大学化工专业英语Lesson-3
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化学化工专业英语.ppt
第三章 单
词
• 单词是构成句子的基本要素之一，因此， 单词的翻译直接关系到句子3.1.1 可数名词复数前没有数量词时，一般要 把复数含义翻译出来，即在名词前加译“一 些，这些，许多”等词，例如： • The teacher may be asked questions. 可以向老师提一些问题。 • Our first electronic computers were made in 1958. 我国首批电子计算机是1958年制成的。 • we are students of Henan University. 我们是河南大学的学生。
3.1.3 a(an)+名词（可数，不可数）单数表示“一类” 时，不能译出不定冠词“a(an)”
Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal. 盐也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢而获得。
An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions(H+) in water solution and a base as one that would form hydroxide ions(OH-) in the same. 人们曾把酸定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的 物质，而碱则是在同样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子 的物质。
• 注：对于billion及其以上的数字，英语和美语的 译法不同，翻译时应视此句出于何种国家的刊物 而定。 英语 美语 million 106 106 billion 1012（万亿） 109（十亿） trillion 1018（百万兆） 1012（兆,百万个百万） quadrillion 1024（百万的四次方）1015（一千的五次方） quintillion 1030（百万的五次方） 1018（百万之三次方）
词
• 单词是构成句子的基本要素之一，因此， 单词的翻译直接关系到句子3.1.1 可数名词复数前没有数量词时，一般要 把复数含义翻译出来，即在名词前加译“一 些，这些，许多”等词，例如： • The teacher may be asked questions. 可以向老师提一些问题。 • Our first electronic computers were made in 1958. 我国首批电子计算机是1958年制成的。 • we are students of Henan University. 我们是河南大学的学生。
3.1.3 a(an)+名词（可数，不可数）单数表示“一类” 时，不能译出不定冠词“a(an)”
Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal. 盐也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢而获得。
An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions(H+) in water solution and a base as one that would form hydroxide ions(OH-) in the same. 人们曾把酸定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的 物质，而碱则是在同样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子 的物质。
• 注：对于billion及其以上的数字，英语和美语的 译法不同，翻译时应视此句出于何种国家的刊物 而定。 英语 美语 million 106 106 billion 1012（万亿） 109（十亿） trillion 1018（百万兆） 1012（兆,百万个百万） quadrillion 1024（百万的四次方）1015（一千的五次方） quintillion 1030（百万的五次方） 1018（百万之三次方）
化学化工专业英语课件
deci-分 decigram 分克(1/10克)；decimeter 分米
centi- 厘 centimeter 厘米；centigram厘克
nano- 纳
nanometer纳米；
nanosecond十亿分之一秒（10-9秒）
milli-毫 millimeter毫米；millilitre毫升； milligram毫克
需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另 有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。
数字 拉丁或希 烷烃-ane 烷基-yl 烯烃-ene 腊前缀 alkane alkyl Alkene
炔烃-yne 醇-ol alkyne alcohol
醛-al aldehyde
one mono- methane methyl
4.名词+动名词（n.+v.ing）
paper-making 造纸 ship-building 造船 Machine-shaping ？
5.其他构成方式
By-product 副产品（介词+名词） Make-up 化妆品（动词+副词） Out-of-door 户外 （副词+介词+名词） Pick-me-up 兴奋剂 （动词+代词+副词）
2.形容词+名词（adj.+n.）
其意义关系是前者修饰后者 Blueprint periodic table mixed-powder atomic weight
3.动名词+名词（v.ing+n.）
动名词所表示的是与被修饰词有关的 动作，而名词所表示的是可用的场所或物 品。 Launching site 发射场 flying-suit 飞行衣 navigating instrument ？
新编化学化工专业英语
前几课翻译链接：/s/1o6qiyuQLesson 10 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes. Thermodynamics is closely related to statistical mechanics from which many thermodynamic relationships can be derived.热力学是物理能量，热，工作过程，熵和自发性。
热力学是密切相关的统计力学，热力学关系可以推导出。
While dealing with processes in which systems exchange matter or energy, classical thermodynamics is not concerned with the rate at which such processes take place, termed kinetics. For this reason, the use of the term “thermodynamics”usually refers to equilibrium thermodynamics. In this connection, a central concept in thermodynamics is that of quasistatic processes, which are idealized, “infinitely slow”processes. Time-dependent thermodynamic processes are studied by non-equilibrium thermodynamics.在处理中，系统交换物质或能量的过程，经典热力学不关心这些过程发生的速率，称为动力学。
