells收稿日期：2023-12-04；修回日期：2024-01-18基金项目：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助（2023SCU12132）；四川省医学科学院.四川省人民医院青年人才基金（2022QN32）通信作者：李飞泽第37卷第2期同位素Vol. 37 No. 22024年 4 月Journal of IsotopesApr. 2024fast with a major proportion trapped intracellularly. After 10 min of incubation，131I-FAPI-03 showed a specific binding rate of (22.00 ± 0.35)%，and the binding rate increased with the incubation time，to a peak of (37.5 ± 0.83)% at 180 min. However，the FAPα-negative MCF-7 cells exhibited very low uptake of 131I-FAPI-03 at any time point. The IC50 measured by the competition assay indicated significant binding property of 131I-FAPI-03. Biodistribution studies revealed that 131I-FAPI-03 could rapidly accumulate in tumor sites with an uptake of (14.90 ± 3.21)% ID/g at 5 min post injection. At 2 h post injection，131I-FAPI-03 displayed the highest tumor-to-muscle ratio of 43.7 ± 16.7. All above results provided important reference for the development of novel FAPα-targeting tracers.Key words: FAPα; 131I; FAPI; glioma肿瘤相关成纤维细胞（CAF）作为肿瘤微环境的主要组成部分，积极参与细胞外基质结构的重塑、肿瘤侵袭与转移、免疫抑制和耐药生成过程[1-3]。

氮掺杂花状黑色二氧化钛(TiO_(2))的制备及光催化性能研究

当代化工研究Modem Chemical Research35 2021・05基础研究氮掺杂花状黑色二氧化钛(TQ)的制备及光催化性能研究*秦莲郭紫露刘娜马海燕王强段志英(西北民族大学化工学院甘肃730000)摘耍：本论文以金属钛粉和尿素为原料，利用水热法制备出氮掺杂黑色二氧化钛(Ti()2)光催化剂，并对其光催化性能进行了红外光谱、紫外光谱和SEM等表征实验，探讨了氮掺杂花状黑色二氧化钛(Tit)2)光催化剂的光催化性能.将甲基橙溶液作为目标降解染料，在模拟太阳光条件下照射含有不同氮掺杂含量的光催化剂的甲基橙溶液，紫外一可见分光光度计测试不同光催化剂的光催化性能.通过对不同形貌，不同掺杂量的催化剂比较研究，探讨结构与光催化性能之间丝关系.实验结果表明：以尿素:黑色花状二氧化钛=2:1餉比例制备的氮掺杂花状黑色二氧化钛催化剂对甲基橙溶液的催化降解效果最好，提高了对染料的降解作用°关键词：水热法；氮掺杂；花状黑色二氧化钛；可见光催化中图55•类号：0文献标识码：AStudy on Preparation of Nitrogen Doped Flower Black Titanium Dioxide(TiO2)and ItsPhotocatalytic PerformanceQin Lian,Guo Zilu,Liu Na,Ma Haiyan,Wang Qiang,Duan Zhiying(School of Chemical Engineering,Northwest University for Nationalities,Gansu,730000) Abstract:In this paper,the nitrogen-doped black titanium dioxide(RO)photocatalyst was prepared by hydrothermal method using titanium powder and urea as raw materials.The photocatalytic performance of the nitrogen-doped f lower black titanium dioxide(TiO^photocatalyst was studied by infrared spectroscopy,ultraviolet spectroscopy and SEM.Methyl orange solution was used as the target dye for degradation.Methyl orange solution containing different nitrogen doping content was irradiated under simulated sunlight conditions.The photocatalytic performance of different p hotocatalysts was tested by UV-Vis spectrophotometer.The relationship between the structure and p hotocatalytic p erformance was studied by comparing the catalysts with different morphologies and doping amounts.The experimental results showed that the nitrogen-doped f lowery black titanium dioxide catalyst prepared yvith the ratio of u rea to black f lowery titanium dioxide=2:l had the best catalytic degradation effect on methyl orange solution,which improved the degradation effect of d ye.Key words：hydrothermal method^N-doped\floral black titanium dioxide^visible light catalysis随着人类生活方式的改变和工业化的持续发展，如危险响口甸。

