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语言学概论试题及答案A一、填空题、（每空1分，共15分）1、（）的建立，使语言学摆脱了过去的附庸地位，成为一门独立发展的科学。
2、语言符号的形式是（），语言符号的内容是（）3、一个音节可以没有起音和（），但决不可缺少（）。
4、方言词是诣（）。
5、附加在词根上，一般表示附加性词汇意义的语素叫（）。
6、交际的基本单位是（）。
7、语法手段可以分力两大类型：（）和（）。
》8、语言发展有两个特点：（）和（）。
9、根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。
10、文字起源于（记事的图画）。
二、单选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，只有一个答案是正确的，请把你认确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。
多选不给分。
每题1分，共15分）1、社会语言学属于（）①理论语言学②广义应用语言学③普通语言学④狭义应用语言学2、元音［］的名称是（）①舌尖后高圆唇元音②舌尖前高圆唇元音》③舌尖后高不圆唇元音④舌尖前高不圆唇元音3、下列汉字的读音中，包含有三合元音的是（）①邮②欧③玩④农4、汉语普通话音节结构（）①最长由三个音素组成②最长由四个音素组成③最长由五个音素组成④最短由两个音素组成5、下列词中，属于单纯词的是（）①玻璃②黑扳③语言④红旗6、下列词中，属于复台词的是（）①傻子②席子③天子④椅子%7、下列词组中，属于多义的是（）①两只学生送的花瓶②两位学生送的花瓶③两只学生送的花篮。
④两个学生送的花篮8、下列词中粗体的成分，属于同音关系的是（）①杜鲁门——杜绝②负荆一负担③忽然－－突然④花朵——浪花9、英语的‘foot”（脚，单数）变为“feet”（脚，复数）运用的语法手段是（）①附加②异根③内部屈折④重叠10、汉语普通话中的：“卡通片”中的“卡”是一个（）①语素②音节③前缀④词：11、汉语中的：“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只表语义的助词，这属于（）①异化②类化③新语法范畴的形成④实词虚化12、下列语言中属于粘着语的是（）①苗语②越南语③俄语④日语13、在一种语言内部划脑言时，最主要的依据是（）①语法②语义③语音④词汇14、下列词的词义，属于词义缩小的是（）①“皮”原指兽皮②“涕”原指眼泪③“瓦”原指一切烧好的上器④“江”原捐“长江”15、人类几种古老文字的原始字形，都是（）!①象形的②会意的③表音的④形声的三、多选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，正确答案有三个或三个以上多请把为正确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。
语言学概论作业（1）一、名词解释1、语言学2、语言3、符号4、组合关系5、聚合关系二、、填空1、、、具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。
2、是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章成为。
3、结构语言学内部乂分、、三大学派，其中的代表人物是布龙菲尔德，其著作《》是这一学派的奠》性著作。
4、语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。
5、被称为现代语言学之父，它的代表著作是《普通语言学教程》。
6、语言是人类社会的,也是思维的。
7、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性o8、汉语的“哥哥”、“弟弟”，英语用表示，汉语的“舅舅”、“叔叔”、“伯伯”、“姑夫”、“姨夫”，英语用表示。
9、英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个。
10、儿童最早的智力活动就是学习o11＞任何符号是和两个方面组成。
12、一个符号如果没有,就失去了存在的必要，如果没有,我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。
13、语言符号是和的统一体，声音是语言符号的形式。
14、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员o15、语言符号具有和两个特点、16、语言的底层是一套,上层是符号和符号的,可以分为若干级，第…级是, 第二级是, 第三级是o17、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这种关系是和O18、是指符号和符号相互之间在功能上的联系,是指符号在性质上的归类。
19、人类之所以具有语言而动物没有语言，是因为人类具有能力和能力。
三、判断题（正确的打"，错误的打X）1、语言是人类最重要的交际工具。
（）2、文字是人类最重要的阶级工具。
（）3、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同的语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。
（）4、语言具有自然属性，语言是自然现象。
（）5、语言是一种特殊的社会现象。
（）6、语言具体存在于个人的运用之中，所以是个人现象。
姓名学号提醒：以学号作文件名，发送至wangdaoqing2014@《语言学刚要》（修订版）练习与思考题（一）说明：以下题目来自王洪君《语言学刚要学习指导书》并略作调整导言一、名词解释语言学语文学普通语言学共时语言学历史语言学二、填空1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度、希腊-罗马。
2、语言学是19世纪成为独立的学科，其标志是历史比较语言学。
3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。
4、语言交际过程可分为编码–发送–传递–接受–解码五个阶段。
5、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵文。
6、音韵学、文字学、训诂学是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。
三、判断正误（正确的在题号后的括号内打“√”，错误的打“×”。
）1、语文学主要是研究古代的口语和书面语。
（×）2、语言有自身结构的独立性，与系统外的社会环境没有关系。
（×）3、理论语言学是研究语言一般规律的，不受具体语言研究影响。
（×）4、语言形式和内容的关系是语言研究的根本问题。
（√）四、思考题1、语言与人类社会生活有哪些密切关联？答：一、语言是一种社会现象，和人类社会有紧密的联系，语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素。
人与人之间的联系得靠语言来维持，没有语言，人与人之间的联系就会中断，社会就会解体。
二、语言在社会中最基本的功能是信息传递功能，这一功能体现在语言上就是内容的表达，信息的传递就是人与人之间交流的基本方式。
通过信息的交流，人们才可以在社会中彼此分享各自的经验感知，更好地分工协作。
三、语言可以建立或保持某种社会关联，就是语言的人际互动功能。
互动包括两个方面，一个是说话者在说话中表达自己的情感、态度、意图，另一方面这些又对受话者施加了影响，得到相应的语言或者行动上的反馈，从而达到某种实际效果。
2、语文学研究有哪些特征?答：语文学是从文献角度研究语言文学学科的总称，它以文献评审为主，目的在于解释、注疏和考订。
《语言学概论》练习（一）[语言的性质]一、名词解释1.语言：语言是以语音为物质基础（物质外壳）的、音义结合的符号系统，是人类社会最重要的交际工具和人类思维的重要工具。
2.言语：言语是语言的运用，即人们凭借语音、语汇、语法规则等作为工具交流思想感情。
这个使用语言进行交际的过程可以称为言语行为或言语活动；而言语活动的成果即句子或话语等，可以称为言语作品。
3.组合关系：符号和符号组合起来的关系称为符号的组合关系。
符号的组合关系是有条件的。
符号和符号的组合形成语言的结构。
例如：“红”“花”这两个符号可以形成“红花”“花红”两种结构关系和性质不同的组合。
4.聚合关系：在链条的某一环节上能够互相替换的符号具有某种相同的作用，它们自然地聚集成群。
它们彼此的关系叫做聚合关系。
例如：在符号组合的链条“红花”中，可以跟“红”形成聚合关系的语言符号还有“蓝、白、紫、大、小、好、香”等，能够跟“花”构成聚合关系的语言符号有“光、线、旗、衣服、脸蛋、房子、眼睛”等。
5.语言机制：语言机制就是语言在人类交际过程中是如何起作用的，即语言在人类交际中起作用的方式。
语言机制主要有预设机制、排除机制、补偿机制、多余机制、类推机制、对称机制、经济机制等等。
6.语言能力：掌握语言既需要有灵活的发音器官，又要有发达的大脑，必须同时具有发音能力和抽象思维能力。
抽象思维能力和灵活发音能力相结合，表现为人类的语言能力。
只有人类才有掌握语言的能力。
二、简述题1.什么是语言符号？举例说明语言符号有哪些特征。
人类用来交际的不是实在的事物，而是代表事物的符号。
语言符号除具有一般符号的物质性、表意性和规定性外，还具有语言符号的特殊属性:任意性、线条性和离散性。
（一）语言符号的任意性符号的任意性是就单个符号内部语音和意义之间的内部联系。
