Local-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in urban environments

三峡水库夏季干流、支流(草堂河)水体的二氧化碳分压及扩散通量吴学谦;操满;傅家楠;魏浩斌;贾晓斌;邓兵;汪福顺【摘要】2013年5-7月对三峡水库库区干流及支流草堂河水体CO2分压(pCO2)进行走航观测.结果表明:夏季草堂河表层pCO2为15.8～226.4 Pa,三峡水库库区干流表层pCO2为198.8～261.1 Pa.对支流草堂河剖面监测发现,表层pCO2最低为15.8 Pa,随着深度增加,pCO2快速增加,在水深5m后逐渐稳定,最大值为294.2 Pa.通过计算,支流草堂河在5,6,7月的CO2通量分别为16.46,-4.91和30.85 mmol.m-2.d-1,库区干流CO2通量为45.83 mmol.m-2·d-1.因此,三峡库区干流表现为CO2的“源”,支流草堂河CO2释放远小于库区干流,6月份表现为“汇”.【期刊名称】《上海大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2015(021)003【总页数】8页(P311-318)【关键词】温室气体;二氧化碳分压;二氧化碳通量;草堂河;三峡库区【作者】吴学谦;操满;傅家楠;魏浩斌;贾晓斌;邓兵;汪福顺【作者单位】上海大学环境与化学工程学院,上海200444;上海大学环境与化学工程学院,上海200444;上海大学环境与化学工程学院,上海200444;上海大学环境与化学工程学院,上海200444;上海大学环境与化学工程学院,上海200444;华东师范大学河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海200062;上海大学环境与化学工程学院,上海200444【正文语种】中文【中图分类】X142工业革命以来，土地利用的变化和化石燃料的大量使用使得大气温室气体的浓度不断增加，全球变暖成为公认事实［1］.全球变暖引发的一系列问题，对人类生存环境与国民经济的可持续发展造成了不利影响.为减少温室气体排放，近年来水电、风电清洁能源以及核电新能源得到迅速发展，其中水电能够提供大量清洁能源，在促进经济发展的同时减少了大量温室气体的排放，因此已成为多数国家能源发展战略的重要方向［2-4］.1993年，Rud等［5］发表评论，称水库生产单位能量产生的温室气体不为零.Duchemin等［6］首次对水库水气界面上的温室气体通量进行了测量，这引发了各国学者对水库温室气体排放的研究.现有研究表明：水库所处的气候带、地理位置以及其运用阶段、库龄等，都对其温室气体的源汇关系产生了重要影响，表现出个案特征［7］.目前相关研究主要集中在巴西［8］、巴拿马［9］、法属圭亚那［10］、北美［11］、加拿大［12］、芬兰［13］等地的水库淹没区的温室气体源汇关系，获得的结论在一定程度上更新了人们对水库温室气体排放的认知，即水库在运行过程中释放一定的温室气体，并且在极端的情况下，其排放系数甚至会高于火电.我国科学家在这方面的研究更偏重于自然湖泊与富营养化水库监测及分析研究［14-15］.人工水库的温室气体产生、释放以及通量关系的研究相对较少，但逐渐引起了人们的重视.三峡水库是三峡水电站建成后蓄水形成的人工湖泊，成库后正常蓄水位为175 m，水域面积达1 085 km2.作为世界著名的水电工程，三峡水库的温室气体排放一直受到各方面的关注.本研究通过夏季对三峡库区干流、支流草堂河水体CO2分压及其扩散通量的测量，试图了解CO2浓度变化的时空特征与其影响因素，从而为研究水库温室气体的排放提供参考资料.1.1 研究地区概况三峡水库东起湖北省宜昌市，西迄重庆巴县（东经106◦～111◦58＇，北纬28◦01＇～31◦45＇）.三峡库区干流水面宽度一般为0.7～1.7 km，支流的河面宽约0.3～0.6 km.草堂河（东经108◦14＇～109◦25＇，北纬30◦35＇～31◦26＇）位于奉节县东部，是长江的一级支流，河长33.3 km，流域面积210.0 km2，平均流量7.51 m3/s，流域内森林植被稀疏，水土流失严重.与汾河、石马河2条支流在白帝城汇合后注入长江.1.2 样品采集与分析2013年5—7月，对三峡库区干流、支流草堂河进行按月走航监测，选取长江干流（CJ）、草堂河上游（CT01）、草堂河中游（CT02）和草堂河下游（CT03）4个采样点，走航距离约为3.5 km，如图1所示.水样采集使用深井泵间隔抽取不同深度水体，水下0～5 m，每隔1 m取样，水深5 m以下，每隔5 m取样分析.现场用二氧化碳传感器Hydro CTM/CO2对其进行CO2分压（pCO2）分析，同时用YSI水质参数仪测定酸碱度（pH）、水温（T）、溶解氧（dissolved oxygen，DO）、叶绿素a（Chl-a），用浊度仪测定水体浊度.1.3 数据处理水-气界面的CO2扩散主要受大气和水体中二氧化碳分压差、流速、风速和温度等因素影响.通常情况下，二氧化碳在水-气界面的扩散通量采用下式计算［16-18］：式中，F表示水-气界面CO2的扩散通量（F＞0表示水体向大气中释放CO2，F＜0表示水体吸收CO2）［19］，k为气体交换系数，pCO2为水体CO2分压，gsat为大气CO2分压（38 Pa），kH为亨利系数.受温度和盐度的影响，kH根据下式计算［20］：式中，TK表示开尔文温度.气体交换系数k会受温度、风速、水体浊度等影响，采用下式计算［17-18，21］：式中，Sc为CO2的施密特数，k600表示20℃、施密特数为600时CO2的标准气体交换系数，U1表示水面上的风速，U10表示水面上方10 m处的风速，t为水温.2.1 研究区水体表层参数变化监测结果显示，观测期间干流表层水体温度为24.2～25.1℃，支流草堂河表层水温为22.1～27.3℃.库区干流表层水体中pCO2变化为198.8～261.1 Pa，月际波动较小，支流草堂河表层水体pCO2变化为15.8～226.4 Pa，波动范围大.从河口（CT01）到支流上游（CT03），pCO2逐渐减小，并且显著低于干流（见图2）.此外，从干流到支流，pH，DO，Chl-a逐渐增大，其中6月份pH值平均为8.44、Chl-a平均值为20.7µg/L，pCO2平均值为18.8 Pa（见图2）.夏季水体温度较高时，太阳辐射增强有利于藻类大量繁殖，光合作用的增强.水体中CO2含量由生物光合作用与有氧呼吸共同决定，光合作用占主导作用时［22］，水体CO2分压下降.2.2 研究区干、支流剖面参数分析三峡干、支流水体在水库蓄水后由于水位的变动处于频繁交换状态，这使得支流库湾水体的理化特性受到一定影响.作为典型的“河道型”水库，库区干流一维流动特征显著，而对于支流草堂河，水动力特征受到上流来水及蓄水带来的影响，不能简单概化为一维特征，在水体剖面上会形成明显的分层现象［23］.夏季草堂河水体剖面上呈现明显的垂向分层现象.以库区干、支流的交汇点CT01为起点，绘制库区支流草堂河3个断面水体参数的剖面变化（见图3和4）.监测结果表明，pH值在表层水体中最大并随着水体深度的增加快速下降，在水下5 m 处趋于稳定.与pH参数变化规律相反，pCO2在各表层水体中最小，随着水体深度增加而变大，从表层到水下5 m处，pCO2迅速增加，水体表面5 m以下趋于平衡，为199.9～294.1 Pa.图5为剖面水体pCO2与PH的相关性.可以看出，在垂直剖面上水体pCO2与pH呈负相关.在夏季温度较高、阳光充足的情况下，上层水体中由光合作用占据主导作用，浮游植物等生长状况良好，通过光合作用大量消耗水体中CO2，释放O2，从而使pH升高；随着水体深度的增加，水体中无机碳平衡逐渐由呼吸作用占主导，水体中pCO2升高，pH下降.2.3 水体CO2释放通量与分析库区受地形影响，风力普遍偏小，静风频率偏大，年平均风速一般为0.5～2.0m/s［24］.根据式（3）计算得到草堂河5，6，7月k的平均值分别为2.892，3.251，3.196 cm/h，而三峡干流较稳定，k的平均值为2.924cm/h.通过式（1）计算得到草堂河区域在5，6，7月上游、中游和下游的CO2通量（见图6）.可以看出，5，6，7月CO2通量的平均值为16.46，-4.91和30.85 mmol·m-2·d-1.另外，干流5，6，7月的CO2通量分别为40.48，42.52与54.48 mmol·m-2·d-1（以上数据以1.25 m/s风速计算获得，误差线数据是基于0.5和2.0 m/s风速计算获得）.上述结果表明，草堂河5，7月的CO2通量与干流的CO2释放通量F 均大于0，表现为大气CO2的“源”，草堂河6月的CO2释放通量F小于0，表现为大气CO2的“汇”.草堂河研究区域的面积约为3.6 km2，夏季5—7月的CO2释放总量约为4.68×106mol；而三峡蓄水后，全库区面积约为1 084 km2，干流夏季CO2释放总量约为4 570.2×106mol.根据图6进一步分析可知，支流草堂河CO2的平均释放量远小于干流的CO2释放量，甚至表现出对CO2的吸收.河流作为陆地生源要素向海洋输送的通道，会携带大量流域内有机质，因受到呼吸作用的影响，干流水体流速与湍流度的值相对较高，对水体中的CO2向大气扩散具有加速作用［25］；而在部分支流区域，因受到干流与地理特性的影响，河流的流速降低，为水体中浮游植物的生长创造了条件，在夏季光合作用相对强烈的情况下，减缓了CO2的释放.因此在评估一个地区的CO2分压时，应对整个研究区域进行考察，不能考虑局部流域.（1）对三峡坝区干流、支流草堂河进行走航监测，得到了表层水体的pCO2，pH，DO与Chl-a等参数.结果表明，干、支流表层水体pCO2存在明显差异，差异产生的原因主要是干、支流表层水体的光合作用强度不同.（2）干流CO2分压显著高于支流草堂河CO2分压，夏季干流CO2释放通量平均为48.54 mmol·m-2·d-1，表现为大气CO2的“源”；支流草堂河5，6，7月的CO2释放通量分别为16.46，-4.91和30.85 mmol·m-2·d-1，明显低于干流CO2释放通量，甚至表现为大气CO2的“汇”（6月）.（3）库区干流在向外界输送的过程中会携带大量有机质，有机质通过呼吸作用降解，并向大气释放CO2；而支流因受到干流与地形等影响，流速减缓，有利于浮游植物生长，在光合作用的影响下降低了CO2分压，减少了CO2释放，甚至表现出对大气CO2的吸收.【相关文献】［1］何建坤，王宇，刘滨.全球应对气候变化对我国的挑战与对策［J］.清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2013，22（5）：75-83.［2］隋欣，廖文根.中国水电温室气体减排作用分析［J］.中国水利水电科学研究院学报，2010，8（2）：133-137.［3］李海英，冯顺新，廖文根，等.全球气候变化背景下国际水电发展态势［J］.中国水能及电气化，2010（10）：29-37.［4］王文铭，艾尉.低碳经济背景下我国水电发展前景分析及建议［J］.中国水利，2010（14）：25-26.［5］Rud J，Harris R，Kelly C，et al.Are hydroelectric reservoirs significant sources of greenhouse gases［J］.Ambio，1993，22：246-248.［6］Duchemin E，Lucotte M.Production of the greenhouse gases CH4and CO2buriedhydroelectric reservoirs of the boreal region［J］.Global Biogeochem Cycles，1995，9（4）：529-540.［7］Tremblay A，Varfalvy L，Roehm C，et al.Greenhouse gas emissions：fluxes and process，Hydroelectric reserviors and natural environments［R］.Environmental Science Series，New York：Springer，2005：233-250.［8］Santos M，Rosa L，Sikar B，et al.Gross greenhouse gas fluxes from hydro-power reservior compared 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Examiner marked exemplars for Topic 6 Carbon cycle and energy securityA Level GeographyPearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Geography (9GE0)ContentsIntroduction (2)SAMs Paper 1 Question 4(d) ‘Assess’ 12 marks (3)Question (3)Mark Scheme (4)Exemplars and examiner commentaries (5)IntroductionThis guide has been created using student responses to the A level Geography Paper 1 SAMs and focusses on Question 4 part (d) which is assessing Topic 6 Carbon cycle and energy security. The answers and examiner commentaries in this guide can be used to show the standards in the 12 mark ‘Assess’ extended response question.Paper 1 exam structurePaper 1 assesses the physical geography topics in the A level Geography specification and is split into 3 sections:Section A: Students answer all question partsQuestion 1: Tectonic Processes and HazardsSection B: Students answer either Question 2 or Question 3Question 2: Glaciated Landscape and ChangeQuestion 3: Coastal Landscape and ChangeSection C: Students answer all question partsQuestion 4: The