3-(4-甲氧基苯基)-4-甲基-5-异噻唑胺的合成及表征

第39卷第1期 2018年2月1青岛科技大学学报（自然科学版"1Journal of Qingdao University of Science and TechnologyCNatural Science Edition)Vol. 39 No. 1Feb. 2018文章编号：1672-6987(2018)01-0018-04#!O I: 10.16351%.1672-6987.2018.01.0033-(4-甲氧基苯基)-4-甲基-5-异噻唑胺的合成及表征冯柏成，郭超(青岛科技大学化工学院，山东青岛266042)摘要：以对甲氧基苯甲醛为起始原料，经过肟化-脱水、交叉偶联、亲核加成和氧化闭环4步反应合成了目标产物3-(4-甲氧基苯基）-4-甲基-5-异噻唑胺，并且总收率可达47. 15%。

通过工艺条件优化，得到了盐酸羟胺和硫代乙酰胺的最佳用量。

目标化合物的结构通过GC-MS和1H N M R进行了鉴定。

实验结果表明：该反应条件温和，产品收率高，后处理简单，三废较少，具有良好的工业应用前景。

关键词：对甲氧基苯甲醛；苯甲腈；异噻唑；mGluR1拮抗剂中图分类号：0 626.29 文献标志码：A引用格式：冯柏成，郭超.3-(4-甲氧基苯基)-4-甲基-5-异噻唑胺的合成及表征青岛科技大学学报（自然科学版& 2018, 39(1): 18-21.FENG Baicheng，GU0Chao.Synthesis and characterization of3-( 4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-isothiazolamine[J],Journal of Qingdao University of Science and TechnologyCNatural Science Edition)，2018，39(1)：18-21.Synthesis and Characterization of 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-isothiazolamineFENG Baicheng,GUO Chao(College of Chemical Engineerings Qingdao University of Science and Techn.ology» Qingdao 266042 &China)Abstract：Utilize p-methoxybenzaldehyde as a starting material,after oximation-dehydra-tion,cross-coupling,nucleophilic addition and oxidation closed-loop four-step reactions synthesized target product3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-4-methyl-5-isothiazoleamine&and the totalyield is up to47. 15%. By optimizing the process conditions obtained the optimum dosage ofhydroxylamine hydrochloride and thioacetamide.The structure of the target product was confirmed by GC-MS and1H NMR.The experimental results show that the reaction condition ismild,product yield is high,simple workup,less three wastes,and with good industrial applications.Keywords： /i-methoxybenzaldehyde；menzonitrile；isothiazole；GluR1antagonistL-谷氨酸是中枢神经系统中主要的兴奋性神经递质，其受体由两种主要的亚型组成：离子型受体和代谢型受体（mGlU R)[12]。