汉语为什么把“直立行走、会说话、能够制造并使用工具进行劳动的高等动物”这个意义和“rén”这个语音形式结合起来呢？这是没有道理可说的，完全是由社会的习惯来决定的。
1.What do the barking of dogs, the mcowing of cats, and the singing of birds have in common with human language? What are some of the basic differences? Language is a means of verbal communication. Animals follow an elaborate rountine too. Symbolic and systematic.human language has these design fetures: 1.abitrariness, signs bear no natural relationship to its meaning. 2. Duality. The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3. Creativity. Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Its potential to create endless sentences. 4. Displacement. It enable their users to symbolic objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. It giving them the power to handle generalization and abstraction.2.Consider this two ststements: I learn a new word today , I learn a new sentence today, do you think the two sentences are equally probable? And if not, why not?They have the same sentence structure, so they can be said the same from the linguistic perspect.3.Note some instances of slang in your speech and that of your friends and see if older speakers know what the slang means and also how they react to it? How would you feel about older speakers using such expressions?You can you up, no can no BB. 十动然拒，累觉不爱，然并卵。
1 “赋，诗歌”等中国传统文学体裁的语言形成机制是（ D ）A 预设B 多余C 类推D 对称2.在时间线条的某一位置上，可以相互替换的语言符号之间的关系是( B )A.组合关系B.聚合关系C.层级关系D.表里关系3. 就表现形式来看，人类语言符号属于（B ）A.视觉符号B.听觉符号C.嗅觉符号D.触觉符号4. 可以归并在同一音位中的音素是（ A ）A.具有互补关系，语音上又相似的音素B.语音上相似的音素C.彼此能区分词的语音形式和意义的音素D.具有非对立性关系的音素5. 英语的长短音和汉语的声调能够区别意义，它们（ C ）A.都是音质音位B. 前者是音质音位，后者是非音质音位C.都是非音质音位D. 前者是非音位变体，后者是音质音位6.英语中“independent”和“impossible”中的“in”“im”都表示否定，这种语流音叫（B ）A.增音B.同化C.异化D.脱落7.“outstanding”这个词构词方式是（ B ）A.词缀+词根+加词尾B.词缀+词根C.词根+词缀D.词根+词尾8.汉语拼音bang中的韵腹a是( D )A.舌面前、低、圆唇元音B.舌面前、低、不圆唇元音C.舌面央、低、圆唇元音D舌面后、低、不圆唇元音9.下例语言单位，不是词的是（ D）A．马虎 B.瓜子 C.愿景 D.别去10.就“买书”，“借米”两例看，下列说法正确的是（ A）A “买”与“书”有组合关系，与“借”有聚合关系B “买“与”书“有组合关系，与”米“有聚合关系C “买“与”借”有组合关系，“与米”有聚合关系D “买”与“借”有组合关系，与“米”有聚合关系11.同一音位的各个变体之间的关系是（ D ）A.互相补充B.自由替换C.互相对立D.互不对立12.汉语的“我”，翻译成英语在不同的句子成分中，I分别是“I”和“me”“my”“mine”，这里使用的语法手段是（ B ）A.重叠法B.异根法C.重音移动法D.外部附和法13.“奥林匹克运动会”这个词包含的语素数量是（ C ）A.2个B.3个C.4个D.7个14.从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于（ C ）A．单纯词 B.派生词 C.复合词 D.简缩词15.“船头”“石子”的构词方式分别是（ D ）A．都是词根加词缀 B前者是词根加词缀，后者是词根加词根C．都是词根加词根 D.前者是词根加词根，后者是词根加词缀16.英国语言哲学家奥斯汀提出的著名语用学理论是( A )A,言语行为 B.会语含义 C礼貌原则 D 语境17.把现代汉语第三人称代词写成“他”“她”（ D ）A 表示性范畴B 表示格范畴C表示人称范畴D 什么语法范畴都不表示18.汉语普通话中没有的发音部位是( B )A.双唇 B 齿间 C唇齿 D 舌面19.下列关于”语言”和”言语”的说法不正确的是( C)A.语言是抽象的,言语是具体的B.语言是有限的,言语是无限的C.语言是个别的,言语是一般的D.语言是从大量的言语事实中抽象概括出来的20.下列特点中不属于屈折语的有（B ）A.有丰富的词形变化B.没有内部屈折C.一个变词语素可以同时表示好几种语法意 D：词根和变词语素之间结合紧密21 下列语言。
语言学概论单元作业1（教材：叶蜚声徐通锵《语言学纲要》）一、解释下列名词（16分，每词2分）1．说话——说话是运用语言的过程，即言语行为。
2．交际工具——交际工具是人们交流感情、表达思想、传递信息的媒体。
语言是最重要的交际工具。
3．社会现象——社会现象包括经济基础和上层建筑两大类。
语言是特殊的社会现象。
4．思维——思维是认识现实世界时的动脑筋地过程，也指动脑筋时进行比较、分析、综合以认识现实的能力。
5．小学——小学是和经学相对而言的，包括文字学、音韵学和训诂学，是我国传统的语文学。
6．专语语言学——以某一种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学称为专语语言学。
7．普通语言学——以人类一般语言为研究对象，研究人类语言的性质、结构特征、发展规律的科学，是综合众多语言的研究成果而建立起来的，是语言学的重要理论部分。
18．历史（时）语言学和共时语言学（描写语言学）——对于个别语言可以从发展的观点来考察语言的历史演变，研究语言的结构体系和语言的各个要素从古到今的变化和发展规律，这种研究个别语言历史发展的叫历史语言学。
从个别语言发展中的一个横断面即某一阶段进行结构体系和结构规律的静态研究，叫描写语言学。
二、填空（20分，每空1分）1．人和动物的区别是人会制造生产工具进行劳动，而且人类有、，这是人和动物相区别的重要标志之一。
2．一种语言中的句子数量是无限的，人类之所以能掌握语言，是因为构成句子的语言材料和。
是十分有限的。
3．语言是人类社会的。
，而且也是思维的。
4．在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务。
例如汉民族点头表示。
，摇头表示。
，送别时挥手表示。
，。
表示欢迎，咬牙切齿表示。
，手舞足蹈表示。
5．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的。
半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感情。
6．汉语的姐姐、妹妹，英语用。
表示，汉语的叔叔、2伯伯、舅舅、姨父，英语用。
表示。
7．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个。
《普通语⾔学》作业（2）答案《语⾔学概论》练习（⼆）[语⾳和语法]⼀、名词解释1.⾳位变体：处于互补关系中的各个⾳素被看成是同⼀个⾳位在不同上的代表，是同⼀个⾳位的不同变异形式。
我们称之为⾳位变体。
2.语流⾳变：在⼀连串的语流中，⾳素之间、⾳节之间、声调之间会互相影响，以致产⽣⾳变现象,这种⾳变，叫做语流⾳变。
普通话常见的⾳变有同化、异化、弱化、减⾳、增⾳、换位等⼏种。
3.直接成分：直接发⽣结构关系的句法成分，叫做直接成分。
直接成分主要有主语和谓语、述语和宾语、定语和中⼼语、状语和中⼼语、中⼼语和补语等等。
4.语法⼿段：语法意义通过语法形式体现出来。
变化和组合规则中表现的形式可以归纳为若⼲类型，这就是语法⼿段。
语法⼿段是表达⼀定语法意义的语法形式。
提供语法形式的⼿段主要有选词、词序、虚词、形态变化、内部曲折、重叠、语调、零形态。
5.语法范畴：每种变化都表⽰⼀定的语法意义。
词形变化所表⽰的语法意义的类就是语法范畴。
形态是词的变化形式的聚合，语法范畴是意义的聚合。
常见的语法范畴有性、数、格、时、体、态、⼈称等⼆、判断分析题1.语⾳既有物理属性和⽣理属性，⼜有社会属性。
社会属性是语⾳的本质属性。
2.元⾳和辅⾳的最本质区别在于发⾳时⽓流是否受阻。
3.⼀个元⾳区别于另⼀个元⾳主要在于阻碍的部位及⽅式不⼀样。
