英语学术论文写作类型共38页文档

英文学术论文范文一：英美文学中文学批评的多元化探讨摘要：英美文学中的文学批评存在多种不同的理论，不同理论学派所持有的观点也不尽相同，每个学派之间都有其丰富的理论基础，从多维的角度去进行主客观的文学批评，正是因为文学批评有着其自身科学性、审美性、公信力等方面的特点，能够包容多种批评学派的存在，对文学作品进行客观、科学的批评。

关键词：英美文学;文学批评一、文学批评理论在英美文学教学中的意义目前我国大多数院校都开设了相应的文学教育理论课程，而在关于英美文学的教学过程中，文学批评与文学教学是相辅相成的关系，文学批评可以从其独特的视角关注和解读英美文学作品，得到与众不同的观点，从而充分了解了整部英美文学作品的历史意义和内涵。

文学批评也为英美文学教学提供了一把打开其大门的钥匙，让学生有机会从不同的角度，不同的观点、不同的思想关注英美文学，更好地促进了英美文学的发展。

以文学批评基本理论为依据，应用到英美文学教学中，将有助于在学习作品过程中，避免传统的、印象式的解读，使学生通过对原著的充分解读，仔细品味原著中作者想要表达的观点，以及写作的手法，培养学生踏实阅读的学风，还能够让学生充分感受到文学的魅力，增强学习兴趣，提高学习成绩。

二、英美文学中文学批评的多方位表现形式1.英美文学中新批评理论。

上世纪三四十年代开始出现以兰色姆(J.C.Ransom,1888-1974)、威姆塞特(W.K.Wimsatt,1907-1975)等为代表，形成了英美文学中的新批评理论。

他们认为一切从作者的原始写作动机与作者的阅读感受为出发点所进行的文学批评都是错误的谬论，脱离了文学批评的初衷，将文学批评的对象进行了根本的转移，即转移到了文学作品对阅读者心理影响方面上，脱离了被批评对象的本身，从而沦为了单一的印象论。

英美文学中的新批评理论认为单纯依靠阅读者的感觉，会使阅读者产生相对的阅读错觉即带入阅读者已有的自我认知来干扰对作品进行正确的、客观的文学批评。

• When？ Why？ How？
• 避免太多的直接引用； • 更加精确、简短、合适地支撑自己论文的观点； • 更加适合自己论文的风格； • 不是大量copy原文的语句，而是用自己的语言更明确、简
短地说明原文的思想；
• 一般步骤包括：仔细阅读原文，弄明白原文的主要意图， 根据你论文的目的选择相关信息，用自己的语言完整描述 原文思想（不同观点之间可能需要加上不同关联词如’ ‘however’, ‘although’, ‘since’），最后检查自己的综述是否 与原文相符。
Organising at Macro Level
• 一般来说，应该首先根据你的写作目的来组织论文层次结构，如 为了展示一个事物的两个方面；为了尽力阐述某个观点，使读者 信服。
➢ 希望表述清楚不同观点的重要性，Order of Importance ➢ 有很多Topic要阐述清楚，每个Topic可能还有正反不同观点-----
Note：通常一篇论文可能采用多种组织方式，如一篇 研究论文整体结构是Hypothesis - Evidence Conclusion ，在hypothesesvidence 部分采用'Sequential' pattern
Paraphrasing and summarising 解释和总结
文字风格、形式---Patterns in texts
• 先介绍（引入）一个topic或者theme，然后详 细展开或者解释----Topic - Elaboration
• 研究者以a theory or belief on a topic开始，然 后尽力给出facts or evidence，最后draws a conclusion，如研究者说明某个化学物质和癌 症有关；大量用于描述研究行为---Hypothesis – Evidence – Conclusion

