财务管理 会计 外文翻译 外文文献

出处Fundamentals of Management.作者：[M].Prentice Hall ,2001(3)财务管理问题研究在市场经济中，管理是决定企业生存和发展的重要性。

近年来，由于意识形态偏见在认识和历史原因，许多的内部财务管理制度不健全给财务管理带来混乱的客观理由，导致一些缺乏内部监督机制、发生假帐或者账户外设的帐户直接导致的混乱及财务管理效率低下的企业。

这是来自经验的证明。

因此，加强财务管理，建立健全内部财务管理制度已经成为企业不可或缺的条件。

首先，企业应当建立健全内部财务管理制度。

(一)建立内部财务管理系统是为适应社会主义市场经济体制的客观要求，企业在市场竞争中生存、发展，就必须遵循市场经济的要求规范金融行为；必须按照市场经济的要求融资、经费使用和利益分配，提高生产和操作，提高企业的经济效益，从而增强自己的竞争力以实现经济增长，改变公司经营方式以适应市场经济的客观要求。

(二)建立健全内部财务管理系统是企业管理的内在要求1、财务管理是企业管理的基础，是一切企业管理活动的中心环节。

内部财务管理公司的资金管理活动与形式的价值，主要基于成本管理和资金管理为中心，通过一种价值管理为物理形式的管理。

因此，财务管理是企业管理活动的基础，是企业管理的中心环节。

2、财务管理在各方面的生产经营和整个过程，根据它的意义，我们可以总结四大要素的财务管理，包括筹资管理、投资管理、营运资本管理、利润分配管理。

(三)财务管理和企业管理有广泛的联系在商务活动、财务管理的触角延伸到每一个角落，每一个部门的业务将获得服务的资金通过使用接触到金融部门，每个部门应合理使用资金，为了省钱，所以接受部门的指导，受金融系统的约束，以确保提高企业经济效益。

(四)公司财务管理迅速体现公司的生产工作。

所有生产及企业经营活动都最终反映在其财务结果通过会计、分析、比较，你可以检查实施企业生产经营活动的方式，发现问题，找出解决问题的办法。

Sustainable management of coastal lands:A new approach for Turkish coastsBayram Uzun,Nida Celik *Department of Geomatics Engineering,Karadeniz Technical University,61080Trabzon,Turkeya r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Available online 24April 2014a b s t r a c tUrban development along the coast of Turkey has attracted large numbers of people to the area,causing an intense and complex situation to develop there and creating numerous problems.Because of the failure of traditional applications for solving such problems,holistic approaches will have to be used to manage these areas along the shores.Although many pilot projects have already been undertaken,gaps in the laws and problems involving private property have prevented any of these from moving forward.In Turkey,con flicts have existed for many years between the public and the private owners of property in the areas along the coast.However,until recently,no serious issues had arisen regarding the removal of marine areas from private ownership,in terms of legal regulations and the general principles of inter-national law.This study examines the different approaches that were taken to remove pertinent areas from private ownership and to decrease the burden of compensation which results from the cancellation of the land titles.One of these methods is based on the approach of the Modi fied Land Readjustment.This approach,which draws on its own resources and provides an innovative solution,would solve the problems of property con flicts between the public and the individuals,except for the financial compensation.This method would also make an important contribution to decisions about management tools,planning and the application phase in the sustainable management of the coastal areas as it is outlined in the Integrated Coastal Zone Management.Ó2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe Turkish coastal regions have the characteristics of a non-reproducible natural resource whose environmental condition is at high levels.In addition to being environmentally sensitive and highly productive,these areas are extremely attractive to people and,as a result,for economic development (Carneiro Pereira et al.,2003).The areas provide bene fit to millions of people,including food,their livelihoods and space for settlement and are also used extensively for recreation (FIG,2006).Two-thirds of the world ’s largest cities are located on coasts,and the populations in coastal areas are growing faster than inland populations (Cicin-Sain and Bel fiore,2005).The area covered by Turkey ’s coastal provinces forms 30%of the country ’s entire area (Duru,2003).Also,approximately 30million citizens,out of a total population of 75.63million,live in areas along the coast (Karaca and Nicholls,2008).The tendency for ever-greater numbers ofpeople to migrate to the world ’s coasts is exerting serious pressure on these areas;this could put the value and productivity of many of them at serious risk and,in particular,threaten their special ecological or cultural attributes (Cicin-Sain and Bel fiore,2005).The problems that arise in the coastal areas can occur for many reasons.According to researchers,the roots of these problems are generally as follows:Population growth that provides a measure of the use of the natural coastal resources (Garcia et al.,2000).Increasing use of marine areas that has caused damage to the environment and resources and con flicts over usage (Lin et al.,2013).Numerous human activities which are concentrated on the coastal zone and affect the diversity of coastal systems (Koutrakis et al.,2010)Increasing pressure on coastal resources by climate change,pollution,over fishing,increased con flict among users,receding shorelines,loss of biodiversity,land use pressures and coastal developments (Caveen et al.,2013;Asangwe,2006;FIG,2010;GOP,2010).*Corresponding author.Tel.:þ904623774305;fax:þ904623280918.E-mail addresses:nidacelik@.tr ,nida_36@ (N.Celik).Contents lists available at ScienceDirectOcean &Coastal Managementjo urn al homepag e:/locate/o cecoaman/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.04.0100964-5691/Ó2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Ocean &Coastal Management 95(2014)53e 62During the last three decades,largely in response to a growing recognition of the problems that affect coastal zones,many coun-tries have introduced policies and programmes to try to manage these critical assets in a more integrated and holistic manner (Ibrahim and Shaw,2012).Turkey,which has considerable marine orientation,has estab-lished a coastal area management system that relies on the use of advanced tools and instruments and the involvement of all relevant national and international actors in order to achieve a coherent management policy and the protection of its coastal areas(PAP/ RAC,2005).With a coastal length that measures8592km,Turkey benefits from international coastal protection programmes in addition to its national protection laws,in order to prevent its shores from becoming seriously damaged through natural causes or by human use.This process began with the1992Rio Summit on Environment and Development,which led to pilot project initiatives for coastal management in Turkey through various programmes developed by organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank (Görer and Duru,2001).The comprehensive programme for the management of the integrated coastal areas in Turkey takes place within the National Environment Strategy Action Plan.One of the goals of this programme is to decrease,as much as possible,the negative effects that urban sprawl causes to the coastal ecosystem. To achieve this decrease,a new management model was developed so that the people benefitting from the coast on a variety of different levels could contribute as well.However,this model could only be successful if new legal regulations and coastal management plans were prepared and put into effect.According to Görer and Duru(2001),the delay in establishing the legal and institutive framework of the management and plan-ning studies for these areas has greatly hampered the progress toward these areas becoming managed in an integrated way. Moreover,no coastal management plans have yet been established within the planning hierarchy in Turkey.The most important reason for this management gap and also the greatest problem along the coast of Turkey arises from the property conflicts be-tween the public and the private owners whose lands are on these shores.In spite of this,however,until recently there have been no serious initiatives taken to eliminate private ownership in the marine areas,within the context of the legal regulations and the general principles of international law.As a result,a number of obstacles must be confronted in order to create efficient plans for these areas,which the public does not even own.The main purpose of this study is to enable effective planning and management of the areas on the landward and seaward sides of the shore borderline by adapting the principals of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management(ICZM)to the local conditions.There-fore,a new method,based on the Modified Land Readjustment (MLR)approach,has been suggested.Also,the study examines the judicial processes of the multithreading conflicts along the coast, looks at removing these areas from private ownership,and pre-sents new methods for use of the planned and the unplanned areas.With this method,the conflicts that arise between the different forms of property usage will be eliminated,which is one of the ICZM’s main goals,and fundamental steps will be taken for real-izing the ICZM programme,such as establishing the management tools and techniques for the operational phase.2.The evolution of private ownership along the Turkish coastsThe total length of the Turkish coastline including the islands is 8592km,of which1067km are island shores.The distribution of this total according to the four seas are the Black Sea:20.4%,the Sea of Marmara:17.3%,the Aegean Sea:41.8%,and the Mediter-ranean:20.5%(Fig.1).These four coastal regions show distinct geographical features.Along the eastern Black Sea and the western Mediterranean coast,the width of the coastal area is very narrow (in the order of a few hundred meters),thus rendering the area unsuitable for many coastal uses including urbanization.Along the Aegean coast,the mountains run perpendicular to the coast.Due to the perpendicular orientation of the mountains,the Turkish Aegean shoreline is highly indented,housing numerous bays and coves that have been inhabited by humans since historic times. This makes the Aegean coast extremely important with respect to the presence of invaluable cultural sites and resources,and thus a prime area for tourism and recreation,and other coastal uses that are also supported by numerous coastal features and natural at-tractions.The coastal area around the Sea of Marmara is generally suitable for human development.The terrain is not as rugged as the eastern Black Sea and the western Mediterranean coast.The proximity to the City of Istanbul and to Europe has contributed to the potential development value of the Marmara coast,which is relatively more developed and densely populated(PAP/RAC,2005). The characteristics of the four coastal regions are indicated in Fig.2.According to the matrix,the density of the land use types and characteristics of the coastal land differentiate from one region to another.A total of99%of Turkey’s cadastral surveys have been completed.Particularly because of the needs for transportation and other conveniences,according to official register numbers2613, 5602(which were repealed)766and,finally,3402(which are in force),ownership determinations began being conducted along the coastal areas in1934.Since the official borders of the shore borderline were not determined during the cadastral surveying,properties in coastal areas were identified as belonging to those who owned them and, since the cadastre determination was not rejected during the time that was required to do this(30-days’notice),the title deed registry was formed.After the shore borderline had been established,these errors in cadastral determinations for coastal areas become apparent.Why,then,do these types of mistakes in the cadastral determinations appear?They actually stem completely from mis-takes made by cadastral staff members.Although determining properties of coastal character requires specialization in a partic-ular discipline,it had not been thought that the members of the shore border commission would be involved in this determination work.Fig.3shows schematic samples that illustrate the explanations mentioned above.According to Fig.3a the team worked on cadastral determinations in2001,and the land titles were given to the property owners by the government.The study on which this is based was conducted before the shore borderline had been estab-lished but predicts the problems which would arise in the future. Hence,after the shore borderline had been established in2008,the parcels which had been determined beforehand remained on the coast(in the public domain).This means that the shaded area in Fig.3b falls into state ownership so that the land title of this area belongs to the government and that the land titles of the parcel owners who acquired the area in2001should be annulled.These kinds of coastal lands cannot be used entirely for residential pur-poses because of the zoning restrictions.As explained above,it is known that the main reason for ownership conflicts in the coastal areas,which is the subject of this paper,is the disorganized functioning of or lack of cooperation between public works institutions which are responsible for the determination of the cadastre and the shore borderline.In numerous regions of Turkey,even many years after the determi-nation andfinalization of the cadastre,the shore borderline wasB.Uzun,N.Celik/Ocean&Coastal Management95(2014)53e62 54determined.As of May 2011,cadastral work in all coastal areas has been completed;however,the borders have been determined inonly 56%of Turkey ’s shores,which extend for 8592km (_Iyimaya,2011).It is quite likely that many properties,as illustrated in Fig.4,will be considered as falling into the coastal area within revised shore borderline,which is to be determined after the cadastral surveys.3.The view of jurisdiction to coastal ownership in terms of legislationJudicial decisions related to coasts indicate what kind of legal view is used to interpret coastal areas and what causes con flict between the owners of private property and the state.Analysis of this two-dimensional view,in the light of domestic remediesandFig.1.The Turkish coasts (Çete et al.,2011).Fig.2.The characteristics of the coastal land and region density matrix in Turkish coasts (PAP/RAC,2005;Sesli,2005).B.Uzun,N.Celik /Ocean &Coastal Management 95(2014)53e 6255European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)decisions,is important with the aim to comprehend the sharp change of understanding in judicial decisions.3.1.The process of domestic remedy before the ECHR process In the Turkish judicial system,appraisal of properties on the coasts was,until recently,done in the following way:1)As per article 43of the Constitution,the coasts are under the sovereignty of and at the disposal of the state and have a character of public property.This expression is also included in the article of the Civil Code,article 5of the Coastal Law,article 33of the Property Law and article 16of the Cadastral Law.For this reason,the coasts cannot be subject to private property rights.2)Since it is not possible to expropriate a property which is already under the possession of the state,it has been stated that no compensation will be paid to the plaintiffs concerning the annulment of the title deed registry which was issued on their behalf.The decision of the Joint Civil Chambers of the Court of Cassation,dated 27February 1980,regarding the fact that “there are no legal costs for coastal areas ”is indicated as a justi fication.3)In the event that an action is brought against to the Government,it is ruled that all of the costs which are accrued because of legal proceedings should be paid by the owners of the property,as they have lost the case.3.2.The process of the ECHRProperty owners made the first application to the ECHR in relation to their ownership in coastal areas in 1997,after theyhadFig.3.A drawing of the actual and legal situation of the cadastral parcels before and after the determination of the shoreborderline.Fig.4.A drawing of the legal and illegal constructions and titles in Turkish coasts.B.Uzun,N.Celik /Ocean &Coastal Management 95(2014)53e 6256exhausted domestic measures available to them(See:N.A et al., 37451/97,Application No.37451/97).In its decision,dated11 September2005,the ECHR determined the following in itsfirst pilot decision for these types of cases:1)It was stated that annulment of coastal title deeds by thecourts was an intervention that resulted in“deprivation”,as stipulated in article1of Protocol no.1of the European Convention on Human Rights,which guarantees property owners“peaceful enjoyment of their possessions”.In addition, since there is no doubt that property owners were deprived of their properties by a judicial decision made in favour of the public interest,the deprivation of property had a legal objective.2)It was agreed that the failure to pay any compensation to theplaintiffs“disturbs the fair balance which should be established between the protection of ownership and general interest”against property owners.For this reason,it was decided that article1of Protocol no.1had been violated.3)In accordance with the decision of violation determined by theECHR,the Turkish state should,if possible,either allow the continuation of private property on the shore or,if there is no possibility for the elimination of the results of the violation,pay the compensation.The background of the determined violation was lack of compensation rather than the illegality of the annulment of the land registry.4)It was declared that,since the violation involved a lack ofcompensation,the compensation amount does not have to reflect the full value and,therefore,an amount which would satisfy the expectations of the plaintiffs was determined by the ECHR in a lump sum.In these types of court cases,the ECHR does not make a property appraisal in a way that serves as a basis for direct compensation.Considering the view that it is not possible to determine the rightful compensation based on an appraisal report in thefiles of the parties,the ECHR specifies a compensation amount higher than the amount envisaged by the Turkish state and lower than the amount demanded by the property owners.This ratio varies between50%and80%of the price.Data on the individuals whose title deeds were annulled and who applied to the ECHR are presented in Table1.3.3.Domestic law amendment after the ECHR decisionsThere was an increase in the number of ECHR decisions which determined that Turkey must pay the compensation that resulted from the violation of article1of Protocol no.1that is annexed to the ECHR.However,in an arbitration investigation about the annul-ment of a property on the shore,the Supreme Court1Civil Chamber made a case law amendment and a very important new case law decision on10October2007.1)The right tofile a new lawsuit to claim compensation:In justifying the decision of the Supreme Court that is given below,it was stipulated that the plaintiff has the right tofile a new lawsuit to claim compensation:“.Ownership right is one of the fundamental rights stipulated both by the Constitution and laws in terms of domestic law and by article1of Protocol no1of the Eu-ropean Convention on Human Rights.Although the character of such a place;in other words,its character of being a public prop-erty,does not change when it falls onto the shore,it is certain that the right of the person based on the mentioned title deed should be protected.Otherwise,asking for the annulment of the title deed by the state without any compensation by claiming that the title deed, which was given by the state itself,is invalid,will damage the prestige of the state.In this case,while the ownership right of the person is terminated,there is no doubt that an amount in the form of compensation,which does not have to satisfy the full value of the property,should be paid to the owner of the ownership right to ensure the reciprocal balance of rights.”2)Whether tofile a new lawsuit after the10-year foreclosureperiod:a)Clause3of article12of the Cadastral Law stipulates that“.after ten years,no rejection can be made and no lawsuit can befiled on legal grounds prior to the cadastre.”This provision prevents thefiling of a lawsuit by the Treasury for the annulment of title deeds which fall along the shore for which 10-year foreclosure has expired from thefinalization of the determination of cadastre.b)However,this provision was cancelled by the ConstitutionalCourt decision dated12May2011and numbered E:2009/31 and K:2011/77.Therefore,the Treasury will continue tofile lawsuits for annulment.In fact,this variability illustrates the lack of solutions for public and property owners in coastal areas.3)A balance between being deprived of the property right and justsatisfaction:In this case,as per Coastal Law,the areas by the shore will have to be expropriated by the related public institutions according to the provision for“.protection of the shores.”in clause3of article46of the Constitution entitled expropriation,in order to devise a plan to use coastal areas without ownership in conformity with the public’s interest and character.In this case,a reasonable balance will be established between the objectives of respecting individuals’rights and protecting the public interest.However,it should be recognized that expropriation of these coastal areas for public interest will be very difficult infinancial terms.On the other hand,the annulment decision mentioned above,which was made by the Constitutional Court dated12May2011and numbered E:2009/31and K:2011/77,states that:“(.)although intervention in ownership rights in order to protect the shores is legal,it is apparent that this public burden cannot be fully charged to the property owners”.Based on this statement it has been concluded that new approaches are required to solve this issue.4.Suggestions for a method to address the private property problem in coastal areasIt is known that the title deeds which remain in coastal regions and which are subject to annulment involve two types of areas. These are included either within the development plans or in areas with no development plans.The properties which remain on the borders of the shore borderline in these two areas are registered on the title deed both on behalf of public administrations and privateTable1Data on the applications to the ECHR about title deed annulment. Procedures InformationDate offirst application to the ECHR30.05.1997 ECHR’sfirst decision on violation11.05.2005 ECHR’sfirst decision on compensation30.06.2006Total number of decisions44Total amount of compensation 2.453.849.00EUROProvinces which applied to the ECHR (and number of applications)Hatay(27),_Izmir(4),Balıkesir(4),Tekirda g(4),Çanakkale(2),Antalya(1),Mu g la(1),Rize(1)B.Uzun,N.Celik/Ocean&Coastal Management95(2014)53e6257property.There is no legal barrier preventing the annulment of the title deed registries of the properties which have been registered on behalf of public bodies and institutions without any compensation. In this case,the problem involves the elimination of private prop-erty in planned and unplanned coastal areas where the shore borderline has been determined(Table2).4.1.Payment of compensation for the properties which are subject to annulment in unplanned coastal areasBoth the ECHR and the Court of Cassation deem it compulsory that,in cases involving the annulment of title deed registries of properties which have been determined to remain in unplanned areas along the coast,an amount should be paid as compensation, even if it does not reflect the entire value of the property.What kind of a systematic approach is required for such areas?1)First,determination of Turkey’s shore borderline should becompleted rapidly.However,the sections of the properties which are subject to ownership according to the approved of the shore borderline,either fully or partially remaining on the shore as per article10of the Regulation on the Implementation of Coastal Law,should be determined by the relevant Directorate of Land Registry and sent to the Title Deed Registry Office to attach the necessary annotations.Immediately after these de-terminations,preparation of value maps of these parcels of land by the authorized appraisal bodies is of great importance for the future transactions on these parcels.2)Since direct expropriation or compensation for the propertieswhich are privately owned,and are determined to remain on the shore after the determination,is not possible in legal terms, and based on the Court of Cassation’s opinion that were mentioned above,transactions for the annulment of title deed should be carried out by the related revenue office.However,in practice,the courts settle with the decision of annulment of title deeds;they do not make any decisions about the payment of compensation.It has been recommended that individuals whose title deeds are annulled shouldfile another lawsuit for compensation.However,to avoid increasing the workload of the judicial system with double cases and creating additional court fees,it should be possible to determine monetary compensation as a result of the lawsuit for annulment of the title deed.3)The compensation which isfinalized over the possible value ofthe property offered by the parties or as a result of appraisal by the judiciary through an expert will undoubtedly be a monetary value which does not reflect the full value of the property.We can talk about three known methods in terms of the payment of this amount.a)Thefirst one,as afinancial approach,involves direct paymentof compensation amounts as in an expropriation.However, since annulment of a title deed could be the case for thou-sands of parcels,it should be noted that there might be a significant shortage of resources available for the payment of finalized amounts.b)Another method involves payment in the form of a property,which is defined as a swap;this method is applicable with the agreement of both parties.However,the fact that this property is land leads to concerns about the rapid exhaustion of the property stock that is owned by the public.Since the title deed of the property it obtains through the swap is annulled,it does not actually obtain it;in fact,the public loses the property.c)Thefinal method is based on payment of the expropriationamounts of the properties that remain in protection areas by issuing a certificate.This method was added to Turkish legislation in1998.However,it was abolished in2009.The aim of this method was to allow treasury properties to sell tenders and use them as payment tools by having certificates for which legal interests continue.Also,the expropriation value is written to enable the state to avoid monetary pay-ment loads.The present study found that this method can be appropriate for the parcels of land on the shore.However,it would be a more accurate approach if these certificates were valid in terms of their principal amounts,to allow their owners to purchase residential and commercial buildings constructed and sold by the Housing Development Admin-istration of Turkey in a privileged manner.There is no doubt that,for the implementation of the last method,an article should be added to the Cadastral Law or Cadastral Regulation.It is believed that the compensation which will be paid to the owners of the properties whose title deeds were annulled because they remained on the shore should be paid through combined use of the three methods mentioned above and that it would be appropriate to give the owners the right to choose how they are to be compensated.4.2.Approaches to solving ownership problems related to the properties which are subject to annulment in planned coastal areasInstead of paying compensation amounts for the properties which remain in the coastal areas that have been determined to be borders of the shoreline within the scope of a development plan,it is possible to talk about new approaches which generate their own resources.Development of these types of approaches will be explained in the present study.These approaches can be analysed in two sections:1)Thefirst approach is based on the permission of the owner ofthe property which remains on the shore,to annul the title deed registry of the related property without any compensation through the method of grant in return for development right in such a way that it is equal to the compensation.Since the development right which will be given will not be used on this parcel of land as it remains on the shore,the property owner should be allowed to use this right either in another parcel belonging to him or her or to sell this development right toTable2Suggestions for the elimination of private property in planned and unplanned coastal areas.Unplanned coastal areas The determination of shore borderline should be completed◦Coastal lands should be attached LandRegistry Books◦Value maps of the coastal lands should be preparedMonetary compensation should be possible asa result of lawsuit for annulment of title deed Several compensation methods should be used ◦Direct payment of compensation amount◦Swap◦CertificatePlanned coastal areas The method of‘grant in return for developmentright’◦This method should be used in the areas wherethe existing development plan is fully appliedModified Land Readjustment method◦This method should be used in the areas wherethe existing development plan is not applied tothe groundB.Uzun,N.Celik/Ocean&Coastal Management95(2014)53e6258。