Water Cycle and Water Insecurity and The Carbon Cycle and Energy SecurityThe exam duration is 2 hours and 15 minutes. The paper is marked out of 105 marks and is worth 30% of the qualification.The exam paper will include open response, calculation and resource-linked questions and calculators will be required. The marks per question item increase throughout each question so that each question will culminate with an extended open response question. Question 1 will culminate in a 12 mark extended open response question. Questions 2, 3 and 4 will culminate in a 20 mark extended open response question.Our command words are defined in our specification, please see page 95, and will remain the same for the lifetime of the specification. Questions will only ever use a single command word and command words are used consistently across question types and mark tariffs. Our AS and A level Geography Getting Started Guide contains more information about the command words and mark tariffs used for different types of questions.SAMs Paper 1 Question 4(d) ‘Assess’ 12 marks QuestionMark SchemeExemplar AClimate change can change the rate of fluxes and size of stores within the biogeochemical cycle of the carbon cycle, and unbalancing it as such can cause positive feedback (one disturbance in the feedback loop leads to a greater disturbance) and negative feedback (one disturbance in the feedback loop leads to the system trying to reduce the impacts of the change). It is important to consider both the long term and short term of this on the carbon cycle.An increase in global temperature will lead to permafrost thawing. Permafrost contains potent greenhouse gas CH4 and CO² from ancient organisms, and when thawed, will release these gases into the atmosphere, thereby increasing the size of the atmospheric store by a huge amount, since permafrost is a huge store of carbon. The carbon released from the permafrost will not be used back up very quickly (it takes centuries) therefore this will have the most significant impact on the atmospheric carbon store.The effect described previously will likely lead to increases in plant productivity as the rate of photosynthesis increases with CO² availability; the phenomenon is known as CO² fertilisation. This may increase the size of the plant biosphere, or in figure 4B, the sphagnum moss and lichens, due to an increased rate of sequestration to this store. This will then increase the amount of litter due to leaf fall and plant death, which is a short medium term store of carbon that will be soon decomposed by soil microorganisms, which will release CO² into the atmosphere. This flux from soil microorganisms to the atmosphere may be larger than normal due to there being more litter due to a greater biomass of plants, therefore possibly increasing the size of the atmospheric store of carbon. Additionally, the increased growth of the plants due to CO² will require more respiration to occur, which also releases carbon into the atmosphere, further increasing the size of the store. The biosphere is a relatively large store of carbon, so fluxes from this could have a significant impact on the size of the atmospheric and soil carbon stores.However, CO² fertilisation is limited by nutrient availability and light intensity therefore plants may not grow very much, which shows that the permafrost melting will have a much more significant impact on unbalancing the carbon cycle and increasing the atmospheric store of carbon. The melting of permafrost initiatives a positive feedback loop. Ultimately, while increased sequestration may have an impact on the carbon cycle, it does not parallel the impact that the melting of permafrost will have on the carbon cycle in both the short and the long term.Examiner commentaryExemplar BClimate warming is the slow increase in Earth’s overall atmospheric temperatures. This is due to the increase levels of carbon dioxide and methane emission caused mostly by human interference. The human interference adds to the unbalancing on the natural greenhouse gas effect. The arctic is the most quickly warming place in the world.On Figure 4b you can see a positive feedback loop, it suggests that in the future the global temperature will increase. This will have positive and negative effects on the Earth. It also suggests that all the components are interlinked and a change in one will affect everything. Though, the effects will have long lasting effect (Centuries and decades).Sphagnum moss is a small green plant and lichens are slow growing plants. They are both organisms that take in a huge amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This will have a positive effect on the carbon cycle as it will take in some of the excess carbon created in another areas of the carbon cycle.Soil stores 20-30% of global carbon. The capacity to store depends on the climate. Decomposition happens more quickly in higher climate and also, arid (dry) soil stores only 30 tonnes per hectare whilst 800 tonnes in cold places. Correspondingly, soil types and management can affect soil storage. Since the industrial revolution soil has lost over 50 billion tonnes of carbon through farming and other sorts of disturbance. Permafrost is permanently frozen soil and occurs mostly in high latitudes. Due to increasing global temperatures permafrost is at risk of melting. Melting permafrost risk releasing the stored carbon in the form of CO² and methane, which will also have added to the increasing greenhouse gas effect and climate change. It will also cause changes in plant species composition at high latitudes. It also effects landscapes, because it’s melting causes erosion, which leads to the disappearance of lakes, landslides and ground subsidence. Therefore, it adds more CO² into the carbon cycle, which makes the cycle unbalanced. Permafrost is mostly found cold places such as Siberia and norther Canada. Also, these tundra biome areas have melting ice leaving ground visible (albedo) which does reflect as much radiation.In conclusion there are many negative and positive impacts due to lichens, soil health and permafrost. Permafrost thaws and soil carbon can have negative impacts on the components of the carbon cycle. Whereas moss and lichens can have a positive effect.Examiner commentaryExemplar CThe carbon cycle is a biogeological cycle consisting of stores, fluxes and flows. Due to anthropogenic activity increasing