Title of Papers
论文标题中，有些冠词可以省略，例如：
(1) Summary on Development of Switched Reluctance Machine 开关磁阻电机发展综述（在Summary前省略 了定冠词The）。
在论文标题中常出现的词汇归纳如下： summary （ 综 述 ） ， development （ 发 展 ） ， application （ 应 用 ） ， comparison （ 比 较 ） ， study （研究），research（研究），experimental research （实验研究），application research（应用研究）， design（设计），analysis（分析），method（方法）， principle（原则），investigation（调查），discussion （讨论）。
科技论文标题的写法
学术文章的标题主要有三种结构：名词性词组(包括动名词)， 介词词组，名词词组+介词词组。间或也用一个疑问句作标题 (多用在人文社会科学领域)，但一般不用陈述句或动词词组作 标题。
一、名词性词组
名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容 词、介词短语，有时也可以是另一个名词。名词修饰名词时， 往往可以缩短标题的长度。以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构 成。例如： Latent demand and the browsing shopper (名词词组+名词词组) Cost and productivity (名词+名词)
学术论文的英文写作简介
三、结论
在正文最后应有结论（Conclusions）或建议 (Suggestions)。 (2) 关于建议可用如下表达方式。 ① It is advantageous to (do) ② It should be realized (emphasized, stressed, noted, pointed out ) that … ③ It is suggested (proposed, recommended, desirable) that … ④ It would be better (helpful, advisable) that…

英语议论文分类1. 问题解决型：/Nowadays，more and more people are concerned about the problem…(问题)/It is important for us to…(问题).For instance_____________________(例一)First，_________________________(原因一).Moreover，_____________________(例二)Second，_______________________(原因二)第二段：People have figured out many ways to solve the problem．/Confronted with…(问题)we should take a series of effective measures to cope with thesituation．Firstly，________________________(解决方法一)Secondly，______________________(解决方法二)第三段：1)Personally，I believe that_______________(我的方法)/To me，I am taking two ways to solve the problem of…(问题)One of them is ________________________(我的方法)The other way is_______________________(方法二)By now ways have been working perfectly and efficient1y…(结果)2)第四段：In conclusion/In a word/To sum up/In summary/Obviously/It’s clear that…/It’s no doubt that….要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径１．问题现状２．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)第一段：阐述问题In recent days, we have to face the problem X, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) 第二段：大家的解决方法Confronted with X, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, --------(解决方法一). For another thing,--------(解决方法二). Finally, --------(解决方法三).Personally, I believe that ------第三段：我的方法(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because -------(带来的好处).2.主段：说明出现这一现象的理由或该现象的具体体现形式尾段：提出建议或措施Problems of trafficA.many drivers do not obey regulation.B.there is air pollution and noise pollution.C.every day there are many traffic jams.SolutionsA.to issue stricter traffic laws and regulations.B.to raise the public awareness of the traffic regulations.C.to encourage more people to use transportation.3. 对比论述型：不同观点对比---列举理由---然后自己的观点.第一段：Some people tend to think that_________________________(观点一)They point out that__________________________________(理由一)Additionally，_____________________________________(理由二)A case in point is___________________________________(举例)Therefore_________________________________________(小结) 第二段：On the contrary，other people hold the view that_____________(观点二) They argue that_______________________________________(理由一)What's more________________________________________(理由二)As an illustration，__________________________________(举例)Accordingly，_____________________________________(小结) 第三段：As far as I am concerned，(I think) ________________________(我的观点) The reason is that_______________________________________(理由一)And also，____________________________________________(理由二) 第四段：So，_________________________________________________ (总结自己的观点)4. 说明利弊型： Advantages & Disadvatages可按：引出问题----分析利弊优劣----提出个人观点/并说明应如何正确对待第一段：提出问题with the society developing, …has become popular .Nowadays ,there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) ....In fact ,there are both advantages and disadvantages in ...Nowadays many people prefer ...Because it has a significant role in our daily life.Recently the issue of whether or not ...has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.There are two major arguments that can be made for ....For one thing ,...can bring ...to ....For another ,it is widely hold that people usually ...when...But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to ...For instance ,it can be ....Besides.....第二段：分析问题Those who are in favor of … claim that it has a lot of advantages.Firstly….Secondly…,Besides(in addition)….Last but not least,...Those who are opposed to ...think that there are many disadvantages.In the first place...,in the second place ,.... Lastly(Finally)....Generally speaking,it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows .Firsrly ,Secondly ,...Just as a famous saying goes"every coin has two sides" ...is no exception .It still has negative aspects.To begin with, In addition ...Generally ,its advantages can be seen as follows.First ,second,besides.But every coin has two sides .The negativeaspects are also apparent. ONe of the important disadvantages is the ...To make things worse,...第三段：提出个人观点As far as I am concerned ,the advantages of ...outweigh its disadvantages.First, Second , Third ,Besides .To sum up ,we should try to bring the advantages of ...into full play,and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case ,we will definitely make a better use of the...Through the above analysis,I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones .Therefore I would like to ...From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of ... we should try to reduce its negative effects.Only in this way ,...第一段：[某观点/某件事/某现象有利(列举好处)]Whenever we hear people say that_____(主题)we'll instantly have the idea that it is a good／bad thing for_______(某人)Indeed，_________(主题)have advantages to_____________(某人)We can take_____________________(举例)as an example…．It will benefit____________________(好处一)In addition______________________(好处二)第二段：[也有弊(列举弊端)]In the mean time，we must realize those disadvantages of____(主题) First of all，_______________(坏处一)Second,___________________(坏处二)第三段：[应如何正确对待]To sum up the above arguments，I think a proper attitudetowards__________(主题) is that_______________________(我的观点)对立观点式A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么？B．有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么？C．我的看法。