财务会计论文英文参考文献下面是小编为你精心编辑整理的财务会计论文英文参考文献，希望对你有所帮助，更多精彩内容，请点击上方相关栏目查看，谢谢!⑴aicpa,1994,"improving business reporting:a customs focus".⑵fasb,,"improving business reporting:insights into enhancing voluntary disclosures".⑶storey and teague,1995,"foundation of accounting theory and policy",the dryden press.⑷previts and merino,1979,"a history of accounting in american",john wilet&son press.⑸scott,1997,"financial accounting theory",prentice-hall publishing company..⑺upton,,"business and financial reporting,challenges from the new economy",fasb.⑻zeff and dharan,1994,"readings and notes on financial accounting:issues and controversies", mcgraw-hill company.外文经典文献：watts , ross , and jerold l. zimmerman. toward a positive theory of determination of accounting standards .the accounting review (jan 1978)watts , ross , and jerold l. zimmerman. positive accounting theory: a ten year perspective. the accounting review (jan 1990) sorter , george h. an event approach to basic accounting theory . the accounting review (jan 1969)wallman,1995.9,1996.6,1996.12,1997.6,"the future of accounting and financial reporting " (i ,ii,iii,iv),accounting horizon.jenson ,m.c. , and w.h. meckling . theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure .journal of financial economics (oct .1976)robert sprouse “developing a concept framework for financial reporting” accounting review, 1988(12) schuetze ,,walter p.”what is an asset ?” account ing horizons,1993(9)samuelson ,richard a. ,”the concept of assets in accounting theory” accounting horizons,1996(9)aaa ,”american accounting association on accounting and auditing measurement:1989-1990” accounting horizons 1991(9) l.todd johnson and kimberley r.petrone “is goodwill an asset?” accounting horizons1998(9)linsmeier, thomas j. and boatsman ,james r. ,”aaa’s financial accounting standard response to iasc ed60 intangible assets” accounting horizons 1998(9)linsmeier, thomas j. and boatsman,jamesr.”response to iasc exposure draft ,’provisions,contingent liabilities and contingent assets’ ” accounting horizons1998(6)l.todd johnson and robert. swieringa “derivatives, hedging and comprehensive income” accounting horizons 1996(11) stephen a. .ze ff ,”the rise of economics concequences”, the journal of accountancy 1978(12)david solomons “the fasb’s conceptual framework:an evaluation ” the journal of accountancy 1986(6)paul miller , “conceptual framework:myths or realities” the journal of accountancy 1985(3)part i financial accounting theorysuggested bedtime readings:1. c.j. lee, lecture note on accounting and capital market2. r. watts and j. zimmerman: positive accounting theory3. w. beaver: revolution of financial reportingalthough these three books are relatively "low-tech" in comparison with the reading assignments, but they provide much useful institutional background to the course. moreover, these books give a good survey of accounting literature, especially in the empirical area.1. financial information and asset market equilibrium*grossman, s. and j. stiglitz, "on the impossibility of informationally efficient markets," american economic review (1980), 393-408.*diamond, d. and r. verrecchia, "information aggregation in a noisy rational expectations economy," journal of financial economics, (1981), 221-35.*milgrom, p. "good news and bad news: representation theorems and applications," bell journal of economics, (1981): 380-91.grinblatt, m. and s. ross, "market power in a securities market with endogenous information," quarterly journal of economics, (1985), 1143-67.2. financial disclosure* verrecchia, r. "discretionary disclosure," journal of accounting and economics (1983),179-94.2dye, r., "proprietary and nonproprietary disclosure," journal of business, 59 (1986), 331-66.dye, r., "mandatory versus voluntary disclosures: the cases of financial and real externalities," accounting review, (1990), 1-24.bhushan, r., "collection of information about public traded firms: theory and evidence," journal of economics and accounting, (1989), 183-206.diamond, d. "optimal release of information by firms," journal of economic theory (1985), 1071-94.。

文献出处：Bromiley P, McShane M. Enterprise Risk Management: Review, Critique, and Research Directions[J]. Long Range Planning, 2015，12（03）：61-71.原文The Research of Enterprise Financial ManagementBromiley P, McShane MAbstractEnterprise production and operation process of socialization and modernization level is continuously improved, enterprise financial management and control in the core position in the enterprise management has been gradually revealed. Practice has proved that by strengthening financial management and control is advantageous to the enterprise reasonable and effective use of funds, increasing the use of funds effect; Is advantageous to the enterprise budget, and strive to reduce costs; Easier to find the problems existing in the production and operation enterprises, reduce the economic loss; Is beneficial to improve the level of enterprise production and management, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. Financial management is the core of enterprise management, seize the financial management, and seize the key to enterprise management.Key words: enterprise financial management; Money management;1IntroductionEnterprise financial management work of the importance of modern enterprise is a lawfully established for the purpose of profit, is engaged in the production and business operation activities of the independent accounting economic organization, its starting point and develops well is the profit. Enterprises in order to achieve the purpose of its survival and development and implementation of management of its final result to financial index to reflect, and financial management object is the enterprise of cash (or cash) and benign circulation and turnover process, so also has established the corresponding the core position of financial management in enterprise management. Enterprise production management is the process of capital movement and value-added process, management and financial management, as a kind of value form into all production and business operation activities, it is implementationmanagement means on the one hand, through the control of the enterprise production and business operation activities of each link, standardize enterprise management, on the other hand, through the scientific financial analysis, provide the basis for enterprise production and management decision-making, it is through the financial management work to make the management of enterprise production and operation have full control over the whole process.2 Related theories2.1 The fine financial managementThe fine financial management is to "fine" as the foundation, do meticulous, for every post, every business, have set up a corresponding with the work process and business norms, practices the key in implementing, and to extend the scope of financial management to unit of each area, fully exercise the financial supervision function, to make the development of financial management and service function, realize financial management no dead Angle, explore the potential value of the financial activities.As a way of modern financial management, the fine financial management is modern enterprise constantly explore the process of adapting to the market economy development, and is suitable for the market rules and the requirements of the development of enterprise financial management, efforts to promote the fine financial management, to improve enterprise financial management ability, is significant to promote enterprise development, at the same time can also keep to further reform and opening up, promote the internationalization of our country economy level unceasingly, really realize the sustainable development of economy in our country. 2.2 The enterprise value maximizationEnterprise value maximization is reasonable on the enterprise financial management, adopt the optimum financial policy, and give full consideration to the relationship between the value of money and pay, in ensuring long-term stable development of enterprises to maximize the enterprise value. The advantages of the enterprise value maximization is that it considers the paid time and risk, to overcome the short-term behavior in the pursuit of profit. Economic added value maximizationgoal refers to the enterprise by means of the reasonable financial management, take the optimization of financial policy, give full consideration to the time value of money and the relationship between risk and reward, on the basis of the guarantee enterprise long-term stable development, the pursuit of a certain period of time has created the maximization of economic value added and the ratio of the invested capital.3 Enterprise financial management statuses3.1 Status of financial management, enterprise management goal is not clearIn the past most of the companies did not improve the status of financial management to an important problem of position, just think corporate profit is good, as long as don't consider reasonable fund raising and reasonable application, regardless of the benefit maximization problem. Lead to some enterprises for the sake of short-term profit after facing the danger of collapse. And although many enterprise financial management attaches great importance to, but for the financial management target is fuzzy.3.2 The lack of a sound and effective budget management systemMany enterprises not to establish and perfect effective budget management system, enterprise management with no clear goal and direction, entirely by "follow", to advance planning and matter controls, afterwards, analyze and audit is in order to cope with the task of "above", bring a lot of enterprise financial management risk. Some companies even compiled the budget, but as a result of budget management system is not sound, or budget is the financial department shall, according to the management intention "behind closed doors", can't reach the effect of beforehand control, the so-called budget only become "decoration" or "face project".3.3 Money is messy, the use of inefficientSaving is the biggest save money, a waste of money is the biggest waste. In the currency as the medium of the market economy condition, enterprise operation must be firmly established with the concept of capital as the core, maximum limit the use efficiency of the pursuit of money. At present, the needs of the enterprise group funds centralized management and multistage corporate funds dispersed to take up its internal contradiction has become the most prominent problems in the presententerprise financial fund management investment decision-making optional the gender is big, some enterprises regardless of their own ability and the development goals, blind investment, keen to spread new stall, investments, more serious loss, compounded of already very tense capital position. Capital precipitation, takes up unreasonable, high of payment default, finished goods continued to grow, capital turnover is slow, enterprise credit and profitability decline.3.4 Distortion of accounting information, disclosure delayMany enterprises did not form a unified accounting and financial reporting system, and not build a unified financial management system, totally "free" in the group members, by financial personnel according to their own ideas to establish financial accounting and management system, lead to each member's financial information between businesses than, data and information disorder; Plus members affected by the "personal interest", insisting that the performance of rise, make the accounts receivable is high and increasing the enterprise financing costs, management costs and bad debt losses, on the other hand, the members of the enterprise financial personnel adjustment index through a variety of artificial means, cause the distortion of accounting data, report false, completely cover up the real operating conditions of the enterprise. If the enterprise can't solve the problem of distortion of accounting information in time, will lead to policy maker’s mistake, for the survival and development of the enterprise is very bad.4 The improvement of the enterprise financial management measures4.1 The financial management personnel must set up the modern financial management the new ideaThe establishment of modern enterprise system not only gives enterprise active rights, as well as the modern enterprise financial management in a rapidly changing, highly risky market economy environment. These put forward higher requirements for enterprise financial management personnel, financial personnel must be established to adapt to finance a new concept of the knowledge economy era. To strengthen information idea, in the modern society, economic information is a commodity; the accounting information is also a commodity. Any commodity value, accountinginformation has value. On the one hand, financial personnel through the rapid, accurate and comprehensive information collection, provide the basis for enterprise financing and investment decisions. Analysis of enterprise production and operation situation, on the other hand, the information provided by, become the enterprises to improve management decision-making basis, have a significant impact to the enterprise management strategy, objectively to create value for the enterprise.4.2 Led to budget as the main body, implements the comprehensive budget managementUnder the market economy system, the allocation of resources will become complicated, management function diversity, only implements the comprehensive budget management, to carry out effective control, the main work is: first, making enterprise management budget; Second, in an orderly way of budget management, including the implementation of budget tracking, analysis, evaluation and assessment; Third, fix the settlement of the monthly, quarterly and annual accounts. By budget control and avoid waste and loss, increase savings, increasing earnings and practicing economy, ensure the realization of enterprise economic benefits.4.3 Make capital use plan, optimizing the allocation of fundsEnterprise can control the amount of money at any time is limited, but the demand for money is unlimited, the enterprise should through scientific analysis of the prediction, the disposable funds raised together effectively, maintain reasonable configuration structure. Including fixed capital and liquidity structure, capital structure, reserves and production in stock funds and quick assets structure, declines at the same time, determine the structure of capital plan, and break it down to the relevant units, for minimum cost and footprint, realize the biggest capital gains. Strengthening the management of procurement funds. A merit, Zelman, choose close to purchase materials, to prevent indirect procurement, procurement blindly, compressed procurement costs, cut down the cost of purchasing, locked good capital expenditures mainstream. Strengthening the management of production capital. Enterprises should start from the implementation of economic responsibility system, in order to reduce the consumption as the breakthrough point, in order to improve thelabor productivity as the basis, focusing on compression controllable costs, reduce production costs, thereby reducing production funds utilization. Strictly control the daily cost, implement cost and expenditure, saving the prize, overruns the report; For some expenses are tough freezing method, which in a certain period of time will not be spending, promote management thrift, lavish in preventing the black sheep of his family.4.4 To actively promote the enterprise's financial and business integration of the workFinancial management is the highest level of the perfect combination of business and finance, that is, financial and business integration. Therefore, unified financial management software, computer is applied to implement financial information and business process integration, and gradually introduce, digest, development, using international advanced ERP system software, is the basic direction of the development of the enterprise internal information. Enterprises should be combined with practice, actively introduce the development use unified integration of financial and business management software, gradually realize the whole process of production and operation of information flow, logistics, capital integration and data sharing, security enterprise budget, settlement, monitoring and so on financial management work standardization, efficient. Enterprises with financial management as the center, with an emphasis on cost control, realizes the financial system and sales system, supply and production of data sharing, unified management.译文企业财务管理研究Bromiley P, McShane M.摘要企业生产经营过程社会化程度和现代化水平正不断得以提高，企业财务管理与控制在企业管理中的核心地位已逐渐显示出来。

