2015-2016年电子科技大学考研试题812地理信息系统基础

电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题电子科技大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目及代码汇总•111单独考试政治理论•241法语(二外)•242德语(二外)•243日语(二外)•244英语(二外仅日语方向) •288单独考试英语•601数学分析•602高等数学•613分子生物学•615日语水平测试•616公共管理综合•621英语水平测试•622心理学综合•623新闻传播理论•625宪法学•688单独考试高等数学•689西方行政史•690中国近现代史•691政治学原理•692数学物理基础•694生物学综合•694生物学综合•695口腔综合•804行政法与行政诉讼法学•805新闻传播实务•806行政管理综合•808金融学基础•809管理学原理•811大学物理•812地理信息系统基础•813电磁场与电磁波•814电力电子技术•815电路分析基础•818固体物理•820计算机专业基础•821经济学基础•824理论力学•825密码学基础与网络安全•830数字图像处理•831通信与信号系统•832微电子器件•834物理化学•835线性代数•836信号与系统和数字电路•839自动控制原理•840物理光学•845英美文学基础知识及运用•846英语语言学基础知识及运用•847日语专业基础知识及应用•852近代物理基础•853细胞生物学•854国际政治学•855辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义•856测控通信原理•857概率论与数理统计•858信号与系统•859测控通信基础•860软件工程学科基础综合电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:621英语水平测试注：无机读卡，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上无效。

Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are 5 passages, each with some questions or incomplete statements. Read them carefully and then choose from the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D to answer the questions or complete the statements. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Oh no, not Anthony Weiner again.The older generation never gets it. Anthony Weiner, a candidate for mayor of New York, admitted this week to having sent more snaps of himself to a digital acquaintance. As any youngster could have told him, the way to find love is to send photos of your face.Consider Will, a 24-year-old up-and-coming film director in California. He meets potential dates via a smartphone app called Tinder. It finds potential matches who are nearby—your phone always knows where you are—and shows him photos from their Facebook profiles. Will can like or reject each photo. If a woman he likes also likes him, both are alerted and can start chatting.Tinder is quick (you can scroll through dozens of photos in minutes) and spares your blushes (you never know if someone rejects you). Will has already had three romantic encounters and hundreds of matches, he says. Justin Mateen, a co-founder of Tinder, says it has made 100m matches since its launch in September, and led to 50 marriage proposals. He adds: “The app has only really been going for nine months. There could be a baby popping out soon.”Americans are dating longer, which creates opportunities for matchmakers. Some are quite direct.Bang with Friends (BWF), another app, allows users to specify which of their Facebook friends they would like to spend the night with. If both parties feel the same way, BWF notifies them. If not, no one is any the wiser. BWF was booted from Apple’s app store, but that hasn’t stopped it from creating 200,000 pairings since its January launch. BWF’s boss, admits he came up with the concept while “a bit tipsy”.Such apps make it easier to find potential partners, but don’t seem to have turned America into a nation of bed-hoppers. Young women claim to have had a median of 3.6 male intimate friends while young men 6.1 female ones. These figures may be inaccurate—men may exaggerate; women may undercount—but they have not changed much in years.Parents fret that staring at screens all day has made youngsters socially inept face-to-face. A第1 页共12 页survey by two dating sites found that 36-38% of Americans aged 21-34 ask for dates by text message. But when they meet, they must still make their moves in person. Witty joking and a well-placed wink still have their uses.1. It can be summarized from the first three paragraphs that _________.A. we used to judge a potential match by his or her appearanceB. one can find love by sending his photos to a digital acquaintanceC. Anthony Weiner is trying to win more votes from digital friendsD. Tinder will probably replace traditional matchmakers worldwide2. The sixth paragraph is focused on _________.A. the huge success that BWF has achievedB. the serious consequence of digital datingC. the evolution of matchmaking in the U.S.D. the future developments of Facebook3. The last paragraph implies that _________.A. excessive use of apps leaves youngsters socially awkwardB. most young people find love through text messagesC. people in love often move their homes before marriageD. verbal or non-verbal language is still used during dates4. Potential matches found by Tinder are probably _________.A. young, single, and nearbyB. poor, married, but lonelyC. illiterate, retired, but divorcedD. far-away, busy, and happyPassage 2The human body contains enormous quantities of energy. In fact, the average adult has as much energy stored in fat as a one-ton battery. That energy fuels our everyday activities, but what if those actions could in turn run the electronic devices we rely on? Today, innovators around the world are banking on our potential to do just that.Movement produces kinetic energy, which can be converted into power. In the past, devices that turned human kinetic energy into electricity, such as hand-cranked radios, computers and flashlights, involved a person’s full participation. But a growing field is tapping into our energy without our even noticing it.Consider, for example, a health club. With every step you take on a treadmill and with every muscle curl, you turn surplus calories into motion that could drive a generator and produce electricity. The energy from one person’s workout may not be much, but 100 people could contribute significantly to a facility’s power needs.That’s the idea behind the Green Microgym in Portland, Oregon, where machines likes tationary bikes harvest energy during workouts. Pedaling turns a generator, producing electricity that helps to power the building. For now, body energy supplies only a small fraction of the gym’s needs, but the amount should increase as more machines are adapted. “By being extremely energy-efficient and combining human power, solar and someday wind, I believe we’ll be able to be net-zero for electricity sometime this year,” says the gym’s owner, Adam Boesel. His bikes, by the way, aren’t the flirts to put pedal power to work. In some parts of the world, cyclists have been powering safety第2 页共12 页lights for years with devices called bicycle dynamos, which use a generator to create alternating current with every turn of the wheels.Dance clubs are also getting in on the action. In the Netherlands, Rotterdam’s new Club WATT has a floor that harnesses the energy created by the dancers’ steps. For now, it’s just enough to power LED lights in the floor, but in the future, more output is expected from newer technology.5. Using human body energy as power supplies _________.A. requires us to be strongB. is a great new ideaC. proves to be difficultD. is increasingly popular6. It can be learned that the Green Microgym _________.A. is using human, solar and wind power to produce electricityB. is the first to use bikes to harvest human body energyC. will be able to satisfy its power needs by using green energyD. will introduce the technology to other parts of the world7. What is the author’s most likely comment on the application of body energy?A. It is unrealistic at present.B. It has a promising future.C. Its effect is still unknown.D. It depends on the energy cost.Passage 3The first of Laurence Smith’s two weddings was meant to take place in the midwinter snow not far south of the Arctic Circle. The second foresaw balmy blue skies in Palm Springs, California. As it turned out, the guests were greeted by rain and slush in the far north, then by a chill and more rain in