首都师范大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

⾸都师范⼤学考博英语2019年考了什么_⾸都师范⼤学考
博英语题型分析
⾸都师范⼤学考博英语2019年考了什么_⾸都师范⼤学考博英语题型分析
⾸都师范⼤学考博英语考试2019年考博了什么内容,⾸都师范⼤学考博英语2019年题型是怎么样的,⾸都师范⼤学博⼠英语考试2019年题型详情分析.华慧考博⽼师根据2019年⾸都师范⼤学考博英语的相关考试内容与题型，对2019年⾸都师范⼤学考博英语的题型进⾏了⼀下分析，希望对⼴⼤⾸都师范⼤学考博考⽣有所帮助。

⼤学考博英语题型及其分值如下：
⾸都师范⼤学考博英语题型及其分值如下：
具体⾸都师范
具体
1.词汇（30题，15分）
2.阅读（5篇，20题，40分）
3.完形（10题，10分）
4.翻译：英译汉（划线句⼦翻译，10分）+汉译英（段落翻译，10分）
5.写作（1篇议论⽂，15分）
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北京师范大学考博英语模拟题2019年(1)(总分100, 做题时间180分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionDirections:Passage OneJapanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment and techniques as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture. However, if this were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United **panies. This is not the case; Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity **pared with factories owned by United **panies.Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higherlevels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per employee **parable to that of United States firms. Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States.Since capital investment was not higher in Japan, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively: they made critical changes in United States procedures. For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently. Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. Automakers could schedule the production of **ponents or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of **ponents that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.SSS_SIMPLE_SIN1.The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.•** the major steps of a process•** an ambiguity•** a dispute** misconceptionsA B C D分值: 1答案:D主旨题。

首师大世界史学博士考试英语题库1.A. Customer and salesperson.B. Teacher and student.C. Boss and secretary.D. Guest and waitress.2.A. He didn't buy anything.B. He got some medicine for his foot.C. He was sick and couldn't go shopping.D. He bought everything except the football3.A. Teachers like Professor Johnson are rare.B. Professor Johnson has won a million dollars.C. Professor Johnson is likely to be teaching at that school.D. There are many teachers as good as Professor Johnson.4.A. She didn't know her daughter could sing so well.B. She sings better than her daughter.C. She doesn't like her daughter.D. She herself doesn't have a good voice.5.A. He finds history books difficult to understand.B. He has to read a lot of history books.C. He doesn't like the history course.D. He has lost his history book.Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both thepassage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET ONE with a single line through the centre.Passage One Questions 6 to 8 are based on the passage you have just heard.6.A. Crowed air traffic.B. The Large size of airplanes.C. Bad weather.D. Mistakes by air traffic controllers.7.A.They narrowly escaped crashing into each other.B.They avoided each other by turning in different directions.C.They bumped into each other over a swimming pool.D.One plane climbed above the other at the critical moment.8.A.To give an example of air disaster.B.To show the great responsibility shouldered by the pilots.C.To show the key role played by air traffic controllers.D.To show that air travel is far safer than driving a car.Passage Two Questions 9to 12 are based on the passage you have just heard.9.A.Her future prospects.B.Her unique experience.C.Her favourite job.D.Her lonely life.10.A.Authority.B.Independence.C.Good luck.D.A good relationship.11.A.She will remain single.B.She will work in a bookstore.C.She will live an empty life.D.She will earn a lot of money.12.A.She should find a good job.B.She should get married.C.She should have more control over her life.D.She should open a small restaurant.Passage Three Questions 13 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.13.A.In day-care centers where little children were taken care of.B.In schools where free classes were organized for young people.C.In places where hot lunch was provided for factory workers.D.In areas in Chicago where poor people lived.14.A. For young people and adults.B. For poor city children.C. For factory workers.D. For immigrants.15.A. Jane Adams' life story.B. Jane Adams' struggle for women's liberation.C. Jane Adams' contributions to society.D. Jane Adams' responsibility for the poor.Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. During the first reading, you should listen carefully for a general idea of the whole passage. Then listen to the passage again.While listening, you should try to fill in the missing words or write down the main points according to what you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third, you should check what you have written down in the blanks. You must use the ANSWER SHEET TWO for this section.When you wish to give someone a gift it is always good to remember some of the basic rules.Consider the age and sex and the(1) of your acquaintance as well as the occasion. You should know when it is all right to give a gift of money, and when it would be(2). In any case, when you receive a present, don't forget to send a thank-you note as soon as you possibly can.Often people like to take with them a gift for the host's wife of a party they have been invited to.This can be something just for the host's wife, or something for theparty, like sweets or fruit, things which all may enjoy.(3). Again, you may choose something for the host's wife alone or for the entire family.Sometimes it is not possible to return a favour as you would like to. When this happens you may show your own thoughtfulness by giving a thank-you gift, especially if you can find something unusual.(4). You should never leave money when you have been a weekend guest. Try to use imagination in choosing a thank-you gift.Part IⅡReading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET ONE with a single line through the center.Passage One Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage: There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among "situations vacant", although it does not offer anyone a job, and sometimes it appears among"situations wanted", although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job."Contact us before writing your application"or"make use of our long experience in curriculum vitae or job history"is how it is usuallyexpressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course,a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae (or job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right. There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application,"Just put down your name, address, age an whether you have passed any exams", was abut the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those day of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you move up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach."Your search is over.I am the person you are looking for"was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job in view. There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.16.The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns.rms job hunters of the opportunities availableB.promises useful advice to those looking for employmentC. divides available jobs into various typesD. informs employers that people are available for work17. Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because .A. there is a lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB. there are so many top-level jobs availableC. there are so many people out of workD. the job history is considered to be a work of art18. In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would.A. write an initial letter giving their life historyB. pass some exam before applying for a jobC. have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD. keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview19. Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter A. something that would attract attention to one's application B.a personal opinion about the organization one was trying to join C. something that would flatter the person reading D.a lie that one could easily get away with telling20. What does the word"aggressive"mean?A. Progressive.B. Challenging.C. Flattering.D. Boring.。