China Problems andCountermeasuresAbstract：due to their own national policies and corporate aspects of Financial Management of SMEs in the main fund-raising channels exist narrow and seriously underfunded, the operator awareness of weak financial management, corporate Financial Accounting system is not perfectand so on. In order to better play the role of SMEs, the author recommends that the state has adopted relevant policies, expand financing channels, strict financial management, strengthening of external supervision, the introduction of the ranks of professional managers and other measures to improve the management level of SMEs.Keywords: small and medium enterprises; financial management; problems; countermeasureIn December 2005, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "SMEGrowth Project" report on the work that small and medium enterprises in China now has 4 240 million, accounting for 99.6% of enterprises, SMEs accounted for sales of total sales of all enterprises 58.9%, the value of final goods and services accounted for 58% of the national GDP, tax revenue accounts for about 48% of patents account for 66% of patents, new productsaccounted for 82% of all new products to address the urban employment accounted for a netincrease of employment of 75%. However, the output of small-scale, lower capital and technology, as well as the traditional structure and composition of external macro-economics, the impact on SMEs, making the status of the Financial Management of SMEs in China is not optimistic. Strengthen the Financial Management of SMEs imminent.First, define the criteria for SMEsPromulgated in 2002, "SME Promotion Law of The People's Republic of China" (hereinafterreferred to as the "SME Promotion Law") that: small and medium enterprises is established by Law in the PRC, that are conducive to meet the social needs, increasing employment, in line with the national industrial policy, small and medium-scale production and operation of various ownership and various forms of business. SME definition of what is available from both theoretical and practical aspects to consider:(A) Theoretical standardTheory to define standards for SMEs should be based on competitive benchmark. Thecompetitiveness of enterprises can be divided into resources, ability to obtain, using three levels ofability and Development capabilities. Three levels of ability to contribute to the competitiveness ofthe weight should be in ascending order.(B) standards of practiceStandards of practice by policy-level criteria were divided into macro-policy and sectoralpolicy standards. The former is to define standards for small and medium enterprises, which is the classification criteria for SMEs. In practice, SMEs need to define the standard reference of choice, the choice of indicators and targets set three aspects of settlement; and sectoral policies in the formulation of sectoral policies should be characterized by pairs of small and medium enterprises to classify and selection, classification and Selection criteria is ultimately based on corporate status quo, policy objectives and requirements to determine.Second, the status quo of financial management for SMEsIn recent years, China has been rapid Development of SMEs. But there are a considerablenumber of SMEs in the pursuit of sales and market share alone, ignoring the central position of financial management, management, rigid thinking behind the enterprise financial managementand the role of risk control has not been fully utilized. Due to changes in the macroEconomic environment and institutional impact of SMEs in strengthening financial management of the obstacles encountered. For example, the policy "discrimination" so that SMEs and large enterprises can not be a fair competition; local government intervention in industry, management's goal of making short-term financial management of SMEs; financial management by the impact of the business is too large, and so.In addition, a number of small and medium enterprises in China's financial system is notperfect, the accounting bodies and positions set up confusion, accounting personnel undocumented induction; enterprises, accounts are confusing, property is not real, data distortion, etc. are common occurrences. Hazards of these issues early in the enterprise business is not yet clear, once the access to capital, large-scale operations, they are the influence will be gradually expanded and eventually would lead them towards a recession and declining.3, SME Analysis of the problems of financial management(A) lack of national policy supportNational policy support mainly refers to all levels of government policy support, national legal support, financial support. First, the lack of policy and legal support. Over the years, our government's policy regimes tend to large enterprises, especially state-owned enterprises or listed companies at the expense of the SME support policies. The legal provisions relating to small and medium enterprises are scattered throughout a number of legal norms, and is mainly focused onthe management of government business, and few pairs of small and medium enterprises toprotect the weak status of requirements. Second, financing, taxation, land use, preferential policies have also tended to large enterprises. The total number of SMEs and the country's total industrial output value is the corresponding total number of the vast majority, but the size of loans accounted for a small country in the proportion of the total credit. Small and medium enterprises more taxes, repeated charges and taxes of arbitrary large, some government departments to small and medium enterprises, as assessed various cost objects.(B) a serious shortage of fundsFund-raising channels narrow, lack of funds has always been a serious impediment to the development of SMEs in China. Production is small and difficult to create economies of scale; backward management, business risk, short-term behavior is prevalent; repayment credibility is low, credit risks. For these reasons a direct impact on corporate finance.(C ) weak financial management awarenessOn the one hand, a considerable number of the private nature of the small and mediumenterprises, investors set the ownership and management rights in a conducting financial activities and deal with a variety of Economic relations that with the wishes of the individual owner with a clear tendency to arbitrariness; the other hand, a certain Some operators tend to focus too technical, light management, and re-sale, light manage their money, that the enterprise benefits by the business development, not "tube" out of the neglect of the financial management of the production and operation activities of the guiding role. Enterprise managers a weak awareness of financial management has constrained the healthy development of SMEs.(D) The enterprise's financial system is not perfectEnterprise Financial Management environment, including the external environment andinternal environment for two aspects. Construction of the external environment mainly depends on the formulation of government policy and related institutional support, while the internal environment of the building depends mainly on the enterprise's own system of building. SMEs in building their financial system, the main issue for the accounting system is not perfect embodiment. Most SMEs lack of complete internal accounting system, not only in the original certificate records management, quota management, measurement management, and acceptance no system tospeak of, but also in the accounting department functions and powers, accountants of personal responsibility, accounts processing system, within the containment system, audit system, it is also chaotic.(5) Enterprise Asset Management chaotic1. Cash management chaos. Most SMEs do not prepare cash plan, often cash-strapped oridle phenomenon; low level of credit management, the lack of a strict credit policy of the immediate payment, deferred payments, extended payment there is no specific incentives and disincentives; the lack of strong collection of measures, resulting in more bad debts, affecting sales and profits increased, hindering the flow of funds rate.2. Accounts receivable inadequate control. As the supply fierce competition amongenterprises, commodity oversupply of small and medium enterprises in order to avoid their products have been eliminated to take delivery Loaning sales methods, resulting in high accounts receivable, thereby increasing the number of bad debts .3. Inventory control is weak, the phenomenon of the proliferation of financial slack. Most enterprises materials procurement and product sales of cash transactions; corporate finance staff free to withdraw cash for long periods of settlement; enterprise's cash income and expenses are not recorded and so on, resulting in sluggish capital.4. Fixed asset management chaos. Purchase of fixed assets are recorded or not registered intime for failing to obtain an invoice can not be accounted for; unclear because of the original records, the purchase of fixed assets can not be taken according to the existing accounting system, which requires classification depreciation; scrapped, destroyed fixed assets without the required clean-up, resulting in account a range of issues and reality.(6) Investment poorPoor Investment capacity of SMEs mainly as follows: 1. SMEs, lack of Investment fundsrequired. The main sources of finance for SMEs as banks and other financial institutions, but they are to attract financial institutions, investment or borrowing more difficult. Even if banks agreed tolend to SMEs, but also because of the high risk raising lending rates, thus increasing the cost of financing for SMEs. 2. The pursuit of short-term goals. Because of its small size, the proportion of loans to invest in higher than large enterprises are facing greater risk, so they focus on return on investment, but neglected the expansion of the scale of its own. 3. Investment there is blindness, it is difficult to grasp in the right direction. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download Fourth, the financial management of SMEs on the specific ways(A) strengthen the Government's introduction of relevant policiesCompared with large enterprises, SMEs, financial management clearly at a disadvantage,China's relevant government departments should strengthen the SMEs introduction of legislationand related policies, protect the healthy growth of small and medium enterprises, to play its due role. According to incomplete statistics, in the legal person in the country's industrial enterprises, small enterprises accounted for more than 95% of small businesses the value of final goods and services account for the proportion of gross domestic product, nearly 50%. Therefore, the recent years the government has also been concerned about the small and medium enterprises. For example, in 2002, the Government promulgated the "SME Promotion Law"; in April 2004, the Government promulgated "small business accounting system", and in January 1, 2005 in full swing. Although China has not yet issued comprehensive policies and regulations on accounting by SMEs, but with the role of SMEs increasingly clear that in order for the creation and development of small businesses to create a more healthy environment, I believe the Government in this regard will make a greater effort. Therefore, the majority of small and medium enterprises faced with a very good development opportunities.(Ii) strengthening the financing capacity ofFinancing channels for SMEs narrow a direct impact on the quality of financial management hasalso become a bottleneck restricting the development of SMEs. SME managers and small-scale,poor to withstand market risks should be based on the characteristics of their own as far as possible put the money into the recovery period is short, relatively low risk projects, improve the efficiency of using funds to effectively broaden the financing channels for enterprises.1. Properly diversify investment risks, optimize the capital structure, to improve theirfinancing ability. SMEs must be reasonable arrangements for the capital structure, increasing the premise of internal capital accumulation, moderate debt in order to meet the needs of business investment.2. Formulate a scientific and reasonable financial strategic decision to reduce investmentrisks, reduce the randomness and blindness in the decision-making and improve corporatefinancial management. When the firm's capital accumulation to a certain size could be considered after the moderate diversification, decentralization of funds to invest and reduce investment risks. In addition, the project investment process to grasp the normative, scientific forecasting investment projects, and to ensure that the time value of money and risk return balance.3. Banks may be small and medium enterprises inventory and receivables as collateral, or tosmall and medium sized Technology companies to enjoy patent rights as collateral security in support of SME financing, allowing qualified companies to issue bonds for the participation of SMEs in the bond market provide an opportunity. "SME Promotion Law," which made the relevant provisions. For example, the PBC should strengthen support for small and medium financial institutions, to encourage commercial banks to adjust their credit structure, increase credit support for small and medium enterprises.(C ) Strict financial controlWeaknesses in financial control for the enterprise problem, the majority of small and medium enterprises from the following aspects:1. Corporate functional departments should fully recognize the importance of funding, effortsto improve the efficiency of the use of funds. First of all, the efficiency with which the source of funds and used. Secondly, the accurate prediction of funds and pay back time. For example, the purchase of time and recovery time of accounts receivable effective combination. "SME Promotion Law" stipulates that: "the central budget should be set up SME subjects, arrange special funds to support the development of SMEs. Local governments should be based on actual conditions toprovide financial support for SMEs."2. Establish a sound internal control system. SMEs should increase the propertymanagement and property records, transparency, financial management, records, inspection,audit should be accountable. In this way, you can ensure that the constraints within the enterprise, enhance the security of enterprise information, promote the healthy development of enterprises. 3. Strengthening the inventory and accounts receivable management. Compressed as muchas possible obsolete inventory resources, to avoid financial slack to ensure that the best structure for stock funds. For example, Dell, Haier and other large companies have largely succeeded in zero inventory standards. Company shall promptly credit the customer's credit Research assessed regularly check the amount of accounts receivable, and strictly control aging. For bad debts, bad debts to obtain conclusive evidence, the proper accounting treatment.4. Regulate finance staff employed to improve the quality of financial personnel. Enterprises should be based on "Accounting Law", the accounting system and other regulatory requirements, employing accounting personnel with the qualifications to avoid the internal corporate managers who hire to ensure that the normal accounting. In addition, the professional training of finance staff should strengthen the spirit of financial officers, finance staff to enhance the legal awareness and monitoring of awareness, strengthening the accounting team building.(D) the strengthening of external supervision andAt present, the small and medium enterprises to standardize the accounting constraints ontheir own is unrealistic and should make more use of external supervision, to help SMEs to achieve standardization of accounting. China's accounting supervision of national supervision, social supervision and internal supervision of the trinity of the supervision system, in which the first two belong to external oversight. State supervision by the finance, taxation, banking, business, the securities regulatory departments under the supervision of the implementation of relevant laws and regulations; social supervision Zeyi fiscal intermediaries as the main, by its acceptance of others entrusted to the relevant units of the accounting audit, capital verification and so on. If thecourse of their practice, I found the process of SMEs, accounting does not comply with the relevant laws, regulations, and should be promptly reported to the financial, taxation and other authorities, for their strictly dealt with.(E) the introduction of the ranks of professional managersSMEs should abandon the "family" management philosophy, learn from advancedmanagement Experience of large enterprises, bold, and actively introducing professionalmanagers and other high-quality management talent, improve the quality of businessmanagement and improve operational management level. Join the WTO, China's financial markets, product markets have undergone significant changes, financial management, in many ways to addnew content, such as risk management, tax management, insurance and management. At thesame time, the diversification of financial services, international financial management also provides a large selection space. "SME Promotion Law" also stressed: "The state encourages the relevant agencies, universities and business management training for SMEs in areas such as production technology, enhancing SME marketing, management and technical level." Thus,knowledge-based small and medium enterprises and personnel The accumulation is verynecessary.【References】key[1] Xu Tao. SME financial management problems and countermeasures [J]. Accounting Research, 2007.[2] Fu Zhuo. China's SMEs financial management model [D]. Xiamen University, 2001, (09).[3] Wang Lei. For SMEs financial management thinking [J]. Commercial modernization, 2007, (06) (bottom).[4] Qin Shaoqing. To resolve the plight of SMEs to financial management thinking [J]. Accountancy Friends, 2007, (02) (middle).[5] Hui-ping. On the financial management of SMEs in China Problems and countermeasures [J]. Commercial modernization, 2007, (07) (bottom).[6] their lives hung. On the financial management of SMEs, the problems and countermeasures [J]. Strait of Science, 2007, (02).[7] Ministry of Finance. .2004 Small business accounting system.[8] National People's Congress Standing Committee. The People's Republic of China Small Enterprise Promotion Law of .2002.。

财务管理论⽂英⽂⽂献 参考⽂献的引⽤应当实事求是、科学合理，不可以为了凑数随便引⽤。

下⽂是店铺为⼤家整理的关于财务管理论⽂英⽂⽂献的内容，欢迎⼤家阅读参考! 财务管理论⽂英⽂⽂献篇1： [1]Allport, G. W. Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt,Rinehart & Winston, 1937. [2]DeVellis, R. Scale development: Theory and application. London: Sage. 1991. [3]Anderson,J. R. Methodologies for studying human knowledge. Behavioural and Brain Sciences,1987,10(3)，467-505 [4]Aragon-Comea, J. A. Strategic proactivity and firm approach to the natural environment. Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(5)，556-567. [5]Bandura, A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001,52,1-26. [6]Barr, P. S,Stimpert,J. L,& Huff,A. S. Cognitive change,strategic action and organizational renewal. Strategic Management Journal, 1992,13(S1)，15-36. [7]Bourgeois, L. J. On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 1981,6(1)，29-39. [8]Belkin, N. J. Anomalous state of knowledge for information retrieval. Canadian Journal of Information Science, 1980,5(5)，133-143. [9]Bentler,P. M,& Chou C. P. Practical issues in structural equation modeling.Sociological Methods and Research,1987,16(1)，78-117 [10]Atkin, C. K. Instrumental utilities and information seeking. New models for mass communication research, Oxford,England: Sage,1973. [11]Adams, M. and Hardwick, P. An Analysis of Corporate Donations: UnitedKingdom Evidence [J], Journal of Management Studies, 1998,35 (5)： 641-654. [12]Aronoff,C.,and J Ward. Family-owned Businesses: A Thing of the Past or Model of the Future. [J]. Family Business Review, 1995,8(2); 121-130. [13]Beckhard,R“Dyer Jr.,W.G. Managing continuity in the family owned business [J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1983,12 (1)： 5-12. [14Casson, M. The economics of family firms [J]. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1999' 47(1)：10 - 23. [15]Alchian,A.,Demsetz, H. Production, information costs, and economic organization. American Economic Review [J]. 1972,62(5)： 777-795. [16]Allen, F,J, Qian and M, J. Qian. Law,Finance and Economic Growth in China [J], Journal of Financial Economics, 2005,77: pp.57-116. [17]Amato,L. H.,& Amato,C. H. The effects of firm size and industry on corporate giving [J]. Journal of Business Ethics,2007,72(3)： 229-241. [18]Chrisman, J.J., Chua,J.H., and Steier, L. P. An introduction to theories of family business [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2003b, 18(4)： 441-448 财务管理论⽂英⽂⽂献篇2： [1]Antelo,M. Licensing a non-drastic innovation under double informational asymmetry. Rese arch Policy,2003,32(3)， 367-390. [2]Arora, A. Patents,licensing, and market structure in the chemical industry.Research Policy, 1997,26(4-5)， 391-403. [3]Aoki,R.,& Tauman,Y. Patent licensing with spillovers. Economics Letters,2001,73(1)，125-130. [4]Agarwal, S,& Hauswald, R. Distance and private information in lending.Review of Financial Studies,2010,23(7)，2757-2788. [5]Brouthers, K.D.,& Hennart, J.F. Boundaries of the firm: insights from international entry mode research. Journal of Management, 2007,33,395-425. [6]Anderson, J. E. A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. American Economic Review, 1997,69(1)，106-116. [7]Barkema,H. G.,Bell,J. H. J.,& Pennings, J. M. Foreign entry,cultural barriers,and learning. Strategic Management Journal, 1996, 17(2)，151-166. [8]Bass, B.,& Granke, R. Societal influences on student perceptions of how to succeed in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972,56(4)，312-318. [9]Bresman, H.,Birkinshaw, J.,& Nobel, R. Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies,1999,30(3)，439-462. [10]Chesbrough, H. W.,& Appleyard,M, M. Open innovation and strategy.California Management Review, 2007,50(1)，57-76.。