4.Bags[b gs]在语流中读成[b gz],这是语流⾳变中的异化现象。
5.汉语的动词没有“时”的语法范畴，但并不等于汉语不能表达时间观念。
三、简述题举例说明语流⾳变的类型（例⼦要求⽤国际⾳标注⾳）。
⼈们在进⾏⾔语活动时，选⽤⾳义结合的语⾔单位，在时间的先后顺序上展开，组成长短不同的“语流”。
在⼀连串的语流中，⾳素之间、⾳节之间、声调之间会互相影响，以致产⽣⾳变现象。
这种⾳变，叫做语流⾳变。
语流⾳变主要有以下⼏种：（⼀）同化：邻近的两个不相同或不相近的⾳，其中⼀个⾳因受另⼀个⾳的影响⽽变得跟它相同或相近，这就叫同化。
《普通语言学》作业Exercise OneI .Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.1. And today, the grammar taught to learners of a language is still basically—— CA. descriptiveB. objectiveC. prescriptiveD. analytical2. Which of the following is the correct description of the English sound /k/ ? AA. voiceless, velar, stopB. voiced, velar, stopC. voiceless, alveolar, stopD. voiced, alveolar, stop3. Which of the following can be said to be the smallest meaningful unit of language? BA. LettersB. MorphemesC. WordsD. Sentences4. When a sentence changes from a statement to a general/ special question, which movement is structurally required? CA. NP – movement/WH - movementB. NP – movement/ Aux - movementC. AUX - movement/WH – movementD. WH – movement/ AUX - movement5. The classic semantic triangle fails to answer-------- AA. what precisely the link between the symbol and the concept isB. what symbol/form refers toC. what referent refers toD. what thought/reference refers to6. Depending on specific contexts, "My bag is heavy", as an utterance, can mean all of the following except---- .AA. "My bag is easy to carry.‖B. "My bag is not easy to carry. "C. "Could you help me carry the bag?"D. "My bag is too heavy for you to carry."7. All the following statements concerning the nature of language change is true except-------BA. language change is inevitableB. language change is abruptC. language change is universalD. language change is extensive8. Which of the following statements about Black English is untrue? BA. Black English is an ethnic variety of the English language.B. Black English is one of the official languages of America.C. Black English has some vocabulary of its own.D. Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological, morphological and syntactic systems.9. The term ___B____ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative10. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a ___B____ formula "S→NP VP".A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalII. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are . not allowed to change the letter given.11 The description of a language at some time is a synchronic_____________study.12. Nondistinctive sounds such as /l/ and /l’/ or /ph/ and /p/ are members of the same phoneme, and are known as a __allophones________________.13. Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of words while-derivational------morphology studies word formation14. Syntactic movement is dictated by roles traditionally called t ranformational______rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.15.Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms_________. .16. The perlocutionary _________act refers to the effect of the utterance.17. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror------ in 1066.18. As_speech______ community refers to a group of people who forma community (which may have as members as a family or as many members as a country), and share the same language or a particular variety of language. 19. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an utterance________ is concrete andcontext-dependent.20. A root________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.T21. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted.F 22. The choice of an allophone is in most cases random.F 23. English words are formed at randomT 24. For any natural language, a set of syntactic roles are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in that language.F 25. The morning star and the evening star are e same in sense .F 26. The meaning of an utterance, unlike that of a sentence, is decontextualized.T 27. The modern variety of English developed from the London dialect of Middle English.T 28. Speech variety includes not only dialect, pidgin, Creole etc, but also standard language.F 29. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.T 30. Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.31. arbitrariness 32. phonetics 33. bound morphemes 34. maxim of quality 35. synchronic linguistics 36. diglossia 37. The Sapir - Whorf hypothesisArbitrariness is one of the design features which distinguish human language from any animal system of communication it refers to fact that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds,for exa,mple ,different languages use different sounds to refer to the same objectPhonetics:phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language it is concerned with all the speech sounds used in all human languagesBound morphemes are those that can not be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.. The maxim of quality, one of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle, requires the participants not to say what they believe to be false and not to say that for which they lack adequate evidence when making conversation.Synchronic linguistics refers to the study of variation in language in different places _d among different groups at a given point in timeDiglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language coexist in a speech community, each with a distinct mange of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.The Sapir - Whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf which states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.v. Directions: Answer the following questions.38. Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.Sentence meaning------refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstrac, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.Utterance meaning-----refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. It becomes an utterance and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered or used. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning. Sentence meaning is concrete and context-dependent and utterance meaning is abstract and de-contextualized.For example: the dog is barking; my bag is heaven.If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self-contained unit in isolation, then we are treating it as a sentence.If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance.Most utterances are complete sentences in terms of syntax, some utterances are not, and some cannot even be restored to complete sentences. For example, ―Good morning!‖ ―Hi!‖ and ―Ouch!‖ are all utterances, which have meaning in communication. If ―Good morning!‖ can be restored to ―I wish you a good morning,‖ we do not know form which complete sentences ―Hi!‖ ―Ouch! "have been derived.Exercise TwoI. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.1. The fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write indicates that language is primary __A____.A. vocalB. arbitraryC. human—specificD. written2. / p / and / b / can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning. Therefore they are ___A___.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. a minimal pairD. allophones3. Bound morphemes do not include ___C_____.A. rootsB. prefixesC. suffixesD. words4. Of the following items, which one does not belong to the same syntactic category?BA. the studentB. likedC. an ideaD. the linguistic lecture5. The naming theory seems applicable to _A_______ only.A. verbsB. adjectivesC. adverbsD. nouns6. Which of the following statements is NOT used by the speaker to perform certain acts?BA.―I name this ship Elizabeth.’’B.―I visited my uncle last Sunday.’’C.―I give and bequeath my watch to my brother.’’D.―I bet you sit pence it will rain tomorrow.’’7. What separated the period of Middle English from that of Modern English was ____C___.A. the Norman ConquestB. the influence of the French languageC. the Europe renaissance movementD. the influence of Latin8. Which one of the following is not a common English address term?CA. First NameB. Title aloneC. Title + First NameD. Kin term9. By saying "You have left the door wide open," a speaker might be performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary _____A___.A. at the same timeB. one after anotherC. two first and then the otherD. one first and then the other two10. According to its_____B___ in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.A. meaningB. functionC. positionD. soundII. Direction: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word ,the first letter of which is already given as a clue .Note that you are to change the letter given.11. Phonology_________ is a branch of linguistics which studies how sound are put together and used to convey meaning incommunication.12. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the__allophone ______of that phoneme.13. Bound________ morphemes are those that must be combined with other morphemes to form words to be used independently.14. As a major component of grammar, syntax________ consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences .15. Observable contexts recognized in contextualism are of two kinds: the s ituational_______context and the linguistic context .16. Utterance________ is based on sentence meaning ; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence ina realsituation of communication ,or simply in a context .17. Linguistic forms having the same sense_______ may have different references in different situations.18. When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language .Such a personal dialect is referred to as Idiolect_________. 19. The most widely - spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the lost and addition of affixes ________.20. Morphology________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules bywhich words are formed.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you mustexplain why you think so and give the correct version.F21. Modern linguistics aims to l ay down rules ―correct’’ linguistic behavior.T 22. The three voiceless stops / p / t / k /are unaspirated when preceded by / s / and followed by a vowel.T 23. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.T 24. Tree diagrams of constituent structures can best illustrate the hierarchical order of sentences.T 25. Complete synonyms , i. e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances , arerare in English .F 26. Pragmatics analyses sentences in isolation .F27. All language change with time.F 28. Black English is as syntactically complex and logical as Standard English.F 29. In view of language as an effective means of communication, we can say that standard language is purer,more correct, or more logical, than any other dialect of the language.F 30. The D-structure and the S-structure of every sentence looks quite different at different levels ofrepresentation.IV. Directions : Explain the following terms , using one or two examples for illustration.31. productivity 32. voiceless 33. morphology 34. universal grammar 35. polysemy36. illocutionary act 37. speech communityProductivity is unique to human language. It refers to that aspect of language which makes it possible for its users to construct and interpret an infinite number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.Voiceless in phonetics refers to the sounds produced when the vocal cords are drawn wide a part to let air go through them without causing vibration.Morphology is a branch _f grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Universal Grammar or UG was a theory proposed and developed by Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists since the-early 1980's. Also known as the principle - and - parameters theory, UG is a system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and Parameters about natural languages.Polysemy refers to the lexical phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaning.Illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. For example, in the utterance " You have left the 'door wide open" , the illocutionary act performed by the speaker is to ask someone to close the door.A speech community is a group of people who form a community, and share the same language or a particularvariety of language. A speech community can be as small as a family or as large as a nation.V. Directions: Answer the following questions.38. According to the strong version of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers’ perceptions andpatterns their way of life. How in your view does language relate to thought and culture?Similarities: both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study.Differences: Choms ky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as , though similar to , F.de. Saussure’s langue-parole distinction. Langue is a social product, and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistics point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issuerspsychologically or psycholinguistically.Exercise ThreeI. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.C1. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. photo - copyB. cackleC. bookD. rumbleD 2. According to sequential rules in English, which of the following combinations of sounds is Not possible in English?A. bilkB. blikC. kilbD. IbkiC 3. According to its________ in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.A meaning B. function C. position D. soundD 4. Which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of a constituent structure tree?A. It reveals the linear word order of a sentence.B. It shows the hierarchical structure of a sentence.C. It illustrates the syntactic category of each structural constituent.D. It emphasizes the main suprasegmental features of a sentence.C 5. By saying "We shall know a word by the company it keeps," John Firth, a British linguist, means that the real meaning of a word ____________.A. is determined by a dictionaryB. is determined by a native speakerC. is determined by its contextD. is determined by a linguistD 6. Bound morphemes do not include ________.A. rootsB. prefixesC. suffixesD. wordsA 7. Such suffixes as " - able" and " - ment" in Modern English originally came from_______.A. FrenchB. Old EnglishC. LatinD. GreekD 8. The naming theory seems applicable to ________only.A. verbsB. adjectivesC. adverbsD. nounsB 9.________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Psycholinguistics [D 10. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to________.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicaturesII. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11. Modern linguistics, which refers to linguistic study carried out in century, is mostly d ecsription_______.12.The features that a phoneme possesses, making it different from other phonemes, are its distinctive_______ features.13. Morphology________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14. According to the principles –and –parameters framework ,UG consists of a set of general conditions, or general principles_______, that general phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a , thus preventing this rule applying in certain cases.15. Linguistic forms having the same sense______ may have different references in different situations.16. Pragmatics_________ studies how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.17. The most widely - spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the lost and addition of affixes ________.18. R egional_______ variation is speech variation according to the particular area a speaker comes from.19. A sentence______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.20. IC analysis emphasizes the hierarchical______ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.III Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.T21. The distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure .T22. Aspiration is not a distinctive feature in English, because it does not distinguish meaning.F23. A root bears clear and definite meaning, so it is a free morpheme.F24. The D - structure and the S - structure of every sentence looks quite different at different levels of representation.F25. In the diagram of the classic semantic triangle, the word" symbol" refers to the object in the world of experience.T26. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.T27. The double - negation construction used in Old English is no longer considered acceptable by most educated middle - class speakers of English today.T28. Complete synonyms i.e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare in English. T29. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.F30. Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.IV . Directions : Explain the following terms , using one or two examples for illustration.31. duality 32. phonology 33. free morphemes 34. X - bar theory35. synonymy 36. maxim of quantity 37. sociolectDuality, one of the design features which distinguish human language from any animal system of communication, refers to the two sets of structures or the two levels of the system of language. One is a structure of meaningless sounds at the lower or basic level and the other is the units of meaning at the higher level.Phonology is a branch of learning concerned with the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language from patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.. Free morphemes are those containing only one morpheme, which are independent Units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.The X - bar theory is a widely recognized and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrase structure rules into a single format: X "-+ ( spec) X (Compl).Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.The Maxim of quantity, one of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle, requires the participants to make their conversational contribution as informative as required; do not make their contribution more informative than is required.Sociolects or social dialects are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.V.Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% x 2=20%)38. Consider the following sentence, and then, answer questions (1) to (3).The boy saw the man with the telescope.(1) Is this sentence ambiguous? If so, describe the ambiguity briefly in your own words.(2) Draw the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation.(3) What can be known about tree diagrams from (1) and (2)?(1) Yes, this is an ambiguous sentence. This is a structurally ambiguous sentence, which can be rewritten in two ways as follows:a. The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.b. Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.(2) Since the sentence is an ambiguous one, which has two ways of interpretation, there are two ways of drawing constituent structure trees for it.SNP VPArt N V NPArt N PPP NPArt NThe boy saw the man with the telescope.SNP VPArt N V NP PPArt N P NPArt NThe boy saw the man with the telescope.Exercise FourI . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2% x 10=20%)A1. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what"_________" means.A. displacementB. cultural transmissionC. dualityD. productivityB2. The basic unit in phonology is called ______; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. phoneB. phonemeC. allophoneD. phonetic transcriptionA3. _______ modify the meaning of the stem , but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. AffixesB. PrefixesC. SuffixesD. Inflectional morphemesA4. Due to their recursive properties,_______ make it possible for speakers of a particular language to generate infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.A. Phrase structure rulesB. Transformational rulesC. Adjacency ParametersD. Directionality ParametersB5. The two words" collaborator" and "accomplice" are examples given to illustrate that synonyms may differ._____. A. in styleB. in their emotive or evaluative meaningC. in their collocationD. slightly in what they meanC6. A: Would you like to come to our party tonight?B: I'm afraid I'm not feeling, so well today.The implicature produced here is _______. .A. I'll be glad to go to your party .B. Probably I'll be a little late because I'm not feeling well.C. I do not want to go to your party .D. I'll go there even though I am not feeling well today.C7. There are _______morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixA8. Officially bilingual countries with two official languages for national or regional use do not include _______.A. JapanB. CanadaC. FinlandD. BelgiumC9. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix ―ed‖ in the word ―learned‖ is known as a (an) _______.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free formA10. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word_______.A. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.B. is related to the thing it refers to.C. is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers.D. is the image it is represented in the mind..II. Direction : Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word ,the first letter of which is already given as a clue .Note that you are to change the letter given.( 1% X 10 = 10% )11. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, andparlole_______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.12. Phonetics_________ refers to the study of speech sounds used in all human languages.13. The way of forming new words in English by the combination of two or sometimes more than two words iscalled compounding_________.14. A complex_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.15. Behaviorists__________ represented by Bloomfield attempted to defined the meaning of a language form asthe ―situation in which the speaker utters it and the response if calls forth in the hearer.16. An Illocutionary_______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’ intenti on; it is the act performed in sayingsomething.17. In the historical development of a language, the most vigorous and on –going change in its vocabulary is referred to as lexical_______ change.18. Modern linguistic is descriptive_______in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.19. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced with obstruction_______.20. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed productivity_______.III . Directions : Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false . put a T for true or F false in the brackets in front of each statement . If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2% x 10 =20%)F21. The fact that an English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use language, but they are not mutually intelligible that human language is genetically transmitted.T22. Minimal pairs are word forms which differ forms which differ from each other only by one sound.F23. Most prefixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.F24. Move is a general movement rule which says ―move any constituent to the front‖.T25. When the same one word has more than one meaning, we call it a polysemic word.F26. All utterances are complete sentences in terms of syntax.F27. The Great Vowel Shift in the history of English changed the general forms of the words involved.F28. All Black Americans are fluent speakers of Black English .T29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.T30. One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.IV. Directions : Explain the following terms , using one or two examples for illustration.(3% x 10 = 30%) 31. language 32. complementary distribution 33. morpheme 34. syntax35. componential analysis 36. perlocutionary act 37. historical linguisticsLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Tow allophones of the same phoneme, such as /V and / r / and /p/ and /ph/ in English,occurring in different environments, are said to be in complementary distribution.Morpheme is a morphological term used to refer to the smallest meaningful component at thel owest level of a word.34. Syntax is a sub - field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.35. Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components or semantic features, which makes it possible to show how words are related in meaning.36. The perlocutionary act refers to the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. For example, upon hearing the utterance " You have left the door wide open," the hearer has closed the door; then the perlocutionary act is successfully perlonned.37. Historical linguistics is the sub - field of linguistics that studies language change, including the historical development of languages and the processes involved in language change.V.Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% x 2 =20% )38. What is the conceptualist view of meaning? Give an example to illustrate this.41. The conceptualist view holds that there is not direct link between a linguist form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.For example, the word" dog" is directly associated with a certain concept in our mind, i. e., what a "dog" is like, but it is not directly linked to that particular dog mentioned in the sentence. "The dog over there looks。