英语专业毕业论文写作格式说明一、总的装订顺序（亦即本说明之排列顺序）1. 外封（格式要求）2. 内封（中文）（格式要求）3. 内封（英文）(格式要求)4. 目录（格式要求）5. 摘要（中文）（格式要求）6. 摘要（英语）（格式要求）7. 正文（格式要求）8. 参考文献（格式要求）9. 致谢（格式要求）10. 附录（格式要求）二、特别提示：1. 本文本之页码、内容等仅为格式参考，具体内容以论文的实际内容为准。

但装订顺序不变。

2. 论文有关页面所应填写的文本的内容、字体、字号、排列位置以及上下空行等以本文本中之格式为准。

一般不做专门说明，请参照执行。

各例句的编号是从头到尾统一编号，其编号格式要统一，如:E.g. 1.E.g. 2.E.g. 3.如果例句是英汉对照的，可采用：E.g. 1a.E.g. 1b.E.g. 2a.E.g. 2b.E.g. 3a.E.g. 3b.以此类推。

4. 因为各种举例包含有句子，有短语，也有段落，要采用统一的相应的格式。

书名用斜体，诗歌、文章名用引号，但自成一书的诗集及史诗按书名处理，用斜体。

详见论文范文后面的专门说明。

5. 审核表是论文开题前，由学院对学生选题的筛选内容，所以不随本论文装订，而是单独上交。

以下是论文全部文件的模板及说明。

建议不必新建文件，就直接在这个版本上打字替换有关内容。

注意把与你自己的论文无关的内容删掉或替换。

毕业论文题目名称：思维方式差异对英汉翻译的影响题目类型：研究论文学生姓名：张三院(系)：外国语学院英语系专业班级：英语11001指导教师：李四辅导教师：时英汉思维差异对翻译的影响张三总计：毕业论文45页指导教师：李四评阅教师：王五完成日期：2014年5月22日题目，黑体，二号。

学生姓名，宋体，小四号，加粗。

论文中文献翻译外文材料的最后一页页码。

The Effect of Thinking Modes on Translation Between English andChineseA ThesisPresented to the School of Foreign LanguagesYangtze UniversityBy Zhang SanIn Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree ofBachelor of ArtsMay, 2014 Thesis Supervisor: Li Si指导老师审查意见 (I)评阅老师评语………………………………….………………………I I答辩会议记录及成绩评定 (III)任务书…………………………………………………………………I V文献综述 (V)中文摘要 (Ⅻ)英文摘要 (X)正文目录 (X)正文 (1)参考文献 (32)致谢 (34)从论文正文引言开始，直致谢，页码用阿拉伯数字从1往后依次排序。