the Californian desert.If the weather is capable of surprising him, why should anyone trust Mr. Smith’s forecast for 2050? Because the growing freakiness of weather is precisely his point. Climate change is one of four mega-trends, along with globalization, population growth and surging demand for natural resources, that he thinks will shape the world over the coming decades. The first part of his book The New North: The World in 2050 is a familiar tale of teeming cities, roaring trade, harder-to-get-at oil and rising sea levels.But Mr. Smith comes into his own when he explores the consequences of these trends (climate change especially) for the quarter of the Earth that lies at latitudes above 45°N. A geographer at the University of California, Los Angeles, he specializes in the frozen lands of Russia, Canada, Alaska and Iceland. The region is about to undergo a great transformation.The planet’s warming may be global, but climate-change models predict it will be amplified in the north. Permafrost will melt and settlement patterns will change. Inland, construction will become trickier and ice roads less dependable, so development will gravitate to the coasts. By mid-century the Arctic Ocean may be briefly free of sea ice in September, a boon to shipping. Crops will spread north as seal hunters become farmers.Interest in the region’s vast and increasingly accessible natural resources is already growing, along with the potential for conflict over the rights to these riches. Mr. Smith believes there is every chance that the development of the “new north” will be peaceful, thanks to habits of cooperation and第3 页共12 页an internationally accepted rule book for laying down rights to the seabed. He sees a leading role for the region’s indigenous peoples.By 2050 the answers to some very big questions should be clear: what happens to the north’s massive stocks of carbon in the soil as it defrosts; whether great schemes to channel freshwater from north to south are attempted; how populous, resource-hungry China works with Russia’s emptying, resource-rich Far East. Mr. Smith reckons an area about one and a half times the size of the United States will be habitable, albeit for much of the year still cold and dark. The development of the new north, he thinks, might resemble that of the American West, dotted with settlements formed for mining and trade.Obscuring the view of 2050, however, is a caveat that looms as large as an Arctic iceberg. Mr. Smith sets ground rules that allow him to extrapolate into the future without worrying about disruptions such as game-changing leaps in technology. This is an “informed thought-experiment”rather than a proper prediction. But for anyone curious about the new north—let alone thinking of investing in Arctic derivatives—it is an instructive exercise.8. The word “boon” in the fourth paragraph can be replaced by _________.A. prohibitionB. prosperityC. benefitD. catastrophe9. According to Laurence Smith, the following are all very likely to happen in the future decadesEXCEPT _________.A. The local people in the “new north” will benefit from the climate changeB. The development of the “new north” will be on a peaceful processC. The natural resources in the “new north” will be able to exploitedD. The large amounts of carbon in the “new north” soils will be safely controlled10. What can be inferred from the passage?A. The author takes a skeptical attitude towards Laurence Smith’s predictions of the Arctic.B. The author reckons Laurence Smith is somewhat optimistic in imagining the “new north”C. Laurence Smith did a lot of experiments in combining geographical predictions andeconomic development.D. Laurence Smith shares with the author that the future of the Article depends on ourawareness and actions.11. Which of the following titles is more appropriate for the passage?A. The Arctic: The de-icing ageB. Climate Change: Humankind’s futureC. A Day Dreamer: Laurence Smith’s new writing styleD. 2050: The end of the worldPassage 4The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unslanted, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as第4 页共12 页community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local”news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense.The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough?As to the first query. Consider how a so-called “factual” story cones about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten, which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. This is important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph. This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather then subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.) Of an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the pay he gives a story—promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.12. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _________.A. Interpreting the News.B. Choosing Facts.C. Subjective versus Objective Processes.D. Everything Counts.13. Why does the writer of an article select ten out of fifty available facts?A. His editor is prejudiced.B. Space is limited.C. The subject is not important.D. The newspaper is arbitrary.14. What is the least effective way of “slanting” news?A. Placement.B. Concentration.C. InterpretationD. His editor is prejudiced.15. Why should the lead sentence present the most important fact?A. It will influence the reader to continue.B. It will be the best way to write.C. Some readers do not read beyond the first paragraph.D. It will gratify the editor.第5 页共12 页Passage 5One of the most pivotal moments in American literature occurred near the end of the nineteenth century as authors such as a young man named Stephen Crane began to embrace a literary style forged in Europe a bit earlier and which would come to be known as naturalism. Crane was born to parents in the ministry and grew up in a household grounded in religious beliefs and context. Yet, before long, Crane had, for the most part, rejected religion and the idea of divine intervention in favor of a more hands-on approach to the world. As he began to develop as a writer, naturalist themes of man versus nature, the unrelenting power of nature, and an objective view of the world began to dominate his writing. Naturalists attempted to depict the most accurate view of life unadulterated and unobstructed by external commentary or spiritual intervention. Ultimately Crane’s masterful short story The Open Boat stands as one of the most complete and developed works of the naturalist genre.The first apparent element of naturalism in The Open Boat is its subject matter—a