3-四氢呋喃甲酸的快速衍生化与手性拆分

SHANDONGCHEMDCALDNDUSTRY ・12・2020年第49卷3-四氢咲喃甲酸的生化与手性拆分吕宜春（山东化工职业学院化学工程系，山东潍坊261108）摘要:手性3- 咲喃泛应用于新药研发，开发对其实用、的手性分析方法尤为重要° 分子极性大,直接拆分困难，且在常规灵敏度低，主采用衍生化的方法对其进行间接拆分’但现的衍生化方法存在着衍生化反应长，反应不彻问题，不能满足快速、准确的求’设计以硝基苯基重氮甲烷为衍生化 $ 考衍生化结构、手性、流对衍生化识别拆分效果的以及衍生化方法学的评价，建了一套可靠的3- 咲喃的快速手性法’方法基Chiralpak ID 手性柱为色谱柱$4-硝基苯基重氮甲烷为衍生化，衍化反应在15 min 内完成,色谱分 8 min ° 解决了 3-咲喃的手性，还为它手性手性酸的法开发提供了参考’关键词：3- 咲喃％手性拆分;衍化％重氮烷T中图分类号：O657.72 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1008-021X （ 2020） 23-0012-04Rapid Derivatization and Chiral Resolution of Tetrahydrofuran-3 -carboxylic AcidLyu Yichun(Chemical Engineering Department ,Shandong Vocational CoLeee of Chemical Engineering , Weifang 261108, China)Abstract ： Chiral tetrahydrofuran - 3 - c arboxylic aciO is widel- used in the research and developmeni of new drugs.The developmeniof practical and eeicieni chiral analysis method O particularl- ioportant for io At present , the resolution O mainly achieved byindirect method- of derivatization because of its larae polarity , dOf'iculth in direct resolution and low sensitivity in conventional detectoe. But there are problem- such a- long derivatization tioe and incomplete reaction , which cannot meet the need- of rapiO andaccurate detection.Herein,nitrophenyl diazomethane was first used as a derivative reagent.Then,the influence of the structure ofderivative reagent , chirai stationara phase and mobile phase on the recoLnition effect of resolution substrates was investivated ..heaccuracy and reliabilim of the method are verified. BinHy, a fast chiral detection method for tetrahydrofuran- 3 - carboxylic acid was established based on Chiralpak ID chiral cclumn and 4 -niOophenyl diazomethane as a derivative reagent. The derivatizationreaction was completed in 15 minutes and the chromatoLraphic analysis time was onty 8 minutes.This study not onty solved thehigh -efficienca chii ■s I detection of tetrahydrofuran - 3 -carboxylic acid, but alse provided a referencc foe the development of detection methods for other chiral or non-chOal aci-s.Key wordt : tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxyliv acid ； chOai resolution ； derivatization reaaents ； diazoalkancs手性3-四氢咲喃甲酸近年来被广泛应用于新药研发［1-4］, 它的合成与分析引起了科技工作者的高度重视（5-）。

Novel enzyme

专利名称：Novel enzyme发明人：スクイレルデイヴィッドジェームズ,マーフィーメレニージェーン,プライスレイチェルルイーズ,ロウクリストファーロビン,ホワイトピータージョン,ティシローレンスカーロ,マーレージェームスオウガスタスヘンリー申请号：JP特願2000-578432(P2000-578432)申请日：19991026公开号：JP特表2003-518912(P2003-518912A)A公开日：20030617专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要： (57) and has a [summary] luciferase activity, Rushiora-Raterarisu Fotinasu pyralis, Rushiora-Mingurerika, or Rushiora-Kurushiata, Hotaria-Paroura, Piroforasu Pula formic off trout cod, Ramupirisu-Nokuchiruka, Piroko area Nayako or a protein having at least 60% similarity with the luciferase Fotinasu pen silane Vu~ani mosquito derived, in the sequence of the enzyme, the amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residues 214 (a) Fotinasu pyralis luciferase derived from, amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residues 232 (b) Fotinasu pyralis luciferase derived from an amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residues 295 (c) Fotinasu pyralis luciferase derived from amino acids (d) Fotinasu pyralis luciferase derived from amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residue corresponding to residue 14, the amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residues 35 (e) Fotinasu pyralis luciferase derived from, the amino acid residue 105 (f) Fotinasu pyralis luciferase derived from, amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residues 234 (g) Fotinasu pyralis luciferase derivedfrom an amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residues 420 (h) Fotinasu pyralis luciferase derived from, (i) amino acids Fotinasu pyralis luciferase derived from at least one among the amino acid residue corresponding to residue 310, but and are those different from the amino acids that appear in the wild-type sequence corresponding the luciferase enzyme, the enzyme having the amino acid of the wild-type luciferase corresponding to the site enzyme characterized by having increased thermal stability as compared to.申请人：イギリス国地址：イギリス国ウィルシャーエスピー4 0ジェイキューソールズベリーポートンダウンディーエスティーエル国籍：GB代理人：中村稔 (外9名)更多信息请下载全文后查看。