化工专业英语翻译
元素是单纯的物质，不能通过一般的化学变化分解成为更简单的物质。目前已知有109个元素。一些你熟悉的常见元素是碳、氧、铝、铁、氮和金。元素是组成物质的基本单元，就象0到9的数字是组成数的基本单元一样。就我们所知，已经在地球上发现的元素也是组成整个宇宙的元素。
About 85% of (85 percent of) the elements can be found in nature , usually combined with other elements in minerals and vegetable matter or in substances like water and carbon dioxide. Copper, silver, gold, and about 20 other elements can be found in highly pure forms. Sixteen elements are not found in nature; they
Lesson one Elements and Compounds
元素与化合物
Elements are pure substances that can not be decomposed(分解) into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changes. At present there are 109 known elements. Some common elements that are familiar to you are carbon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, copper, nitrogen, and gold. The elements are the building blocks of matter just as the numerals 0 through 9 are the building blocks for numbers. To the best of1 our knowledge, the elements that have been found on the earth also comprise(包含) the entire universe.
化工专业英语
H2SO3 sulfurous acid
HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid 偏磷酸
3. Nomenclature of bases （碱的命名）
元素名称 + hydroxide
NaOH sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide
H3O＋ hydronium ion
1.2. Names of Anions（阴离子的命名）
1.2.1 monatomic anions (单原子阴离子)： 以-ide结尾
H－ hydride ion (H: hydrogen)
O2 oxide ion (O: oxygen)
N3 nitride ion (N: nitrogen)
旧的方法: 用bi-前缀来表示：HSO4－ bisulfate ion
HCO3 bicarbonate ion
2. Nomenclature of Acids （酸的命名）
2.1 无氧酸 (即阴离子以-ide结尾的酸)
前缀hydro- + 元素名称 + 后缀-ic acid
HCl hydrochloric acid
•Silicon 铝•G[ deʒrəm:'maeniniuiəmm (]锗)
• • •
Potassium • Rubidium (铷) Cesium (铯) •
Strontium (锶)
[ 'strɔntiəm ]
Barium (钡)
•Gallium (镓) •Tin 锡 •Indium (铟) •Lead 铅 •Thallium (铊)
大学化学专业英语Lesson 3_organic
Here is an important list of rules to follow:
1. The parent chain is numbered so that the multiple bonds have the lowest numbers (double and triple bonds have priority over alkyl and halo substituents).
3. When both double and triple bonds are present, the -en suffix follows the parent chain directly and the -yne suffix follows the -en suffix (notice that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double bond(s) is(are) indicated before the parent name as before, and the location of the triple bond(s) is(are) indicated between the -en and -yne suffixes. See below for examples.
CH3 CH H2C CH2
methylcyclopropane
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH3
CH CH3
CH2 CH3
5-sec-butyl-2,7-dimethylnonane
CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3
1. The parent chain is numbered so that the multiple bonds have the lowest numbers (double and triple bonds have priority over alkyl and halo substituents).
3. When both double and triple bonds are present, the -en suffix follows the parent chain directly and the -yne suffix follows the -en suffix (notice that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double bond(s) is(are) indicated before the parent name as before, and the location of the triple bond(s) is(are) indicated between the -en and -yne suffixes. See below for examples.