after the industrial revolution the climate is warming, disrupting the cycle in many ways.Since 2015, CO² emissions have increased by 65% annually, mainly due to China and India. This warming of the atmosphere effects the thermohaline circulation, as the sea warms the ice melts and the Arctic waters become less salty and so aren’t as dens e. Therefore the start of the circulation cannot occur. This effects the whole system because then carbon rich water does not reach the tropics, effecting wildlife. It also causes a reduction in temperatures in Europe as the Gulf Stream will no longer bring warm air. This will change the climate drastically causing vegetation to experience drastic effects. This is especially important as the oceans carry 50% more carbon than the atmosphere.As well as this, warming is increasing ocean acidification meaning the carbonate pump is not as efficient. This is because organisms with carbon shells can’t make thick, strong shells due to the reaction between the shells and acidification. This causes a reduction in carbon that reaches the ocean floor ready to form rocks such as the white cliffs of Dover. Acidification also effects coral reefs, they will no longer be able to grow if the oceans fell below 7-8 pH and they are currently 8.1pH.Finally, warming can increase precipitation in many parts of the world and so this will effect vegetational carbon stores as plants will have to adapt. Event through this isn’t such an important aspect as the stores are short term and fluxes are quicker, it still effects whole ecosystems that rely on the vegetation to survive.To conclude, climate warming has disastrous impacts on the carbon cycle. However, the most important effect is on the ocean as this is the biggest store of the carbon. It also has effects on the rest of the globe due to processes such as the thermohaline circulation.Pearson Edexcel A level Geography Topic 6 ExemplarsExaminer commentary10(c) Pearson Education Ltd 2018。

OA-ICOS激光痕量气体及稳定性同位素分析技术朱湘宁理加联合•痕量物质激光测量技术发展简介•目前已有的应用•对于未来应用的展望痕量物质激光测量技术发展简介•1986年，LGR 首先制造出LossMeter ，可以精确的测量光在镜面反射后的损失。

•正是因为LossMeter 的问世，人们利用激光分析仪测量微量物质才成为了可能（J. J. Scherer et al., 1997）。

痕量物质激光测量技术发展简介•1988年A. O′Keefe和D.A.Deacon率先提出衰荡吸收光谱技术(CRDS)，为利用激光探测ppb 等级浓度的痕量气体提供了理论基础。

•随后众多科学家开始将CRDS广泛地应用于大气痕量气体检测、自由基分子光谱和高灵敏分子光谱学研究等领域（J.J.Scherer et al. 1997）。

•1998年A. O′Keefe又提出光强的积分腔输出光谱技术(ICOS）•随后，A. O′Keefe又在此基础上不断改进，推出了连续积分腔输出光谱(CW-ICOS)技术（A.O′Keefe et al., 1999）痕量物质激光测量技术发展简介•2002年LGR的D. S. Baer等再次进行改进采用了离轴入射方式（OA-ICOS），消除了光腔内多次反射的干涉效应。

这不但继承了ICOS技术的全部优点，结构简单，测量频率高和高耐受性等优点，还提高了灵敏度。

•1986:Optical Lossmeter for optics metrology (instrument based on Cavity Ringdown)•1988:Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy (CRDS) invented •1990:CRDS measurements of cluster species•1995:Mid-infrared CRDS for measuring molecular vibration spectra •1998: Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (ICOS) invented•2001: Quantum Cascade laser instrument for measurements in troposphere (with Harvard)•2001:Off-Axis ICOS invented (patent assigned to LGR in 2004)•2002:Off-Axis ICOS measurements of atmospheric trace species using diode lasers •2003:Off-Axis ICOS measurements of combustion exhaust species•2003:Off-Axis ICOS instrument for measurements of singlet oxygen in a plasma •2004:Off-Axis ICOS instrument for CO and N 2O measurements in lower stratosphere •2004:Off-Axis ICOS instruments for CH4and CO 2•2005:Off-Axis ICOS instruments for δ13C in CO 2•2006:Liquid Water Isotope Analyzer: δ18O and δ2H in liquid water •2008:Water Vapor Isotope Analyzer: δ18O and δ2H in air •2008:Methane Isotope Analyzer: δ13C in methane •2009:Real-time, continuous liquid water isotope measurements in streams and precipitation •2009:Deep Sea Gas Analyzer deployed in ocean with Harvard UniversityLGR 首创技术•痕量物质激光测量技术发展简介•目前已有的应用•对于未来应用的展望目前LGR的仪器已经在用的已经有超过400台，在全世界7大洲都有应用"Extensive Methane Venting to the Atmosphere from Sediments of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf"Science,Vol. 327. no. 5970, pp. 1246 -1250 DOI: 10.1126/science.1182221 "Methane emissions inventory verification in southern California"Ying-Kuang Hsu, Tony VanCuren, Seong Park, Chris Jakober, Jorn Herner, Michael FitzGibbon, Donald R. Blake, David D. ParrishAtmospheric Environment, vol. 44 (2010) 1–7"A fault-tolerant eddy covariance system for measuring CH4 fluxes"Werner Eugster and Peter PlussAgricultural and Forest Meteorology, Special issue on CH4 and N2O fluxes " Large D/H variations in bacterial lipids reflect central metabolic pathways " Xinning Zhang et al.,PNAS, 2009,31 106:12580–12586" The influence of environmental water on the " hydrogen stable isotope ratio in aquatic consumers "Christopher T. Solomon et al.,Oecologia, 2009, 161:313–324"High-Frequency Field Deployable Isotope Analyzer for Hydrological Applications"Manish Gupta, Elena Berman, Chris Gabrielli, Tina Garland, J. McDonnellWater Resour. Res.,doi:10.1029/2009WR008265"Methane fluxes during the initiation of a large-scale water table manipulation experiment in the Alaskan Arctic tundra"Zona, D., W. C. Oechel, J. Kochendorfer, K. T. P. U, A.N. Salyuk, P.C. Olivas, S.F. Oberbauer, and D.A. LipsonGlobal Biogeochem, Cycles (in press) doi:10.1029/2009GB003487"Soil and plant contributions to the methane flux balance of a subalpine forest"D. R. Bowling, J. B. Miller, M.E. Rhodes, S. P. Burns, R. K. Monson, and D. BaerBGD, 2009, Vol. 6, pp. 4765-4801"Water vapor 2H and 18O measurements using off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy"P. Sturm, M. Barthel, S. Etzold, and A. KnohlGeophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 11, EGU2009-7825-1, 2009"A groundwater isoscape(δD, δ18O) for Mexico"L.I. Wassenaar, S.L. Van Wilgenburg, K. Larson, K.A. HobsonJournal of Geochemical Exploration, Volume 102, Issue 3, September 2009, Pages 123-136 "Large tundra methane burst during onset of freezing"Mastepanov Mikhail; Sigsgaard Charlotte; Dlugokencky Edward J; Houweling Sander; Str?m Lena; Tamstorf Mikkel P; Christensen Torben RNature,2008; 456(7222): 628-30"Water vapor isotopes measurements at Mauna Loa, Hawaii: Comparison of laser spectroscopy and remote sensing with traditional methods, and the need for ongoing monitoring"Noone, D.; Galewsky, J.; Sharp, Z.; Worden, J.American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008, abstract #A23C-0309"Development and Validation of an Isotopic Water Vapor Analyzer for Rapid Measurements