磷腈碱催化开环聚合制备含氟聚乙基硅氧烷

Vol. 35 No. 5功能高分子学报2022 年 10 月Journal of Functional Polymers417文章编号： 1008-9357(2022)05-0417-08DOI: 10.14133/ki.1008-9357.20220105001磷腈碱催化开环聚合制备含氟聚乙基硅氧烷刘正阳1，时金凤1，赵娜1，李志波1,2（青岛科技大学 1. 高分子科学与工程学院; 2. 化工学院, 山东青岛 266042）摘要：以有机环三磷腈碱（CTPB）作为催化剂，在温和条件下催化六乙基环三硅氧烷（E3）开环聚合（ROP），以及E3与1,3,5-三甲基-1,3,5-三（3,3,3-三氟丙基）环三硅氧烷（F3）开环共聚合，制备了聚二乙基硅氧烷（PDES）和含有不同三氟丙基甲基硅氧（F）单元摩尔分数（0～46%）的聚（二乙基-ran-三氟丙基甲基）硅氧烷（PDES-ran-PTFPMS）。

采用凝胶渗透色谱仪（GPC）、核磁共振波谱仪（NMR）表征了聚合物的组成和结构，利用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）和微观接触角测量仪对聚合物的性质进行研究。

结果表明：成功制得PDES-ran-PTFPMS。

当F单元摩尔分数高于6%时，可以有效抑制PDES的低温结晶，且PDES-ran-PTFPMS具有极低的玻璃化转变温度（T g =−134 ℃）。

含氟聚乙基硅氧烷薄膜的接触角测试结果表明，F单元的引入有效提高了聚乙基硅氧烷的疏水性及降低了油的浸润性。

关键词：有机磷腈碱；开环聚合；聚（二乙基- ran-三氟丙基甲基）硅氧烷；低玻璃化转变温度中图分类号： O633.4 文献标志码： APreparation of Fluorine-Containing Polyethylsiloxane by Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Siloxanes Catalyzed by Phosphazene BaseLIU Zhengyang1, SHI Jinfeng1, ZHAO Na1, LI Zhibo1,2（1. College of Polymer Science and Engineering; 2. College of Chemical Engineering,Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China）Abstract: The ring-opening copolymerization (ROP) of hexaethylcyclotrisiloxane (E3) and 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-tri(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) cyclotrisiloxane (F3) was catalyzed by organic cyclotrisiloxane base (CTPB) under mild conditions. CTPB showed high catalytic activity for the polymerization of E3 and F3. Linear polydiethylsiloxanes (PDES) and poly(diethyl-ran-trifluoropropylmethyl) siloxanes (PDES-ran-PTFPMS) with different mole fractions of trifluoropropylmethyl siloxane group (F unit) (mole fraction (f F): 0−46%) were successfully synthesized. The composition and structure of the PDES-ran-PTFPMS copolysiloxanes were characterized in detail by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the glass transition temperature (T g) and crystallization behavior of the polymers were comprehensively analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, and the water-oil contact angle of fluorine-containing polyethylsiloxane film was investigated by microscopic contact angle test. The chemical positions of the resonance peaks in the nuclear magnetic收稿日期： 2022-01-05基金项目：山东省自然科学基金联合基金（No. ZR2020LFG014）作者简介：刘正阳（1994—），男，山东潍坊人，硕士生，主要研究方向为聚硅氧烷的合成及改性工作。

聚乳酸及其共聚物的应用现状

第24卷　第7期2008年4月甘肃科技Gansu Science and TechnologyV ol.24　N o.7A p r.　2008聚乳酸及其共聚物的应用现状任宗礼(兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院,甘肃兰州730070)摘　要:聚乳酸(PL A)具有优良的生物相容性和可降解性,在许多领域特别是医用材料方面备受关注,得到了广泛的应用。

文章对聚乳酸及其改性材料在药物控制释放、组织工程和手术缝合线等方面的研究现状做了较为详细的阐述。

关键词:可降解高分子;聚乳酸;应用;进展中图分类号:TQ31 在传统的聚烯烃类高分子材料带来的“白色污染”日趋严重的今天,以可降解的聚酯为代表的可降解高分子材料越来越受到人们的关注和青睐,其中以聚乳酸(PLA)类可降解高分子节尤为重要,每年都有大量相关的研究论文发表在诸如材料、医学、环境等各类学术刊物上。