Consider the following project title: “A survey on college students’ awareness of environmental
protection/copyright protection” Discuss the following with a partner: Look at the project title above and highlight the key words/phrases. How is the title framed (e.g. statement/question/heading)? What does the title ask you to do?
- gathering information from various sources;
- organizing this information so that it appropriately answers the needs of the task that the writer has to complete;
The reasons why students carry out extended academic writing activities may s their ideas; to provide evidence to support their ideas; to dispute or support existing theories; to display knowledge.
Internet. e) Write down the details of your sources. f) Decide if you need to do more reading. g) Write the contents page, bibliography, title page and abstract. h) Arrange a tutorial with your tutor. i) Do some reading. j) Decide on a topic. k) Write the first complete draft. l) Highlight/take notes of relevant information. m) Plan the contents in detail. n) Work on establishing a clear focus. o) Make a rough outline plan of your ideas. p) Check that sources are available/accessible.

How to determine the scope of a topic
论文的作者应考虑到在论文有限的篇幅中是否能够充分而又 全面地阐述自己的观点。换言之，作者所选的题目不宜太大， 也不能太小，要与论文篇幅的限制相符，这样才能是论文从 各方面得以充分的论证。一般来说, 论题的来源有两个大的方 面。一方面是来源于理论研究, 另一方面是来源于实践研究。 以英语专业为例，无论是理论还是实践方面, 其学术论文的选 题范围大致都可分为以下几个方面: 1，文学方面的选题 (eg. The Difference between Elizabethan Poetry and Metaphysical Poetry ) 2，翻译方面的选题(eg. Literal Translation and Free Translation ) 3，语言学方面的选题 (eg. On the Formation and Functions of the English Verb- ad- verb Groups ) 4，英语教学法方面的选题 (eg. The Functions of Sociolinguistics in Teaching of English, How to Prepare an Efficient English Test on Students ) 5，特殊用途英语方面的选题 (eg. Time Language in Business Negotiation)
第二节 英文学术论文的写作特点
Wrting Features of Academic Dissertation
Writing Features of Academic Dissertation 与一般论文相比，学术论文具有其特殊性： ◆学术性（academic） ◆探索性（exploratory) ◆创见性（creative） ◆语言的专业性（professional in language)

英语议论文写作类型介绍(英语议论文写作技巧)英语议论文写作类型介绍(英语议论文写作技巧)无论是身处学校还是步入社会，许多人都有过写论文的经历，对论文都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以培养我们的.科学研究能力。

那么问题来了，到底应如何写一篇优秀的论文呢？以下是小编为大家整理的英语议论文写作类型介绍(英语议论文写作技巧)，欢迎阅读与收藏。

（一）对比观点型当前不少文学作品被改编成电影。

有人选择看电影，有人则喜欢读原著。

请你以“Film or book, which do you prefer”为题，按照下列要点写一篇英语短文：1、看电影：省时、有趣、易懂2、读原著：细节更多、语言优美3、我的看法及理由注意：1、词数：1502、参考词汇：original work或book in the original（原著）One possible VersionFilm or book, which do you preferis that it takes less time to understand the whole story. Besides, the film is usually more interesting, and it is easier to follow.They think that they can get more detailed information from the original. Meanwhile, the language in the book is possibly more lively and beautiful. home, reading quietly in a situation of my own, and what’s more, I am able to better understand the author’s ideas. In a word, to read the original work is better than to see the film based on it.（二）方法建议型假如你在一间书店(该书店卖各种杂志和书籍)里打工，书店的老板是一个英国人。

8
第8页，共35页。
Because of its importance, the Abstract has acquired a very rigid structure used by most writers.
In order to find out what this structure is, we look at an Abstract of a research paper from the Journal of Asian Pacific Communication and then ask a number of questions.
11
第11页，共35页。
(4) The study showed that, with proper training, Chinese students could quickly adapt to a student-centred approach, and also provide rich and useful feedback on the writing of their peers. (5) This study has promising implications for educational contexts where students are considered passive learners, teacher-centred learning is the norm, or the process approach to writing faces daunting challenges to its implementation.
4
第4页，共35页。
Because of its importance in academic writing, a research paper has a special form/format that has to be followed if one is to get a good grade from the instructor marking the paper or have the paper published/accepted.