CH3 CH H2C CH2
methylcyclopropane
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH3
CH CH3
CH2 CH3
5-sec-butyl-2,7-dimethylnonane
CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3
化工专业英语翻译（全21单元）
化工专业英语翻译（全21单元）化学工程与工艺专业英语课文翻译Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业...................................................................................... - 1 -Unit 2 Research and Development研究和开发................................................................... - 3 -Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers化学工程师的例行工作............................ - 5 -Unit 4 Sources of Chemicals化学资源................................................................................. - 7 -Unit 5 Basic Chemicals基本化学品...................................................................................... - 9 -Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes氯碱及其相关过程.......................................... - 10 -Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea氯、硝酸和尿素................................................... - 12 -Unit 8 Petroleum Processing石油加工 .............................................................................. - 15 -Unit 9 Polymers 聚合物 ................................................................................................... - 16 -Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering?什么是化学工程学 .............................................. - 18 -Unit 11 Chemical and Process Thermodynamics化工热力学 ........................................... - 21 -Unit 12 What do we mean by transport phenomena ?如何定义传递现象...................... - 23 -Unit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering化学工程中的单元操作...................... - 24 -Unit14 Distillation蒸馏....................................................................................................... - 26 -Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption溶剂萃取，浸取和吸附................ - 28 -Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying 蒸发、结晶和干燥................................. - 31 -Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering化学反应工程 ..................................................... - 33 -Unit18 Chemical Engineering Modeling化工建模 ............................................................. - 36 -Unit 19 Introduction to Process Design过程设计简介...................................................... - 37 -Unit 20 Material Science and Chemical Engineer材料科学和化学工程........................... - 39 -Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment化学工业与环境 ......................................... - 42 - Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
化学化工专业英语讲义3
第二部分化学化工专业基础知识第二节Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry一．The Need for Classification of Organic Compounds The field of organic chemistry is vast, for it includes not only the composition of all living organisms but also of a great many other materials that we use daily.It is physically impossible for one to study the properties of each of the hundreds of thousands of known organic compounds. Hence organic compounds with similar structural features are grouped into series or classes. Some of the classes of organic compounds are hydrocarbons, alcohols,aldehydes,ketones,ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, carbohydrates, and proteins. Each of these classes of compounds is identified by certain characteristic structural features.⏹hydrocarbons, 烃类，碳氢化合物⏹alcohols, 醇类⏹aldehydes, 醛类⏹ketones, 酮类⏹ethers, 醚类⏹carboxylic acids, 羧酸⏹esters, 酯类⏹carbohydrates,糖类，碳水化合物1. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to each other by covalent bonds.Several series of hydrocarbons are known. These include the alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.alkanes, [‘ælkeinz]烷烃alkenes, [‘ælki:nz]烯烃alkynes, [‘ælkainz]炔烃aromatic hydrocarbons，芳香烃Classification of Hydrocarbons：1.1 Aliphatic compounds (脂肪烃)Rule A-1. Saturated Unbranched-chain Compounds and Univalent RadicalsRule A-2. Saturated Branched-chain Compounds and Univalent RadicalsRule A-3. Unsaturated Compounds and Univalent Radicals1.1.1 Alkanes (C n H2n+2)1.1.1.1 Straight-Chain Alkanes一．“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是―element‖，有时为了区别，在强调―单质‖时可用―free element‖。