由于PL A具有良好的降解性和生物相容性,因而在许多领域得到了广泛的应用,具有广阔的市场前景。

如美国阿尔贡国立实验室及Cargill公司已将PL A用于制造一次性食品包装袋、农用品等。

更重要的是其在生物医学工程领域的应用,如用于药物控制释放体系[1,2]、手术缝合线[3]、骨等组织工程材料[4,5]等的研究日益受到广泛关注。

1　药物控制释放体系近年来在医用高分子领域内,高分子药物控制释放体系的研究和开发方兴未艾。

所谓药物控制释放体系就是将药理活性分子与天然或合成高分子载体结合或复合,投施后在不降低原来药效及抑制副作用的情况下,以适当的浓度和持续时间,导向集积到患病的器官、细胞部位以充分发挥原来药物疗效的体系。

包埋有药理活性分子的聚合物微球(胶囊)是最常见的控制释放体系,最常用的制备方法有乳化溶剂挥发法、复乳法、相分离法、喷雾干燥法、熔融法等,实际工作中,要根据药物的理化性质、微球的粒径分布及释药速率等要求选择适当的制备方法,以获取所需的微球。

乳化溶剂挥发法的基本原理是将互不相溶的两相通过机械搅拌或超声乳化等方式制成乳剂,内相溶剂挥发除去后固化成微球。

生物大分子药物色谱表征入门指南

表1生物药品检验项目示例
一般实验身份和异质性
纯度和杂质
效价
技术指标 ph 溶解物的浓度外观液相色谱法电荷分布分子量一级结构高级结构糖基化的异质性
蛋白质氨基酸的异质性通过c-端和截断型的鉴定进行异质性分析降解物、截断型、亚型
脱酰胺基产物二聚体和多聚体翻译后修饰
宿主细胞蛋白质相关蛋白质工艺相关杂质示例
体和其他浸出物）。产品相关杂质为氧化、异构化等修饰产生的杂质，以及脱酰胺基、聚合和截断等翻译后修饰产生的杂质。
表1是生物药品检验项目示例，从列出的检测方法可以看到，现代仪器分析方法，包括液相色谱法、核磁共振法、质谱法等已经逐渐成为生物大分子药物表征的不可或缺的手段，特别是在理化参数以及含量与杂质检测方面具有不可替代的作用。作为全球领先的分析测量专业公司，安捷伦提供的测量工具可让您对于了解生物分子在整个开发过程中的确切状态满怀信心。我们的解决方案提供稳定可靠的分析方法，能确保对生物药物的透彻表征以及向质量控制的顺利转移。在这本小手册中，我们专注于各种色谱分离模式在生物药物表征中的应用。如您需要有一个整体的了解，请参考生物药物开发和 QA/QC 领域的安捷伦应用（59911504CHCN）。
在表征方法上，将还原法和整体法相结合。还原法的思路是将生物大分子分解为组成单元，如氨基酸、肽段、片段、糖等各种不同层次的组成部分，降低复杂程度，从而能精确地测定蛋白质的氨基酸组成、一级序列、翻译后修饰、二硫键连接以及糖基化等信息。整体法则是在保持蛋白分子完整性的ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ提下，通过蛋白分子在各种色谱模式下的保留和分离情况来表征蛋白分子的异质性和杂质。表2是以蛋白类药物为例，列出的常用色谱表征方法。