首都师范大学2014-2015学年第二学期研究生英语学位考试考试科目：研究生英语试卷类别：A 考试时间：120 分钟Section A (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be read only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. (Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet 1.)1. A. Michael Jordan is a famous businessman.B. Michael Jordan is the name of the woman's friend.C. Michael Jordan is a manufacturer of sneakers.D. Michael Jordan is both a person's name and a trademark.2. A. He is a billionaire in Chinatown.B. He owns a big company in China.C. He is successful businessman.D. He earned 100 million dollars last year.3. A. He succeeded quickly by working hard.B. He won because he's got very good luck.C. Despite his achievements, he hasn't got a reputation yet.D. He had a reputation as an experienced speaker on TV.4. A. Yao Ming's team should not have lost in the first round. .B. Yao Ming is the best player in the national team.C. Yao Ming is surprised at his loss in the first round. .D. Yao Ming's team is expected to win the national tournament.5. A. How a famous Chinese kung fu master teaches his lessons.B. A way to keep energetic in life.C. The method for practising Chinese kung fu.D. A friend who has won several Chinese kung fu competitions.6. A. Jean is not fashion-conscious.B. Jean saw her sister downtown yesterdayC. Jean and her sister spend lots of time togetherD. Jean isn't a good buyer of dresses like her sister.7. A. He didn't like the fashion show last night.B. He thinks it pretty for the models to wear nightgowns.C. He thinks the woman should take part in the fashion show.D. He thinks the models gave a good performance.8. A. The woman likes to follow fashion.B. The man and woman have the same attitude to clothes.C. The man is laughing at the woman.D. The woman's clothes are out of date.9. A. He thinks it's out of date.B. He doesn't think modern women would like to wear clothes like that.C. He thinks it's wonderful.D. He likes the color but not the style.10. A. The woman has a job related to dress design.B. The two speakers agree the Oscars ceremony is a big event.C. The woman thinks it worthwhile to see the Academy Awards.D. The man believes the Oscar ceremony provides a chance for stars to show off.Section B (1 point each)Directions:In this section you will hear a long conversation. At the end of the conversation, some questions will be asked about what was said. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.( Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on Answer Sheet 1. ) (The conversation will be read to you only once.) Conversation 111. A. Because he thinks it makes him relaxed.B. Because he has used up all his salary.C. Because he likes window-shopping more than anything else.D. Because he is window-shopping while waiting for a friend.12. A. She's always been good with money.B. She's never been good with moneyC. She used to be a bad saver, like Jack.D. She doesn't save money.13. A. Earning more money.B. Opening another bank account for spending.C. Opening another bank account for saving.D. Finding a better job.14. A. 10% of her salary. B. 20% of her salaryC. 30% of her salary.D. 40% of her salary.15. A. Jack likes shopping when he gets paid.B. Molly has made a plan for Jack and it works.C. Jack may listen to Molly's advice and do his best to save money.D. Jack will not listen to Molly's advice because it is impractical.Section C (1 point each)Directions:In this section you will hear a talk about the importance of play. Listen carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given to each question you hear. (The conversation will be read to you twice.)16. A. Because play can lead us to successB. Because play can help set our minds free.C. Because play can let us experience new things.D. Because play can make people become wiser.17. A. They can learn what they cannot learn in class.B. They can learn how to help one another.C. They can learn how to express their feelings.D. They can learn good behavior through play.18. A. It makes children learn things systematically.B. It enables children to make progress step by step.C. It can help children organize their thoughts more clearly.D. It provides some rules for children to identify and follow.19. A. It provides unexpected events for children to handle.B. It gives children more freedom to play without rules or control.C. It has no goals or objectives in the game.D. It is basically an individual game in which ideas are less specific.20. A. The speaker should be a college teacher.B. The speaker is a researcher on parenthood.C. The speaker is a children's writer.D. The speaker is a specialist in childcare.Part II Vocabulary （20 points）Section A21. The department deferred the decision for six months.A. postponedB. discussedC. heldD. revised22. The scientists will go on an expedition to the South Pole.A. explorationB. tripC. tourD. outing23. She asked her mother to pick her up from the camp a day earlier than scheduled. Although she was sick of camp and ready to come home”, Ms. Wexler objected and finally prevailed.A. changedB. triumphedC. disagreedD. consented24. The number of old people is on the rise, and with this fact comes the number of people with chronic diseases associated more with old age.A. incurableB. severeC. painfulD. enduring25. With this strong right-wing views, and close affiliation to the military, he’d long been regarded as a sworn enemy of the people.A. emotionB. communicationC. reactionD. association26. The best hope is that we will have a rapid mobilization of international opinion in support of the movement.A. getting upB. catching upC. bringing upD. calling up27. The cause of the incidence has been kept off the air in the radio by the administration.A. not knownB. publicizedC. not broadcastedD. secret28. Some intrepid individuals were still prepared to make the journey.A. recklessB. AggressiveC. fearlessD. tough29. The liberal party held a convention to agitate for reforms.A. runB. postponeC. proposeD. push30. The jury deliberated for 18 minutes and recommended a sentence of from 2 to 5 years in the state penitentiary.A. inquiredB. complainedC. discussedD. spoke Section B31. The personal computer is only a decade old, and the language it ________ has made only minor inroads in English, but this will change.A. pronouncedB. processedC. spawnedD. prohibited32. He formally disbanded the fact-finding team Thursday because of Israel’ objections to the mission’s composition and ________.A. mandateB. purposeC. identityD. motivation33. If you don’t pay your rent you will be.A. finedB. suedC. rejectedD. evicted34. The old lady is so ________ that she’ll believe anything she hears.A. carelessB. sillyC. ignorantD. gullible35. When he was there, he often gave food and coins to the ________ children who lived on the street.A. despairedB. homelessC. destituteD. deserted36. Combining social commentary with rhythmic ________, heavy bass beats, and remixed or original melodies, rap is one of the most controversial of black musical forms.A. danceB. bandC. musicD. lyrics37. He took out a court ________ against the newspaper demanding the return of the document.A. injunctionB. suspensionC. biasD. sentence38. They said on the wedding that they belonged ________ to each other---for life or for death.A. by farB. on earthC. perpetuallyD. in all39. It’s good news that the Governor and lawmakers are finally talking to each other, however ________.A. sullenlyB. off-handedlyC. hospitablyD. slowly40. We now are provided with several television commentators to explain the action to us, with the help of the ________ slow-motion instant replay.A. popularB. ubiquitousC. successfulD. continuousPart III. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part, there are three short passages. Read each one carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on Answer Sheet 1.Passage OneMoviegoers may think history is repeating itself this weekend. The summer's most anticipated film, Pearl Harbor, which has opened recently, painstakingly re-creates the Japanese attack that drew the United States into World War II. But that isn't the film's only reminder of the past. Harbor invites comparison to Titanic, the biggest hit of all time. Like Titanic, Harbor heaps romance and action around a major historical event. Like Titanic, Harbor attempts to create popular global entertainment from a deadly real-life tragedy. Like Titanic, Harbor costs a pretty penny and hopes to get in even more at the box office.Both Titanic and Pearl Harbor unseal their tales of love and tragedy over more than three hours. Both stories center on young passion, triangles of tension with one woman and two men; In Titanic, Leonardo DiCaprio and Billy Zane compete for the love of the same woman, a high-society type played by a British actress named Kate (Winslet). In Harbor, two pilots (Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett) fall for the same woman, a nurse played by a British actress named Kate (Beckinsale).The scenes of peril also have similarities. Harbor has a shot in which soldiers cling for dear life as the battleship USS Oklahoma capsizes. The moment is recalled of theTitanic's climactic sinking scene in which DiCaprio and Winslet hang from the ocean liner as half of the ship vertically plunges into the water. In Harbor, one of its stars floats atop a piece of debris in the middle of the night, much like Winslet's character does in Titanic.And the jaw-dropping action of Titanic is matched by Harbor's, 40-minute re-creation of the Dec. 7, 1941 attack on the United States' Pacific Fleet. Both films spent heavily on special effects. Harbor director, Michael Bay, for example, says he kept salaries down so more could be spent on the visuals. Both movies even shot their ship-sinking scenes at the same location; Fox Studios Baja in Mexico.Harbor's makers have even taken a Titantic-like approach to the soundtrack. The film includes one song. There You'll be, performed by country music superstar Faith Hill. Titanic, which is one of the best selling soundtracks of all time, also has only one pop song: Celine Dion's MY Heart Will Go On.