shipwreck. Being as true to life as possible is one of the most common goals of a naturalistic writer, and, in this short story, Crane is no exception. It did not come from Crane’s imagination. Rather, it stemmed from his personal experience. As a young war reporter, Crane was on his way from Florida to Cuba when his vesse1, the Commodore, encountered a violent tempest. Within hours, the ship had sunk, leaving a few lucky survivors on a tiny lifeboat to be subjected to the full of nature. Throughout the story Crane depicts scene after scene as if they were snapshots or a shorn film of what the men in the boat were up against. Through his prose, Crane is able to reveal the unadulterated brutal realism manifest in nature itself.As Crane continues with the theme of man versus nature in The Open Boat, the element of pessimism crucial to any naturalistic work, becomes quite apparent. The men are at the mercy of the storms and the seas and cannot do much to save themselves. In this sense, Crane reveals the indifference of nature and the universe in relation to the life or plight of human beings in general. It’s obvious to him that angels will not swoop down and save the unfortunate men. The situation of the shipwreck is ideal because ordinary, everyday people must face an extreme situation from which it is more than likely that they will perish. Crane continually creates a mood of impending doom and the punishing nature of the universe throughout the story. Along the way, he provides little commentary on the situation, forcing readers to place themselves immediately on the boat with the men while enforcing the dark tone of the story. But, even to Crane and most naturalist writers, all is not lost.While Crane’s work The Open Boat is a dark account of a chance situation that turns fatal for many, but not all, of the crew of the Commodore, it also sets forth the main elements of a naturalistic literary work at the turn of the twentieth century. Despite the fact that nature can be unrelenting and compassionless towards humans at any given moment, Crane ultimately shows how individuals still always have the capacity to strive together to overcome hardships and disaster. Furthermore, the accuracy and detail by Crane shun any possibility of a sugarcoated reality and reveals the true ferocity of nature as it is.16. Which of the following can be inferred from the first paragraph about Stephen Crane?第6 页共12 页A. He enjoyed the ministry and listening to preachers.B. He did not enjoy writing when he was young.C. He was rivaled by no other author of his time.D. He was not in tune with the beliefs of his parents.17. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the underlinedsentence in the first paragraph?A. Naturalists liked to place their own opinions on spirituality in their writing.B. Naturalists placed more emphasis on representing life as it appeared to them.C. Naturalists tried to embody the most precise view of life by looking to religion.D. Naturalists believed the life was obstructed by outside ambition and spirituality.18. According to the second paragraph, The Open Boat is important as a naturalist work because_________.A. it is true account taken from Crane’s own personal experienceB. the story is completely fabricated from Crane’s imaginationC. it is based on a series of events in a shipwreck that Crane heard ofD. it does not attempt to glorify Crane’s heroism against nature19. The author discusses nature in the third paragraph in order to _________.A. show how Crane believes divine power will save humanityB. note that nature itself is stronger than all of humankindC. indicate that nature does not care for strife among peopleD. reveal how it is pessimistic toward life on Earth20. According to the fourth paragraph, the men in the boat are significant because _________.A. they show that by banding together, human beings can surviveB. they represent the ultimate downfall of life according to CraneC. they allow fate to run its course and decide their own futureD. they discount nature and do not take it seriously until the endPart II Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.21. The general manager usually _________ a question before he gives his answer.A. pondersB. extractsC. imploresD. enlists22. His classmates dislike him for his _________ as he always boasts about his family.A. reclusionB. pomposityC. prideD. austerity23. The writer told several _________ about his colleagues and made everybody laugh.A. legendsB. mythsC. fablesD. anecdotes24. She must have been pretty _____ to fall for such an old trick.A. interestedB. gullibleC. enthusiasticD. shrewd25. This is the ______ piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.A. trueB. originalC. realD. genuine第7 页共12 页26. A lack of appetite may be ________ of a major mental or physical disorder.A. inquisitiveB. initiativeC. indicativeD. informative27. The self-image controls a person’s attitudes or _________ of what happens to her.A. interpretationsB. approachesC. commitmentsD. simulations28. By the year 2040, Yale University will need over eight acres of land to _________ its library.A. manipulateB. accommodateC. illuminateD. obligate29. If you don’t know where you’ re going in life, you are _________ to wind up somewhere else.A. possibleB. inevitableC. optionalD. liable30. As far as marriage is concerned, it is mutual care and love that _________.A. mountsB. discountsC. countsD. calculates31. If the ten amendments that _________ the Bill of Rights of the US Constitution were a familyof ten children, you wouldn’t want to be the Third.A. includeB. embraceC. compriseD. involve32. The person in custody must, prior to interrogation, be clearly informed that he has the right toremain _________.A. silentB. taciturnC. speechlessD. consent33. The road wound rather _________ into a valley, in which the Pemberley House was situated.A. unprecedentedlyB. abruptlyC. promptlyD. irreversibly34. There is some reason for not giving up my career and _________ a different one.A. taking inB. bringing aboutC. arising fromD. embarking on35. Their house was in close _________ to ours, so we became intimate friends in time.A. vicinityB. contactC. relationD. community36. What all this _________ rhetoric obscured was the lack of hard evidence that violent mediaactually turns children into killers.A. multiculturalB. innovativeC. hyperbolicD. interactive37. A(n) _________ reading approach to reading is a combination of approaches—global, analyticand synthetic—used to suit the convenience of the reader.A. literalB. innovativeC. liberalD. eclectic38. _________ with languages gives you an edge in many jobs and professional opportunities, butis especially valuable in fields such as advertising, business, education and foreign affairs.A. ThresholdB. FacilityC. SpecializationD. Accommodation39. Rather than dictate how I think it ought to work, I would tell my employees to _________something that will work.A. get back toB. get out ofC. come along withD. come up with40. The visitors were impressed by the facilities planned and programmed ________ theirinterrelationships.A. in terms ofB. in aspects ofC. in units ofD. in case ofPart III Cloze (20 points)Directions: Fill in each blank with ONE appropriate word to complete the passage. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.第8 页共12 页Passage A:A new report published on November 4th takes a different approach.GlobalWebIndex (GWI), a market-research firm 41 local partners in 32 countries, surveys 170,000 consumers a year and recently began to ask detailed questions about internet use. It 42 China and India in the top three for Facebook users. SimilarWeb, 43 does IP-based analysis, does not even put China in the top ten.One reason for the 44 is that in many developing markets devices are widely shared. Conversely, more than three-quarters of respondents in the GWI report said they used more than one 45 . 46 factor is the spread of virtual private networks (VPNs) and proxy servers, which 47 it possible to surf the web through a foreign server.Once restricted to the tech-literate, these are now common and easy to use. Chinese citizens who want to vault the Great Firewall to use Facebook can do so with a couple of clicks. Foreign fans of the BBC can use the 48 trick to watch its programs via iPlayer, supposedly barred 49 Britain. Since VPNs and proxy servers are clustered in 50 with favorable rules, such as Sweden and the Netherlands, any count of visits to such sites will be skewed. 41. ____________42. ____________43. ____________44. ____________45. ____________46. ____________47. ____________48. ____________49. ____________50. ____________Passage B:Happy hours are not necessarily happy, 51 do they last for an hour, but they have become a part of the ritual of the office worker and businessman.52 weekdays in pubs and bars throughout America, there is the late afternoon happy hour. The time may 53 from place to place, but usually it is held from four to seven. 54 the workday is finished, office workers in large cities and small towns take a relaxing pause and do not go directly home. They head off 55 for the nearest bar or pub to be with friends, co-workers and colleagues. Within minutes the pub is filled to capacity 56 businessmen and secretaries, office clerks and stock executives. They gather 57 the bar like birds around a fountain or forest animals around a watering hole and chat about the trifles of office life or matters more personal. This is their desert garden, the place to relieve the day’s stress at the office.At these happy hours, social binding occurs 58 people who share the same workplace or similar professions. They may chat about each other or talk about a planned project that has 59 to meet a deadline. In this 60 , these places become extensions of the workplace and constitute a good portion of one’s social life. 51. ____________52. ____________53. ____________54. ____________55. ____________56. ____________57. ____________58. ____________59. ____________60. ____________第9 页共12 页Part IV Paraphrasing (20 points)Directions: Paraphrase the underlined parts. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Consult any encyclopedia and you will find Charles Babbage credited with having conceived the first automatic digital computer. (61) Dig deeper, however, and it quickly becomes apparent that Babbage had a lot of help.Others before him had already tried to build calculating contraptions, notably Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician. (62) Babbage held regular salons and founded clubs where his ideas were sharpened. And there was also Ada Lovelace, his collaborator and the world’s first computer programmer.The argument against the great man theory of invention is not new. (63) But the main merit of Walter Isaacson’s new book The Innovators is to show that this is particularly true in information technology—despite the customary lionization of many of its pioneers, from Babbage and Alan Turing to Bill Gates and Linus Torvalds.All appear in Mr. Isaacson’s book, which explains its length. Whether their worlds revolved around the computer itself, the microchip, software, the PC, the internet or everything in between—these are all stories that show that invention always has many fathers (and mothers). (64) In fact, those who tried to go it alone tended to fail.(65) Mr. Isaacson thinks geniuses are important but they have to be seen in the context of times they lived in and the people they collaborated with. John von Neumann was a Hungarian-born polymath who worked on the ENIAC, one of the first programmable machines. His name is associated by many with early advances in programming and software architecture. (66) But it was a group of women who were at the forefront of programming, because back then it often involved plugging in wires and throwing switches. “If the ENIAC’s administrators had known how crucial programming would be…they might have been more hesitant to give such an important role to women,” he quotes one of them, Jean Jennings, as saying.(67) The ENIAC also shines a light on another issue: how innovation should best be commercialized. In 1945 von Neumann published a paper summarizing the project’s ideas—making it impossible for others on the team to patent them. The debate over whether innovation is better served by sharing intellectual property or by protecting it has been heated.(68) Mr. Isaacson clearly thinks that innovation is all about getting the mix right, though he doesn’t put it quite that way. If a brilliant leader is too self-involved, as was the case with William Shockley, an American physicist who helped invent the transistor radio, things fall apart. (69) Similarly, teams that lack a willful visionary often falter, as happened after Steve Jobs left Apple. Groups with a wide variety of specialities and experiences do much better than a bunch of left-brainers.The Innovators has not quite lived up to its own advice of getting the mix right. (70) Mr. Isaacson could have dedicated more pages to what he calls “lessons from the journey”, rather than retelling at length stories that other books have already laid out, even if he does give them credit. Then again, just like great technology, a good book doesn’t just emerge from nowhere.第10 页共12 页。