5) Lay-out of the Lectures in this Term
What is an essay?
―An
essay is a short literary composition on a particular theme or subject‖.
can also be defined as ― an analytic or interpretative literary composition usually dealing with its subject from a limited or personal point of view‖.
Examples: scene

The typhoon came out of the sea as a deep hollow roar. Then it appeared as a monstrous black cloud. The cloud seemed a thing alive, shaping itself this way or that, torn by contending winds. However, it might stretch to right or left, it continued to spread upward and reach toward east and west. The day darkened to twilight and the dreaded roar of sound came rushing toward me from out of the depths. I crouched behind my rock and waited.

作文类型及模板（-）现象解释型社会热点现象…解释原因■…你的看法开头1 ・ In the past years, _______ has become a new fashion.2.In recent years, ____ has become a hot issue.3.In recent years, there is a sudden increase of ______ ・4.Recently, __ has become the focus of the society.5.Recently, the problem ___ has been brought into focus.6.Recently, __ has always aroused the greatest concern・7.It seems that the whole society is talking about ____ .8.Nowadays, it is common to hear/ see ____ .9・ Nowadays, _______ has become a common phenomen on.10. Curren什y, an increasing number of people would prefer to _____ ・ Investigating a littlemore, you will find that this has become a craze・中间：分析原因（影响）1.The reason can be attributed to ____ ・2.The reasons for ___ are varied・3・ The reasons can be listed as follows・4.There are many reasons accounting for __ .5. A close analysis will reveal some reasons for this problem.• The main reason is …说明原因一Furthermore, •原因二The last but not the least,.原因三结尾1 ・ From that has been discussed above, we can see clearly （hat…2.Thus, we can safely draw the conclusion that...3.To sum up…•/ To conclude,.../ In conclusion,.../ In general,/ In a word…•/ In brief,…/ Allin all,…或：我的看法Topic sentences （全文模板）1. _ has become hot issue in the society.（总现彖）2.And _ has always aroused the greatest concern.（题目要讨论的具体现象）3.What impresses us most is ___ .（现象的具体表现）4.The reasons for _ （现彖）are varied.（过渡句）5.Among the various reasons, ___ p lays an important role.原因之一6.That is to say, ___ （具体说明原因一）7.What is more, ____ （原因二）8.For example, __ （举例说明原因二）9.When talking about_现象一______ （作者的看法）10.On the one hand, ____ 看法的理rfl—或看法的第一个方面。

华南农业大学珠江学院毕业论文An Analysis of the Ecological Crisis Reflected in the Films of 2012, The Day After Tomorrow, Japan SinksX晓晨指导教师：李昭旭（讲师）系：外国语系年级专业： 2010级英语（英法双语）1班提交日期：2014年 5月10日答辩日期： 2014年5月17日答辩委员会主席（签名）：评阅人（签名）：二〇一四年五月十日Abstract：Ever since human being emerged on this planet, they have been in conflicts with nature. The history of the development of human civilization is also that of man’s increasing destruction of nature. As a result of science and technology revolution, humans gradually master the great technology and have power to put an end to all poverty, but they also possess the power to destroy the world, leaving it uninhabitable and lifeless. Although human being has created enormous wealth,butthese are achieved at the cost to their living environment. The past several decades have witnessed such great changes in the environment that various problems and disasters appeared one by one. Ecological crisis, such as soaring population, unbalanced ecological system and natural resource shortage, continues to pose great threat to the humanbeings’ survival and development. The notion that people are blessed with an abundance of resources has led to the misuse and abuse of the resource. This paper aims at expounding the alerting functionsof movies in politics, economy and culture by describing the ecological crisis in the films 2012, The Day after Tomorrow and Japan sinks...Key Words: conflicts, ecological crisis, films, alerting functions摘要：自人类出现始，人类就与自然处在相互冲突之中。