“If Harbor becomes a major moneymaker, filmmakers may comb history books searching for even more historical romance-action material.” says a critic.41. What are the two things that the author of this article tries to compare?A. The attack on Pearl Harbor and the sinking of the Titanic.B. Historical fiction movies and successful box office hits.C. The movie Titanic and the on-show movie Pearl Harbor.D. Sinking boats and famous actors.42. Pearl Harbor and Titanic are similar in all of the following aspects EXCEPT_____.A. both spent large amount of money on special effectsB. both have soundtracks starring a major pop starC. both added made-up stories to historical eventsD. both are documentary movies of historical events43. Who plays the leading female role in Pearl Harbor?A. Kate Beckinsale.B. Ben Affleck.C. Kate Winslet.D. Faith Hill.44. What does the phrase “cost a pretty penny” in the first paragraph mean?A. To be very attractive.B. To cost a lot.C. To have big box office returns.D. To require a lot of effort to accomplish.45. If Pearl Harbor is as successful as Titanic, which of the following movies might we see next?A. The Battle of Waterloo.B. The Advents of Mr. Bean.C. Space Invaders.D. The Haunted House.Passage TwoA few weeks ago my mother called to say there was a warrant out for my arrest. I was mystified. I’d like to think myself dangerous but I’m a mild-mannered journalist. I don't have a criminal record, though the a ddress on my driver’s license is my mother’s - thus the “raid.” I hadn’t robbed any convenience stores lately, nor fled the scene after backing a Jeep into a crowd of people.But this is Mayor Giuliani s New York, where it doesn’t take much to draw the attention of cops. New Yorkers know all about Hizzonor’s banning homeless cleaning men from approaching drivers and offering to clean their windshields. H’s also cracked down on street vendors. Yuppie that 1 am. I’ve never given much thought to what it fe lt like to be on the other side of the law.So when the cops came knocking, I thought there must be some mistake. Imagine my embarrassment upon discovering my crime. One Saturday night in March, I strolled out of apartment after dinner, a Coors Light beer in hand. Suddenly a police officer came up and wrote me a ticket. The charge: violating New York City’s open-container laws. Yeah. I probably should have paid it then and there. But instead I stuck the pink slip in my back pocket and forgot about it.When I called to inquire about my case. I was told to “speak with Officer Kosenza.” But I didn’t get a chance. Kosenza called me that night while I was having dinner with my girlfriend. He wanted me to come to court, right then. But I was cautious. It s eems New York’s police are in a bind. With crime falling to record lows, it's getting harder and harder for cops to “make the numbers” that show they’re doing a better and better job. What to do? The answer is to rifle through out-of-date tickets that have n’t been paid –anything they could turn into a “crime.” I finally decided to turn myself in. which is how 1 found myself, one August evening, handcuffed at the downtown Manhattan police station with an older officer telling us tales of his days in the 1980s. “Times sure have changed.” he said, shaking his head at us statistically useful nuisances.Eventually I was led into a courtroom. Very quickly, it was done. Handcuffs off, out the door. I wanted to complain but went quietly home, promising not to do whatever I was guilty of for another six months. I got off easy. But I also learned a lesson: Giuliani s clean streets come with a price. If only the mayor would neglect to pay a ticket.46. According to the passage, the author is probably _____.A. an urban young professionalB. a narrow-minded journalistC. a criminal wanted by the policeD. a traffic offender47. The author was arrested primarily because _____.A. he once stuck a piece of pink paper in his back pocketB. he used his mother's address on the driver's licenseC. he had robbed convenience shops beforeD. he drank some beer one night on the street48. The word "nuisances" in the fourth paragraph may mean _____.A. mild-mannered prisonersB. trouble makersC. new arrivalsD. hardened criminals49. Through the passage, the author wants to convey the idea that _____.A. New York policemen are doing a good job cracking down on crimesB. not everyone agrees with the mayor's management of the cityC. the crime rate has been reduced at the expense of citizens' convenienceD. everyone including the mayor should be punished if he is guilty of crime50. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The author pleaded guilty and was set free.B. Policemen were trying hard to please their superiors.C. Many so-called crimes were only trifle things.D. It's no use complaining to cops when you are caught.Passage ThreeEwen Cameron is long dead but his ghost appears to haunt Canada, where extraordinarily strict rules are being considered to protect the subjects of psychological research.Cameron was a scientist straight from a horror movie. On the surface, he was a respectable academic. But after the end of the Second World War, he visited the Nuremberg trials, superficially to examine Rudolf Hess's psychological state. Many people believe that he also studied Nazi methods of mind control. Certainly, he never internalized the Nuremberg declaration that prohibits human experiments where risk outweighs “humanitarian importance.”Throughout the 1950s, Cameron ran a CIA-funded laboratory at McGill University where patients were used as guinea pigs in brainwashing experiments. Some patients were given ECT “therapy” twice daily, others were drugged and kept unconscious for weeks or months, injected with huge amounts of drugs, and subjected to long-term sensory deprivation.Compensation has been paid to most surviving patients. But suspicion of the psychological sciences has not entirely gone away. Nor has the need for patients’ rights to be guaranteed. Cameron, after all, ensured that every patient signed a consent form, even though many were not in position to understand what it meant.The strict new rules for psychological research now under discussion can partly be understood in the light of special Canadian sensitivities. They are designed to ensure that no one can be involved in an experiment that might damage their own interests.All well and good, e xcept that psychological sciences aren’t going to advance if anyone can leave an experiment if they don’t like the results. Obviously, many psychological experiments would not be possible if the experimenters had to reveal exactly what they were testing.There is much to debate about the rights of patients and experimental subjects. The committee drawing up the code has apparently received 2,000 pages of comment on its draft.No one should do anything until this committee has had all the time it needs to read, digest and study these submissions. And then reach a truly balanced position.51. According to the author, we may conclude that _____.A. Cameron was a dedicated and responsible scientistB. Cameron was interested in unveiling the myths about Rudolf Hess’s psychological stateC. Cameron tried to ensure that his subjects clearly understood the purpose of the experimentsD. Cameron unmistakably violated the subjects’ rights52. Which of the following statements is NOT true based on the second paragraph?A. Cameron’s appearance might misrepresent his true personality.B. Probing into the psychological state of the Nazi was outside Cameron’s profession.C. Cameron did not observe the stipulation relating to human experiments.D. People believed that he had undisclosed motives for attending the Nuremberg trials.53. We can infer from this passage that _____.A. making compensation for the subjects’ loss was illegalB. some subjects in Cameron’s experiments diedC. p eople have been quite indifferent to the subjects’ rightsD. as a rule, people are fully supportive of psychological sciences54. The committee responsible for working out the rules governing psychological research _____.A. has to give top priority to psychological advancesB. is bombarded with criticisms from the publicC. is expected to take into account all the reactions to the draftingD. should rely on those willing to sacrifice their own interests55. One of the problems with the new rules for psychological research is that _____.A. the rules can do little to protect the patients’ rightsB. people may withdraw from the experiments in fear of damage to their own interestsC. it would be impossible to sort out anything valuable from the comments on the rulesD. people’s response to psychological sciences is overwhelmingly negativePassage Four[1] Unfortunately, I know more than I care to about the aftermath of drinking and driving. As a high school freshman in Wayland, Mass., in 1980, I suffered through the death of a classmate on my hockey team who was killed in an alcohol-related crash. Two years later I attended the funeral of another student in my class who died while driving under the influence.[2] I thought drunk driving had hurt me as much as it could. I was wrong. Four years ago my brother Ryan, a senior at Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vt., drove 70 to 100 miles an hour on a rainy rural road into a tree, ending his life. His blood-alcohol level was nearly three times the legal limit.[3] It was one of the worst accidents that officers at the crash site had ever seen. The two policemen who were assigned to wipe Ryan's blood and tissue off the car's broken wind shield found it impossible to talk to my family about the details.[4] Ryan was last seen drinking vodka punch at an on-campus social house. He left the party intending to drive to his apartment three miles away to pick up a toga for yet another event. He never made it home.[5] After his death we found out that Ryan had developed a drinking problem. But even though he drank to excess at nearly every social function, usually three to four times a week, many of his friends never realized he was becoming an alcoholic.