of 18O/16O and D/H in Ambient Air"Dong, F.; Gupta, M.; Owano, T.; Fellers, R.; Baer, D.American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008, abstract #B23C-0447"High-Precision Laser Spectroscopy D/H and 18O/16O Measurements of Microliter Natural Water Samples"G. Lis, L. I. Wassenaar, and M. J. HendryAnal. Chem., Vol, 80 (1), 287-293, 2008"High Resolution Pore Water δ2H and δ18O Measurements by H2O(liquid)-H2O(vapor) Equilibration"L.I. Wassenaar, M.J . Hendry, V.L. Chostner, and G.P. LisEnvironmental Science and Technology, 2008, 42 (24), pp 9262–9267"Development of a rapid on-line acetylene sensor for industrial hydrogenation reactor optimization using off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy"Le, L.D. , Tate, J.D. , Seasholtz, M.B. , Gupta, M., Owano, T., Baer, D., Knittel, T., Cowie, A., Zhu, J.Applied Spectroscopy, Volume 62, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 59-65"A compact and stable eddy covariance set-up for methane measurements using off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy"D. M. D. Hendriks, A. J. Dolman, M. K. van de Molen, and J. van Huissteden Discussion EGU Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 11587–11619, 2007"Can hydrogen isotopic ratios in plant lipids provide a quantitative proxy for aridity?" Feakins S., Sessions A.Pacific Climate Workshop2007 May 13-16; Asilomar State Conference Grounds, Pacific Grove, CA"Can lipid D/H ratios be a quantitative proxy for aridity?"Feakins S., Sessions A.ACS Summer Meeting, 2007 August 19-23, Boston MA"Memory effects in compound-specific D/H analysis by GC-P-IRMS"Wang, Y.; Sessions, A. L.AGU Fall Meeting, 2007 December 10-14, Abstract B13A-0889"Laser spectroscopic analysis of stable isotopes in natural waters: a low-cost, robust technique for the use of environmental isotopes in hydrological and climate studies" Aggarwal, P. K.; Ahmad, T.; Groening, M.; Gupta, M.; Owano, T.; Baer, D. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006, abstract #H51D-0504"Quantitative determination of the Q(1) quadrupole hydrogen absorption in the near infrared via off-axis ICOS"M. Gupta, T. Owano, D. S. Baer and Anthony O’KeefeChemical Physics Letters, Vol. 418, Issues 1-3, 25 January 2006, Pages 11-14"In-Situ Isotope Ratiometer for Hydrothermal Effluent Analysis"Owano, T.; Gupta, M.; Baer, D.; Provencal, R.; Ricci, K.; O'Keefe, A.; Flynn, M.; Holland, P.American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2005, abstract #OS33C-1495"Off-axis cavity ringdown spectroscopy: application to atmospheric nitrate radical detection"James D. Ayers, Randy L. Apodaca, William R. Simpson, and Douglas S. BaerApplied Optics, Vol. 44, No. 33, 20 November 2005"Cavity-enhanced quantum-cascade laser-based instrument for carbon monoxide measurements"R. Provencal, M. Gupta, T. G. Owano, D. S. Baer, K. N. Ricci, A. O'Keefe, and J. R. PodolskeApplied Optics, Vol. 44, 6712-6717 (2005)"Novel Instrumentation for Atmospheric Measurements of Carbon Dioxide and Stable Isotopes of Carbon Dioxide"Baer, D.; Gupta, M.; Owano, T.; Ricci, K.; O'Keefe, A.American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2004, abstract #B23A-0924"Quantitative Detection of Singlet O2 by Cavity-Enhanced Absorption"Skip Williams; Manish Gupta; Thomas Owano; Douglas S. Baer; Anthony O’Keefe; David R. Yarkony; Spiridoula MatsikaOptics Letters, Volume 29, Issue 10, pp. 1066-1068 (2004)."Quantitative determination of singlet oxygen density and temperature for Oxygen-Iodine Laser Applications"M. Gupta, Thomas Owano, Douglas S. Baer, Anthony O’Keefe and Skip Williams Chemical Physics Letters, Volume 400, Issues 1-3, 11 December 2004, Pages 42-46 "Multiplex integrated cavity output spectroscopy of cold PAH cations"Ludovic Biennier, Farid Salama, Manish Gupta and Anthony O'KeefeChemical Physics Letters, Volume 387, Issues 4-6, 1 April 2004, Pages 287-294 "Sensitive absorption measurements in the near-infrared region using off-axis integrated-cavity-output spectroscopy"D.S. Baer, J.B. Paul, M. Gupta, A. O'KeefeApplied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, Vol. 75, Numbers 2-3, September 2002"Cavity-enhanced spectroscopy in optical fibers"M. Gupta, Hong Jiao, and Anthony O'KeefeOptics Letters, Vol. 27, Issue 21, pp. 1878-1880"Recent advances in off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy"D.S. Baer, M. Gupta, A. O’Keefe and J. PaulDiode Lasers and Applications, A. Fried, ed., Proc. SPIE (2002)."Ultrasensitive Absorption Spectroscopy with a High-Finesse Optical Cavity and Off-Axis Alignment"Joshua B. Paul, Larry Lapson, and James G. AndersonApplied Optics, Vol. 40, Issue 27, pp. 4904-4910"Broadband Ringdown Spectral Photography"J. J. Scherer, J. B. Paul, H. Jiao, and A. O’KeefeApplied Optics, Vol. 40, 6725-6732 (2001)"cw integrated cavity output spectroscopy"Anthony O’Keefe, James JChemical Physics Letters, Vol. 307, issue 5-6, pp. 343-349"Integrated cavity output analysis of ultra-weak absorption"Anthony O’KeefeChemical Physics Letters, Vol. 293 (5-6), 331-6 (1998)."Ringdown Spectral Photography"James J. SchererChemical Physics Letters, Vol. 292, Issues 1-2, 31 July 1998, Pages 143-153 "Cavity ring down dye laser spectroscopy of jet-cooled metal clusters: Cu2 and Cu3"A. O’Keefe, J.J. Scherer, A.L. Cooksy, R. Sheeks, J. Heath, and R.J. Saykally Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 172, pages 215-218, (1990)"Trace Gas Analysis by Pulsed Laser Absorption Spectroscopy"Anthony O’Keefe and Olive LeeAmerican Laboratory, December, 1989"Cavity ring-down optical spectrometer for absorption measurements using pulsed laser sources"Anthony O'Keefe and David A.G. DeaconReview of Scientific Instruments, (ISSN 0034-6748), vol. 59, Dec. 1988•Mikhail Mastepanov et al., Large tundra methane burst during onset of freezing.Nature, 2008, Vol456, doi:10.1038/ 07464•传统认为苔原带的甲烷排放在生长季结束后即行停止。