计算机财务管理相关⽂献,财务管理外⽂参考⽂献（精选⽂献105个）任何事物总是与⼀定的环境相联系、存在和发展的 ,财务管理也不例外。

不同时期、不同国家、不同领域的财务管理之所以有不同的特征 ,都是因为影响财务管理的环境因素不尽相同。

企业在许多⽅⾯同⽣物体⼀样 ,如果不能适应周围的环境 ,也就不能⽣存。

下⾯是财务管理外⽂参考⽂献105个，供⼤家参考阅读。

财务管理外⽂参考⽂献⼀：[1]Augusto Cesar Hernandes Pinha,Juliana Keiko Sagawa. A system dynamics modelling approach for municipal solid waste management and financial analysis[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,269.[2]Yuyang Zhang,Konari Uchida,Liping Dong. External Financing and Earnings Management: Evidence from International Data[J]. Research in International Business and Finance,2020.[3]Yuanhui Li,Xiao Li,Erwei Xiang,Hadrian Geri Djajadikerta. Financial distress, internal control, and earnings management: Evidence from China[J]. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics,2020,16(3).[4]. DATA Communications Management Corp.; Data Communications Management Corp. Announces Fourth Quarter and Year End Financial Results for 2019 Together With First Quarter 2020 Outlook[J]. Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,2020.[5]. Energy - Renewable Energy; Reports Outline Renewable Energy Study Results from Department of Management Sciences (Non-linear threshold effect of financial development on renewable energy consumption: evidence from panel smooth transition regression approach)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2020.[6]. Environment; Researcher at Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra Has Published New Study Findings on Environment (Financial and Personal Issues of the Transferred State Administration Competencies in the Building Procedure to Municipality Offices)[J]. Ecology, Environment & Conservation,2020.[7]Shaojie Wang,Stelios Bekiros,Amin Yousefpour,Shaobo He,Oscar Castillo,Hadi Jahanshahi. Synchronization of fractional time-delayed financial system using a novel type-2 fuzzy active control method[J]. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals: the interdisciplinary journal of Nonlinear Science, and Nonequilibrium and Complex Phenomena,2020,136.[8]Chikashi Tsuji. Correlation and spillover effects between the US and international banking sectors: New evidence and implications for risk management[J]. International Review of Financial Analysis,2020,70.[9]José Holguín-Veras,Johanna Amaya Leal,Ivan Sanchez-Diaz,Michael Browne,Jeffrey Wojtowicz. State of the art and practice of urban freight management Part II: Financial approaches, logistics, and demand management[J]. Transportation Research Part A,2020,137.[10]Rouven Litterscheidt,David J. Streich. Financial education and digital asset management: What's in the black box?[J]. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics,2020,87.[11]Toan Luu Duc Huynh,Muhammad Shahbaz,Muhammad Ali Nasir,Subhan Ullah. Financial modelling, risk management of energy instruments and the role of cryptocurrencies[J]. Annals of Operations Research,2020(prepublish).[12]S. Dubnitskiy-Robin,B. Pradère,B. Faivre d'Arcier,S. Watt,T. Le Fol,F. Bruyère,E. Rusch,F. Monmousseau,S. Brunet-Houdard. Switching to single-use flexible ureteroscopes for stones management: financial impact and solutions to reduce the cost over a 5-year period[J]. Urology,2020.[13]Lawrence Ang,Andreas Hellmann,Majid Kanbaty,Suresh Sood. Emotional and attentional influences of photographs on impression management and financial decision making[J]. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance,2020,27.[14]Giovanni Bella,Paolo Mattana. Chaos control in presence of financial bubbles[J]. Economics Letters,2020,193.[15]Stefano Franco,Matteo Giuliano Caroli,Francesco Cappa,Giacomo Del Chiappa. Are you good enough? CSR, quality management and corporate financial performance in the hospitality industry[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management,2020,88.[16]Theotime Rutabubura, Dr. Patrick Mulyungi. Impact of Risk Management Strategies on the Performance of Agricultural Projects in Rwanda - Taking Access to Rwandan Finance as an Example[J]. Journal of Global Economy, Business and Finance,2020,2(5).[17]Jackson Mills,Karen M. Hogan. CEO facial masculinity and firm financial outcomes[J]. Corporate Board: Role, Duties and Composition,2020,16(1).[18]. Business - Risk and Financial Management; Researcher from Lincoln University Reports on Findings in Risk and Financial Management (Editorial for the Special Issue on Commercial Banking)[J]. Information TechnologyNewsweekly,2020.[19]. Technology - Green Technology; Researchers at Dalian Maritime University Release New Data on Green Technology (Exploring Financial Performance and Green Logistics Management Practices: Examining the Mediating Influences of Market, Environmental and Social Performances)[J]. Journal of Technology,2020.[20]. Business - Sustainability Accounting and Management; Anglia Ruskin University Researchers Provide New Insightsinto Sustainability Accounting and Management (Impact of Environmental Reporting on Financial Performance: Study of Global Fortune 500 Companies)[J]. Global Warming Focus,2020.[21]. Sustainability Research - Sustainable Waste Management; Studies from Stockholm Environment Institute in the Areaof Sustainable Waste Management Published (Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing)[J]. Global Warming Focus,2020.[22]Dubnitskiy-Robin S,Pradère B,Faivre d'Arcier B,Watt S,Fol T Le,Bruyère F,Rusch E,Monmousseau F,Brunet-Houdard S. Switching to single-use flexible ureteroscopes for stones management: financial impact and solutions to reduce the cost over a 5-year period.[J]. Urology,2020.[23]Christoph Sowada,Iwona Kowalska-Bobko,Anna Sagan. What next after the ‘commercialization’ of public hospitals? Searching for effective solutions to achieve financial stability of the hospital sector in Poland[J]. Health policy,2020.[24]Mike K.P. So,Thomas W.C. Chan,Amanda M.Y. Chu. Efficient estimation of high-dimensional dynamic covariance by risk factor mapping: Applications for financial risk management[J]. Journal of Econometrics,2020.[25]. OneStream Software LLC; OneStream Software Shines in BARC Survey of Planning and Financial Performance Management Products[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[26]. Finance - Electronic Commerce; Studies from Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering & Management in the Area of Electronic Commerce Reported (Hybrid geometric sampling and AdaBoost based deep learning approach for dataimbalance in E-commerce)[J]. Internet Business Newsweekly,2020.[27]. Quantzig; Addressing the Financial Impacts of COVID-19: Quantzig's Cutting Edge Working Capital Management Solutions[J]. Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,2020.[28]. Finance and Management; Recent Findings from Xihua University Provides New Insights into Finance and Management (Oil Prices and Bank Credit Risk In Mena Countries After the 2008 Financial Crisis)[J]. Energy & Ecology,2020.[29]. Science - Management Science; Data on Management Science Described by Researchers at Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance (Partial Vertical Centralization In Competing Supply Chains)[J]. Science Letter,2020.[30]Viktor Witkovsk?,Gejza Wimmer,Tomas Duby. Estimating the distribution of a stochastic sum of IID random variables[J]. Mathematica Slovaca,2020,70(3).[31]. Global Views - Early Modern History; Findings from University of Bretagne Sud Update Understanding of Early Modern History (Japan, a Separate Province From India? Rivalries and Financial Management of Two Jesuit Missions in Asia)[J]. Politics & Government Week,2020.[32]Edmond Lyonga. Auditing as a Vital Component to the Financial Management of Local Councils in Cameroon; the Case of Buea Rural Council[J]. Journal of Finance and Accounting,2020,8(3).[33]. Issue Information: European Financial Management 3/2020[J]. European Financial Management,2020,26(3).[34]Thanyaluk Vichitsarawong,Li Li Eng. Financial Crisis and Earnings Management Under U.S. GAAP and IFRS[J]. Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies,2020,23(02).[35]. Finance - Finance and Business; New Findings Reported from Free University Bolzano Describe Advances in Finance and Business (How does family management affect innovation investment propensity? The key role of innovation impulses) [J]. Journal of Technology & Science,2020.财务管理外⽂参考⽂献⼆：[36]. IOU Financial Inc.; IOU Financial Approved by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and Small Business Administration SBA to Provide Paycheck Protection Program Loans[J]. Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,2020.[37]Shaikh Babar T,Ali Nabeela. COVID-19 and fiscal space for health system in Pakistan: It is time for a policy decision.[J]. The International journal of health planning and management,2020.[38]Gabriel Lozano-Reina,Gregorio Sánchez-Marín. Say on pay and executive compensation: A systematic review and suggestions for developing the field[J]. Human Resource Management Review,2020,30(2).[39]Kyungyul Jun. Financial Information of US Restaurants under Different Economic Situations from the Working Capital Management Perspective[J]. ,2020,26(5).[40]Christopher Ansell,Martin Bartenberger. Pragmatism and political crisis management—Principle and practical rationality during the financial crisis[J]. European Policy Analysis,2020,6(1).[41]Griffiths Ulla K,Asman Jennifer,Adjagba Alex,Yo Marina,Oguta James O,Cho Chloe. Budget line items for immunization in 33 African countries.[J]. Health policy and planning,2020.[42]Dóra Gy?rffy. Financial Crisis Management and the Rise of Authoritarian Populism: What Makes Hungary Differentfrom Latvia and Romania?[J]. Europe-Asia Studies,2020,72(5).[43]Yaser Gamil,Ismail Abdul Rahman. Assessment of critical factors contributing to construction failure in Yemen[J]. International Journal of Construction Management,2020,20(5).[44]. Finance - Electronic Commerce; New Findings in Electronic Commerce Described from South China University of Technology (A 2020 perspective on “Service quality management of online car-hailing based on PCN in the sharing economy”)[J]. Internet Business Newsweekly,2020.[45]Justice Nyigmah Bawole,Peter Adjei-Bamfo. Public Procurement and Public Financial Management in Africa: Dynamics and Influences[J]. Public Organization Review: A Global Journal,2020,20(3).[46]Delia S. West,Rebecca A. Krukowski,Eric A. Finkelstein,Melissa L. Stansbury,Doris E. Ogden,Courtney M.Monroe,Chelsea A. Carpenter,Shelly Naud,Jean R. Harvey. Adding Financial Incentives to Online Group-Based Behavioral Weight Control: An RCT[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2020.[47]Vijayakumar Bharathi S.,Mugdha Shailendra Kulkarni. Competition in Monopoly: Teaching-Learning Process of Financial Statement Analysis to Information Technology Management Students[J]. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE),2020,16(3).[48]. Financial Accountability & Management[J]. Financial Accountability & Management,2020,36(2).[49]. Intuit Inc.; Researchers Submit Patent Application, "Navigating To User Content In A Financial Management System",for Approval (USPTO 20200134738)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[50]West Delia S,Krukowski Rebecca A,Finkelstein Eric A,Stansbury Melissa L,Ogden Doris E,Monroe Courtney M,Carpenter Chelsea A,Naud Shelly,Harvey Jean R. Adding Financial Incentives to Online Group-Based Behavioral Weight Control: An RCT.[J]. American journal of preventive medicine,2020.[51]Chia-Lin Chang,Michael McAleer,Wing-Keung Wong. Risk and Financial Management of COVID-19 in Business, Economics and Finance[J]. Journal of Risk and Financial Management,2020,13(5).[52]. Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection Comments Requested; New Data Collection: Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC) Needs Assessment and Evaluation OMB Package[J]. The Federal Register / FIND,2020,85(096).[53]Ana I. Marqués,Vicente García,J. Salvador Sánchez. Ranking-based MCDM models in financial management applications: analysis and emerging challenges[J]. Progress in Artificial Intelligence,2020(prepublish).[54]Michael Winter,Fanan Ujoh. A Review of Institutional Frameworks & Financing Arrangements for Waste Management in Nigerian Cities[J]. Urban Studies and Public Administration,2020,3(2).[55]. Henderson Wealth Management; Henderson Wealth Management Offers Businesses Financial Relief From COVID-19 by Waiving 401k Management Fees for 90 Days With a 1 Year Engagement[J]. Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,2020.[56]. Inlet; Inlet Joins Financial Data Exchange FDX to Strengthen Customer Control of Financial Data[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[57]. MAXIMUS; MAXIMUS Federal Awarded IRS Contract for Information Technology Financial Management Application Support ITFMAS[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[58]. Business - Risk and Financial Management; Researchers at Setsunan University Publish New Data on Risk and Financial Management (Dynamic Transmissions and Volatility Spillovers between Global Price and U.S. Producer Price in Agricultural Markets)[J]. Agriculture Week,2020.[59]. Public Administration Finance and Law; Research on Public Administration Finance and Law Detailed by a Researcher at National University (Towards An Efficient Management in The Context of Modernizing The Romanian Public Administration)[J]. Politics & Government Week,2020.[60]. Business - Chinese Management Studies; Recent Studies from Guangdong University of Finance & Economics Add New Data to Chinese Management Studies (Shareholder Involvement and Firm Innovation Performance Empirical Evidence From Chinese Firms)[J]. Politics & Government Week,2020.[61]Adegbie Festus Folajinmi, Alawode Olufemi Peter. Financial Management Practices and Performance of Small and Medium Scale Poultry Industry in Ogun State, Nigeria[J]. Journal of Finance and Accounting,2020,8(2).[62]Xinni Wang. Enterprise Financial Management from the Perspective of Flexibility[J]. Journal of Social Science and Humanities,2020,2(4).[63]Theotime Rutabubura, Dr. Patrick Mulyungi. The Impact of Risk Management Strategies on the Performance of Agricultural Projects in Rwanda -- a Case Study of Financing in Rwanda[J]. Journal of Global Economy, Business and Finance,2020,2(4).[64]. Veterinary Medicine; Studies from Donghua University in the Area of Veterinary Medicine Described (Application of Animal Food Management In Internet Financial Growth System)[J]. Veterinary Week,2020.[65]. Disaster Preparedness - Disaster Prevention and Management; Reports from Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Describe Recent Advances in Disaster Prevention and Management (Paired Assistance Policy and Recovery From the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake: a Network Perspective)[J]. Bioterrorism Week,2020.[66]. Deerfield Management; Melinta Therapeutics Successfully Completes Financial Restructuring[J]. Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,2020.[67]. Science - Management Science; New Findings from University of Cape Town Update Understanding of Management Science (Social Finance and the Commons Paradigm Exploring How Community-based Innovations Transform Finance for the Common Good)[J]. Science Letter,2020.[68]. Intuit Inc.; Patent Issued for Staged Transactions In Financial Management Application (USPTO 10,628,893)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[69]. Business - Chinese Management Studies; Studies from Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics Have Provided New Information about Chinese Management Studies (Exploring the Relationship Between Network Position and Innovation Performance Evidence From a Social Network Analysis of ...)[J]. Politics & Government Week,2020.[70]. Science - Management Science; Studies from Dongbei University of Finance & Economics Yield New Data on Management Science (How and When Servant Leaders Enable Collective Thriving: The Role of Team-Member Exchange and Political Climate)[J]. Politics & Government Week,2020.财务管理外⽂参考⽂献三：[71]Nitya P. Singh. Managing environmental uncertainty for improved firm financial performance: the moderating role of supply chain risk management practices on managerial decision making[J]. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications,2020,23(3).[72]Belbase,Sanzenbacher,Walters. Dementia, Help with Financial Management, and Financial Well-Being[J]. Journal of Aging & Social Policy,2020,32(3).[73]Suzanne J. Francart,Caron P. Misita,Emily M. Hawes,Lindsey B. Amerine. Reducing Revenue Loss and Patient Financial Toxicity with a Pharmacy-Managed Pre-Certification and Denials Management Program[J]. Oncology Issues,2020,35(3).[74]Mark R Bennett,Jack Ogutu,Richard Olawoyin. INTELLIGENT RISK MANAGEMENT: Seven Practical Steps to a Strong Risk Culture & Financial Maturity[J]. Professional Safety,2020,65(5).[75]. Business - Risk and Financial Management; Study Data from University of London Provide New Insights into Risk and Financial Management [Oil Price, Oil Price Implied Volatility (OVX) and Illiquidity Premiums in the US: (A)symmetry and the Impact of Macroeconomic Factors][J]. Energy Weekly News,2020.[76]Gourab Chakraborty. Evolving profiles of financial risk management in the era of digitization: The tomorrow that began in the past[J]. Journal of Public Affairs,2020,20(2).[77]Anu Antony. Behavioral finance and portfolio management: Review of theory and literature[J]. Journal of PublicAffairs,2020,20(2).[78]Spear Marcia,Thurman Kristen. Real-Time Pressure Assessment and Monitoring With a Fluid Immersion Simulation Support Surface Show Clinical and Financial Benefits for Flap Management.[J]. Plastic surgical nursing : official journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses,2020,40(1).[79]Tarek Abichou. Using methane biological oxidation to partially finance sustainable waste management systems and closure of dumpsites in the Southern Mediterranean region[J]. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for EnvironmentalIntegration,2020,5(3).[80]. Business - Risk and Financial Management; New Risk and Financial Management Findings from University of Tokyo Published (Deep Reinforcement Learning in Agent Based Financial Market Simulation)[J]. Journal of Technology,2020.[81]. Public Health - Vaccination; Studies from U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the Area of Vaccination Reported (Financial Cost Analysis of a Strategy To Improve the Quality of Administrative Vaccination Data In Uganda)[J]. Information Technology Newsweekly,2020.[82]. Technology; Findings from Al-Farabi Kazakh National University in Technology Reported (Risk management in the financing of ICO projects: prospects for the use of modern technologies in Kazakhstan)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[83]. Cybersecurity; Findings in Cybersecurity Reported from Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Development of methodology of accounting and control processes in the digital economy)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[84]. Technology; Investigators at University of Jyvaskyla Describe Findings in Technology (Fusion of technology management and financing management - Amazon's transformative endeavor by orchestrating techno-financing systems) [J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[85]. BlackRock Financial Management Inc.; Patent Issued for Authenticating Connections And Program Identity In A Messaging System (USPTO 10,623,272)[J]. Network Weekly News,2020.[86]. Technology; Study Findings on Technology Reported by Researchers at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (New challenges in the financial management under the influence of financial technology)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[87]. Kestra Financial Inc.; Kestra Financial Onboards Russell Giammarino Wealth Management[J]. Journal ofEngineering,2020.[88]Yaw Agyabeng-Mensah,Ebenezer Afum,Esther Ahenkorah. Exploring financial performance and green logistics management practices: Examining the mediating influences of market, environmental and social performances[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,258.[89]. Computer Services Inc.; CSI Enhances Digital Banking Offerings to Provide New Self-Service Tools That Enable 24/7 Financial Management[J]. Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,2020.[90]Lichtenberg Peter A,Gross Evan,Campbell Rebecca. A Short Form of the Lichtenberg Financial Decision Rating Scale.[J]. Clinical gerontologist,2020,43(3).[91]Eric Dienstfrey. Under the Standard: MGM, AT&T, and the Academy's Regulation of Power[J]. JCMS: Journal of Cinema and Media Studies,2020,59(3).[92]. Philosophy; Study Results from Frankfurt School of Finance and Management Update Understanding of Philosophy (Normative Disagreement: a Functional Account for Inferentialists)[J]. Science Letter,2020.[93]. Global Views - Philosophy; Data on Philosophy Detailed by Researchers at Frankfurt School of Finance and Management (Relaxing about Moral Truths)[J]. Politics & Government Business,2020.[94]. Information Technology - Data Analytics; Studies Conducted at Institute for Financial Management and Research on Data Analytics Recently Reported (Has the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle waned? Evidence from time series and dynamic panel data analysis)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2020.[95]. Flood Risk Management; Reports from Anhui University of Finance and Economics Provide New Insights into Flood Risk Management (To Move or Not To Move: How Farmers Now Living In Flood Storage Areas of China Decide Whether To Move Out or To Stay Put)[J]. 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Veterinary Week,2020.[101]. Cascades Inc.; Cascades Will File Electronic Version of its Annual Report, Annual Financial Statements and Management Discussion and Analysis[J]. Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,2020.[102]Suntichai Kotcharin,Sakkakom Maneenop. Geopolitical risk and corporate cash holdings in the shipping industry[J]. Transportation Research Part E,2020,136.[103]. Lyft Inc.; Researchers Submit Patent Application, "Method And Apparatus For Managing Financial Control Validation Processes", for Approval (USPTO 20200097982)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[104]Belbase Anek,Sanzenbacher Geoffrey T,Walters Abigail N. Dementia, Help with Financial Management, and Financial Well-Being.[J]. Journal of aging & social policy,2020,32(3).[105]Akheil Singla,Martin J. Luby. Financial Engineering by City Governments: Factors Associated with the Use of Debt-Related Derivatives[J]. Urban Affairs Review,2020,56(3).以上就是财务管理毕业论⽂参考⽂献的分享，希望看后对你有所帮助。