NiCo2S4

随着化石燃料的不断消耗，能源短缺和环境污染问题愈发严重，严重阻碍了人类社会的生存与发展［１］。虽然太阳能、水能及风能等新型能源逐渐被投入使用，但受气候、地域限制而难以大量推广；生物质能（如生物燃料）的原料来源丰富，并有着显著的能量收益和碳减排效益，作为新燃料替代品前景广阔，但其生产工艺方面的技术难题制约了其产业化发展［２］。因此，清洁、高效、稳定的储能设备开发受到了人们极大的关注。由于兼具传统电容器的高功率密度和二次电池的高能量密度［３］，并具备快速充放电和循环稳定性好等优势，超级电容器被广泛应用于电化学储能领域。其中，电极材料极大影响着超级电容器的整体性能，因而提升超级电容器性能的关键在于改善电极材料特性。
得益于多种氧化态和快速可逆的法拉第氧化还原反应，过渡金属化合物作为电极材料得到了广泛研究［４］。其中，过渡金属硫化物具有比过渡金属氧化物更高的电导率和更丰富的氧化还原反应，且由于硫的电负性低于氧，有利于缓减晶体结构坍塌并促进电子传输，故具有更优异的机械稳定性和电化学活性［５］。与单金属硫化物相比，多金属硫化物（ＮｉＣｏ２Ｓ４）的化学组成更为丰富，具有更多的电化学活性位点和更好的导电性。然而，ＮｉＣｏ２Ｓ４也存在导电性较差、体积效应及在电解液中的表面氧化等缺陷，导致其倍率性能和循环稳定性较差［６］。尽管人们构建了不同的ＮｉＣｏ２Ｓ４微纳结构来提高其比表面积，但其在长期充放电下的结构稳定性仍不太理想。为了克服这些缺陷，具有良好导电性和机械稳定性的碳纳米管［７］、碳气凝胶（ＣＡ）［８］等碳材料作为ＮｉＣｏ２Ｓ４的基底备受研究者们青睐。其中，具有大比表面积、高孔隙率且孔结构可调、良好化学和热稳定性的ＣＡ被认为是ＮｉＣｏ２Ｓ４的理想基底材料。

手性胺酰胺型液相色谱手性固定相的制备及几种氨基酸衍生物的拆分

3 结果与讨论
3. 1 手性固定相的表征各中间体产物都经核磁共振氢谱确证其结构。产物 2: 1 H 2NMR ( CDC l3 , 300 MHz) , 7. 31 ～7. 22,
(m , 5H ) , 7. 02～6. 93, (m , 4H ) , 6. 34 ( d, 1H , J = 7. 11) , 5. 24 ( d, 1H , J = 6. 72 ) , 4. 92 ( s, 1H ) , 3188～3. 83 (m , 1H ) , 3. 07～3. 01 (m , 2H ) , 2. 28 ( s, 3H ) , 1. 85～1. 83 (m , 1H ) , 1. 43 ( s, 9H ) , 1. 25 ( s, 1H ) , 0195 ( s, 1H ) , 0180～0178 (m , 6H ) ;产物 3: 1 H 2NMR ( CDCl3 , 300 MHz) , 7. 67 ( d, 1H , J = 8146) , 7. 60～7. 20 (m , 5H ) , 7. 04～6. 90 (m , 4H ) , 5. 26 ～5. 19 (m , 1H ) , 3. 21 ( d, 1H , J = 3. 84) , 3112～2. 98 (m , 2H ) , 2. 28 ( s, 3H ) , 1. 94 ～1. 86 (m , 1H ) , 1. 27 ～1. 19 (m , 1H ) , 1. 03 ～0188 (m , 1H ) , 0186～0176 (m , 6H ) ; 产物 4: 1 H 2NMR (DM SO , 300 MHz) , 12. 01 ( s, 1H ) , 8. 35 ( d, 1H , J =
© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved.