英语作文类型及模板范文英文回答：Types of English Essays。

There are various types of English essays, each with its own specific purpose and structure. Here are some common types:1. Argumentative Essay:Presents a clear thesis statement and supports it with evidence and reasoning.Aims to persuade the reader to agree with the writer's perspective.Requires a logical and well-supported argument.2. Analytical Essay:Examines a text, concept, or issue in depth.Breaks down the subject into its component parts and discusses their significance.May use textual evidence, personal observations, or outside sources.3. Expository Essay:Explains or informs the reader about a topic.Presents facts, ideas, and concepts in a clear and organized manner.Focuses on providing information and education.4. Narrative Essay:Tells a story or shares a personal experience.Uses descriptive language and vivid imagery to engage the reader.May reflect on past events, personal growth, or significant experiences.5. Compare and Contrast Essay:Examines two or more subjects and identifies their similarities and differences.Highlights key points and draws conclusions about their relationship.Requires a clear understanding of both subjects.6. Cause and Effect Essay:Explores the relationship between an event or action and its consequences.Analyzes the factors that contribute to a problem oroutcome.Presents a logical progression of events and their effects.Essay Templates。

On the evening of July 24, 2021
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B、不用标题语
摘要开头处，不可将标题中用过的词语再 重复一遍。
此外，摘要中也不用图表、方程式、结构 式等非文字性内容，以节省磁带存储空间，便于计算 机的输入和输出。
On the evening of July 24, 2021
On the evening of July 24, 2021
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摘要应能使读者迅速地判明该论文的重要 内容，是否合乎自己所需，有无通读全文的必 要。
因此，作者应从读者的角度出发，在醒目 的标题下，精心撰写摘要，让一次文献（原始 文献）的读者便于浏览，并且稍加修改，甚至 原封不动就能供二次文献（人工检索的文摘、 索引、题录、文献卡以及机读磁带）利用。
英文科技论文的写作格式与特点
It is applicable to work report, lecture and teaching
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科技文章可以个人署名，也可以用集体名 义署名，并写名工作单位和地址，便于联系。 国外有些期刊还要求作者把他的最高学位写出， 以示郑重负责。

议论文写作高中英语议论文的写作，大多有具体要点的限定，所以并不需要旁征博引。

但是，一篇100词左右的议论文，同样必须逻辑严密，结构清晰，语言洗练，必须论有中心，言而有据。

结构（四块论）：议论文的写作，住往从正反两方面来论述，且都有其约定俗成的议论模式，即从“主题句----正面论述----反面论述----结论”四大块去营造文章的基本结构(四块论)。

例文评析Nowadays Nowadays more more more and and more young young people people are going to study study abroad. abroad. Like everything else, studying abroad has both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the favorable aspects can be listed as follows. Firstly, they think by a ending a college in a foreign country they can learn not only useful useful knowledge, knowledge, knowledge, but but but also also also the the the culture culture culture and and and customs customs customs of of of other other other na ons. na ons. Secondly, Secondly, they they they can can can take take take advantage advantage advantage of of of this this this opportunity opportunity opportunity to to to gain gain gain a a a good good command of the foreign language they are learning very quickly. Moreover, they they can can can meet meet meet different different different people people people and and and experience experience experience different different cultures, which may help to broaden their views. Every coin has two sides. The nega ve aspects are also apparent. The costs are much higher than those in their na ve country. Most overseas students have t o work for a living, which can’t allow them to pay all their a en on a en on to to to study. study. study. What’s What’s What’s more, more, more, they they they may may may feel feel feel very very very lonely. lonely. lonely. Through Through above above analysis, analysis, analysis, we we we can can can see see see that that that the the the posi ve posi ve posi ve aspects aspects aspects outweigh outweigh outweigh the the nega ve ones. Therefore, I am in favor of going abroad to study. 例1：人们对于学生网上交友持不同意见。

英文学术论文写作时间:2009-10-27 16:53来源: 作者: 点击:2557次一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题) Abstract(摘要) Keywords(关键词) Tableofcontents(目录) Nomenclature(术语表) Introduction(引言) Method(方法) Results(结果) Discussion(讨论) Conclusion(结论) Acknowledgement(致谢)一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录)Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。

在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。

也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。

因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。

学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。

这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。

Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。

它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。

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