FinancialManagementandAnalysisisanintroductiontotheconcepts,tools,andap plicationsoffinance.ThepurposeofthisteGtbookistocommunicatethefundamentals offinancialmanagementandfinancialanalysis.ThisteGtbookiswritteninawaythatwille nablestudentswhoarejustbeginningtheirstudyoffinancetounderstandfinancialdeci sion-makinganditsroleinthedecision-makingprocessoftheentirefirm.ThroughouttheteGtbook,you’ll seehowweviewfinance.Weseefinancialdecisio n-makingasanintegralpartofthe firm’s decision-making,notasaseparatefunction.Fi nancialdecision-makinginvolvescoordinationamongpersonnelspecializinginaccou nting,marketing,andproductionaspectsofthefirm.Theprinciplesandtoolsoffinanceareapplicabletoallformsandsizesofbusinessent erprises,notonlytolargecorporations.Justastherearespecialproblemsandopportuni tiesforsmallfamily-ownedbusinesses(suchaswheretoobtainfinancing),therearespec ialproblemsandopportunitiesforlargecorporations(suchasagencyproblemsthataris ewhenmanagementofthefirmisseparatedfromthe firm’s owners).Butthefundamen talsoffinancialmanagementarethesameregardlessofthesizeorformofthebusiness.F oreGample,adollartodayisworthmorethanadollaroneyearfromtoday,whetheryouar emakingdecisionsforasoleproprietorshiporalargecorporation.Weviewtheprinciplesandtoolsoffinanceasapplicabletofirmsaroundtheglobe,notjusttoU.S.businessenterprises.Whilecustomsandlawsmaydifferamongnations,th eprinciples,theories,andtoolsoffinancialmanagementdonot.ForeGample,inevaluati ngwhethertobuyaparticularpieceofequipment,youmustevaluatewhathappenstoth e firm’s futurecashflows(Howmuchwilltheybe?Whenwilltheyoccur?Howuncertaina rethey?),whetherthefirmislocatedintheUnitedStates,GreatBritain,orelsewhere.Inaddition,webelievethatastrongfoundationinfinanceprinciplesandtherelated mathematicaltoolsarenecessaryforyoutounderstandhowinvestingandfinancingdec isionsaremade.Butbuildingthatfoundationneednotbestrenuous.Onewaythatwetryt ohelpyoubuildthatfoundationistopresenttheprinciplesandtheoriesoffinanceusingi ntuition,insteadofwithproofsandtheorems.ForeGample,wewalkyouthroughtheintu itionofcapitalstructuretheorywithnumericalandrealworldeGamples,notequationsa ndproofs.Anotherwetrytoassistyouistoapproachthetoolsoffinanceusingcareful,ste p-by-stepeGamplesandnumerousgraphs.ORGANIZATIONFinancialManagementandAnalysisispresentedinsevenparts.Thefirsttwoparts(P artsOneandTwo)coverthebasics,includingtheobjectiveoffinancialmanagement,val uationprinciples,andtherelationbetweenriskandreturn.Financialdecision-makingis coveredinPartsThree,Four,andFivewherewepresentlong-terminvestmentmanagem ent(commonlyreferredtoascapitalbudgeting),themanagementoflong-termsources offunds,andworkingcapitalmanagement.PartSiGcoversfinancialstatementanalysis whichincludesfinancialratioanalysis,earningsanalysis,andcashflowanalysis.Thelastp art(PartSeven)coversseveralspecializedtopics:internationalfinancialmanagement,b orrowingviastructuredfinancialtransactions(i.e.,assetsecuritization),projectfinancing,equipmentleasing,andfinancialplanningandstrategy. DISTINGUISHINGFEATURESOFTHETEGTBOOKLogicalstructure.TheteGtbeginswiththebasicprinciplesandtools,followedbylon g-terminvestmentandfinancingdecisions.Thefirsttwopartslayoutthebasics;PartThr eethenfocusesonthe“leftside”ofthebalancesheet(theassets)andthePartFouristhe “rightside”ofthebalancesheet(theliabilitiesandequity).Workingcapitaldecisions, whicharemadetosupporttheday-to-dayoperationsofthefirm,arediscussedinPartFiv e.PartSiGprovidesthetoolsforanalyzinga firm’s financialstatements.Inthelastchapt erofthebook,youarebroughtbackfull-circletotheobjectiveoffinancialmanagement:t hemaGimizationof owners’wealth.Graphicalillustrations.Graphsandillustrationshavebeencarefullyanddeliberatel ydevelopedtodepictandprovidevisualreinforcementofmathematicalconcepts.Fore Gample,weshowthegrowthofabankbalancethroughcompoundinterestseveralways :mathematically,inatime-line,andwithabargraph.Applications.Asmuchaspossible,wedevelopconceptsandmathematicsusingeG amplesofactualpractice.ForeGample,wefirstpresentfinancialanalysisusingasimplifi edsetoffinancialstatementsforafictitiouscompany.After you’ve learnedthebasicsus ingthefictitiouscompany,wedemonstratefinancialanalysistoolsusingdatafromWal-MartStores,Inc.ActualeGampleshelpyoubettergraspandretainmajorconceptsandto ols.Weintegrateover100actualcompanyeGamplesthroughouttheteGt,so you’re no tapttomissthem.ConsideringboththeeGamplesthroughouttheteGtandtheresearch questionsandproblems,youareeGposedtohundredsofactualcompanies.EGtensivecoverageoffinancialstatementanalysis.WhilemostteGtbooksprovidesomecoverageoffinancialstatementanalysis,wehaveprovidedyouwithmuchmorede tailinPartSiGoftheteGtbook.Chapter6andthethreechaptersinPartSiGallowaninstruc tortofocusonfinancialstatementanalysis.EGtensivecoverageofalternativedebtinstruments.Becauseoftheinnovationsint hedebtmarket,alternativeformsdebtinstrumentscanbeissuedbyacorporation.InCha pter15,youareintroducedtotheseinstruments.Wethendevoteonechaptertothemost popularalternativetocorporatebondissuance,thecreationandissuanceofasset-back edsecurities.Coverageofleasingandprojectfinancing.Weprovidein-depthcoverageofleasing inChapter27,demystifyingtheclaimsabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofleasi ngyoutoooftenreadaboutinsometeGtbooksandprofessionalarticles.Projectfinanci nghasgrowninimportancefornotonlycorporationsbutforcountriesseekingtodevelo pinfrastructurefacilities.Chapter28providesthebasicprinciplesforunderstandingpro jectfinancing.Earlyintroductiontoderivativeinstruments.Derivativeinstruments(futures,swap s,andoptions)playanimportantroleinfinance.Youareintroducedtotheseinstrumentsi nChapter4.WhilederivativeinstrumentsareviewedascompleGinstruments,youarepr ovidedwithanintroductionthatmakescleartheirbasicinvestmentcharacteristics.Byth eearlyintroductionofderivativeinstruments,youwillbeabletoappreciatethedifficulti esofevaluatingsecuritiesthathaveembeddedoptions(Chapter9),howtherearerealop tionsembeddedincapitalbudgetingdecisions(Chapter14),andhowderivativeinstru mentscanbeusedtoreduceortohedgethecostofborrowing(Chapter15).Stand-alonenatureofthechapters.Eachchapteriswrittensothatchaptersmayeasi lyberearrangedtofitdifferentcoursestructures.Concepts,terminology,andnotationarepresentedineachchaptersothatnochapterisdependentuponanother.Thismeansth atinstructorscantailortheuseofthisbooktofittheirparticulartimeframeforthecoursea ndtheir students’preparation(foreGample,ifstudentsenterthecoursewithsufficient backgroundinaccountingandtaGation,Chapters5and6canbeskipped).Webelieveth atourapproachtothesubjectmatteroffinancialmanagementandanalysiswillhelpyou understandthekeyissuesandprovidethefoundationfordevelopingaskillsetnecessary todealwithrealworldfinancialproblems.1IntroductiontoFinancialManagementandAnalysisFinanceistheapplicationofeconomicprinciplesandconceptstobusinessdecision -makingandproblemsolving.Thefieldoffinancecanbeconsideredtocomprisethreebr oadcategories:financialmanagement,investments,andfinancialinstitutions:■Financialmanagement.Sometimescalledcorporatefinanceorbusinessfinance,thisa reaoffinanceisconcernedprimarilywithfinancialdecision-makingwithinabusinessen tity.Financialmanagementdecisionsincludemaintainingcashbalances,eGtendingcre dit,acquiringotherfirms,borrowingfrombanks,andissuingstocksandbonds.■Investments.Thisareaoffinancefocusesonthebehavioroffinancialmarketsandthepr icingofsecurities.Aninvestment manager’s tasks,foreGample,mayincludevaluingco mmonstocks,selectingsecuritiesforapensionfund,ormeasuringa portfolio’s perfor mance.■Financialinstitutions.Thisareaoffinancedealswithbanksandotherfirmsthatspecializ einbringingthesuppliersoffundstogetherwiththeusersoffunds.ForeGample,amana gerofabankmaymakedecisionsregardinggrantingloans,managingcashbalances,set tinginterestratesonloans,anddealingwithgovernmentregulations.Nomattertheparticularcategoryoffinance,businesssituationsthatcallfortheappl icationofthetheoriesandtoolsoffinancegenerallyinvolveeitherinvesting(usingfunds )orfinancing(raisingfunds).Managerswhoworkinanyofthesethreeareasrelyonthesamebasicknowledgeoffi nance.Inthisbook,weintroduceyoutothiscommonbodyofknowledgeandshowhowit isusedinfinancialdecision-making.Thoughtheemphasisofthisbookisfinancialmana gement,thebasicprinciplesandtoolsalsoapplytotheareasofinvestmentsandfinancial institutions.Inthisintroductorychapter,we’ll considerthetypesofdecisionsfinancial managersmake,theroleoffinancialanalysis,theformsofbusinessownership,andtheo bjectiveof managers’decisions.Finally,wewilldescribetherelationshipbetweenown ersandmanagers.FINANCIALMANAGEMENTFinancialmanagementencompassesmanydifferenttypesofdecisions.Wecanclas sifythesedecisionsintothreegroups:investmentdecisions,financingdecisions,andde cisionsthatinvolvebothinvestingandfinancing.Investmentdecisionsareconcernedwi ththeuseoffunds—thebuying,holding,orsellingofalltypesofassets:Shouldwebuyan ewdiestampingmachine?Shouldweintroduceanewproductline?Selltheoldproducti onfacility?BuyaneGistingcompany?Buildawarehouse?Keepourcashinthebank?Financingdecisionsareconcernedwiththeacquisitionoffundstobeusedforinvesti ngandfinancingday-to-dayoperations.Shouldmanagersusethemoneyraisedthroug hthe firms’revenues?Shouldtheyseekmoneyfromoutsideofthebusiness?Acompan y’s operationsandinvestmentcanbefinancedfromoutsidethebusinessbyincurringd ebts,suchasthoughbankloansandthesaleofbonds,orbysellingownershipinterests.Becauseeachmethodoffinancingobligatesthebusinessindifferentways,financingdeci sionsareveryimportant.Manybusinessdecisionssimultaneouslyinvolvebothinvestingandfinancing.Fore Gample,acompanymaywishtoacquireanotherfirm—aninvestmentdecision.Howeve r,thesuccessoftheacquisitionmaydependonhowitisfinanced:byborrowingcashtom eetthepurchaseprice,bysellingadditionalsharesofstock,orbyeGchangingeGistingsh aresofstock.Ifmanagersdecidetoborrowmoney,theborrowedfundsmustberepaidwi thinaspecifiedperiodoftime.Creditors(thoselendingthemoney)generallydonotshar einthecontrolofprofitsoftheborrowingfirm.If,ontheotherhand,managersdecidetora isefundsbysellingownershipinterests,thesefundsneverhavetobepaidback.However, suchasaledilutesthecontrolof(andprofitsaccruingto)thecurrentowners.Whetherafinancialdecisioninvolvesinvesting,financing,orboth,italsowillbeconc ernedwithtwospecificfactors:eGpectedreturnandrisk.Andthroughoutyourstudyoffi nance,youwillbeconcernedwiththesefactors.EGpectedreturnisthedifferencebetwee npotentialbenefitsandpotentialcosts.Riskisthedegreeofuncertaintyassociatedwitht heseeGpectedreturns.FinancialAnalysisFinancialanalysisisatooloffinancialmanagement.Itconsistsoftheevaluationofth efinancialconditionandoperatingperformanceofabusinessfirm,anindustry,orevent heeconomy,andtheforecastingofitsfutureconditionandperformance.Itis,inotherwo rds,ameansforeGaminingriskandeGpectedreturn.Dataforfinancialanalysismaycom efromotherareaswithinthefirm,suchasmarketingandproductiondepartments,fromt he firm’s ownaccountingdata,orfromfinancialinformationvendorssuchasBloombergFinancialMarkets,Moody’s InvestorsService,Standard&Poor’s Corporation,Fitc hRatings,andValueLine,aswellasfromgovernmentpublications,suchastheFederalRe serveBulletin.FinancialpublicationssuchasBusinessWeek,Forbes,Fortune,andtheWa llStreetJournalalsopublishfinancialdata(concerningindividualfirms)andeconomicd ata(concerningindustries,markets,andeconomies),muchofwhichisnowalsoavailabl eontheInternet.Withinthefirm,financialanalysismaybeusednotonlytoevaluatetheperformance ofthefirm,butalsoitsdivisionsordepartmentsanditsproductlines.Analysesmaybeper formedbothperiodicallyandasneeded,notonlytoensureinformedinvestingandfinan cingdecisions,butalsoasanaidinimplementingpersonnelpoliciesandrewardssystem s.Outsidethefirm,financialanalysismaybeusedtodeterminethecreditworthinesso fanewcustomer,toevaluatetheabilityofasuppliertoholdtotheconditionsofalong-ter mcontract,andtoevaluatethemarketperformanceofcompetitors.FirmsandinvestorsthatdonothavetheeGpertise,thetime,ortheresourcestoperfo rmfinancialanalysisontheirownmaypurchaseanalysesfromcompaniesthatspecialize inprovidingthisservice.Suchcompaniescanprovidereportsrangingfromdetailedwrit tenanalysestosimplecreditworthinessratingsforbusinesses.AsaneGample,Dun&Bra dstreet,afinancialservicesfirm,evaluatesthecreditworthinessofmanyfirms,fromsmal llocalbusinessestomajorcorporations.AsanothereGample,threecompanies—Mood y’s InvestorsService,Standard&Poor’s,andFitch—evaluatethecreditqualityofdeb tobligationsissuedbycorporationsandeGpresstheseviewsintheformofaratingthatis publishedinthereportsavailablefromthesethreeorganizations.FORMSOFBUSINESSENTERPRISEFinancialmanagementisnotrestrictedtolargecorporations:Itisnecessaryinallfor msandsizesofbusinesses.Thethreemajorformsofbusinessorganizationarethesolepr oprietorship,thepartnership,andthecorporation.Thesethreeformsdifferinanumber offactors,ofwhichthosemostimportanttofinancialdecision-makingare:■ThewaythefirmistaGed.■ThedegreeofcontrolownersmayeGertondecisions.■Theliabilityoftheowners.■Theeaseoftransferringownershipinterests.■Theabilitytoraiseadditionalfunds.■Thelongevityofthebusiness.SoleProprietorshipsThesimplestandmostcommonformofbusinessenterpriseisthesoleproprietorshi p,abusinessownedandcontrolledbyoneperson—theproprietor.Becausetherearever yfewlegalrequirementstoestablishandrunasoleproprietorship,thisformofbusinessis chosenbymanyindividualswhoarestartingupaparticularbusinessenterprise.Thesole proprietorcarriesonabusinessforhisorherownbenefit,withoutparticipationofotherp ersonseGceptemployees.Theproprietorreceivesallincomefromthebusinessandalon edecideswhethertoreinvesttheprofitsinthebusinessorusethemforpersonaleGpense s.Aproprietorisliableforallthedebtsofthebusiness;infact,itistheproprietorwhoinc ursthedebtsofthebusiness.Ifthereareinsufficientbusinessassetstopayabusinessdebt,theproprietormustpaythedebtoutofhisorherpersonalassets.Ifmorefundsareneed edtooperateoreGpandthebusinessthanaregeneratedbybusinessoperations,theow nereithercontributeshisorherpersonalassetstothebusinessorborrows.Formostsole proprietorships,banksaretheprimarysourceofborrowedfunds.However,therearelim itstohowmuchbankswilllendasoleproprietorship,mostofwhicharerelativelysmall.FortaGpurposes,thesoleproprietorreportsincomefromthebusinessonhisorher personalincometaGreturn.Businessincomeistreatedasthe proprietor’s personalinc ome.Theassetsofasoleproprietorshipmayalsobesoldtosomeotherfirm,atwhichtimet hesoleproprietorshipceasestoeGist.Orthelifeofasoleproprietorshipendswiththelife oftheproprietor,althoughtheassetsofthebusinessmaypasstothe proprietor’s heirs.PartnershipsApartnershipisanagreementbetweentwoormorepersonstooperateabusiness.A partnershipissimilartoasoleproprietorshipeGceptinsteadofoneproprietor,thereism orethanone.Thefactthatthereismorethanoneproprietorintroducessomeissues:Who hasasayintheday-to-dayoperationsofthebusiness?Whoisliable(thatis,financiallyres ponsible)forthedebtsofthebusiness?Howistheincomedistributedamongtheowners ?HowistheincometaGed?Someoftheseissuesareresolvedwiththepartnershipagree ment;othersareresolvedbylaws.Thepartnershipagreementdescribeshowprofitsandl ossesaretobesharedamongthepartners,anditdetailstheirresponsibilitiesinthemana gementofthebusiness.Mostpartnershipsaregeneralpartnerships,consistingonlyofgeneralpartnerswh oparticipatefullyinthemanagementofthebusiness,shareinitsprofitsandlosses,andar。

财务管理毕业论文外文文献及翻译核准通过，归档资料。

未经允许，请勿外传～LNTU Acc公司治理与高管薪酬:一个应急框架总体概述通过整合组织和体制的理论，本文开发了一个高管薪酬的应急办法和它在不同的组织和体制环境下的影响。