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b Department a Dipartimento
Received 8 January 2003; received in revised form 27 June 2003; accepted 12 November 2003
Abstract Discrete-time receding horizon optimal control is employed in model-based anti-windup augmentation. The optimal control formulation enables designs that minimize the mismatch between the unconstrained closed-loop response with a given controller and the constrained closed-loop response with anti-windup augmentation. Recently developed techniques for o -line computation of the constrained linear regulator’s solution, which is piecewise a ne, facilitate implementation. The resulting sampled-data, anti-windup closed-loop system’s properties are established and its performance is demonstrated on a simulation example. ? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Available online at
Automatica 40 (2004) 549 – 562
/locate/automatica
Anti-windup synthesis via sampled-data piecewise a ne optimal control
This paper was not presented at any IFAC meeting. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Henk Nijmeijer under the direction of Editor Hassan Khalil. This work was supported in part by the European Community through project “CC-Computation and Control” IST-2001-33520, AFOSR Grant Numbers F49620-00-1-0106 and F49620-03-1-0203, NSF Grant Number ECS-9988813, ASI and MIUR through PRIN project MATRICS and FIRB project TIGER. ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-06-7259-7429; fax: +39-06-72597427. E-mail addresses: bemporad@unisi.it (A. Bemporad), teel@ (A.R. Teel), zack@disp.uniroma2.it (L. Zaccarian). 0005-1098/$ - see front matter ? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.automatica.2003.11.004
Keywords: Anti-windup design; Input saturation; Sampled-data systems; Piecewise a ne systems
1. Introduction 1.1. Background In this paper we bring the receding horizon optimal control (RHOC) to bear on the anti-windup synthesis problem. The anti-windup problem is a particular control design task for linear systems with input constraints. The problem speciÿes a linear controller that produces a desirable small-signal closed-loop behavior but an unsatisfactory large-signal closed-loop behavior. The objective is to augment the controller to produce an acceptable large-signal
closed-loop response without changing the small-signal closed-loop response. In particular, the closed-loop should not be modiÿed until the saturation occurs. The RHOC is a general nonlinear control strategy that has been used successfully over the years in many di erent applications, especially for discrete-time linear systems with input constraints (see the excellent survey paper (Mayne, Rawlings, Rao, & Scokaert, 2000)). In RHOC, often referred to as “model predictive control”, an open-loop optimal control problem is solved over a ÿnite horizon, the ÿrst element of the optimizing sequence is applied as a feedback control, and the process is repeated at the next iteration. In general, the RHOC requires a relatively formidable on-line computational e ort which has limited its applicability to relatively slow processes. Recently, Bemporad, Morari, Dua, and Pistikopoulos (2002) showed that the RHOC control law for linear systems with constraints is a piecewise a ne function of the state, and that it can be computed o -line by employing the techniques of multiparametric quadratic programming (Bemporad et al., 2002; THndel, Johansen, & Bemporad, 2003). Thus, the on-line complexity of RHOC reduces to the evaluation of such a piecewise a ne map. The RHOC algorithms are very e ective at stabilizing linear systems with saturation. However, in their standard
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A. Bemporad et al. / Automatica 40 (2004) 549 – 562
d
r uc
Unconstrained Controller
u ¯
Saturation Nonlinearity +
uPlanຫໍສະໝຸດ tyTeel and Kapoor (1997), with the follow-up work appearing in Barbu, Reginatto, Teel, and Zaccarian (2001), Morabito, Teel, and Zaccarian (2002), Teel (1999a) and Zaccarian and Teel (2001). 1.2. Contribution In this paper, we will combine the model-based anti-windup synthesis ideas from Teel and Kapoor (1997) with the results from RHOC to produce a nonlinear, dynamic, sampled-data anti-windup compensator that ÿts the architecture of Fig. 1, for all intents and purposes. (Actually, it ÿts a slightly di erent architecture where the anti-windup compensator has an extra input corresponding to the reference r . However, it will still have the property that if the saturation is never reached and the anti-windup compensator dynamics are initialized to zero then the outputs of the anti-windup compensator are identically zero.) We will show how this approach enables a design aimed at keeping small 1 the L2 error between the constrained and unconstrained closed-loop responses, which is the definition of successful anti-windup proposed in Teel and Kapoor (1997). We will focus on achieving the successful anti-windup for reference signals that converge to (feasible) constants and for disturbances that converge to zero, both in an L2 sense. Because of this, the results do not apply to a class of references and disturbances that is as broad as that considered in Teel and Kapoor (1997). However, it is for this subclass of references and disturbances that RHOC’s constrained linear regulator solution is most powerful in the anti-windup setting. 2 Being more precise about our proposed synthesis, we will pick the anti-windup compensator block in Fig. 1 to have the form x ˙aw = Axaw + BÄ( v1 = Ä(