地理信息科学-考研真题详解1．地理信息系统[中科院2004年、南京大学2003年、中南大学2003年、中科院2003年、华东师范大学2000年、浙江大学1999年、南京大学1996年、南京大学1995年研]答：GIS是以计算机技术为依托，以具有空间内涵的地理数据为处理对象，运用系统工程和信息科学的理论，采集、存储、显示、处理、分析、输出地理信息的计算机系统，为规划、管理和决策提供信息来源和技术支持。

2．地理信息[中科院2003年、北京大学2002年、西北大学1999年]答：地理信息是指表征地理圈或地理环境固有要素或物质的数量、质量、分布特征、联系和规律等的数字、文字、图像和图形等的总称；它属于空间信息，具有空间定位特征、多维结构特征和动态变化特征。

3．地理信息科学[南京师范大学1999年、南京大学1998年研]答：地理信息科学或称空间信息科学，是地理学与计算机技术的交叉学科，属于新兴的高新技术领域。

地理信息科学研究的对象是，在计算机软硬件系统支持下，对地球表层空间中的有关地理分布数据进行采集、存储、管理、运算、分析、显示和描述，解决复杂的管理、规划和决策问题。

4．地理数据[武汉大学2004年研]答：地理数据是以地球表面空间位置为参照，描述自然、社会和人文景观的数据，它直接或间接关联着相对于地球的某个地点的数据，是表示地理位置、分布特点的自然现象和社会现象的主要素文件，包括自然地理数据和社会经济数据。

5．地理信息流[武汉大学2006年研]答：地理信息流即地理信息从现实世界到概念世界，再到数字世界（GIS），最后到应用领域。

6．数据[北京大学2006年]答：数据是通过数字化或记录下来可以被鉴别的符号，是客观对象的表示，是信息的表达，只有当数据对实体行为产生影响时才成为信息。

7．信息系统[北京大学1998年研]答：信息系统是具有数据采集、管理、分析和表达数据能力的系统，它能够为单一的或有组织的决策过程提供有用的信息。

电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题电子科技大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目及代码汇总•111单独考试政治理论•241法语(二外)•242德语(二外)•243日语(二外)•244英语(二外仅日语方向) •288单独考试英语•601数学分析•602高等数学•613分子生物学•615日语水平测试•616公共管理综合•621英语水平测试•622心理学综合•623新闻传播理论•625宪法学•688单独考试高等数学•689西方行政史•690中国近现代史•691政治学原理•692数学物理基础•694生物学综合•694生物学综合•695口腔综合•804行政法与行政诉讼法学•805新闻传播实务•806行政管理综合•808金融学基础•809管理学原理•811大学物理•812地理信息系统基础•813电磁场与电磁波•814电力电子技术•815电路分析基础•818固体物理•820计算机专业基础•821经济学基础•824理论力学•825密码学基础与网络安全•830数字图像处理•831通信与信号系统•832微电子器件•834物理化学•835线性代数•836信号与系统和数字电路•839自动控制原理•840物理光学•845英美文学基础知识及运用•846英语语言学基础知识及运用•847日语专业基础知识及应用•852近代物理基础•853细胞生物学•854国际政治学•855辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义•856测控通信原理•857概率论与数理统计•858信号与系统•859测控通信基础•860软件工程学科基础综合“电磁场与电磁波”试题 共 3 页 第 1 页电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：813 电磁场与电磁波注：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试卷或草稿纸上无效。

一、填空题（每空2分，共30分）1. 在介电常数02.5e e =的电介质中，已知电场强度23V/m x y z E e x e y e z =++r r r r，则介质中的自由电荷体密度为r = 3C /m 、极化（束缚）电荷体密度为p r = 3C /m 。

电⼦科技⼤学研究⽣⼊学考试812历年真题（2007-2016）电⼦科技⼤学地理信息系统基础历年真题（2007-2016）2007年电⼦科技⼤学攻读硕⼠学位研究⽣⼊学试题考试科⽬：424 地理信息系统基础⼀、名词解释（每⼩题6分，共48分）1.地理信息2.栅格数据结构3.空间索引4.数字⾼程模型5.地图投影6.地理数据互操作7.⽮量数据结构8.空间关系⼆、分析并⽐较⽮量数据结构与栅格数据结构的优缺点。

（16分）三、简述WebGIS的实现技术。

（16分）四、简述格⽹DEM的应⽤领域。

（16分）五、简述什么是3S（GIS、RS、GPS）集成，并举例说明。

（16分）六、地理信息系统软件的体系结构与功能作⽤。

（16分）七、试综合利⽤空间分析⽅法，根据现有Roads（道路图）、Streams（河流图）、Forest（森林图），找出满⾜以下条件的可砍伐林⽊的适宜森林区域范围。

请绘出各步骤结果草图以及流程图，并进⾏简要说明。

条件如下：①在道路300⽶（假定⼤约相当于下图②中0.3厘⽶）范围内的林⽊不能砍伐；②在河流500⽶（假定⼤约相当于图③中0.5厘⽶）范围内的林⽊不能砍伐。

（22分）2008年电⼦科技⼤学攻读硕⼠学位研究⽣⼊学试题考试科⽬：812 地理信息系统基础⼀、名词解释（每⼩题8分，共48分）1.空间叠加分析是指在统⼀空间参照系统条件下，每次将同⼀地区两个地理对象的图层进⾏叠加，以产⽣空间区域的多重属性特征，或建⽴地理对象之间的空间对应关系。