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译-Unit 3 Typical Activities of Che
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译-Unit3 Typical Activities of ChemicalEngineers本文将介绍化学工程师在日常工作中的一些典型活动。
化学工程师旨在将化学与工程学的原理应用于产业中，解决生产过程中的各种问题并开发新产品。
化学工程师随着技术的发展和市场的变化而发展和变化。
但以下是其典型活动：第一，设计新的工艺流程。
化学工程师需要了解化学反应原理、物质转化和热量传递方程式，以及流体力学和系统分析等方面的知识，创造出新的工艺流程。
在此基础上，他们可以设计出化学反应器、分离装置和加工设备等。
而在设计之前，化学工程师会根据产品需求和工厂生产线等因素，制定经济可行性和技术可行性分析，制定整个流程方案。
第二，工厂的设计和规划。
这些安装要求使用化学工程师的技能和知识。
工程师需要考虑由工厂所需的供电、供水和废物处理等各个方面。
他们需要选择合适的材料和设备，也需要在设计中采用节能和环境保护技术。
他们也必须为紧密的安全要求和法律法规做好准备。
第三，处理产品的生产和质量控制。
生产线上的任何错误都有可能导致生产过程劣化和生产失败。
化学工程师通过控制生产过程的不同参数和调整生产中的机器设备、材料流程和成品质量保障等，确保产品的质量和产品的性能。
如果有任何生产上的问题，他们都需要快速响应，并及时寻找解决方法。
第四，进行研究和开发。
在工业生产中，研究和开发是至关重要的。
化学工程师必须熟悉当前和未来的技术发展。
他们需要收集和分析大量的数据和材料，以探索和开发新的技术和产品，面对多种工艺流程，为生产线输入新的元素。
第五，进行销售和市场分析。
销售和市场分析也是化学工程师需要了解的另一个方面。
他们需要熟悉市场需求和市场潜力。
工程师必须在市场竞争激烈的环境中发挥创新、争取同行的业务和合作伙伴，为他们的产品寻找最佳销售渠道。
第六，维护和管理设备。
对于工厂设备的维护和管理是保证生产线平稳运转的必要条件。
化工专业英语全解
增加回收利用的动力和无废物排放工厂的理想在下个十年里是影响工业开展 的主要因素。
5
Bulk chemical industry: 大化工
Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes
The segment is normally taken to include~~~~.
9
These are used by industries that need the liquid sodium, mainly in the production of tetra-alkyl lead petroleum additives, though the petroleum additive companies are diversifying and other uses may appear.
The industry will move more to serving the rest of the chemical industry and less to serving the farming industry.
工业将趋向于效劳化学工业的其余局部，而不是农业。
Another threat is the perceived environmental messiness of many large-scale
Extent of branching: 支链长度 Crossing-linking: 交联
Random copolymer: 无规共聚物 Alternating copolymer:交替共聚物 Block copolymer: 嵌段共聚物
Multiply: 增加
同一聚合物根据最终的应用有许多不同级别，例如说，不同的分子量、分子量分布、 支链长度、交联等等，当考虑到共聚物时〔无规共聚物，交替共聚物，嵌段共聚物〕， 这些级别还会增加。
5
Bulk chemical industry: 大化工
Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes
The segment is normally taken to include~~~~.
9
These are used by industries that need the liquid sodium, mainly in the production of tetra-alkyl lead petroleum additives, though the petroleum additive companies are diversifying and other uses may appear.
The industry will move more to serving the rest of the chemical industry and less to serving the farming industry.
工业将趋向于效劳化学工业的其余局部，而不是农业。
Another threat is the perceived environmental messiness of many large-scale
Extent of branching: 支链长度 Crossing-linking: 交联
Random copolymer: 无规共聚物 Alternating copolymer:交替共聚物 Block copolymer: 嵌段共聚物
Multiply: 增加
同一聚合物根据最终的应用有许多不同级别，例如说，不同的分子量、分子量分布、 支链长度、交联等等，当考虑到共聚物时〔无规共聚物，交替共聚物，嵌段共聚物〕， 这些级别还会增加。
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大学化工专业英语Lesson-3The Second Law of Thermodynamics热力学第二定律Thermodynamics is concerned with transformation of energy, and the laws of thermodynamics describe the bounds within which these transformation are observed to occur.热力学讨论的是能量的转换，热力学定律描述了这些转变能够发生的边界条件。
The first law, stating that energy must be conserved in all ordinary processes, has been the underlying principle of the preceding chapters.第一定律指出了在一般过程中，能量是守恒的，它是前面章节遵循的根本原则。
The first law imposes no restriction on the direction of energy transformation.第一定律对能量转换的方向性没有限制。
Yet, all our experience indicates the existence of such a restriction.然而，我们的经验表明这种限制的存在。
To complete the foundation for the science of thermodynamics, it is necessary to formulate this second limitation. Its concise statement constitutes the second law. 为了完善热力学的科学基础，有必要规定第二个限制条件，它简洁的内容构成了第二定律。