Date: 3/10/2012 MSDS No.: CAN-W1Trade Name: L-50Sizes: AllSupersedes: 3/10/09M A T E R I A L S A F E T Y D A T A S H E E TFor Welding Consumables and Related ProductsConforms to Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) Rev. November, 1988Section I & II - Preparation and Product InformationProduct Type:Carbon Steel ElectrodeRepresentative Classifications:AWS ER70S-3, EM13KCSA B-G 49A 2 C G3 (ER49S-3), EM13KThe Lincoln Electric Company of Canada LP 179 Wicksteed AvenueToronto, Ontario M4G 2B9 CANADA Phone: (416) 421-2600Prepared by The Lincoln Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio, USA(216) 481-8100, on the date shown above.Section III - Hazardous Ingredients (1)I M P O R T A N T !This section covers the materials from which this product is manufactured. The fumes and gases produced during welding with the normal use of this product are covered by Section VII; see it for industrial hygiene information. CAS Number shown is representative for the ingredients listed. (1) The term “hazardous” in “Hazardous Ingredients” should be interpreted as a term required and defined in the Hazardous Products Act and doesnot necessarily imply the existence of any hazard.Ingredients:CAS No. Wt. % TLVmg/m 3LD 50 (Route/Species) LC 50 mg/m 3 (Route/Species)Carbon steel wire 100 10* Not Available Not Available Nominal wire composition:Total manganese 7439-96-5 1-10 0.2 9 g/kg (oral/rat) 2.3 LCLo(inhalation/human)Total copper including plated coating 7440-50-8 < 0.5 0.2(a) 0.12 mg/kg LDLo(oral/human)gastrointestinalNot Available Iron 7439-89-6 bal. 10* Not Available Not AvailableNotes:(*) Not listed. The ACGIH guideline for total particulate is 10 milligramsper cubic meter. TLV value for iron oxides is 5 milligrams per cubic meter.(a) Values are for copper fume.(LDLo, LCLo) Lowest published toxic concentration.Section IV - Physical DataPhysical data such as odor, vapor pressure, density, evaporation rate and freezing or boiling points are not listed as they are not applicable to this product and its use.Section V - Hazard DataNon Flammable; Welding arc and sparks can ignite combustibles and flammable products. See CSA W117.2 Section 9.7 as referenced in Section VIII. Product is inert, no special handling or spill procedures required.Rev 7/04 (CONTINUED ON SIDE TWO)Product: L-50Date: 3/10/2012Section VI - Health Hazard Data and Toxicological PropertiesAcute Lethality Values: LC50 means the concentration of a substance in air that when administered by means of inhalation over a specified length of time in an animal assay, is expected to cause the death of 50% of a defined animal population.LD50 means the single dose of a substance that, when administered by a defined route in an animal assay, is expected to cause the death of 50% ofa defined animal population.Threshold Limit Value: The ACGIH recommended general limit for Welding Fume NOS - (Not Otherwise Specified) is 5 mg/m3.The TLV-TWA is the time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40 hour workweek, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect. See Section VII for specific fume constituents which may modify this TLV. Threshold Limit Values are figures published by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists.Effects of Overexposure: Electric arc welding may create one or more of the following health hazards:Fumes and Gases can be dangerous to your health. Common entry is by inhalation. Other possible routes are skin contact and ingestion.Short-term (acute) overexposure to welding fumes may result in discomfort such as metal fume fever, dizziness, nausea, or dryness orirritation of nose, throat, or eyes. May aggravate pre-existing respiratory problems (e.g. asthma, emphysema).Long-term (chronic) overexposure to welding fumes can lead to siderosis (iron deposits in lung) and may affect pulmonary function.Manganese overexposure can affect the central nervous system, resulting in impaired speech and movement. Bronchitis and some lungfibrosis have been reported.Arc Rays can injure eyes and burn skin. Skin cancer has been reported.Electric Shock can kill. If welding must be performed in damp locations or with wet clothing, on metal structures or when in cramped positions such as sitting, kneeling or lying, or if there is a high risk of unavoidable or accidental contact with workpiece, use the following equipment: Semiautomatic DC Welder, DC Manual (Stick) Welder, or AC Welder with Reduced Voltage Control.Section VII - Reactivity DataHazardous Decomposition Products: Welding fumes and gases cannot be classified simply. The composition and quantity of both are dependent upon the metal being welded, the process, procedure and electrodes used.Other conditions which also influence the composition and quantity of the fumes and gases to which workers may be exposed include: coatings on the metal being welded (such as paint, plating, or galvanizing), the number of welders and the volume of the worker area, the quality and amount of ventilation, the position of the welder's head with respect to the fume plume, as well as the presence of contaminants in the atmosphere (such as chlorinated hydrocarbon vapors from cleaning and degreasing activities.)When the electrode is consumed, the fume and gas decomposition products generated are different in percent and form from the ingredients listed in Section III. Decomposition products of normal operation include those originating from the volatilization, reaction, or oxidation of the materials shown in Section III, plus those from the base metal and coating, etc., as noted above.Reasonably expected fume constituents of this product would include: Primarily iron oxide and fluorides; secondarily complex oxides of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, silicon, sodium, titanium and zirconium when used with recommended Lincolnweld fluxes. Primarily iron oxide; secondarily complex oxides of copper, manganese and silicon when used with gas shielding.Maximum fume exposure guideline for this product (based on manganese content) is 2.5 milligrams per cubic meter.Gaseous reaction products may include carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Ozone and nitrogen oxides may be formed by the radiation from the arc.Determine the composition and quantity of fumes and gases to which workers are exposed by taking an air sample from inside the welder's helmet if worn or in the worker's breathing zone. Improve ventilation if exposures are not below limits. See ANSI/AWS F1.1, F1.2, F1.3 and F1.5, available from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.Section VIII - Preventive Measures and Precautions for Safe Handling and UseRead and understand the manufacturer's instruction and the precautionary label on the product. Request Lincoln Safety Publication E205. See Canadian Standards Association Standard CSA-W117.2 “Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes” published by the Canadian Standards Association, 178 Rexdale Blvd., Rexdale, Ontario M9W1R3 for more details on many of the following:Ventilation: Use enough ventilation, local exhaust at the arc, or both to keep the fumes and gases from the worker's breathing zone and the general area. Train the welder to keep his head out of the fumes. Keep exposure as low as possible.Respiratory Protection: Use respirable fume respirator or air supplied respirator when welding in confined space or general work area when local exhaust or ventilation does not keep exposure below TLV.Eye Protection: Wear helmet oruse face shield with filter lens shade number 12* or darker. Shield others by providing screens and flash goggles.