[6] We were told that a staff member in the student-activities office where Ryan often registered his social house's parties had suspected that he had a drinking problem. And Ryan was not the only Middlebury student to be involved in a dangerous alcohol-related incident: in the year before his death, one of Ryan's fellow students nearly died in a binge-drinking episode. She was saved only because someone in the hospital emergency room pumped her stomach as she lay unconscious. Her blood-alcohol level was 0. 425 percent.[7] I know that my brother was ultimately responsible for his death, but in my view, college administrators can work harder to keep kids like Ryan from getting behind the wheel. Many schools, however, have been reluctant to address the problem. Why? Perhaps because taking responsibility will make trustees and college presidents legally liable for students' drunk-driving behavior.[8] If administrators accepted this responsibility, they might ask themselves: Should we expel students who receive a DUI? Has the university president met with the town's mayorto create a unified policy toward drunk driving? Have we contacted organizations like MADD and SADD to help us implement alcohol-education programs?[9] On campuses like Middlebury's, where many students own cars, administrators can use more aggressive methods to combat drinking and driving. Yet after Ryan's death, his university refused my family's request to fund an officer to patrol the main entry into the campus on weekend evenings for out-of-control drivers.[10] Why does the problem of drunk driving persist? It's not easy to solve.[11] A lot of college students are young and irresponsible, and drinking is part of their culture. Many administrators have not wanted to abolish fraternities and social houses for fear that ending such beloved traditions would lower alumni donations.[12] College officials, I ask that you go home tonight and consider your love for your son or daughter, brother or sister. Imagine the knock on your door at 3 a. m. when a police officer announces that your loved one has died. Then go to a mirror and look deep into your own eyes. Ask yourself: have I done enough to help solve this problem?[13] The choice is simple. You can choose to be a leader and an agent of change on a controversial issue. Or you can continue authoring your students' eulogies. My family, in its grief, begs you to do the former.56. The article is most probably addressed toA. drunk-driving studentsB. family members of drunk-driving studentsC. school administratorsD. law-enforcement officers57. The author suggests that on the issue of students' deaths caused by drunk-driving, the universitiesA. have faithfully fulfilled their dutiesB. have not done their fair share of dutyC. should be held legally responsibleD. should not assume responsibility58. Many universities show little enthusiasm in solving students' drinking problem becauseA. drinking is considered to be beyond their mandateB. drinking is generally regarded as part of youth cultureC. they are doubtful of the effectiveness of aggressive methodsD. they are afraid of taking legal liability for such behavior59. Which of the following is the request of the author's family for Ryan's university?A. To impose a ban on social houses and on-campus drinking.B. To expel any student who has received tickets for drunk driving.C. To patrol the main school entry on weekend evenings for drunk drivers.D. To initiate alcohol-education programs with the help of social organizations.60. The author's tone in writing this article is ..A. sincereB. satiricalC. arrogantD. helplessPart IV. Translation (10 points)(注意：此部分试题61—65请在答题卡2上作答。

博士研究生入学考试英语试题PART I Vocabulary (15points)Section ADirections: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.A. demandB. viewC. requestD. opinion2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.A. written-aboutB. productiveC. artfulD. religious3. Imagine my vexation when they said they would come to dinner and then didn't show.A. enlightenmentB. astonishmentC. annoyanceD. contrariness4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.A. fearlesslyB. confidentlyC. silentlyD. prudently5. There is little learning involved when one is reprimanded two or three months after the deed.A. recommendedB. reproachedC. recompensedD. reversed6. Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.A. tracesB. shardsC. productsD. artifacts7. Packaging is designed so as to encourage impetuous shopping.A. extravagantB. carefulC. impotentD. impulsive8. Pan of his general thrift is to be meticulous in verifying monthly expenses.A. painstakingB. dilatoryC. meretriciousD. gaudy9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant's trial for murder.A. a decision of guiltyB. a decision to punish by electrocutionC. an impasseD. an unusual verdict10. Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdictionover a variety of misdemeanors.A. guidanceB. sovereigntyC. authorityD. suzerainty11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.A. extravagantB. producedC. divergentD. repetitious12. Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional.A. permanentB. temporaryC. corruptD. craven13. The burglars ransacked the room taking anything of value they found.A. demolishedB. took overC. inhabitedD. thoroughly searched14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.A. millionairesB. endorsementsC. governmentsD. donations15. The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.A. overlookedB. praiseC. condemnedD. satisfiedSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.16. When he realized the true nature of the proposal, he ________ all communication with the group.A. convertB. avertedC. severedD. make17. The worsening financial situation made it obvious that an economic depression was _____.A. attainableB. remoteC. imminentD. eminent18. All of the dental instruments need to be _______ before the next patient is seen.A. heatedB. scaldedC. sterilizedD. burned19. Rock climbing is so popular now that many people are able to ________ the steepest face with great agility.A. scaleB. surpassC. overcomeD. mount20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will ________ firemen, policemen, and paramedicsimmediately.A. assignB. detachC. attachD. dispatch21. His evident _______ to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.A. personalityB. characterC. fidelityD. morality22. I don't know why he has been given ________. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife's.A. acclaimB. confidenceC. reimbursementD. robustness23. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U. S., he will _______ work on a five-language opera.A. confineB. indulgeC. resumeD. undergo24. When Ph. D candidates ________ their impending professorships, they consider housing benefits offered bythe prospective universities.A. anticipateB. assumeC. applyD. demand25. My supply of confidence slowly ________ as the deadline approached.A. withdrewB. eliminatedC. exterminatedD. diminished26. The battle is of great significance when viewed in the ________ of the progress of the war.A. prospectiveB. respectiveC. perspectiveD. prescriptive27. It has long been known that total sleep ________ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of thedead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A. depositionB. destructionC. deprivationD. reduction28. In that country, hospital doctors don't go sightseeing very often because their work ________ almost alltheir time.A. takes upB. takes offC. takes apartD. takes over29. According to the law of that country, the Parliament will have to be ________ before the General Election.A. decomposedB. dispersedC. dissolvedD. disintegrated30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________ the consequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step intoPART Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)Section ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. Switzerland is best known for its majesty mountain range and thousands flock to the AlpsA B Ceach year to take advantage of their ideal skiing conditions.D32. Police were sent to disperse the crowds but ended up by shooting down protesters and itA Bwas in this chaos that the seeds of political liberation were sown.C D33. Even today, through the hustle and bustle of Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg's main street,A Bthe classical beauty of the city mesmerizes the eye.C D34. She is furious of her son's grades in school, which explains why Mark is jealous of Julia's high AB Cmarks on the exam.D35. Smog-choked Southern California demands them. It's a car for people who never want to goAto a gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling gas-less machines has been aB Chard-sell.D36. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in what it is that gives you these fishA Btheir long life-span. Of course, it hasn't done a lot of good for these carp.C D37. In deciding to undertake dangerous pursuits, people usually strive for their maximumApersonal ability rating, when they are challenged but can he victorious, rather than merelyB Csurmounting the mediocre.D38. In proposing such philanthropic donations, the director of the company certainly spoke fromA Ba genuine concern for the needy and not any desire for personal accolades.C D39. The armor, infantry and other military forces were held up by the enemy counter attack,A B Cthus caused the delay in the advance.D40. Just as children the world over like Christmas rooming, adults so like Christmas eveningA B Cwhen peace and calm return to the household.D41. Each employee with a modicum of intelligence would be able to undertake such a basic process.A B C D42. The economic situation will improve given that there is forecast to be less unemploymentA Band closures than in previous years.C D43. The three most important issues of concern to citizens today are prison reform,A Babusing children and toxic waste.C D44. I was on the verge of incurring Mr. Rochester's wrath by not listening to his prohibitions,A Bwhile a ray once more shone almost imperceptibly on the hallway wall and I heard his muffledC Dstep on the carpet.45. The above is the most important aspect which apes can be told from more primitive socialA B C Dgroupings.Section BDirections: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.46. ________ that the earth was flat?A. Used it to be thoughtB. Did it used to be thoughtC. Was it need to being thoughtD. Does it used to be thought47. It is most inappropriate ________ in the college VIP lounge.A. for any students to be thereB. for there to be any studentsC. to be any students thereD. to have there any students48. She ________ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising the questions.A. gotB. would have gotC. had gotD. would be getting49. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students, ________.A. whether they are future physicists or chemists.B. be they future physicists or chemists.C. they are future physicists or chemists.D. they should be future physicists or chemists.50. The general opinion is that he is ________ to complain.A. so much a milquetoastB. too a milquetoastC. too much of a milquetoastD. so much of a milquetoast51. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably dear that in certain countries - Rwanda,Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslavia come to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolute food shortage, ________ a policy decision or the political situation.A. than ofB. rather thanC. but the result ofD. than is52. The ozone layer plays as great a role in the suability of spaceship Earth as ________ the waters of its lakes,ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.A. doB. doesC. playD. are53. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ________last week.A. to be startedB. to have startedC. to have been startingD. start54. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, thedaily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, _______ its grammatical structure.A. the same areB. and so areC. as didD. and so were55. Although money is always useful, it isn't all ________.A. what there is to lifeB. to which there is in lifeC. there is to lifeD. that is in life56. ________ ever so humble, there's no plane like home.A. It beB. Be itC. It wasD. Was it57. ________ all customs, no matter how sacrosanct, are essentially learned reactions appropriate, perhaps onlyto the holders thereof is a basic assumption of anthropologists.A. NearlyB. It is nearlyC. That nearlyD. When nearly58. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none ______ happier for it.A. butB. theC. matchD. any59. The major reason why Americans enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at their disposal forfood production is ________.A. three times more the world averageB. three times as much the world averageC. three times the world averageD. the world average is three times60. The sound of the roaring of a tiger is ________ heard by jungle dwellers ________ feelings of unease, for ayear does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.A. always...withB. ever...withoutC. ever...withD. never...withoutPART ⅢClone test (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production-capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring __61__ profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists, 62 have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of 63 _that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such society is that the ownership of 64 amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important 65 of profits and influence; knowledge as well as 66 capital brings profits and influence.There are many 67 with the thesis above, not the least of 68 is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not 69 the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the 70 of some new industries indicates. 71 , genetic engineering and the new computer technology have 72 many new fines and made some scientists quite rich. In 73 with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be 74 that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i.e., major corporations) soon 75 to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly 76 . Many new high-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service 77 . Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the 78 of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Illiteracy in English language has been a severe 79 for marry years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and 80 them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.61. A. quantitative B. extensive C. comprehensive D. sophisticated62. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. nevertheless63. A. aggression B. proficiency C. productivity D. evolution64. A. dominant B. impressive C. magnificent D. significant65. A. source B. factor C. component D. element66. A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual67. A. advantages B. consequences C. problems D. potentials68. A. them B. those C. which D. that69. A. deny B. refuse C. admit D. acknowledge70. A. emergence B. innovation C. extinction D. discovery71. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short72. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated73. A. line B. need C. doubt D. match74. A. idealized B. recognized C. supervised D. summarized75. A. stepped in B. settled down C. leaned over D. mined out76. A. accessible B. important C. popular D. abundant77. A. enterprises B. employment C. professions D. industries78. A. control B. mastery C. search D. pursuit79. A. handicap B. penalty C. inconvenience D. shortcoming80. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemnPART ⅣREADING OOMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1Let us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case.Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction ofmoney-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-fax from it. Nor is its physical productivity less. These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.81. "Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage". The sentence means ________.A. a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of laborB. a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of laborC. the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wageD. the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages82. The classical school refers to ________.A. those scholars with traditional ideaB. the traditional schoolC. the experts who hold to the standard theoryD. all of the above83. According to the author, the supply curve for labor depends on the ________.A. red money wagesB. movement of priceC. function of money-wagesD. both A & B84. “Their" method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realized that________.A. a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of laborB. a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the labor market oflaborC. the supply of labor is not a function of real wagesD. the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages85. How dose labor usually behave?A. Labor would stipulate for money-wage.B. Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wages.C. Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.D. Labor would stipulate for real wages.86. The last paragraph of thus passage indicates that ________.A. labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.S.B. labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U. S.C. neither labor refusing to work for a lower money-wage nor demanding a real wage could characterize thedepression of 1930s in the U. S.D. both A & BPassage 2The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory rules as to the type of interests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and international arbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look revealsthat courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitrators move in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to the party or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment.The uncertainty in the held is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill he same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standard of neutrality and disinterestedness on them would he futile.It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party-appointed arbitrators that opinion on the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national. This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy. The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflict of interests. Considering only the matter of ex-parte communications, American case law is astonishing lax, refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both patties. The differences in views on this topic indicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.87. The best title for this passage is __________.A. International Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsB. Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsC. Arbitrators: Problems in PracticeD. International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests88. The expression "They may treat" refers to __________.A. arbitrators and judgesB. national legal systemsC. experiencesD. disqualifying factors89. Courts and agencies __________.A. do not apply their regulations strictlyB. often consider arbitrators as judgesC. understand the general relationship between business and arbitratorsD. may be described by all of the above90. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen __________.A. to supplement the two arbitrators chosen by the contending sidesB. to reach a final decision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decisionC. by someone not involved in the matter in disputeD. as a pawn of the appointers91. A foreign enterprises contract is a bad idea __________.A. in all casesB. when each partner picks an arbitratorC. when third party arbitrators are involvedD. when a government agency is one side of the contract92. "Ex-parte communications" refer to __________.A. something that cannot be determined by the textB. all parties being present when matters involving them are discussedC. the requirement to set aside a decisionD. impartialityPassage 3Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here’s the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy stone book rack, next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is 'Dysfunctional"'. It's a teacher's guide called "Happy to Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem”. Self-esteem as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation as consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed.Whereas I learned English, modern kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty percent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in "How to Win Friends and Influence People". Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided in dimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper."Happy to Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great” or "h opefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for "Unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves". Which is good, because all that reviling didn’t make me feel particularly good about anything.93. In paragraph 2, "whole language" teaching is in inverted commas because __________.A. the writer is using direct speechB. the writer is questioning the education conceptC. the words quoted have been extracted from a translationD. the writer is quoting from another source94. In paragraph 3, the author is clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is__________.A. essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author used to suffer from alack of self-esteem as a childB. equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledge they will require in the futureC. important to remember how mush school children used to suffer from a lack of self-esteemD. reassuring to observe that children benefit from the promotion of a positive image96. Which of the following is the writer implying in paragraph 4?A. Self-criticism has gone too far.B. Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadays.C. Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.D. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.96. We may infer from paragraph 4 that the writer generally disagrees with one of the following ideas__________.A. the whole concept of communication is being perceived differentlyB. the way American children communicate among themselves is more important than anything elseC. academic skills should be encouraged and promoted in the American education systemD. the progress that American children could be monitor with more traditional methods97. In this passage, the writer is clearly stating the intention which is to get the reader to _____.A. confirm current education trends and teaching methodsB. rethink and reorganize educational strategiesC. think about the various elements which constitute what we call "communication" nowadaysD. reassure the parents about the methodology currently being used in American schools98. What's the best summary for this passage?A. New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.B. The influence of new methodology will spread worldwide.C. Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in the future.D. Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.Passage 4"Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout," “war c ry," or "gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field." English-speaking people began using the term by 1704. The team at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle age, and they were utilized primarily as "passwords to insure pooper recognition of individuals at right or in the confusion of battle." The American revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "the Boston Massacre," "the Boston Tea Party," "the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation" .。

2023首都师范大学教育博士英语考试真题2023 Capital Normal University Doctoral Education English ExamPart I: Listening Comprehension (30 points)Section A: Dialogue ComprehensionListen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer for each question.1. What is the man's favorite leisure activity?A. Reading booksB. Watching moviesC. Playing sportsD. Listening to music2. How does the woman feel about the new restaurant?A. ImpressedB. DisappointedC. IndifferentD. Excited3. Where does the conversation most likely take place?A. At a bookstoreB. At a movie theaterC. At a sports stadiumD. At a music concertSection B: Passage ComprehensionListen to the passage and answer the following questions in complete sentences.4. What is the main idea of the passage?5. According to the speaker, what are the benefits of studying abroad?6. How can students overcome cultural differences when studying overseas?Part II: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section A: Vocabulary and GrammarRead the sentences and choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.7. The new museum exhibition features a __________ of artwork from different time periods.A. varietyB. diversityC. selectionD. range8. The professor's lecture was so __________ that most students fell asleep halfway through.A. interestingB. boringC. captivatingD. engaging9. In order to succeed in your career, you must __________ strong relationships with your colleagues.A. developB. establishC. createD. formSection B: ComprehensionRead the passage and answer the following questions in complete sentences.10. What is the main idea of the passage?11. According to the passage, what challenges do international students face when studying in a foreign country?12. How can universities help support international students' academic success?Part III: Writing (30 points)Write an essay on the following topic:"Discuss the impact of technology on education in the 21st century. How has technology changed the way students learn and teachers teach? Include specific examples to support your argument."Remember to use clear and organized paragraphs, proper grammar and spelling, and provide detailed examples and evidence to support your points.Good luck on your exam!。

首都师范大学外国哲学专业考博考试报录比一、首都师范大学外国哲学专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初试内容复试内容010103外国哲学2016年1人①1001英语或1002日语或1003俄语②2506现代西方哲学③3116西方哲学史基础①考生报考材料综合评定；②思想政治素质和道德品质考核；③外国语口语、听力测试；④专业水平面试；⑤部分院系加试笔试；⑥同等学力考生加试两门本专业硕士学位主干课程。

育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、首都师范大学外国哲学专业考博的报录比平均在6:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、本专业有1个研究方向：01现代西方哲学（陈嘉映）3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大，要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数，专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

4、复试说明:(1)报考材料评定分数作为录取参考，不计入复试成绩；(2)思想品德考核结果作为录取参考，不合格者不予录取；(3)同等学力加试成绩作为录取参考，成绩不及格者不予录取；(4)面试成绩或复试总成绩不及格者不予录取。

5、成绩折算方式：初试复试成绩各占50%育明教育考博分校针对首都师范大学外国哲学专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。

（首都师范大学政法学院考博资料获取、课程咨询育明张老师叩叩：772678537）二、首都师范大学外国哲学专业考博参考书（育明考博课程中心）专业名称参考书010103外国哲学《西方哲学史》，罗素，商务印书馆，《现代西方哲学新编》，赵敦华，北京大学出版社。

（首都师范大学政法学院考博资料获取、课程咨询育明张老师叩叩：772678537）三、育明考博总结首都师范大学考博复习策略（育明教育考博课程中心）首都师范大学考博整体的竞争还是比较大的，平均报录比在10:1左右。