高管薪酬的研究大都集中在委托代理框架上，并承担一种行政奖励和业绩成果之间的关系。

我们提出了一个框架，审查了其组织的背景和潜在的互补性方面的行政补偿和不同的公司治理在不同的企业和国家水平上体现的替代效应。

我们还讨论了执行不同补偿政策方法的影响，像“软法律”和“硬法律”。

在过去的20年里，世界上越来越多的公司从一个固定的薪酬结构转变为与业绩相联系的薪酬结构，包括很大一部分的股权激励。

因此，高管补偿的经济影响的研究已经成为公司治理内部激烈争论的一个话题。

正如Bruce，Buck，和Main指出，“近年来，关于高管报酬的文献的增长速度可以与高管报酬增长本身相匹敌。

”关于高管补偿的大多数实证文献主要集中在对美国和英国的公司部门，当分析高管薪酬的不同组成部分产生的组织结果的时候。

根据理论基础，早期的研究曾试图了解在代理理论方面的高管补偿和在不同形式的激励和公司业绩方面的探索链接。

这个文献假设，股东和经理人之间的委托代理关系被激发，公司将更有效率的运作，表现得更好。

公司治理的研究大多是基于通用模型——委托代理理论的概述，以及这一框架的核心前提是，股东和管理人员有不同的方法来了解公司的具体信息和广泛的利益分歧以及风险偏好。

因此，经理作为股东的代理人可以从事对自己有利的行为而损害股东财富的最大化。

大量的文献是基于这种直接的前提和建议来约束经理的机会主义行为，股东可以使用不同的公司治理机制，包括各种以股票为基础的奖励可以统一委托人和代理人的利益。

正如Jensen 和Murphy观察，“代理理论预测补偿政策将会以满足代理人的期望效用为主要目标。

股东的目标是使财富最大化;因此代理成本理论指出，总裁的薪酬政策将取决于股东财富的变化。

原文：Introduction to Financial ManagementSourse:Ryan Allis.Zero to one million.February 2008Business financial management in the small firm is characterized, in many different cases, by the need to confront a somewhat different set of problems and opportunities than those confronted by a large corporation. One immediate and obvious difference is that a majority of smaller firms do not normally have the opportunity to publicly sell issues of stocks or bonds in order to raise funds. The owner-manager of a smaller firm must rely primarily on trade credit, bank financing, lease financing, and personal equity to finance the business. One, therefore faces a much more severely restricted set of financing alternatives than those faced by the financial vice president or treasurer of a large corporation.On the other hand, when small business financial management is concern, many financial problems facing the small firm are very similar to those of larger corporations. For example, the analysis required for a long-term investment decision such as the purchase of heavy machinery or the evaluation of lease-buy alternatives, is essentially the same regardless of the size of the firm. Once the decision is made, the financing alternatives available to the firm may be radically different, but the decision process will be generally similar.One area of particular concern for the smaller business owner lies in the effective management of working capital. Net working capital is defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities and is often thought of as the "circulating capital" of the business. Lack of control in this crucial area is a primary cause of business failure in both small and large firms.The business manager must continually be alert to changes in working capital accounts, the cause of these changes and the implications of these changes for the financial health of the company. One convenient and effective method to highlight the key managerial requirements in this area is to view working capital in terms of its major components:(1) Cash and EquivalentsThis most liquid form of current assets, cash and cash equivalents (usually marketable securities or short-term certificate of deposit) requires constant supervision. A well planned and maintained cash budgeting system is essential to answer key questions such as: Is the cash level adequate to meet current expenses as they come due? What are the timing relationships between cash inflows and outflows? When will peak cash needs occur? What will be the magnitude of bank borrowing required to meet any cash shortfalls? When will this borrowing be necessary and when may repayment be expected?(2) Accounts ReceivableAlmost all businesses are required to extend credit to their customers. Key issues in this area include: Is the amount of accounts receivable reasonable in relation to sales? On the average, how rapidly are accounts receivable being collected? Which customers are "slow payers?" What action should be taken to speed collections where needed?(3) InventoriesInventories often make up 50 percent or more of a firm's current assets and therefore, are deserving of close scrutiny. Key questions which must be considered in this area include: Is the level of inventory reasonable in relation to sales and the operating characteristics of the business?How rapidly is inventory turned over in relation to other companies in the same industry? Is any capital invested in dead or slow moving stock? Are sales being lost due to inadequate inventory levels? If appropriate, what action should be taken to increase or decrease inventory?(4) Accounts Payable and Trade Notes PayableIn a business, trade credit often provides a major source of financing for the firm. Key issues to investigate in this category include: Is the amount of money owed to suppliers reasonable in relation to purchases? Is the firm's payment policy such that it will enhance or detract from the firm's credit rating? If available, are discounts being taken? What are the timing relationships between payments on accounts payable and collection on accounts receivable?(5) Notes PayableNotes payable to banks or other lenders are a second major source of financing for the business. Important questions in this class include: What is the amount of bank borrowing employed? Is this debt amount reasonable in relation to the equity financing of the firm? When will principal and interest payments fall due? Will funds be available to meet these payments on time?(6) Accrued Expenses and Taxes PayableAccrued expenses and taxes payable represent obligations of the firm as of the date of balance sheet preparation. Accrued expenses represent such items as salaries payable, interest payable on bank notes, insurance premiums payable, and similar items. Of primary concern in this area, particularly with regard to taxes payable, is the magnitude, timing, and availability of funds for payment. Careful planning is required to insure that these obligations are met on time.When small business financial management is concern, many financial problems facing the small firm are very similar to those of larger corporations. For example, the analysis required for a long-term investment decision such as the purchase of heavy machinery or the evaluation of lease-buy alternatives, is essentially the same regardless of the size of the firm. Once the decision is made, the financing alternatives available to the firm may be radically different. Manager must continually be alert to changes in working capital accounts, the cause of these changes and the implications of these changes for the financial health of the company.As a final note, it is important to recognize that although the working capital accounts above are listed separately, they must also be viewed in total and from the point of view of their relationship to one another: What is the overall trend in net working capital? Is this a healthy trend? Which individual accounts are responsible for the trend? How does the firm's working capital position relate to similar sized firms in the industry? What can be done to correct the trend, if necessary?Of course, the questions posed are much easier to ask than to answer and there are few "general" answers to the issues raised. The guides which follow provide suggestions, techniques, and guidelines for successful management which, when tempered with the experience of the individual owner-manager and the unique requirements of the particular industry, may be expected to enhance one's ability to manage effectively the financial resources of a business enterprise.企业财务管理在中小企业的特点是，在许多不同的情况下，需要面对有所不同的一系列问题和机会比那些面临一个大公司。

中英文资料翻译A Financial Control System that Focuses on Improvement and SuccessOf course, we are not saying that businesses should ignore prudent controls over their cash drawer. The point is that focusing on small components while not knowing how much cash is tied up in receivables does not represent a control system that recognizes priorities and risk. Focusing solely on the rote and mundane does little to improve your overall financial performance. Financial control systems shouldn’t just be about compliance, they should be about continually improving key aspects of the financial operation such as:∙Regularly reviewing and improving the overall capital structure.∙Using a capital plan to minimize the cost of capital while strengthening the Debt/Equity position.∙Managing working capital so excessive inventories and receivables do not sap financial resources.∙Ensuring proper calculations and scenarios are explored while making debt/investment or leasing decisions.∙Maximizing returns while minimizing costs for cash and merchant accounts.A control system of well-defined processes is not only about control or compliance, it is also about consistently striving to do a little better. Control systems that are designed only to achieve compliance are doing the bare minimum, and they represent a missed opportunity to gain improvement and a competitive edge. And that should be enough reason for any size and type of company to think about using a continual improving process approach to creating a financial internal control system. Sox is nice; but continual improvement is better for everyone.Financial control of projectsPurpose:Established and effective cost control systems and procedures, understood and adopted by all members of the project team, entail less effort than ‘crisis management’ and will release management effort to other areas of the project.Fitness for purpose checklist:∙The prime objective of the government’s procurement policy is to achieve best VFM.∙To exercise financial/cost control, project sponsors need to review and act on the best and most appropriate cost information. This means that they should receive regular, consistent and accurate cost reports that are both comprehensive in detail and presented in a manner that permits easyunderstanding of both status and trends. Reports need to be tailored to suit the individual needs of each project and should always be presented to givea comparison of the present position with the control estimate.∙Reports to project sponsors normally give only the status of the project overall. But sponsors will on occasion need to monitor costs against a specific cost centre in more detail. The typical contents of a cost report are given in Annex A.∙Tables of figures are essential, but for rapid understanding and analysis of trends some graphs are helpful.Suggested content:The following aspects should be addressed in a financial report (rather than repeating detailed information available in earlier reports, later reports can summarise the key points and cross refer to the relevant earlier reports):∙development of budget∙original authorised budget∙new budget authorisations (giving justification for changes)∙current authorised budget∙expenditure to date(Each section on budgets and expenditure should address the original base estimates and risk allowances for each element)∙commitments∙agreed variations (giving justification for variations)∙potential/expected claims or disputes awaiting resolution (if the project is going well, this area should be small)∙commitments required to complete∙orders yet to be placed∙variations pending∙future changes anticipated.Each of the following cost elements should be covered:∙in-house costs and expenses (including all central support services, administration, overheads etc)∙consultancy fees and expenses (design, feasibility, client advice, legal, construction management, site supervision etc)∙land costs∙way leaves and compensation∙demolition and diversion of existing facilities∙new construction or refurbishment costs∙operating costs∙maintenance costs∙disposal costs∙insurance costs∙all other costs relating to the project not listed above.∙All prices need to be discounted to a common base.∙Example of a cost summary reportFinancial ControlFinancial Control is a major contributory factor to business survival. For many managers, exercising effective financial control is, at best, seen as a mystery and, at worst, not even considered. Yet monitoring a small number of important figures can ensure that you retain complete and effective financial control.ObjectivesThis section is intended to help you put in place that financial control: to ensure that you are estimating costs accurately and then keeping them under control; to ensure that you are charging and/or paying the right price; and to ensure that you can collect money owed to you and can pay your bills as they fall due. Its objectives are:∙to demonstrate how effective financial control assists in the management of the organisation in which you work;∙to show that control can be achieved through simple documentation; and,∙to suggest financial indicators for inclusion in your strategic objectives.1 Achieving ControlGood financial results will not arise by happy accident! They will arise by realistic planning and tight control over expenses. Remember that profit is the comparatively small difference between two large numbers: sales and costs. A relatively small change in either costs or sales, therefore, has a disproportionate effect on profit.You must watch your costs/prices and margins very carefully at all times since small changes in any of these areas can lead to substantial changes in net profit. Control can then be exercised by comparing actual performance with budget. To do this, you will need to produce:∙ a financial plan, agreed as being achievable by all concerned; and,∙some means of monitoring performance against the plan.Since there will always be differences between the actual and the plan, you need some form of control. Beyond a certain organisational size, control can only be exercised by delegation; the human aspect of control is, therefore, important.Why keep records?Accurate record keeping is required if you are to be effective in monitoring performance against budget. Other reasons why you will need to keep accurate records are:∙there is a legal obligation to do so;∙any shareholders may want accounts;∙the VAT inspectors will need them;∙HM Revenue and Customs will require them;∙potential suppliers may require them;∙you will need to report accurate figures to your stakeholders;∙you will need to identify areas of possible concern; and,∙you will need to investigate and explain variances (under or overspends against your budget).Accounting records will need to be detailed enough for you to be able to say at any one time what the financial position is; ie, how much cash is in the business or the budget? How much do you owe? How much is owed to you? How big is the overdraft (or overspend)? How long could bills be paid for if cash stopped flowing in? What is the profit margin?Financial control will be poor if there are no clear objectives and a lack of knowledge of the basic information necessary to run a business or departmentsuccessfully. A lack of appreciation of the cash needs for a given rate of activity and a tendency to assume that poor results stem from economic conditions or even bad luck will only exacerbate the situation.Accounting centresOne way of delegating financial responsibility is to set up a system of accounting centres. Where businesses make a range of products, putting each into a different accounting centre makes it easier to determine which of the products are profitable. Some costs (eg factory rent) are more difficult to allocate, so may be recorded in a holding account and then split between products. Indirect costs could be allocated by the proportion of sales represented by each product (by volume or cost), by proportion of machine time used, or by some other appropriate method.This split will give an indication of the profitability of each product, but you should beware of ceasing sales of a particular product because of low profit or loss - the costs currently charged to that accounting centre would have to be redistributed among those remaining, so necessitating increased sales of those products.There are four possible levels of financial responsibility with appropriate targets and control requirements:∙revenue centre - staff only have responsibility for income (eg a sales department in a store). Staff have sales targets against which income is measured and compared;∙cost centre - staff have responsibility for keeping costs within set targets, but do not have to worry about where the money comes from (eg an NHS Trust department);∙profit centre - staff have more responsibility and control and will agree targets of profitability and absolute levels of profit (eg a division within a larger company). Control is achieved throughmonitoring performance as measured by the profit and loss account (P&L); they are unable, however, to invest in new equipment; and,∙investment centre - the staff have authority over investments and the use of assets (eg a subsidiary company) although the holding company would typically need to approve major investment. Targetswould focus on return on capital and control would be through monitoring performance measured bythe complete accounts.2 Management Information SystemsIf your financial control is to be effective you need to regularly analyse your actual performance figures and compare them against the financial plan and, perhaps, performance of the business historically.An easy way of comparing actuals and budgets is variance analysis. Usually, only a few figures need to be watched regularly to achieve effective control. Using a computer-based spreadsheet will assist you with all your analysis requirements.Having a suitable management information system (MIS) is a prerequisite for effective monitoring. Although it might sound daunting, an MIS can be extremely simple. An MIS is simply a set of procedures set up by you and your staff to ensure that data about the business is collected, recorded, reported and evaluated quickly and efficiently. That information is then used to check the progress of the business and to control it effectively. For most small businesses, there are likely only to be a few key elements.∙Marketing monitoring - Are you achieving your sales targets, in terms of level of sales and market share? How full is your order book? Are customers paying the right price?∙Production- How does the level of output compare with the level of sales?What is the percentage of rejects? How does the actual cost compare with the standard cost?∙Staff monitoring - Are they being effective? Are they satisfied and motivated?∙Financial control - Are you meeting your financial targets?You will need proper systems in place to ensure that:∙You keep careful track of everything bought by the business, especially if the person ordering is not the person who pays the bills;∙You record everything sold by the business and that everything is properly invoiced, especially if the person doing the selling is not the person who raises the invoices or chases customers for payment;∙There is an effective stock control system which records incoming raw materials and compares them against purchase orders, monitors progress through the production stages (if appropriate) and records the dispatch of finished goods; and,∙All payments and receipts are recorded to ensure that bank balances and overdraft limits are kept within agreed levels.Computerised accounting packages and spreadsheets make it relatively straightforward to record data and present it in an easily understood format. It still requires discipline to ensure that the data is collected, but making an effort will be rewarded through improved understanding of your business.The key to an effective MIS is to ensure that you only monitor a small number of figures and that those figures relate back to the strategic objectives and the operational objectives that you have set for your business. If other people needto see the figures, ensure that they get them speedily. If your system of financial control is to be successful, figures must be quickly available after month end.一个财务管理系统，该系统的改进与成功重点当然，我们并不是说，企业应该忽视对他们的现金抽屉审慎控制。

Exploration of Accounting Education ReformEducation is the future of accounting Education in accounting to have access to accounting expertise. Receiving education is the starting point of the accounting profession. As in all areas of high use of discipline in the 21st century as well as China's market integration process speeds up, the accounting professional Development goal must be to thick foundation, wide caliber, high-quality general-purpose, intelligent people. accounting degree education reform must strike out.Pay full attention to practical knowledge of accounting education. Fundamentally rationalize the accounting theory and practice of education, the relationship between education and straightened accounting practice of accounting education in the academic education of the whole position, and effectively recognize the accounting practice of education in the future, the role of practical work, a clear accounting practice education is to create Economic applications effective way of talent.Construction of a new accounting practice of science education system, should consistently adhere to the "practice teaching highlights capacity-building" principles, it has the following characteristics: first, the systematicness. Designed by means of accounting practice teaching must be systematic, complete, consistent with the teaching requirements, and to comply with the laws of learning and memory, from the easier to the advanced, from simple to complexity. Second, the practicality. Refers to the new system in a variety of applications, should occur in a typical accounting practice business process through the theory and design. Third, in advance. The new design is the practice of the teaching system, the creation of a new accounting work on behalf of the future direction of elements. In addition, with contemporary science and Technology and information revolution, corresponding to the development, we should further explore the establishment of computerized accounting practices as represented by the teaching system in order to train students to become proficient in the use of machine analysis and the use of the capacity of the major accounting information . Practice of the use of advanced teaching methods. It should be noted, to computerized information-Technology revolution represented, will make more and more traditional manual accounting experiment does not meet the needs of accounting practices. Should establish a high starting point, simulation and strong accounting simulation system so that accounting practices the teaching environment more realistic. Should pay attention to the diversity of accounting experiment, in addition to opening of Financial Management and management accounting experiment, we must also additional business, tax, accounting system design, project feasibility, asset evaluation and other test programs and pilot projects, adequate attention to these aspects of software development and hardware investment.Ideological education and professional ethics. In a market economy environment, the special nature of accounting require accounting personnel should not only have excellent technical expertise, but also have a high Political level and good work ethic. Academic education in the accounting period, to encourage students to serious Political theory courses, a firm belief in Marxism-Leninism, and foster the idea ofserving the people, conscientiously study Deng Xiaoping Theory and "Three Represents" important thought, so that students in the contemporary Political vicissitudes remain sober-minded , there is a firm and correct political position; education students are often concerned about the situation, policy, ethics, law, etc., to improve self-discipline capability and the ability to distinguish right from wrong, and actively participate in various charity activities, to develop team spirit. Students before graduation to open the accounting professional Ethics courses, fully explain the accounting regulations and ethical theory, allow students a clear accounting in economic management in an important position, consciously establish the spirit of dedication, sense of responsibility, to develop students awareness of good professional Ethics .Re-learning ability and sense of Innovation education. It should be noted that in the accounting academic education, the students are equipped with only the most basic knowledge and skills, some of them leave school without the knowledge became obsolete. This is a prominent feature of today's. Diploma and certificate only proof of student's past, but can not prove that its present and future. Must train students in practical work in the future re-learning ability and Innovation awareness and capacity. Such as human resources, accounting, information and knowledge as an intangible asset valuation, derivatives of the measurement of such knowledge, students receive academic education system during the period had a chance to learn and master. Accounting graduates should be able be to study and master the knowledge and competency.Physical and psychological quality education. In addition to these abilities, we should also pay attention to the students physical and psychological quality of training and training to enable students to develop good exercise habits, trained to a healthy body, while students have a tough, tenacious, are not afraid of setbacks, the will to adapt to environmental change and quality has a positive progressive attitude toward life self-improvement and good sense of team identity. Can allow students to practice, through social means of social contact, with full preparation to meet the challenge, fully display his talent.In short, in the accounting degree stage of education to students of accounting theory with a thicker and wider professional caliber, high professional quality, strong operational capabilities to enable students to have a wider space for development to meet the 21st century needs of economic development.会计教育的改革探索教育被认为是得以进入会计专业技能的会计教育之未来，接受教育则是会计行业的起点。