(*) No specific recommendation for submerged arc.Protective Clothing: Wear hand, head, and body protection which help to prevent injury from radiation, sparks and electrical shock. See W117.2.At a minimum this includes welder's gloves and a protective face shield, and may include arm protectors, aprons, hats, shoulder protection, as well as dark substantial clothing. Train the welder not to permit electrically live parts or electrodes to contact skin . . . or clothing or gloves if they are wet. Insulate from work and ground.Disposal Information: Discard any product, residue, disposable container, or liner as ordinary waste in an environmentally acceptable manner according to Federal, State and Local regulations unless otherwise noted. No applicable ecological information available.Section IX - Emergency and First Aid ProceduresCall for medical aid. Employ first aid techniques recommended by the Canadian Red Cross. IF BREATHING IS DIFFICULT give oxygen. IF NOT BREATHING employ CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) techniques. IN CASE OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK, turn off power and follow recommended treatment. In all cases call a physician.。

大气科学系微机应用基础Primer of microcomputer applicationFORTRAN77程序设计FORTRAN77 Program Design大气科学概论An Introduction to Atmospheric Science大气探测学基础Atmospheric Sounding流体力学Fluid Dynamics天气学Synoptic Meteorology天气分析预报实验Forecast and Synoptic analysis生产实习Daily weather forecasting现代气候学基础An introduction to modern climatology卫星气象学Satellite meteorologyC语言程序设计 C Programming大气探测实验Experiment on Atmospheric Detective Technique云雾物理学Physics of Clouds and fogs动力气象学Dynamic Meteorology计算方法Calculation Method诊断分析Diagnostic Analysis中尺度气象学Meso-Microscale Synoptic Meteorology边界层气象学Boundary Layer Meteorology雷达气象学Radar Meteorology数值天气预报Numerical Weather Prediction气象统计预报Meteorological Statical Prediction大气科学中的数学方法Mathematical Methods in Atmospheric Sciences专题讲座Seminar专业英语English for Meteorological Field of Study计算机图形基础Basic of computer graphics气象业务自动化Automatic Weather Service空气污染预测与防治Prediction and Control for Air Pollution现代大气探测Advanced Atmospheric Sounding数字电子技术基础Basic of Digital Electronic Techniqul大气遥感Remote Sensing of Atmosphere模拟电子技术基础Analog Electron Technical Base大气化学Atmospheric Chemistry航空气象学Areameteorology计算机程序设计Computer Program Design数值预报模式与数值模拟Numerical Model and Numerical Simulation接口技术在大气科学中的应用Technology of Interface in Atmosphere Sciences Application海洋气象学Oceanic Meteorology现代实时天气预报技术（MICAPS系统）Advanced Short-range Weather Forecasting Technique(MICAPS system)1) atmospheric precipitation大气降水2) atmosphere science大气科学3) atmosphere大气1.The monitoring and study of atmosphere characteristics in near space as an environment forspace weapon equipments and system have been regarded more important for battle support.随着临近空间飞行器的不断发展和运用,作为武器装备和系统环境的临近空间大气特性成为作战保障的重要条件。

Aabrasion 磨耗accumulation 堆积物acrylic 丙烯酸的activate 活化，刺激activated carbon 活性炭activation 活化作用activator 活化剂adhere 粘着adhesion 粘附adhesion 粘合adhesion 粘着，粘附adjacent 邻近adjacent 相邻的，邻近的adjustable 可调节的adsorbent 吸附剂advent 出现aeration 充气aeration 充气aerofloat 黑药（捕收剂）aerophilic 亲气的aerophilic 亲气的aerophobic 疏气的affinity 亲和力agglomerate 凝聚aggregate 填料agitation 搅拌agitation 搅拌air-avid property 亲水性alkaline 碱性alkaline 碱性alkyl sulfate 烷基硫酸盐allotrope 同素异形体alloy 合成alloy 合金alluvial 冲击aluminosilicate 铝硅酸盐amalgamation 混汞法amine protein 氨蛋白amine 胺amino group 氨基amorphous 无定形的ampere 安培amyl 戊基analogous 类似的ancillary 辅助anion 负离子anionic 阴离子的anionic 阴离子的，带负电的annular 环形的apex 沉砂口apparent viscosity 表观粘度apparent 外观上的applicable 适用的appraisal 评价appraisal 评价，估计approximately 接近地aqua regia 王水aqueous chemical extraction process 湿法化学提取arcing 电弧作用aromatic alcohol 芳香醇arsenic 砷的，含砷的arsenopyrite 毒砂arsenopyrite 砷黄铁矿，毒砂artificial satellites 人造卫星asbestos石棉ascend 提升assay 试验assess 评定astronauts 宇航员asymmetric 不对称的，不均匀的at will 任意的atomize 雾化，粉化attrition 磨损augment 增加auric 金的，含金的，三价金的auride 金化物aurocyanide complex 氰化金络合物aurocyanide 氰亚金酸盐aurous 亚金的，一价金的aurum 金availability 来源axis 轴线azurite 蓝铜矿Bback-fill 回填（料）back-filling 回填baffle 导流板，栅板balium 钡barite 重晶石barren 贫瘠的batch flotation cell 单槽浮选机bath （重介质）分选槽beach sand 海滨砂beamed 定向的bismuth 铋blade 叶片，刀刃blend 混合blower 鼓风机boil 沸腾bonding sites 活性点borax 硼砂boron 硼borrowed fill 外来料bowl 滚筒brass tube 黄铜管bridge thickener 桥梁式浓密机bromide 溴化物bromoform 溴仿，三溴甲烷bronze 青铜bubble 气泡bulk-oil floatation 全油浮选bullion 金块by convention 按照惯例by virtue of 根据Ccaesium 铯cake filter 饼式过滤机calacerite 碲金矿calcined 煅烧calcite 方解石calcium fluoride 氟化钙calcium hydroxide 氢氧化钙calibrated orifice plate 调节孔板caloium 钙capital 资本carbon disulphide 二硫化碳carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳carbonaceous 碳质的carbon-in-leach 炭浸法carbon-in-pulp process 炭浆法carbonyl 羰基carboxyl 羧基carboxylate 羧酸盐carnallite 光卤石cascade cell 喷流槽，泻落槽cassiterite 锡石catalyst 催化剂cater 满足cationic 阳离子的caustic 腐蚀性的cement 水泥centrifugal 离心的centrifugal 离心的centrifuge 离心机ceramics 陶瓷业cerussite 白铅矿chalcopyrite 黄铜矿chamber or recessed plate filter press 箱式或凹板式压缩机charcoal 木炭chemisortion 化学吸附作用chlorauric 氯金酸chlorination 氯化，用氯气处理chute 斜槽chute 装矿溜口circuit 回路circulating loads 循环负荷clarification filter 澄清式过滤机clarifier 澄清机clarifying capacity 澄清能力clarity 透明clean 精选cleaner cell 精选槽cleaner 品位高clerici solution 克列里奇夜coagulant 凝聚剂，凝结剂coagulation 凝结，凝聚coagulation 凝聚coagulator 凝聚剂coal preparation engineer 选煤工程师coalescing 兼并cobbing 粗选coconut shells 椰子壳collection 回收collection 收集collectors 捕收剂collidal 胶体collide 碰撞collide 碰撞collieries 煤矿colloidal 胶体colloidal 胶体的come into contact with 与- -接触commercial scale工业规模compatible 兼容，共处compensate 补偿complete 完全的complexant 配位剂component 组件compound 化合物compressed 扁平的comprise 包括concentration 浓度concurrent low-intensity magnetic separator 顺流式弱磁选机conditioning 调浆conducting particles 导电颗粒conductor grain 导体颗粒confined 限制connote 意味着constituents 成分constituents 