2.游程编码结构是逐⾏将相邻同值的⽹格合并，并记录合并后⽹格的值，以及合并⽹格的长度，其⽬的是压缩栅格数据量，消除数据间的冗余。

3.栅格数据结构基于栅格模型的数据结构简称为栅格数据结构，指将空间分割成有规则的格⽹，在各个格⽹上给出相应属性值来表⽰地理实体的⼀种数据组织形式。

点由⼀个单元格⽹表⽰，其数值与邻近⽹格值明显不同；线段由⼀串有序的相互连接的单元⽹格表⽰，各个格⽹的值⽐较⼀致，但与领域的值差异较⼤；多边形由聚集在⼀起的相互连接的单元⽹格组成，区域内部的格⽹值相同或差异较⼩，但与领域的值差异较⼤。

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地理信息系统-考研真题详解1地理信息[江西师范大学2014年研]答：地理信息是地理数据所蕴含和表达的地理含义，是与地理环境要素有关的物质的数量、质量、性质、分布特征、联系和规律的数字、文字、图像和图形等的总称。

地理信息区别于常规定义的空间信息。

2地理数据[西北大学2012年研]答：地理数据是以地球表面空间位置为参照，描述自然、社会和人文景观的数据，主要包括数字、文字、图形、图像和表格等。

地理数据可分为空间数据、属性数据、时态数据。

3空间决策支持[江西师范大学2012年研]答：空间决策支持是应用空间分析的各种手段对空间数据进行处理变换，以提取出隐含于空间数据中的某些事实与关系，并以图形和文字的形式直接地加以表达，为现实世界中的各种应用提供科学、合理的决策支持。

由于空间分析的手段直接融合了数据的空间定位能力，并能充分利用数据的现实性特点。

因此，其提供的决策支持将更加符合客观现实，因而更具有合理性。

4组件式GIS软件[华东师范大学2006年研]答：组件式GIS软件是采用了面向对象技术和组件式软件的GIS 系统（包括基础平台和应用系统）。

其基本思想是把GIS的各大功能模块划分为几个组件，每个组件完成不同的功能。

各个GIS组件之间，以及GIS组件与其它非GIS组件之间，都可以方便地通过可视化的软件开发工具集成起来，形成最终的GIS 基础平台以及应用系统。

5计算机网络[南京大学1999年研]答：计算机网络是指将地理位置不同的具有独立功能的多台计算机及其外部设备，通过通信线路连接起来，在网络操作系统，网络管理软件及网络通信协议的管理和协调下，实现资源共享和信息传递的计算机系统。

6多媒体技术[南京大学1998年研]答：多媒体技术是指通过计算机对文字、数据、图形、图像、动画、声音等多种媒体信息进行综合处理和管理，使用户可以通过多种感官与计算机进行实时信息交互的技术，又称为计算机多媒体技术。

7地理信息系统[南京大学1995年研]答：地理信息系统是一种特定的十分重要的空间信息系统。

1一．填空题(每空3分，共15分)1.不同构的3阶简单图的个数为__4___。

2．图1中的最小生成树的权值为__20____。

3.基于图2的最优欧拉环游的总权值为____37___。

4.图3中块的个数为___4____。

5.图4中强连通分支的个数为____3____。

二．单项选择(每题3分，共15分)1．关于图的度序列，下列命题错误的是( D ) (A) 同构的两个图的度序列相同；(B) 非负整数序列12(,,,)n d d d 是图的度序列当且仅当1ni i d =∑是偶数；(C) 如果非负整数序列12(,,,)n d d d (2)n ≥是一棵树的度序列，那么序列6 图1图2图3图42中至少有两个整数的值为1；(D). 如果非负整数序列12(,,,)n d d d 是简单图的度序列，那么在同构意义下只能确定一个图。

2．关于n 阶简单图的邻接矩阵()ij n n A a ⨯=，下列说法错误的是（ C ） (A) 矩阵A 的行和等于该行对应顶点的度数； (B) 矩阵所有元素之和等于该图边数的2倍；(C) 不同构的两个图，它们的邻接矩阵特征谱一定不同； (D) 非连通图的邻接矩阵一定可以表示为准对角矩阵形式。

3.关于欧拉图，下面说法正确的是( B ) (A) 欧拉图存在唯一的欧拉环游； (B) 非平凡欧拉图中一定有圈； (C) 欧拉图中一定没有割点； (D) 度数为偶数的图一定是欧拉图。

4.关于哈密尔顿图，下列命题错误的是( B )(A)设G 是3n ≥的简单图，若其闭包是完全图，则G 是哈密尔顿图； (B) 若n 阶单图的闭包不是完全图，则它一定是非哈密尔顿图； (C)若G 是哈密尔顿图，则对于V 的每个非空顶点子集S ，均有()G S S ω-≤；(D) 若G 是3n ≥的非H 单图，则G 度弱于某个,m n C 图。