博士研究生入学考试英语试题考试科目名称：英语试题适用招生专业：全校考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)Section A Short dialoguesDirections:In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).1. A. He lost the calculator.B. He doesn’t know where the calculator is.C. He thinks he broke the calculator.D. He doesn’t know the answer to the problem.2. A. He lost it.B. He used it last night.C. He was the last to use it.D. He finally brought it back.3. A. The woman should buy some new trousers.B. The woman should buy some clothes for larger size.C. The woman should eat less.D. The woman should do exercises.4. A. At a theater.B. At a booking office.C. At a railway station.D. At a restaurant.5. A. The size of the room.B. Long working hours.C. The hot weather.D. The fan in the room.Section B PassagesDirections:In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with asingle line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Passage One6. A. A dozen.B. Two dozen.C. A half dozen.D. Five dozen.7. A. They don’t stay fresh very long.B. They smell nice.C. They are too expensive.D. They aren’t very pretty.8. A. Oil and vinegar.B. Sugar and white vinegar.C. Sugar and oil.D. Aspirin.Passage Two9. A. Miller was loved by her parents.B. Miller was loved by her sisters.C. Miller was loved by her brothers.D. Miller enjoyed a happy life as a child.10. A. Maths.B. painting.C. Both A and B.D. Neither A nor B.Section C Summary writingDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read, you are required to write a summary of about 60 words on Answer Sheet II.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (10%)Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences or sentences with underlined words or phrases in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence or replace the underlined part of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).11. There has been a decline _______ the number of people borrowing from public libraries.A. onB. inC. withD. at12. The harder a student studies, _______.A. the more his body gives off heatB. his body gives off more heatC. the more heat does his body gives offD. the more heat his body gives off13. When she heard the bad news, she _______completely.A. broke awayB. broke downC. broke outD. broke through14. The clerk muttered under his breath as he brought the _______ the tenth pair of shoes.A. clientB. attorneyC. agentD. consumer15. Association refers to _______ the material we want to remember and _______ it to something we remember accurately.A. taking … relatingB. take … relateC. taking … relateD. take … relating16. They took _______ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.A. fruitfulB. beneficialC. validD. effective17. With the help of a metal detector, they discovered that wreckage lay _______ over a 2,000-square-feet area, often buried beneath sand and seaweed.A. scatteredB. separatedC. dispersedD. distributed18. It was his wife’s encouragement that had _______ his through the bad times.A. deliveredB. relievedC. sentD. brought19. The distance from the Earth to the spacecraft is often determined very accuratelyfrom the time _______ between two radio signals.A. interactionB. alternativeC. interferenceD. interval20. Finding himself trapped in the Death Valley, he had a sudden feeling of _______.A. despairB. desperateC. frightenedD. dreadful21. In a time of social reform, people’s state of mind tends to keep pace with the rapid changes ofsociety.A. take stepB. match upC. keep in touchD. make progress22. If decisions are delayed until the problems become worse, possibilities for effective actions will be severely reduced.A. optionsB. notionsC. fortunesD. occasions23. You can add the fluid to the powder, or, vice versa, the powder to the fluid.A. conventionallyB. convertiblyC. converselyD. conversationally24. She anxiously inspected the faces of the men leaving the train in the hope of find her husband.A. approachedB. searchedC. scannedD. recalled25. In Britain, and on the Continent too, the Japanese are sometimes viewed as a threat to domestic industries.A. looked likeB. varied withC. thought forD. supposed as26. With an old screwdriver he rasped the mortar away from around one of the bricks in the endwall.A. scrapedB. brushedC. pulledD. ported27. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free tax-supported schools must be established inevery town having 50 household or more.A. foundedB. foundC. formulatedD. funded28. He said that he had never come across a painting which pleased him more.A. seen aboutB. viewed asC. happened toD. met with29. My book is practically finished; I have only a few changes to make in the writing.A. virtuallyB. verticallyC. violentlyD. visually30. The teacher congratulated the student who won the prize in the speech contest.A. consoledB. comfortedC. applaudedD. consultedPart III Cloze (10%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Scientists searching for precious metals have turned to the ocean floor, where natural chimneys are spewing out a metal-enriched black dust containing particles of gold, silver and zinc.Scientists 31 these hot springs are recreating the process which, billions of years ago, created 32 metal deposits now found on land.The discovery is giving geologists a 33 into the earth’s early history and fuelling some new theories on origin of life.It also has huge implications for 34 companies.Geologists are just beginning to understand how these chimneys, 35 clusters of sulphur and minerals, are formed, and what makes them spew out the mineralized dust.At present it is not commercially 36 for mining companies to operate beneath the sea, although some scientists believe the “black smokers”, 37 known as active mineralizing systems, will be a major—and renewable —source of metals in the next decade.38 the meantime, mining companies are using the ocean-floor research to locate similar deposits on land.“The hottest thing in the mining research game right now is the39 within the past few years of mineral deposits currently forming—in front of our eyes—on the ocean floor,” said Dr. Joseph Fox, a Montreal (加拿大蒙特利尔) geologist.Canada has mined some of the richest copper, zinc and gold 40 in the world. In the past year, mining companies have used knowledge about where mineral formations 41 on the ocean floor to find the deposits on land.Geologists are excited because, 42 metal deposits on land, which are two or three billion years old, the undersea deposits keep 43 themselves.“It’s really incredible to think that we have a renewable metal resource44 we’ve been taught to think of metal resources as non-renewable,” Fox said.The 30-foot-high (10-metre) chimneys or vents, 45 in 1979, are found along fractures in the ocean’s crust.Scientists believe the deposits form when cold sea-water seeps into the fractures, leaving metals 46 it is drawn down.As the water travels in the direction of the earth’s core, it47 up. Eventually, the hot water rises, carrying with it the hot metal sulphide 48 the ocean floor.When the hot sulphide meets the cold sea water, a thick black smoke-like substance is formed, spewing out of vents in built-up deposits of 49 .The particles in the smoke eventually 50 on the ocean floor, forming vast solid sheets of metal sulphide. 31. A. believe B. thought C. uncover D. found32. A. smooth B. tiny C. vast D. rust33. A. chance B. revision C. weapon D. glimpse34. A. metal B. mining C. alloy D. global35. A. made of B. consisting in C. resulted from D. dealing with36. A. periodic B. reliable C. comparative D. feasible37. A. formally B. chiefly C. economically D. occasionally38. A. At B. On C. In D. For39. A. invention B. discovery C. findings D. theory40. A. samples B. deposits C. mines D. fractions41. A. range B. suffer C. occur D. form42. A. unlike B. like C. as D. except43. A. to renew B. renewing C. having renewed D. to be renewed44. A. before B. until C. because D. when45. A. broken B. fixed C. discovered D. originated46. A. since B. as C. for D. whereas47. A. speeds B. goes C. gives D. heats48. A. from B. on C. toward D. beyond49. A. sulphide B. substance C. deposits D. element50. A. rely B. move C. turn D. settlePart IV Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions:There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I). Passage OneQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Professor Smith recently persuaded 35 people, 23 of them women, to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for a fortnight. When he came to analyze their embarrassing lapses in a scientific report, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings. None did the lapses appear to be entirely random.One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earnings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear. “The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer,” explains the professor. “People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly. It was the woman’s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her earrings. But somehow the action got reversed in the programme.” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “programme assembly failures.”Altogether the volunteers logged 433 unintentional actions that they found themselves doing—an average of twelve each. There appear to be peak periods in the day when we are at our zaniest. These are two hours some time between eight a.m. and noon, between four and six p.m. with a smaller peak between eight and ten p.m. “Among men the peak seems to be when a changeover in brain ‘programmes’ occurs, as for instance between going to and from work.” Women on average reported slightly more lapses—12.5 compared with 10.9 for men probably because they were more reliable reporters.A startling finding of the research is that the absent-minded activity is a hazard of doing things in which we are skilled. Normally, you would expect that skill reduces the number of errors we make. But trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worse—even dangerous.51. In this study Professor Smith asked the subjects _______.A. to keep track of people who tend to forget thingsB. to report their embarrassing lapses at randomC. to analyze their awkward experiences scientificallyD. to keep a record of what they did unintentionally52. Professor Smith discovered that _______.A. certain patterns can be indentified in the recorded incidentsB. many people were too embarrassed to admit their absent-mindednessC. men tend to be more absent-minded than womenD. absent-mindedness is an excusable human weakness53. “Programme assembly failures (Sentence 6, Paragraph 2)” refers to the phenomenon thatpeople _______.A. often fail to programme their routines beforehandB. tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurryC. unconsciously change the sequence of doing thingsD. are likely to mess thing up if they are too tired54. We learn from the third paragraph that _______.A. absent-mindedness tends to occur during certain hours of the dayB. women are very careful to perform actions during peak periodsC. women experience more peak periods of absent-mindednessD. men’s absent-mindedness often results in funny situations55. It can be concluded from the passage that _______.A. people should avoid doing important things during peak periods of lapsesB. hazards can be avoided when people do things they are good atC. people should be careful when programming their actionsD. lapses cannot always be attributed to lack of concentrationPassage TwoQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout; the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right side or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws farther diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmer. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a stutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry; the intact and regenerated claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions that trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact, but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determines their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher. To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters inthe juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobster could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively, to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by borrowing in the substrate.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric claws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.56. The passage is primarily concerned with _______.A. drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humansB. discussing a possible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is determined inlobstersC. explaining differences between lobsters’ crusher claws and cutter clawsD. developing a method for predicating whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear onthe left or right side57. Which of the following experimental result, if observed, would most clearly contradict thefindings of Victor Emmer?A. A left cutter like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on theright side.B. A left cutter like claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on theleft side.C. A left cutter like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on theright side.D. A left cutter like claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on theright side.58. It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stagesof development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the earlystages are _______.A. more likely to regenerate a lost clawB. more likely to replace a crusher claw with a cutter clawC. likely to be less symmetricalD. likely to be less active59. Which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failureof a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A. The loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of development.B. The loss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of development.C. The loss of a claw during the sixth stage of development.D. Development in an environment devoid of material that can be manipulated.60. The author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired clawsremain intact as _______.A. irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmer’s observationsB. contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationC. likely in view of present evidenceD. purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentationPassage Threephysical chemist who divides his time between the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, has a goal to create a computer model of how the cell works so that someday he’ll be able to design his own cells from scratch.It’s a daunting task. A single enzyme in a liver c ell may be controlled by as many as 14 different regulatory processes. Multiply that by thousands of interconnected chemical reactions operating simultaneously in billions of cells, and you’ve got one incredibly complex system.Enter a computer program called SPICE (Simulation Program for Integrated Circuit Evaluation), developed at the University of California, Berkeley, in the 1970s. SPICE allowed engineers to analyze their electronic circuits and predict, more or less accurately, how they would work before they were actually built. There would always be problems to iron out, but at least the program pointed chip designers in the right direction.Arkin is developing a similar program he calls bio/SPICE that he hopes will do for the cell what SPICE did for the chip. His first targets are simple bacteria. “They’re still complicated enough that we get depressed,” Arkin admits with a laugh. But he has already had some success grouping reactions together by the kinds of jobs they do. And, sure enough, some of them bear a remarkable resemblance to the gates and switches of an electronic circuit.Of course, no one knows for sure whether Arkin or anyone else will be able to develop a working computer model of the cell. But it’s the sort of project that could keep sc ientists busy for another 100 years.61. In the first paragraph, “… what makes them tick …” means _______.A. why something operates as it doesB. what makes cells thick and then block in blood streamsC. what cells consist ofD. how cells are born and die62. What do we learn from the passage?A. What Arkin intends to achieve is unprecedented.B. Arkin has just followed the past biologists’ footprints and nothing newC. Arkin, based on the work of others, wants to build a computer model of his ownD. To de sign one’s own cells is what biologists have dreamed of for almost a century.63. Which of the following adjectives can best describe the task Arkin is engaged in?A. Challenging.B. Delicate.C. Simple.D. Depressing.64. How is Arkin getting on with his work?A. Getting nowhere.B. Getting somewhere.C. There is a bigger breakthrough.D. There is a remarkable resemblance found in his research.65. What is the author’s attitude towards Arkin’s research?A. Suspicious.B. Positive.C. Negative.D. Indifferent.Passage FourGetting ready to go back to school in the good old days of, say, 1998 meant a few trips to the mall and a quick check of the bus route. This year, for many parents, there are some new things to remember: The teacher’s e-mail address, the school’s website and which night online homework helps chat will be offered. “The 1999-2000 school year will be the one when the majority of parents really feel the Internet’s influence on their children’s education at the everyday level,” says Jonathan Carson, chairman of the Family Education Co., which offers a parenting website at and a framework for local schools to create and maintain their own sites.This year promises to show a quantum leap in the spread of school technology: Parents in many districts can expect to be able to check the school lunch menu, read class notes, see activity calendar and view nightly homework assignments—all online. “The schools are wired,” says Carson. “A majority of parents now have access and the educators are ready to go.”Over the summer, parents of high school German students in Ithaca, N.Y. got to be part of a class to Europe, through their home computers. The class brought a digital camera and laptop with them to Germany and documented their visit on their web page. Hazy Ash, father of 16-year-old traveler Bria n, found it reassuring to see his son’s smiling face from half a world away. Before their kids left, parents had checked the site for scheduling information, a list of activities and advice on cultural differences.When it’s designed well, a district, school or classroom website can change the relationship between the parents and the school, says Cynthia Lapier, Ithaca’s director of information and instructional technology. “The more you can involve parents in school, the better,” Lapier says. “The technology gives us another way to reach them, especially parents of secondary school students, who tend to be less involved.”Ithaca High School physics teacher, Stever Wirt, gets e-mail from parents regularly, some from the parents he believes might otherwise not pick up the phone with a concern. Using software called Blackboard Course Info, Wirt conducts online chats with his students often reviewing for a quiz or discussing homework problems.The way things are going, by the end of this year, many parents may be fully converted—and in fact dependent upon their school’s technological capabilities. At a recently wired school in Novi, Michigan, the school webmaster was just a few hours late posting the lunch-menu calendar on the website. In that time, more than a dozen parents called him by telephone to request the information. “A year ago, it never would have been there,” says Carson. And now parents are finding it’s tough to get by without it.在像1998年那样经济繁荣的岁月里，父母为孩子开学返校需要做的准备工作包括去逛几次商场和文具店, 快速核实一下校车路线。