组分，成分contact angle 接触角contamanant 污染物质，杂质contaminate 污染，混杂contaminated 受污染的contamination 污染controversial 有争议的conventional 常规的，常见的conventional 常见的conventional 常见的converge 集中converging field 收敛磁场converse 聚合conversely 相反的copper matte 冰铜copper sulphate 硫酸铜copper sulphide 硫化铜corona discharge 电晕放电corresponding 一致的，相应的corrosion resistant 耐腐蚀corrosion 腐蚀corrosion 腐蚀，侵蚀corrosive 腐蚀性的counter current decantation 逆流洗涤counter-current 半逆流counter-ion 反离子counter-rotation 逆流式covalent 共价的cresol 甲酚crest 顶端cresylic acid 甲酚酸crucible 坩埚crystal lattice 晶格crystallization 结晶cumulative 累积的cupellation 灰吹法cyanide 氰化物cyanide 氰化物cylinder 圆柱体cylindrical 圆柱的cylindroconical 圆柱圆锥型Ddecant 澄清的definite 明确的degradation 降解，退化，分解depleted 贫化，耗尽depress 抑制depression 抑制剂descending 下降的detachment 分离，脱离dewater 浓缩，脱水dextrin 糊精diagrammatically 用图表地，概略地diamagnetic 逆磁性diffused 扩散dilute 减少，稀释dilute 稀释diluted 稀释dipole 偶极direct flotation 正浮选discarded 丢弃discrete particles 分散颗粒dispersant 分散剂dispersed 分散dispersing 分散disposal 处理disseminate 传播disseminated 散布的dissipate 驱散dissipate 驱散dissociate 游离，分离dissolve 溶解distillation 蒸馏distillation 蒸馏distributor 分配器，分矿器dithiocarbonate 二硫代碳酸盐dithioposphate 二硫代磷酸盐dixantthogen 双黄药dore bullion 金锭dosage 用量doses 剂量double-layer 双电层downstream tailings dam 下流式（顺流式）尾矿坝drag force （介质）阻力drain 排出drain 排水，流干drainage 排水drastically 彻底地drive shaft 驱动轴drum magnetic separator 筒式磁选机duct 管道ductile 易延展的，柔软的dust 粉尘Ee.m.u system 电磁单位制earthed 接地的ecological 生态的effluent 污水，废水electrical conductivity 导电率，电导率electrode assembly 电极装置，电极组electrode 电极electrodeposition 电沉积electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质electrolytic depression 电解质抑制剂electromagnetic coil 电磁线圈electromagnetic separator 电磁磁选机electronegative 电负性的electro-refining 电解精炼electrostatic separation 静电分选electrostatic separator 静电分选机electrostatic 静电electrowinning 电积electrowinning 电积electrum 银金矿，金银合金eliminate 排除eliminated 淘汰elution 解吸elution 洗提，解吸emerged 出现empirical 经验的emulsion 乳状液entrain 夹杂envisage 处理，正视equivalent 等价的eroded 侵蚀ester 酯ethers 醚ethyl 乙基evanescent 易破的evolve 进化exclusion 排斥exotic 外来的，奇异的exploration 勘探exponent 指数external 外部的extraction 抽提，提取Ffacilitate 促进facilitate 助长，促进facilities 设备fast-floating 易浮的fatty acid 脂肪酸feasibility 可行性feebly 弱ferromagnetic 铁磁性的ferrosilicon 硅铁合金ferrous mineral 黑色金属矿物filter cake 滤饼filter 过滤filter 过滤机filtration 过滤filtration 过滤flange 法兰flat magnetic pole 平面磁极floatability 可浮性floatability 可浮性floatation cell 浮选槽floc 絮状物，絮团flocculant 絮凝剂flocculate 絮凝，凝结flocculation or agglomeration 团聚，絮凝flocculation 絮凝flocculation 絮凝flocculent 絮凝剂flotation circuit and machines 浮选回路及浮选设备flotation circuit 浮选回路，浮选流程flotation column 浮选柱flowsheet 工艺流程图flowsheet 流程fluctuations 波动，起伏flung 投掷，扔fluorite 萤石fluxes 助熔剂foamy 泡沫fouling 污染fragment 碎屑，碎片free-fall 自由落体free-milling ores 易选矿石frictional 摩擦的froth flotation 泡沫浮选frother 起泡剂Frothers 起泡剂fume 烟雾，冒烟fumes 烟气furnace lining 炉衬furnace 炉Ggalena 方铅矿gap 间隙gas phase 气相gaseous ionization 气体离子化gassy 含气的gelatine 胶质，白明胶Gibbs free energy 吉布斯自由能glass fibre 玻璃纤维glass sand 玻璃砂glue 胶水glycol 乙二醇gold cyanide leaching 黄金的氰化浸出gold film 金薄gold inventory 金的滞留量gold melting 黄金冶炼gold refining 黄金精炼gradient 梯度gram 克graphically 生动的graphite 石墨graphite 石墨graphite 石墨gravitate 吸引gravity field 重力场ground 研磨grounded 接地的guar gum 古阿胶Hhalide 卤化物Hallimond tube 哈里蒙特浮选管halogens 卤素hazart 危害，危险heap or dump leaching 堆浸helmet 头盔hematite 赤铁矿hematite 赤铁矿heteropolar 异极性的hexyl 己基high gradient magnetic separator（HGMS）高梯度磁选机high-tension electrostatic separator 高压静电分选机high-tension separator 高压电选机hindered settling 干涉沉降hollow 空心的horizontal belt filter 水平带式过滤机humidity 湿度hydrated layer 水化层hydro cyclone 水利旋流器hydrocarbon 烃，碳氢化合物hydrodynamic 流体阻力hydrogen cyanide 氰化氢hydrolyses 水解hydrometallurgical 湿法冶金学的hydrophobic 疏水的hydrophobic 疏水的hydrostatic head 水力静压头hydrothermal 热液hydroxide 氢氧化镁Iigneous rock 火成岩ilmenite 钛铁矿ilmenite 钛铁矿imparted 给予，传递impeller 叶轮implemented 实施，应用imposed 施加的，应用的impound 筑坝堵水impurities 杂质impurity 杂质in preference to 优先于inactivation 钝化inches 英尺incombustible material 非可燃物incorporate 合并incorporated 包含incremental 增加的induce 引起induced roll magnetic separator 感应辊式磁选机induction furnace 感应炉inertial 惯性的inertness 惰性infared 红外的inherently 固有的，内在的initial interfacial energy 初态界面能initial 最初inquarted 分银法（熔银分金法）integrally 完整的intensity of magnetization 磁化强度intensive leaching 强化浸出interface 界面interfacial tensile force 表面张力interfere 阻碍，干涉interparticle 粒子间inverted 倒置的iodide 碘化物ionogenic polar group 离子化极性基iron-bearing 含铁的isobutyl 异丁基isopropyl 异丙基Jjet aircraft 喷气式飞机jewelry 首饰Jones wet-intensity magnetic separator 琼斯湿式强磁选机jute 黄麻纤维Kkarat 开kerosene 煤油kinetics 动力学krennerite 白碲金银矿Llagoon 尾矿池lamination 薄片lead chromate 铬酸铅leak 泄露leftover 剩下的Lesson FiveLesson Fivelesson FourLesson FourLesson FourLesson OneLesson OneLesson one magnetic separation 磁力分选Lesson one 重介质分选原理Lesson SevenLesson SixLesson ThreeLesson threeLesson ThreeLesson threeLesson Three lesson TwoLesson TwoLesson TwoLesson TwoLesson Twolethal 致命的lever 杠杆Levitation 浮起，升起liable 易于lifting effect 提升效应limestone 石灰石lines of force 磁力线linoleic acid 亚麻酸lipides 油脂liquor 液体，溶液liter 升litharge 一氧化铅loading 负荷，给料lode 脉，矿脉longitudinal 纵向的low-intensity magnetic separator 弱磁选机Mmagnesite 菱镁矿magnetic field gradient 磁场梯度magnetic field 磁场magnetic floc 磁絮团，磁团聚magnetic induction 磁感应强度magnetic permeability 磁导率magnetic remanence 顽磁magnetic separator 磁力分选设备magnetic susceptibility 磁化率，磁化系数magnetism 磁性，磁力magnetite 磁铁矿magnetohydrostatic 流体静力学magnetomotive force 磁动力magnitude 大小magnitude 量级，大小malachite 孔雀石Malaysia 马来西亚malleable 有延展性的manganese dioxide 二氧化锰manufacture 制造medium-cleaning 介质-净化mercaptan 硫醇mercury 水银mercury 水银mesh 网目methyl isobutyl carbinol 甲基异丁基甲醇methylene 二碘甲烷micro 微米mild steel 低碳钢milk of lime 石灰乳mined-out area 采空区mineralization of air bubble 气泡的矿化mineralization 矿化minute grains 微小颗粒miscellaneous 多种多样的miscible 混熔misplaced material混杂物料moisture resistant 水分含量molecular 分子的molybdenite 辉钼矿molybdenum 钼monetary 货币的monolayer 单层monomer 单体monomolecular sheath 单分子层motor 马达mounted 安装multi-layers 多层的multiple 多样的muthmannite 板碲金银矿mutual 相互的Nnagyagite 叶碲矿naked eye 肉眼nanoparticle 纳米naphthenic 环烷酸near-density materials 近比重物料negative polarity 负极negative 负的negligible 可以忽略的neutral 中性neutral 中性neutralize 中和nitrate 硝酸盐nitric acid 硝酸nitrogen 氮noble 高贵的non-ferrous metals 有色金属non-ferrous mineral 有色金属矿物nozzle 喷嘴nugget 天然金块nylon 尼龙Oobsolete 过时的occurrence 存在状态，赋存状态Oersted 奥斯特oleic acid 油酸open pit 露天矿open-pit mines 露天矿opposed 相对的optimization 最佳的orifice 孔original 最初的orth-phosphate 正磷酸盐ounc 盎司outlet 出口overflow lip 