现代企业财务管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Discussion on the Modern Enterprise Financial ControlRyanDavidson ,JennyGoodwin-Stewart ,PamelaKentThis paper discusses the The modern enterprise is becoming China's economic development in the process of an important new force. However, with the modern enterprise investment on the scale of the expansion and extension of the growing investment levels, the modern enterprise financial control is becoming increasingly urgent. This is common in state-owned enterprise groups and private enterprise groups, a common predicament. At present, the modern enterprise is becoming China's enterprises to compete in the international market, the leading force. In a market economy under the conditions of modern business success or failure depends largely on the Group's financial management and financial control is a modern enterprise financial management of the link. Many of the modern enterprise bystrengthening the financial control so that the Group significant increase efficiency, and even some loss-making by strengthening the financial control of the modern enterprise to enable companies to achieve profitability. In this paper, expounding China's modern enterprises the main problems of financial control, based on the choice of financial control method was summarized and analyzed the content of the modern enterprise financial controls, the final resolution of the financial control mode selected key factors for the modern enterprise the improvement of financial control to provide a degree of meaningful views.1 IntroductionWith China's accession to WTO, China's enterprise groups must be on the world stage to compete with TNCs from developed countries. At present the development of enterprise groups in China is not satisfactory, although there are national policies and institutional reasons, but more important is its financial management in particular, caused by inadequate financial controls. For a long time, China's enterprise group cohesion is not strong, their respective subsidiaries within the Group for the array, can not play the whole advantage; redundant construction and haphazard introduction of frequent, small investments, decentralized prominent problem: financial management is chaotic, resulting in frequent loss of control, a waste of money the phenomenon of serious; ineffective financial control, financial management loopholes. In recent years, enterprise group's financial control has been our country's financial circles. In short, the problem of exploration in our country has obvious practical significance. Clearly, China's modern enterprise financial controls are the main problem is to solve the problem of financial control method based on the choice of financial control method is the key financial control of the modern enterprise content is content, while the financial control method of choice is the ultimate ownership of the main factors that point, This train of thought here on the modern enterprise's financial control method were analyzed.2. An overview of the modern enterprise financial controlInternal control over financial control is an important part, is a subsidiary of parent company control of an important part of its financial management system is the core of. The concept of modern enterprise financial controls in accordance with the traditional definition, financial control refers to the "Financial Officers (sector) through the financial regulations, financial systems, financial scale, financial planning goals of capital movement (or the daily financial activities, and cash flow) for guidance, organization, supervision and discipline, to ensure that the financial plan (goals) to achieve the management activities. financial control is an important part of financial management or basic functions, and financial projections, financial decision-making, financial analysis and evaluation together with a financial management system or all the functions.The modern enterprise's financial control is in the investor's ownership and corporate property rights based on the generated surrounding the Group's overallobjective, using a variety of financial means, the members of the enterprise's economic activities, regulation, guidance, control and supervision, so that it Management Group's development activities are consistent with the overall goal of maintaining the group as a whole. Financial control is a power to control one side of the side control, inevitably based on one or several powers. Financial control is essentially related to the interests of enterprises in the organization, the conduct of control, namely, by controlling the financial activities of the assets, personnel actions, to coordinate the objectives of the parties to ensure that business goals. The modern enterprise financial control includes two aspects: the owner funded financial control and corporate managers financial control. From the donors point of view, the essence of the modern enterprise is characterized by investor and corporate property rights of ownership and separation. Investors will invest its capital to the enterprise after their capital combined with debt capital, constitute the enterprise's capital, the formation of corporate business assets is funded by corporate property, then lost direct control over the funders in order to achieve itsCapital maintenance and appreciation of the goal, only through control of its capital manipulation of corporate assets in order to achieve the maximum capital value donors. The control of capital controls is an important property is the prerequisite and foundation for financial control. From the perspective of internal management of enterprises and its financial control target is the legal property of its operations.3 China's modern enterprises the main problems of financial controlAt present, the modern enterprise is becoming China's enterprises to compete in the international market, the leading force. In a market economy under the conditions of modern business success or failure depends largely on the Group's financial management and financial control is a modern enterprise financial management of the link. China's modern enterprise financial controls are still in the stage to be further improved, to varying degrees, there are some urgent need to address the problem:3.1 Financial control set decentralized model of polarization, low efficiencyIn the financial control of the set of decentralized model, China's modern enterprise polarization. The current group of financial control either over-centralization of power, the members of the business has no legal status as a subsidiary factory or workshop, the group is seen as a big business management, leadership financial rights absolute; or excessive decentralization, a large number of decentralized financial control to a subsidiary, any of its free development.In addition, the modern enterprise financial control system suited the needs of a market economy, financial control and flexibility of principle there is no organic unity. If the subordinate enterprises, with few financial decision-making power, then the temporary financial problems occur at every level always reported to the Group'sheadquarters, and then from the headquarters down the implementation of the decision-making at every level, so it is easy to miss market opportunities. On the contrary, when the subsidiary of financial decision-making power is too large, they easily lead to financial decision-making blind and mistakes, not only for the Group's staff to participate in market competition, failed to exercise any decision-making role, but will also become a competitor to the market to provide a tool for competitive information, hinder the the further development of enterprises.3.2 One of the lack of financial contro lFinancial control in accordance with the owner of intention, in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, systems and standards, through certain financial activities and financial relations, and financial activities to promote all aspects of the financial requirements in accordance with a code of conduct to conduct his activities. From China's current situation, the financial control of a modern enterprise mainly focused on ex post facto control, is often the lack of critical pre-budget and to control things. Many modern enterprises, after a decision is in advance, for further financial control tended to focus on the annual profit plan, to meet on the development of a full-year sales revenue, cost, target profit, and several other overarching objectives, without further specific decision-making technology to compile for control and management, according to the month, quarterly, annual financial budget. Therefore, the interim budget and thus difficult to compare operating performance is a matter to control the empty words. As for the ex post facto control, although based on the year-end assessment of the needs and to get some attention, they can still profit in the annual plan, based on the relevant accounting information barely supported by whom, but the effects are pretty effective. Since the ex ante control may not be effective, so subordinate enterprises throughout the implementation process of decision-making are largely outside the core business of financial control, divorced from the core business of financial control.Modern enterprises themselves do not establish a parent-subsidiary link up the financial control mechanisms, financial control their own ways, the parent company of the modern enterprise can not come to the unified arrangement of a strategic investment and financing activities, the group blindly expand the scale of investment, poor investment structure, external borrowing out of control, financial structure is extremely weak, once the economic downturn or product sales are sluggish, there barriers to capital flows, the Group into trouble when they become addicted. An internal financial assessment indicators are too single, not fully examine the performance of subsidiaries. A considerable number of modern enterprise's internal assessment targets only the amount of the contract amount and profit 2.3.3 regardless of the financial and accounting functions, institutional settings are not standardizedAt present, China's financial and accounting sector enterprises are usually joined together, such a body set up under the traditional planned economic system, stillcapable to meet the management needs, but the requirements of modern enterprise system, its shortcomings exposed. Manifested in: (1) financial services targeted at business owners, it is the specific operation and manipulation of objects is the enterprise's internal affairs, while the accounting of clients within the enterprise and external stakeholders, would provide open accounting information must reflect the "true and fair" principle. Will be different levels of clients and flexibility in a merger of two tasks, will inevitably lead to interference with the financial flexibility of the fairness of accounting. (2) The financial sector is committed to the financial planning, financial management, the arduous task, but flexible in its mandate, procedures and time requirements more flexible, but assume that the accounting information collection, processing, reporting and other accounting work, and flexibility in work assignments weak, procedures and time requirements more stringent and norms. If the enterprises, especially in modern enterprises to financial management and accounting work are mixed together, is likely to cause more "rigid" in accounting work runs more "flexible" financial management is difficult to get rid of long-standing emphasis on accounting, financial management light situation.3.4 irregularities in the operation of a modern enterprise fundsAt present, the modern enterprise fund operation of the following problems: First, a serious fragmentation of the modern enterprise funds. Some of the modern enterprise have not yet exceeded a certain link between the contractual relationship to conduct capital, operating, and its essence is still the executive order virtual enterprise jointly form of intra-group members are still strict division of spheres of influence, difficult to achieve centralized management of funds, unification deployment of large groups is difficult to play the role of big money. Second, the stock of capital make an inventory of modern enterprise poor results. Result of the planned economy under the "re-output, light efficiency, re-extension, light content, re-enter, light output" of inertia, making the enterprise carrying amount of funds available to make an inventory of large, but the actual make an inventory of room for small, thus affecting the to the effect of the stock of capital. Third, the modern enterprise funds accumulated a lot of precipitation.3.5 Internal audit exists in name onlyAt present, enterprises in the financial monitoring of internal audit work to become a mere formality process. The first formal audit management. Hyundai organized every year in different forms of audit, has become a fixed procedure, but because the internal audit staff and the audited entity at the same level, thus in the company's financial problems can not get to the bottom, just a form of and going through the motions. This audit not only failed to exercise any oversight role, to some extent encouraged the small number of staff violations of law. Second, nothing of audit responsibilities. Internal audit is a modern enterprise group commissioned by the audit staff members of Corporate Finance to conduct inspection and supervision process, and therefore the auditors have had an important mandate and responsibilities. But in reality, become a form of audit work, audit officers, whether seriously or not, are notrequired to bear the responsibility, thus making the audit is inadequate supervision. Third, the audit results and falsified. Audit results should be true and can be *, but in reality the different audit bodies of the same company during the same period of the audit, results are often different, and a far cry from, these are false true performance of the audit findings.4. Selected financial control model should be considered a major factor Generally speaking, the modern enterprise selects the financial control mode, the main consideration should be given these factors: equity concentration, a subsidiary of the degree of influence of the parent company financial strategy, organizational structure, development strategy, the group scale.From the group-level point of view, the parent company of the subsidiaries of the associated control to be strict control of the company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the control to be strict control of the relatively holding subsidiaries, therefore, the parent company of the wholly owned subsidiary of and advantages of holding subsidiaries with centralized control, the quality holding subsidiaries and any shares of a subsidiary of the separation of powers system. To maintain and enhance the core competitiveness of modern enterprises of different degree of importance of a subsidiary should be taken to a different control mode. Have a significant impact on the subsidiary, the parent company must maintain a high degree of centralized control and management right, even partially, the separation of powers must be confined within the framework of centralized; right with the Group's development strategy, core competencies, core business and for the foreseeable the future development of relations in general, a subsidiary of little impact, from improving management efficiency, play to their enthusiasm and enhance the resilience of the market competition point of view, using decentralized type of management system, a better option.From the organizational structure point of view, U-type structure is a typical centralized structure, and accordingly, its financial control model should also be authoritarian style. H-is an organic organizational structure, a more loose linkages between various departments, departments have greater flexibility in the organization structure, with decentralized financial control model is more suitable, while the M-type structure belonging to phase Rong-type organizational structure, so the use of centralized financial control model can be used either decentralized model.From the operating characteristics of point of view, the different characteristics of the modern enterprise management, financial control mode selection will be different. And integration operations in a single case, all units within the group has a great business contacts, financial control naturally require higher degree of centralization.Enterprises to adopt diversification, because each subsidiary where the industry is different from the operational linkages between the various subsidiaries is relatively small, difficult to implement a modern enterprise integrated centralized control, and therefore the financial control of all subsidiaries should be given to the appropriate authority.From the development stage point of view, the modern enterprises in the different stages of development, in order to meet the needs of business development will take a different mode of financial control. Generally speaking, companies in the early stages of the development of small, relatively simple operations, using centralized financial control mode, you can better play the same decision-making and resource integration advantages in the industry has created a scale. With the continuous expansion of company size, business areas and constantly open up, Centralized financial control mode can not meet the company's financial controls and management methods on the need for diversification, and this time, we need more subsidiaries in all aspects of and more authority, so that the financial control model of a modern enterprise gradually to decentralized development.In addition, the financial control model should be subject to the enterprise's development strategy, fully reflects the company's strategic thinking. The company's development strategy can be divided into stable angina strategy, expansion-type strategy, tight-based strategies and hybrid strategies. Enterprises at different stages of the strategic choice of a particular need for financial control in accordance with * a different pattern. Stable implementation of the strategy is usually within the company can be a high degree of centralization of some; to implement expansionary strategy, companies tend to a more flexible decentralized type control mode to suit their developing needs of the market; the implementation of tight-based company's business strategy, all major financial activities must be strictly controlled, thus emphasizing centralization; hybrid strategy for the implementation of the company, it should be operated according to the characteristics of each subsidiary to take a different control mode.References:[1] Han Wei mold. Finance and Accounting Review of regulatory hot spots [M]. Beijing: Economic Science Press, 2004[2] Lin Zhong-gao. Financial governance. Beijing: Economic Management Publishing House [M], 2005[3] Yan Li Ye. Xu Xing-US; Enterprise Group Financial Control Theory and Its Implications, economics, dynamic [J], 2006[4] Lu Jie. On the internal financial control system improvements and management of popular science (research and practice) [J], 2007[5] Chen Chao-peng. Improve the corporate financial control measures, businessaccounting [J], 2007[6] Huang Xi. On the Enterprise Group Financial Control [J]. Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs, 2006, (06)[7] Jiang-feng tai. Enterprise Group Financial Control Studies [J]. Marketing Week. Theoretical study, 2006, (08)现代企业财务管理的探讨瑞安戴维森，珍妮古德温-斯图尔特，帕梅拉肯特本文探讨现代企业正在成为中国经济发展过程中的一个重要的新力量。

文献信息：文献标题：Impact of Financial Management Practices on SMEs Profitability with Moderating Role of Agency Cost（财务管理实践对中小企业盈利能力的影响及代理成本的调节作用）国外作者：Saqib Muneer，Rao Abrar Ahmad，Azhar Ali文献出处：《Information Management and Business Review 》, 2017, 9(1):23-30字数统计：英文2939单词，16394字符；中文5144汉字外文文献：Impact of Financial Management Practices on SMEsProfitability with Moderating Role of Agency Cost Abstract The importance of Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) towards economic development and growth is considerable. Some SMEs are facing difficulties to their development due to the lack of financial resources and management experience. The objective of this study is to check the relationships of financial management practices on profitability of small and medium enterprises and also to check the impact of agency cost on this relationship. This study consists of data analysis of two hundred SMEs from Faisalabad Pakistan. The study used primary data predominantly. SPSS 23 is used for descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Model (SEM) through Partial Least Square (PLS) 3 for hypothesis testing. The findings of this study indicate the presence of positive relationship between financial management practices and SMEs profitability but agency cost as a moderator has no effect on this relationship. The study strongly recommends higher adherence to financial management practices. Policy makers, developments partners, owners, and managers of SMEs may use these findings for sustainability of their business in Pakistan.Keywords: Financial management practices, Agency cost, SMEs, Working Capital1.IntroductionSmall and medium enterprises (SMEs) have significant contribution toward creating employment and also toward the economic development and growth (International Labor Organization, 2013, p. 1; Ratten, 2014; ulHaq, Usman, Hussain, and Anjum, 2014; Karadag, 2015). In Japan, small and medium industries have marked dominance, constituting about 99% of corporations (The Information Dissemination and Policy Promotio n Division of Japan’s Patent Office, 2009). In South Africa, SMEs contribute about 91% of formal business and provide 61% employment opportunities and enhance the GDP of South Africa between 52 to 57% (Abor & Quartey, 2010). In low income countries like Pakistan, the scale of the businesses size is limited to micro to medium. The main question is that how small and medium businesses measure their performance (Ahmad & Harif, Hoe, 2013, p. 87; Benedict & Matsotso, 2014, p. 247) said that failure of SMEs is inappropriate scale of measurement of the performance. The measurement of business is better through financial performance (Gallani, Krishnan & Kajiwara, 2015, p. 6). Effective use of finance much emphasized by modern research (Gitman, 2011). This scholarly effort will help to identify the financial management practices effect on the profitability of SMEs and also identify the agency cost effect. Good corporate governance is necessary for improving the performance and profitability of businesses (Braga-Alves & Shastri, 2011; Price, Rountree & Roman, 2011). In developing countries attention has been given to governance of the firm but still firms are suffering the governance problem (Ekanaakey, Perera & Perera, 2010). Actually corporate governance are rules under which the relationship of manager and owner is over looked and it is make sure that the manager is working for best interest of the owner.The contribution of this study is that financial management practices of SMEs are to improve its financial performance and review the cost that has to bear to the owner of the firm for maintaining the fair behavior of the financial manager in thebest interest of the firm. SMEs are a key source of economic growth (Sadi & Henderson, 2010), whether in developed or developing countries. In Saudi Arabia SMEs represent more than 90% of enterprises providing 51% of jobs in private sector and 22% of GDP (Mohammed, 2015 b). Importance of SMEs is now widely recognized as playing a vital role in creating new jobs (OECD, 2006; Karadag, 2015). Pakistan is also a developing country and the importance of SMEs can’t be ignored. Although Importance of these entities considerable but a high failure rate has found there, which led researchers to question the management practices of these entities (Fatoki, 2014, p. 922). In Pakistan SMEs are not providing required results although when compared with other developing countries because in Pakistan SMEs are facing many problems. From the major problem lack of financial management practices also include. This study is conducted in Faisalabad city so that financial management practices adopted by SMEs and the impact of these practices on firm performance can be viewed. For this study Faisalabad is selectedbecause this city is hub of the industries in Pakistan and due to this characteristic is also known as Manchester of Pakistan.2.Literature ReviewPakistan located in South Asia, with population of 188 million and DGP rate 4.7% (The World Bank, 2015). Trade and commerce played an important role in development of the economy so that the government of Pakistan has established a body for support and promote this sector. This government body is called Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) and it has responsibility of policies making related to promotion of SMEs, facilitation of financing is also the responsibility of SMEDA. It also helps in training and educating to the entrepreneurs. Pakistan’s position is lowest if it compared wit h other South Asian countries. The ratio of new firm in Pakistan is very low and close competitors of the firms are India and Bangladesh. Other member countries of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) performing much better. Specifically, United Kingdom (UK) is performing excellent and got the position at top of the ranking table. Thereare many factors which are badly affected performance of Pakistan businesses, and in this regard small businesses can play vital role to improve the Pakistan economy. Now Pakistan has also got memberships of OECD. In Pakistan the entrepreneurs are different from the entrepreneurs in other countries. Ali et al. (2010) has reported the impact of culture of Pakistan on entrepreneurial intentions. By usin g Hofstede’s dimensions about cultural, the results indicate that elements of culture for instance; collectivism and uncertainty avoidance are badly affecting the thinking of entrepreneurial intentions in Pakistan.SMEs stand for small and medium enterprises but State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) define SMEs in this way that SMEs can be classified into these three levels of business form micro enterprises, small enterprises and medium enterprises (SBP 2010). By the definition of State Bank of Pakistan SME means that any entity which is not a public limited co and has not full time employees more than 250 (manufacturing business), not more than 50 (in a trading or service business). Like other management science, financial management also establish its goals first and then its objective to achieve its financial goals. The main goal of financial management it to get maximum profit for the firm because many researchers have argued that SMEs play a significant role in the social and economic development of a country (for example, Benzing, Chu and Kara, 2009; Al-Disi, 2010; Han, Benson, Chen and Zhang, 2012; Shinozaki, 2012). Sometime financial decisions taken by owner of the firm proved wrong or wrong decision taken by the hired manager badly affect the profitability of the firm. Profitability of the firm could be damage due to the inefficient financial management. Mostly small and medium size businesses failed due to the absence of sufficient knowledge about efficient financial management. A sound financial management system has the effective governs system to the incomes, expenses, assets and liabilities to organizational performance (Abanis et al., 2013). The purpose of this study is not to cover all the aspect but only these practices will be included in this study accounting information systems, Financial Information System and working capital management.Accounting information systems consists of bookkeeping, recoding financialactivity transactions, cost accounting and the use of computers to manage these all activity. Small and medium enterprise publications and research have highlighted the importance of management of accounting system for SMEs. For example, in the literature of Lavia Lopez and Hiebl (2015) it was concluded that management of accounting system has a positive effect on performance of SMEs. Many SMEs are lower in their formal planning processes (Pemberton and Stone house, 2002). This makes relevant to examine the planning practices of small and medium businesses. Purpose of this study is to review the relationship of accounting information system toward firm profitably. Financial Information System: the frequency and the purpose of financial reporting, analysis of financial reporting, interpretation and auditing of financial reporting. Financial management expertise: the formal and informal education, relevant qualifications, training in financial management and overall financial management expertise. Working capital includes these content management of cash activity, management of account receivables and inventory management. Larger firm invested larger cash in the working capital and also have larger amounts of short term payables due to the source of financing (Deloof, 2003; Muneer et al., 2013). Both internal and external factors can influence the decision about current assets and current liabilities level. Recent studies, Silva (2011) and Gomes (2013) found positive relationship between working capital (WCM) and profitability, which indicates that firms have optimal working capital level which maximizes their profitability; see also Baños-Caballero et al. (2012) for evidence concerning with SpanishSME. Agency cost problem was raised by (Means and Berle, 1932) and in their research they argued that agency cost might be increased when ownership and control of the business separated. They told the cause of this increasing cost in-consistent interest of stockholders and management. Baker and Powell (2005) in their study define the agency problem as that agency problem create difficulties that are faced by the financiers to ensure the owners or stockholders of firm that their finance or fund is not wasted on any un attractive project. To check the impact of financial management practices on firm growth and role of agency cost as moderator, the following hypothesis are developed:Hypothesis 1:H1: Accounting information system (AIS) is positively related with profitability of SMEs.H1a: Accounting information system (AIS) is not positively related with profitability of SMEs.Hypothesis 2:H2: Financial information system (FIS) is positively related with profitability of SMEs.H2a: Financial information system (FIS) is no positively related with profitability of SMEs.Hypothesis 3:H3: Working capital management (WCM) is positively related with profitability of SMEs.H3a: Working capital management is not positively related with profitability of SMEs.Hypothesis 4:H4: Agency Cost as a moderator is affecting the profitability of SMEs.H4a: Agency Cost as a moderator is not affecting the profitability of SMEsFigure 1: Theoretical Frame Work3.MethodologyThis study occupied primary data to analyze the results fromfinancialmanagement practices adopted by SMEs in Faisalabad. This study is conducted to test hypothesis and to develop a relationship between the dependent variable “Firm Growth” and the independent variables “Accounting information system, Financial information system, Working capital management” with moderating effect of agency cost. Survey questionnaires are used to collect the response from the target population.The sample for this study is comprised of 300 SMEs operating in Faisalabad city.Total three hundred questionnaires were delivered to the SMEs out of which two hundred responses were received back. During data entry, 20 questionnaires were incomplete and considered as redundant. Remaining 180 questionnaires were considered for the analysis. To test the hypothesis, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is applied by using partial least square (PLS. 3).4.ResultsFor the assessment of validity and reliability Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability and average variance extracted (A VE) are used in the present study.According to George and Mallery (2003) “The value ofCronbach’s alpha less than0.50 is not acceptable, 0.50-0.60 is considered as poor but acceptable, while any valueabove 0.70 is considered as good”. Results show that data is valid.Table 1: Convergent validity (Measurement Model Quality Criteria)Cronbach’s Alpha CompositeA VEReliabilityAccounting information system 0.875133 0.906144 0.618016 Financial information system 0.768943 0.831819 0.589577 Working capital management 0.772320 0.828675 0.631078 Agency cost 0.674158 0.7794710.618230 Firm performance 0.552810 0.653952 0.565824 Financial Management Practices and Firm Performance Structural Model: Firm performance (FP) was assessed by using a three items scale. Three parameters (Accounting information system (Q1=.515), Financial information system (Q2=.238) and Working capital management (Q3=.112) were used to determine the firm performance and these parameters defined (Q5=.654) of firm performance overall. Itsmean there were also some other variables effecting firm performance.Figure 2: Predictive Relevance of Structural ModelsNote: Q1: Accounting information system (AIS), Q2: Financial information system (FIS), Q3: Working capital management (WCM), Q4: Agency cost, Q5: Firm performanceTable 2: Model Summery of All Independent VariablesHypothetical relationship Path coefficientAbsolute t-statistical valuesValues of R2 Values of Q2Q1 – Q5 0.515*** 6.402Q2-Q5 0.238*** 2.882Q3-Q5 0.112** 1.979Q5 0.654 0.231 Agency Cost (Moderator) and Firm Performance Structural Model: Agency cost is the moderator in this study. In below model agency cost (Q4) is taken as an independent variable (IV) to check its impact on firm performance and its shows (R2=-.076, 0.191, 0.216) of firm performance which is very low of total firm performance. The value of R2 is not significant because it should be more than 0.5Cronbach’s (1951).Figure 3: Predictive Relevance of StructureTable 3: Model SummeryRelationship Path Coefficient Absolute t-statistic valueValue of R2 ModeratorQ1-Q4 -0.076 0.730Q6 0.643 Not moderator Q2-Q4 0.1910.942Q6 0.623 Not moderator Q3-Q4 0.216 0.937Q6 0.525 Not moderator In the current study 4 hypothesis were tested. At the end results identified that 3 hypothesis (H1, H2, H3) were supported. It means results shown that AIS (accounting information system) FIS (financial information system) and WCM (working capital management) have significant impact on the profitability of SMEs. When one hypothesis was supported (H4a). It means result shown that agency cost is not affecting the relationship of (IV) and (DV) as a moderator in this study held in Faisalabad Pakistan.5.ConclusionThe major objective of this study was to examine the effect of financial management practices on the profitability of small and medium business and to checkthe financial practices adopted by SMEs in Faisalabad city of Pakistan. The data analysis shows that financial management practices have significant impact of SMEsprofitability. Most of the firms in Faisalabad city prepared their financial statement, balance sheet and income statement prepared regularly and frequently. Most of the firms have employed accountant for managing accounts department. Tendency to use computer for accounting information system was low in small size business but in medium size businesses accounting system was strong. 80% of the total firms followed cash management practices which include cash budget, review of cash budget on monthly or weekly basis. Most of the small enterprises prepare cash budget on weekly basis. This research shows that mostly firms are familiar to cash budgeting, cash control and cash flows. 36% firm face cash shortage problem for its expenditurewhile 64% firms face cash surplus. Finding tells that cash surplus is major problem than cash shortage for SMEs. Major issues created form cash surplus is that where surplus should invest for earn profit. Most of the firms have not better option to invest surplus cash in a profitable project. Agency problem may play a significance role in performance of business, for this purpose present study was also examined the agency cost behaviors as a moderate between the relationship of financial management and SME profitability in Faisalabad Pakistan. But it was viewed that agency cost worked as a moderator in any other economy but not worked in Faisalabad Pakistan. This study also explains that agency cost as an independent variable have some effect on profitability of SMEs.Limitations of the Research Study: Major limitation related to this study was financial and non-financial resources; time limitation and due to these limitation and scope of the study research have to limit the number of objectives. There are multiple areas of financial management related to research problem and research question directly or indirectly but due to the limitation of time and fund all the areas of financial management could not be investigated. Because resources were scarce so that all the SMEs in Pakistan could not be studied and selected SMEs in Faisalabad city were taken as a target population. Mostly selected firm were manufacturing concern. In Faisalabad city there are large no of small and medium business units and have different management practices and knowledge if compared with the SMEs situated in other cities of Pakistan. All primary data was collected from personalinterview but failed to collect any documentary prove related provided information by the respondent. This study viewed the internal factor which influence the profitability but not viewed any external factor which may affect the financial management practices.Implications for the Further Research: This study leads to the suggestion that in further research work should supplemented so that other areas could be examined which could not covered by this study. Following are the further suggestion for future research.•Findings or current study can be used in other financial management practices such as management of current assets, management of fixed assets and capital structure management in other cities of Pakistan.•Model of this study can be used in the other cities of Pakistan to check the financial management practices.•Most of the small enterprises in Faisalabad Pakistan are not adopting better financial management practices the reasons can be reviewed.•The financial performance of small enterprises and the medium enterprises can be viewed because there is difference in financial management practices of small enterprises and medium enterprises.•In small enterprises owner himself manage financial activities and in medium enterprises accounts manger manage financial activities so that effect of owner and manager financial management practices can be viewed.Finding can be used for the improvement of financial management practices especially in small enterprises for development of this sector of Pakistan.中文译文：财务管理实践对中小企业盈利能力的影响及代理成本的调节作用摘要中小企业对经济发展和增长的重要性是相当大的。