5.关于偶图，下列说法错误的是( B ) (A) 偶图中不存在奇圈；(B) 非平凡偶图的最大匹配是唯一的；(C) (0)k k 正则偶图存在完美匹配；(D) 偶图中，最大匹配包含的边数等于最小点覆盖包含的顶点数。

电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题616 公共管理综合注：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效一、辨析题（判断正误并简述理由，共5题，每题6分，共30分）1.社会保险是社会保障体系的核心部分。

2.社会福利是社会保障的最高层次。

3.土地行政与土地管理属同一概念，没有本质区别。

4.土地管理体制的集权制和分权制，是按照土地行政管理职权是集中于一个还是分散于多个行政管理机构标准来划分的。

5.中央集权制是世界教育行政管理体制发展的趋势之一。

二、简答题（共7题，共50分）1.社会保险的主要项目构成。

（8分）2.社会保障的主要功能和作用。

（6分）3.土地行政的含义与土地行政的特点。

（7分）4.加强土地资产管理的主要对策。

（6分）5.建国以来我国土地行政管理体制的演变过程。

（8分）6.教育成本控制的原则和程序。

（7分）7.我国政府对教育均衡如何进行宏观调控。

（8分）三、论述题（共3题，共50分）1.论我国省以下国土资源管理体制改革的主要内容。

（15分）2.论我国教育产业管理的发展趋势。

（15分）3.论我国政府在社会保障中的责任模式选择、存在的责任问题及责任界定要求。

（20分）四、案例分析题（共1题，共20分）（一）案例背景材料我国自改革开放以来,经济建设取得持续高速的发展,但教育公共服务的发展却不完全适应经济和社会发展的客观要求以及人民群众日益增长的教育需求。

在有关教育公共服务供给形式途径、教育服务市场的公平竞争和自由选择、受教育的机会和权利平等多方面，仍存在不少问题。

近年来全国不少省市（县）在推进各类教育均衡发展方面做了很多探索，取得了一定成绩和经验，但由于我国公共教育资源供需矛盾突出，公共教育资源配置不合理、分布不均衡，优质教育资源稀缺的问题依然未从根本上解决，甚至在一些地方还相当严重，这集中表现为城乡、校际、地域等方面存在不均衡，以致在一些地方出现了“空校”、“大班额”、“择校热”等现象。

GIS考试复习最全题库(含答案)《地理信息系统》试卷1一、专业术语解释（每题3分，满分15分）1、地理信息系统答：GIS是由计算机硬件、软件和不同的方法组成的系统，该系统设计支持空间数据的采集、管理、处理、分析、建模和显示，以便解决复杂的规划和管理问题2、空间数据编码答：是指将数据分类的结果，用一种易于被计算机和人识别的符号系统表示出来的过程。

3、不规则三角网答：用来拟合连续分布现象的覆盖表面，表示要素包括地形、降水等，按照实测点分布将他们连成三角网。

4、数据与信息答：数据：是指某一目标定性、定量描述的原始资料信息：是对数据的解释、运用与解算，即信息是经过处理后的数据。

5、元数据答：数据的数据。

二、填空（共15个填空，每小空1分）1、地理空间实体主要类型包括点、线和面等。

2、地理空间数据的基本特征包括空间、属性和时间等。

3、空间数据查询的类型包括基于SQL扩展、可视化和自然语言等。

4、常见的GIS软件有ARC/INFO 、 MAPGIS 、ARCVIEW 等。

5、传统数据库结构主要有网状、层次和关系三种类型。

三、选择题（共5小题，每小题2分。

）1、空间数据编码的原则主要有（B ）、系统性、通用性和标准化、可扩展性等。

A.实用性；B.一致性；C.移植性；D.安全性2、以下选项中不属于空间数据编辑与处理过程的是（ D ）。

A.数据格式转换；B.投影转换；C.图幅拼接；D.数据分发3、空间集合分析主要完成（C）。

A地形分析B缓冲区分析C逻辑运算D叠置分析4、我国地理信息系统的发展自20世纪（ C ）起步。

A.60年代初；B.70年代初；C.80年代初；D.90年代初5、以下设备中不属于GIS数据输入设备的是（ B ）。

A.扫描仪；B.绘图仪；C.数字化仪；D.体。

例如建立封闭多边形，实现道路的选取，进行最佳路径的计算等。

（2分）6、空间数据内插方法（6分）设已知一组空间数据，它们可以是离散点的形式，也可以是分区数据的形式。