溢流口overflow weir 溢流堰oxhydryl 羟基oxidation stage 氧化态Ppaddle 挡板paddle 闸板，叶片pan filter盘式过滤机parallel 平行paramagnetic salt 顺磁性的盐paramagnetic 顺磁性parameter 参数parameters 参数partition 分配，分布patented 专利peat 泥炭percolates 浸透，渗出performance 性能perimeter 周边periodic table 周期表peripheral 辅助资料，其他资料periphery drive mechanism周边传动装置permanent magnetic separator 永磁磁选机permeable base 有孔底板permeable 有渗透性的petzite针碲银矿，碲金银矿pH modifier pH调整剂phenol 苯酚phosphate rock 磷酸盐phsico-chemical 物理化学的pick-up 抽吸作用pine oil 松节油pinning effect 吸附效应plate and frame filter press 板框式压缩机plating 镀层，电镀platinum group 铂族platinum 铂plotted 绘制plunge 浸没pneumatic machine 充气浮选机polarity 极性polarity 极性polarity 正负极pollutant 污染物polyacrylamide 聚丙烯酰胺polyelectrolyte 聚合电解质polyglycols 聚乙二醇polymer 聚合体polymeric 高分子的porcelain 瓷器pores 孔pores 孔隙，毛孔porosity 孔隙率porous medium 多孔介质porous 多孔的potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾potassium ethyl xanthate 乙基钾黄药potassium 钾practicable 可行的preceding 之前的precipitate 沉淀precipitated 沉淀precipitation 沉淀precise 精确的preclude 阻止preconditioning 预处理，预先调浆preferentially 优先地pregnant solution 母液preliminary 初步的pressure filter 压滤机profitable 有益的progressive 先进的provision 措施proximity 接近，邻近pseudo-sulphide 准硫化物pulp 矿浆pumping 抽pumps 泵pure 纯purification 提纯purifying 净化pyrometallurgy 热冶学pyrrhotite 雌黄铁矿pyrrhotite 雌黄铁矿pyrrotite 雌黄铁矿Qquebracho 白雀树皮汁quiescent 静止的Rradial vaned wheel 径向叶片railway ballast 道碴rake 倾斜，耙子，刮板raking mechanism 耙动机构rayon 人造丝reagent 试剂recirculated 循环的rectify 整流reducing agent 还原剂reef 矿脉refined 提炼reflector 反射体regulate 调节regulator 调整剂regulator 调整剂rejection 丢弃remanence 剩磁，剩余磁感应repelled 排斥repellent 疏水的reprocessing 再处理repulsion 排斥repulsion 排斥repulsive 排斥residue 残留物resilient 回弹的，弹性的resilient 有回弹力的，能恢复原态的resin acid 树脂酸resin 树脂restrict 限制retained 保持retard 阻止，延缓retarding 阻碍reversal 逆转reversal 逆转，反向reverse flotation 反浮选reverse 反向rigidity 刚度，刚体roast 焙烧rotary kiln 回转炉rotary thermal dryer 回转热力干燥机rotary-disc filter 转盘式过滤机rotary-drum filter 回转筒式过滤机rotor 转子rough 粗选rougher 粗选槽rubidium 铷rutile deposit 金红石矿床Ssaponin 皂角苷scanning electron microscope 扫描电子显微镜scaper 刮板scavenge 扫选scavenger 扫选槽scheelite 白钨矿scheelite 白钨矿schist 片岩scouring 冲洗，精炼scraper 刮刀screening filter 筛式过滤机scroll 螺旋sedimentary rock 沉积岩sedimentation 沉淀，沉降segment 段，链段，片段seismic 地震selective 可选的self-cementing 自身粘合semi-autogenous 半自磨机settle into 沉降settling aid 沉降助剂settling aid 沉降助剂settling rate 沉降速度shaft 轴shale 页岩shallow 浅的sharp separation 精细分选shear force 剪切力shear 剪切side reaction 副反应siderite 菱镁矿sift out 淘汰silica 硅石siliceous 硅酸盐siliceous 含硅的，硅质的simulaneously 同时地sink launder 沉物槽sink-and-float process 浮-沉过程skin flotation 表层浮选slime coating 矿泥罩盖slime 流动，黏slipstream 气流slope 倾斜的slopes 斜率sloping 倾斜的slow-floating 难浮的sludge-well 排矿井sluiced into 流出smelted 精炼smithsonite 菱锌矿soda ash 苏打灰sodium bisulphite 亚硫酸钠sodium borate 硼酸钠sodium carbonate 碳酸钠sodium carbonate 碳酸钠sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠sodium nitrate 硝酸钠sodium oleate 油酸钠sodium silicate 硅酸钠solely 仅仅solubility 溶解性spacecraft 航天器spans 贯穿sphalerite 闪锌矿sphalerite 闪锌矿splitter plate 分矿板，分隔板sponge 海绵spontaneous 自发的spray pipe 喷嘴stable 稳定stablised 使坚固stainless steel 不锈钢standpipe 喉管starch 淀粉starch 淀粉static 静止的static 静止的steady 稳定的stibnite 辉锑矿stirrer 搅拌器stirrer 搅拌器stoichiometric 化学计量stope 采矿场strontium 锶sub-aeration machine 底部充气浮选机submerged 淹没substantial 实质上，大体上sud 肥皂泡，泡沫sulfated detergent 硫酸化洗涤剂sulfhydryl 硫基sulfide 硫化物sulfonate 磺酸盐sulfonated castor acid 磺化蓖麻油sulphidation 硫化作用sulphide 硫化物sulphidiser 硫化剂sulpho group 硫基sulphocyanate 硫氰酸sulphonated detergent 磺酸化洗涤剂sulphuric acid 硫酸super conducting intensity magnetic separator 超导磁选机supercharging 增压superconducting 超导的superficial 表面的supplementary 补充的，附加的support bearing 支撑轴承surface charge 表面电荷surfactant 表面活性剂surge tank 缓冲槽，振动箱survive 存在susceptibility 磁化率，灵敏性susceptible 易受影响的susceptivity 灵敏性，敏感性suspended 悬浮suspension 悬浮体，悬浮液sustain 维持sylvanite 针碲金银矿sylvite 钾盐symthetic 合成Ttabulated 制表tailings disposal 尾矿处理tailings impoundment 尾矿池take no account of 不考虑talc 滑石tangential 切向的tannin 丹宁tendency 倾向terminal interfacial energy 终态界面能terpineol 萜品醇，松油醇tesla 特斯拉tetrabromoethane 四溴乙烷tetrachloride 四氯化物tetramethylammonium 四甲基铵thallium formate 甲酸亚铊thallium malonate 丙二酸铊therimic regeneration 热再生thermal drying 热力干燥thermal 热的thermodynamics 热力学thick 浓的thickener 浓密机。

姓名：胡启武性别：男出生年月：1979年7月最后学历：博士职称：副教授职务、兼职、荣誉称号江西省地理学会副秘书长主要教育经历：●1997.9-2001.7 安徽师范大学地理系地理专业本科/学士●2001.9-2004.7 中国科学院西北高原生物研究所生态学专业研究生/硕士●2004.9-2007.7 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态学专业研究生/博士主要研究方向：主要研究方向为气候变化与生态系统碳循环、生态化学计量学等。

目前主要关注气候变化、人类活动对鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的影响，以及鄱阳湖沙山治理过程中的植物-土壤养分变化。

获奖情况：2011年获江西师范大学青年教师课堂教学竞赛一等奖主要论文、论著胡启武, 朱丽丽, 幸瑞新, 尧波, 胡斌华. 鄱阳湖苔草湿地甲烷释放特征. 生态学报, 2011, 31 (17):4851-4857.胡启武, 幸瑞新, 朱丽丽, 吴琴, 尧波, 刘影, 胡斌华. 鄱阳湖苔草湿地非淹水期CO2释放特征. 应用生态学报, 2011,22(6): 1431-1436吴琴，胡启武, 曹广民, 李东. 高寒矮嵩草草甸冬季CO2释放特征. 生态学报, 2011,31（18）：5107-5112.胡启武, 吴琴, 郑林, 张锋, 宋明华, 欧阳华.青海云杉稳定性碳同位素组成对水分温度变化的响应.山地学报, 2010,28（6）:712-717.Qi-Wu Hu, Qin Wu, Guang-Min Cao, Dong Li, Yue-Si Wang. Growing season ecosystem respirations and associated component fluxesin two alpine meadows on Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 2008, 50(3):271-279.HU Qi-wu, SONG Ming-hua, OUYANG Hua, LIU Xian-de. Variations in leaf N, P of Picea crassifolia along the altitude gradient inQilian Mountains. Acta Bot.Boreal.-Occident.Sin, 2007, 27(10):2072-2079.HU Qiwu, CAO Guangmin, WU Qin, LI Dong, WANG Yuesi. Comparative study on CO2 emissions from different types of alpine meadowsduring the grass exuberance period. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2004, 14(2):167-176.Minghua Song, Xingliang Xu, Qiwu Hu, Yuqiang Tian, Hua Ouyang, Caiping Zhou.Interactions of plant species mediated plantcompetition for inorganic nitrogen with soil microorganisms in an alpine meadow. Plant and Soil, 2007, 297:127–137.Hirota M, Tang YH, Hu QW, Hirata S, Kato T, Mo WH, Cao GM, Mariko S. Carbon dioxide dynamics and controls in a deep-water wetlandon the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Ecosystems, 2006, 9 (4):673-688Mitsuru Hirota, Yanhong Tang, Qiwu Hu, Tomomichi Kato, Shigeki Hirata, Wenhong Mo, Guangmin Cao, Shigeru Mariko. The potentialimportance of grazing to the fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane in an alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39:5255–5259.主持项目：国家自然基金面上项目“鄱阳湖湿地土壤有机碳分解的温度敏感性研究”鄱阳湖重点实验室开放项目“鄱阳湖湿地植物C、N、P化学计量时空格局及对水位变化的响应”联系方式通信地址:江西省南昌市紫阳大道99号.办公地点：瑶湖校区方荫楼2区（地理与环境学院）邮编: 330022Email: huqiwu1979@。