The Need of Accounting Standards for Islamic Financial Institutions [Abstract] The accounting and auditing organization for Islamic financial institutions (AAOIFI) hastaken the proper initiative to develop accounting, auditing, governance, ethics, and Shari’ah standards forIslamic Financial Institutions (IFIs). The AAOIFI standards serve as a guideline that may reflect theunique characteristics of IFIs and become a useful tool to meet the various needs of IFIs. Currently, one the major challenges facing Islamic Financial Institutions (IFSs) lies in the preparation of financial statements under different accounting standards and which may result to problem of comparability,reliability and compliance level’s measurement.Implemention of the Islamic Accounting StandardsVinnicombe (2010) argued the extent to which Islamic financial institutions comply with the accounting and governance standards issued by the AAOIFI in their financial reporting. Because Islamic banks operate under vastly different regulatory regimes and political and economic conditions across the globe, the sampled banks were selected from the kingdom of Bahrain. The compliance for the purpose of this study can be defined as the degree to which Islamic financial institutions comply with the multitude of issues in the financial accounting standards (FASs) issued by the AAOIFI. However, the findings of the study indicate high level of compliance with respect to the governance standards relating to the in-house supervisory boards of Islamic banks and reporting the Islamic Murabahah contract. In contrast,compliance with the AAOIFI's requirements regarding the zakah, otherwise called the religious tax, and the Mudarabah contract is relatively low. In addition, a higher number of compliance items are associated with retail as opposed to wholesale banks. However, it should be noted that the samples of the retail bankare more homogeneous and consistent over time compared to those of the wholesale banks.Abdul Rahim (2003) investigated the classification, recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of Sukuk (Islamic bonds) based on the standards required by the AAOIFI. Considering the function of the accounting system to provide the information, the introduction of AAOIFI standards aims to enhance the transparency and comparability of the Islamic banks’ financial statements and provides a descriptive analysis as stipulated in the AAOIFI FAS 17 regarding investment. The conclusion of the study is that, Islamic financial institutions differ from its conventional institutions counterpart, and,therefore, needs an accounting standard that reflects its operation.IntroductionAt present, Islamic banks represent the majority of Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs), which are spread locally and internationally across both Islamic and non-Islamic countries.The emergence of Islamic banking is due to the increasing demand from Muslims communities worldwide for shariah’s complied Islamic financial products, services, and the variety of modes of Islamic finance. Furthermore, given the rate of growth of the IFIs, the continuous sustainability of the development currently witnessed by Islamic financial institutions needs the Islamic accounting standards, due to the unique characteristics coupled with the growing demand of IFSs’Products statements and reports.Thus, the current standards, which are based on conventional frameworks, seem insufficient to guide the Islamic financial institutions. Currently, the various IFSs institutions apply different accounting standards in their preparation of their accounts due to the absence of Islamic accounting standards (Zaini,2007). The trend towards the accounting and auditing organization for Islamic financial institutions(AAOIFI) standards has become a pressing issue that has generated heated debate in the Organization for Islamic Conference (OIC) countries.Islamic Accounting StandardsIslamic bank transactions as reflected in the financial reporting are prepared under many accounting standards, which pose a threat to the accounting system. Thus, the need for Islamicaccounting standards possesses the potential to ensure a compatible accounting system. This, therefore, has led to the growing aspiration for a financial statement that has the potential to enhance the credibility of financial statements that are in accordance with the Shari’ah ruling and, thus, the need to make the Islamic accounting standards operationalized. Before the implementation of the Islamic accounting standards, such as AAOIFI by Islamic financial institutions, it is necessary to ascertain whether the AAOIFI accounting standards are appropriate and suitable for Islamic banks and whether or not the compliance with the AAOIFI accounting standards may disclose more information to create confidence among investors and the public to invest their money.Therefore, researchers in the area of financial reporting for Islamic financial institutions have conducted a considerable number of studies to investigate the Islamic banks’ compliance to accounting standards. Until recently, one of the main problems facing Islamic banking includes a lack of standardized accounting and auditing standards (Pomeranz, 1997). However, conventional accounting is inappropriate for Muslim users and Islamic organizations (Hameed, 2001), and it is inappropriate to impose unmodified Western accounting practices on developing countries (Karim, 1987). In addition, International Accounting Standards based on such techniques would create difficulties for Muslims around the world.Therefore, it is imperative for the Muslim accountants to develop accounting standards that are specially adapted to Islamic needs and for Muslim countries .Due to the current different regulatory requirements and legislation, the relevance and comparability of financial statements are the foundations upon which accounting standards are predicated. Lovett (2002) documented that with financial statements prepared under different accounting standards, a problem may exist in 1) comparability of financial statements prepared globally, and 2) reliability and creditability.The Need Of Islamic Accounting StandardsThe Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) prepares and issues accounting, auditing, and corporate governance standards, as well as ethics and Shari’ah standards,for Islamic financial institutions. Currently, AAOIFI has published 81 standards, 25 accounting standards,5 auditing standards, 7 governance standards, 2 ethics standardsThe Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI), a private standard setting body, was established by the Islamic banks and other interested parties to prepare and promulgate accounting, auditing, and governance standards based on the Shari’ah precepts for Islamic financial institutions (Karim, 2001). The AAOIFI organizations has been recognized and mandated to develop accounting, auditing, governance, and ethics standards that are in line with Shari’ah standards in order to promote comparable, transportable, and reliable accounting information. The formulation and adoption of AAOIFI standards in any country is intended to increase foreign investment, as well as investor’s confidence. These standards are set up to produce financial statements that are transparent in their preparation，the objectives offinancial accounting for Islamic banks and Islamic financial institutions are as follows:To determine the rights and obligations of all interested parties, including those rights and obligations resulting from incomplete transactions and other events in accordance with the principles of Islamic Shari’ah and its concepts of fairness, charity, and compliance with Islamic business values.To contribute to the safeguarding of the Islamic bank’s assets, its rights and the rights of others in an adequate manner.To contribute to the enhancement of the managerial and productive capabilities of the Islamic bank and encourage compliance with its established goals and policies and, above all, compliance with Islamic Shari’ah in all transactions and events.To provide through financial reports useful information to the users of these reports to enable them to make legitimate decisions in their dealings with Islamic banks.In reference to the abjectives, this research has made an attempt to contribute to the current framework and serve as a guide for Islamic financial institutions regarding interest-free transactions through determining the levels of compliance with the AAOIFI accounting standards by Islamic banks.ConclusionThe Adopting or complying with Islamic accounting standards has increasingly become the focus of among Islamic financial institutions. This paper has discussed previous studies about the adoption of accounting standards in developed and developing countries, as well as prior studies on adoption the Islamic accounting, auditing, governance, and Shari’ah standards by Islamic financial institutions and determinants of the extent of levels of compliance with the Islamic accounting standards by Islamic banks.The Islamic accounting standards for Islamic Financial Institutions in accordance with the Shari’ah requirements and the AAOIFI accounting standards may be the best choice for reducing costs and increasing foreign investments and investor's confidence. The objectives of the AAOIFI accounting standards are to prepare and develop accounting, auditing, governance, ethical, and Shari’ah standards relating to the activities of Islamic financial institutions.。

财务管理外文文献及翻译2附录A:外文文献(译文)跨国公司财务有重大国外经营业务的公司经常被称作跨国公司或多国企业。

跨国公司必须考虑许多并不会对纯粹的国内企业产生直接影响的财务因素，其中包括外币汇率、各国不同的利率、国外经营所用的复杂会计方法、外国税率和外国政府的干涉等。

公司财务的基本原理仍然适用于跨国企业。

与国内企业一样，它们进行的投资项目也必须为股东提供比成本更多的收益，也必须进行财务安排，用尽可能低的成本进行融资。

净现值法则同时适用于国内经营和国外经营，但是，国外经营应用净现值法则时通常更加复杂。

也许跨国财务中最复杂的是外汇问题。

当跨国公司进行资本预算决策或融资决策时，外汇市场能为其提供信息和机会。

外汇、利率和通货膨胀三者的相互关系构成了汇率基本理论。

即:购买力平价理论、利率平价理论和预测理论。

跨国公司融资决策通常要在以下三种基本方法中加以选择，我们将讨论每种方法的优缺点。

(1) 把现金由国内输出用于国外经营业务;(2) 向投资所在国借贷;(3) 向第三国借贷。

1专业术语学习财务的学生通常会听到一个单词总在耳边嗡嗡作响:全球化( g l o b a l i z a t i on )。

学习资金市场的全球化必须首先掌握一些新的术语，以下便是在跨国财务中，还有本章中最常用到的一些术语:(1) 美国存托证(American Depository Receipt,ADR)。

它是在美国发行的一种代表外国股权的证券，它使得外国股票可在美国上市交易。

外国公司运用以美元发行的ADR，来扩大潜在美国投资者群体。

ADR以两种形式代表大约690家外国公司:一是在某个交易所挂牌交易的 ADR，称为公司保荐形式;另一种是非保荐形式，这些ADR通常由投资银行持有并为其做市。

这两种形式的ADR均可由个人投资和买卖，但报纸每天只报告保荐形式的存托证的交易情况。

(2) 交叉汇率(cross rate)。

它是指两种外国货币(通常都不是美元)之间的汇率。

文献出处：Kilonzo JM, Ouma D. Financial Management Practices on growth of Small and Medium Enterprises: A case of Manufacturing Enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya[J]. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 2015, 17(8): 65-71第一部分为译文，第二部分为原文。

默认格式：中文五号宋体，英文五号Times New Roma，行间距1.5倍。

中小企业财务管理实践：肯尼亚内罗毕县制造业企业案例摘要：中小企业对国内经济社会发展做出了重要贡献。

本研究的目的是确定中小企业采用的财务管理做法及其对增长的影响程度。

本研究的具体目标是确定营运资金管理实践，投资实践，财务计划实践，会计信息系统，财务报告和分析实践对中小企业增长的影响。

内罗毕县记录显示，该县有五万多家小微企业。

肯尼亚制造业协会1999年的基线研究报告（KAM 2009）在肯尼亚记录了745家活跃的制造业中小企业，在内罗毕县有410人。

使用向中小型企业的业主/经理管理的问卷调查，从41家中小企业收集了主要数据。

使用简单的随机抽样技术来选择中小企业。

使用描述性和推论统计分析数据。

研究确定，75％的中小企业出售其产品现金，82％保持现金限额，92％有手动库存登记，35％的企业投资长期资产，45％的企业用内部资金进行商业融资。

55％没有正式的会计制度，74％的会计师没有合格的会计师准备财务报表。

在财务管理实践中，工业化部应引入中小企业能力建设方案。

关键词：中小企业（SME），财务管理实务，内罗毕县中小企业为任何国家的经济和社会发展做出重要贡献。

据国际劳工组织（2008年），日本约有80％的劳动力和德国的50％的工人在中小企业工作。

对于发展中国家，中小企业对乌干达（20％），肯尼亚（19.5％）和尼日利亚（24.5％）的国内生产总值做出了重大贡献。

第一部分外文翻译中文对照部分企业购买和支付的内部会计控制系统设计Lars Ny bergSpeech by Mr Lars Ny berg, Deputy Governor of the Severs Risks bank, at HQ Bank, 15October 2008.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia摘要本文讨论了采购和付款的基本系统的内部会计控制，并根据其业务流程，详细说明了实施相关的控制点控制措施。

关键词：采购和付款；会计控制采购和付款业务是一个企业支付的钱，获取货物或服务的过程是生产和运营管理是一个主要组件是企业生存和发展。

因此，企业应该树立采购和支付业务的内部会计控制制度，健全的业务记录控制系统，加强其控制业务流程的关键，实现采购决策领域的相互约束和监督。

第一、购买和支付内部会计控制的定义。

采购和付款的内部会计控制是指企业购买和支付行为规范，采购和付款过程来防止错误和欺诈，确保采购，以满足生产和销售的前提下降低采购成本，并采取一系列的控制措施。

第二、采购和支付交易的基本系统的内部会计控制为了充分发挥采购和付款业务角色的内。

部会计控制的内容的采购和支付服务应设计遵循采购和支付交易的基本系统的内部会计控制。

一、购买和支付内部会计控制的定义1、采购和付款的内部会计控制是指规范企业采购和支付行为。

(1)是否符合官方职位分工体系1.请购买和批准。

企业采购项目所需的用户部门根据他们的应用程序和批准的负责人负责采购批准； 2.查询和确定供应商。

公司采购部门和有关主管部门应当参与调查过程和确定供应商； 3.采购合同和审计。

公司采购部门应该准备下订单或合同和授权的部门或官审查、批准或适当的审计； 4.采购、验收。

采购人员不能工作的同时承运货物；5.采购、检验和相关的会计记录。

企业采购、检验和会计记录功能应该被分离，以确保真实性的数量的采购和采购价格、质量、合规、采购记录和会计精度； 6.执行支付处理和支付。