The differences between the two forms of energy, heat and work, provide some insight into the second law.两种形式的能量：热和功之间的不同，为第二定律提供了一些见解。
These differences are not implied by the first law.这些不同是第一定律中没有提到的。
In an energy balance both work and heat are included as simple additive terms, implying that one unit of heat, such as a joule or BTU, is equivalent to the same unit of work.在能量平衡中，功和热作为简单的加和项，表明了，一个单位的热，如1J或1BTU，等于相同单位的功。
Although this is true with respect to an energy balance.虽然这是真正的能量平衡。
Experience teaches that there is a difference in quality between heat and work.经验告诉我们，热和功之间有一个质量的差异。
This experience can be summarized by the following facts.这方面的经验可以从以下事实中总结出来。
First, the efficiency of the transformation from one form of work to another such as electrical to mechanical as accomplished in an electric motor, can be made to approach 100 percent as closely as is desired.首先，使得从一种形式的功向另一种形式的功的转换效率尽可能的接近于我们所向往的100%，比如，从电能到机械能的转换能够通过电动机来实现。
One needs merely to exert more and more care in eliminating irreversibilities in the apparatus.我们仅仅需要越来越关心装置设备中不可逆性的消除。
On the other hand, efforts to convert energy transferred to a system as heat into any of the forms of work show this regardless of improvements in the machines employed.另一方面，将转移到系统中的热量转换成任何一种形式的功表明，这与所使用机器的改进无关。
The conversion is limited to low values（40 percent is an approximate maximum）.这种转换率是被限制在一个较小的值内（40%大约是最大值）。
These efficiencies are so low, in comparison with these obtained for the transformation of work from form to another, that there can be no escape from the conclusion that there is an intrinsic difference between heat and work, in the reverse direction, the conversion of work into heat with 100 percent efficiency is very common.与不同形式的功之间转换的效率相比，这些效率是太低了，以至于得出一个不可逃避的结论：热与功之间有一个本质的不同，在相反的方向上，功向热转换的效率为100%，这是非常普通的。
Indeed, efforts are made in nearly every machine to eliminate this conversion, which decrease efficiency of operation.事实上，为了消除这种转变，我们在努力改进几乎每台机器，这降低了操作效率。
These facts lead to the conclusion that heat is a less versatile or more degraded form of energy than work.从这些事实中可以得出一个结论，热与功相比，没有那么多变，没有更多能量的退化形式。
Work might be termed energy of a higher quality than heat.功可以被称为是比热具有更高质量的能量。
To draw further upon our experience, we know that heat always flows from a higher temperature level to a lower one, and never in the reverse direction.为了进一步的总结我们的经验，我们知道从高温到低温将会产生热量，然而在相反的方向上不会有热量产生。
This suggests that heat itself may be assigned a characteristic quality as well as quantity, and that this quality depends upon temperature, the relation of temperature to the quality of heat is evident from the increased in efficiency with which heat may be converted into work as the temperature of the source is raised.这表明，热本身可能被分配了一定的质量和数量，这个质量取决于温度，从增加的效率来看，温度和热的质量的关系是明显的：在这样的效率下，随着原始材料温度的升高，热能够转化成功。
For example, the efficiency, or work output per unit of fuel burned, of a stationary power plant increases as the temperature of the steam in the boiler and superheater rises.例如，一个固定式发电站的效率，或者燃烧每单位燃料的输出功，随着锅炉或过热器中蒸汽温度的升高而增加。
Statements of the Second Law第二定律的陈述The observations just described are results of the restriction imposed by the second law on the direction of actual processes. Many general statements may be made which described this restriction and hence, serve as statements of the second law. Two of the most common are:刚刚描述的观察结果是第二定律对实际过程在方向上的限制的结果。
许多通用的语句能够描述这个限制，因此，这些描述可以作为第二定律的陈述。
最常见的两个是：1. No apparatus can operate in such a way that its only effect（in system and surroundings）is to convert heat absorbed by a system completely into work.1. 没有设备能够仅仅产生这样一种影响：实现将系统吸收的热量全部转化成功。
2. Any process which consists solely in the transfer of heat from one temperature to a higher one is impossible.任何一个从低温到高温的过程仅仅包含热量的转移是不可能的。