外文翻译：重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展趋势

重型货车驱动桥开题报告重型货车驱动桥开题报告一、引言重型货车作为运输行业的重要组成部分，承载着大量的货物运输任务。

而驱动桥作为重型货车的核心组成部分，直接影响着车辆的性能和稳定性。

本文旨在对重型货车驱动桥进行研究，探讨其结构、工作原理以及存在的问题，并提出改进方案。

二、重型货车驱动桥的结构和工作原理1. 驱动桥的结构重型货车驱动桥通常由驱动轴、差速器、行星齿轮机构等组成。

驱动轴负责将发动机的动力传递到车轮上，差速器则用于平衡车轮间的差异转速，行星齿轮机构则起到传递和放大动力的作用。

2. 驱动桥的工作原理在行驶过程中，发动机的动力通过传动系统传递到驱动轴上，驱动轴再将动力传递到车轮上，从而推动车辆前进。

差速器的作用是在转弯时平衡车轮间的差异转速，避免因内外侧车轮转速不同而导致的转向困难。

三、重型货车驱动桥存在的问题1. 动力传递效率低下由于重型货车的工作环境恶劣，驱动桥在长时间运行过程中容易受到磨损和疲劳，导致动力传递效率下降，造成能源浪费。

2. 车辆稳定性差重型货车驱动桥的结构和工作原理决定了其对车辆稳定性的影响。

在转弯时，差速器的作用不够灵活，容易导致车辆侧滑或失控。

四、改进方案1. 采用新材料为了提高驱动桥的耐磨性和抗疲劳性，可以考虑采用新型材料，如高强度钢、铝合金等，以增强驱动桥的承载能力和使用寿命。

2. 优化差速器设计通过改进差速器的结构和工作原理，提高其灵活性和响应速度，以减少车辆在转弯时的侧滑和失控现象，提高车辆的稳定性。

3. 引入智能控制系统通过引入智能控制系统，对驱动桥的工作状态进行实时监测和调整，以确保驱动桥的正常运行和最佳工作状态。

五、结论重型货车驱动桥作为车辆的核心组成部分，对车辆的性能和稳定性起着至关重要的作用。

然而，目前的驱动桥存在动力传递效率低下和车辆稳定性差等问题。

通过采用新材料、优化差速器设计以及引入智能控制系统等改进方案，可以有效提高驱动桥的性能和稳定性，进一步提升重型货车的运输效率和安全性。

AppendixChina in the first half of 2008 about 93 million trucks accumulative total sales of cars, vans 61 million vehicles, year-on-year growth of 20.2%, visible light car in commercial car production has a large proportion. And driving axle is very important in the vehicle driving axle is the important car auto bearing assembly, auto frame and integral by suspension of body vertical force, to lead the longitudinal forces, transverse force and torque, and impact load; Driving axle also delivers the transmission, the maximum torque reaction is under.Automobile driving axle structure and design parameters in addition to the reliability of the automobile and durability have important influence on the outside, also for the automobile driving performance such as power, economy, smooth, through sex, mobility Automobile driving axle design involves the mechanical parts and components is widely to these varieties, spare parts, components and assemblies manufacturing also almost want to design to all modern machinery manufacturing process, design a simple structure, reliable operation and low cost, can greatly reduce the drive axle of the total cost of the vehicle production, promote economic development, and car to drive through the car studying and designing practice, can better learning and mastery of the modern car design and mechanical design of the comprehensive knowledge and skills, and the overall thinking and operation skill check, drawing, is the very important link, so ontology of a structure design of fine vans axles has certain Automobile driving axle is one of the main parts car, its basic function is to enlarge the shaft or by the torque transmission spread, then torque distribution to drive wheels, and make about driving wheel has about vehicle movement required differential function; Axles in the end of powertrain system, choose proper Lord slowdown, ensure cars than with sufficient ground clearance is achieved, gear and other transmission job need to ensure smooth are the parameters, and even bear effect on the pavement drive axle and frame or carrying body vertical force, the lead between transverse and longitudinal force and torque force. Driving axle quality, performance will have a direct impact on the vehicle's safety, economy, comfort and reliability. After the car driving axle design can make the students' comprehensive by using their This thesis research aims to overall matching car by driving axle Lord finish design of gear reducer, differential component such as type of design and calculation, and complete checking and comprehensive design single main reducer, then the batch Through the design of the vehicle driving axle should also master the understanding, including each component interaction between the body and the electricalsystem, the influence and cooperate to drive axle of the process and therefore more familiar with vehicle mastery. That in the future the production and living effectly use.附录我国2008年上半年货车累计销售约93万辆，其中轻型货车61万辆，同比增长20.2%，可见轻型汽车在商用汽车生产中占有很大的比重。

附录A 英文文献Drive axleAll vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road.PowerflowThe drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels.This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear,which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels.Fig 1 Drive axleRear-wheel driveRear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large sedans and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arranged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjacent shaft of the two bridges is arranged in series. Vehicle before and after the two ends of the driving force of the drive axle, is the sub-actuator and the transmission through the middle of the bridge. The advantage is not only a reduction of the number of drive shaft, and raise the driving axle of the common parts of each other, and to simplify the structure, reduces the volume and quality.Some vehicles do not follow this typical example. Such as the older Porsche or Volkswagen vehicles which were rear engine, rear drive. These vehicles use a rear mounted transaxle with halfshafts connected to the drive wheels. Also, some vehicles were produced with a front engine, rear transaxle setup with a driveshaft connecting the engine to the transaxle, and halfshafts linking the transaxle to the drive wheels.Differential operationIn order to remove the wheel around in the kinematics due to the lack of co-ordination about the wheel diameter arising from a different or the same rolling radius of wheel travel required, inter-wheel motor vehicles are equipped with about differential, the latter to ensure that the car driver Bridge on both sides of the wheel when in range with a trip to the characteristics of rotating at different speeds to meet the requirements of the vehicle kinematics.The accompanying illustration has been provided to help understand how this occurs.1.The drive pinion, which is turned by the driveshaft, turns the ring gear.2.The ring gear, which is attached to the differential case, turns the case.3.The pinion shaft, located in a bore in the differential case, is at right angles to the axle shafts and turns with the case.4.The differential pinion (drive) gears are mounted on the pinion shaft and rotate with the shaft .5.Differential side gears (driven gears) are meshed with the pinion gears and turn with the differential housing and ring gear as a unit.6.The side gears are splined to the inner ends of the axle shafts and rotate the shafts as the housing turns.7.When both wheels have equal traction, the pinion gears do not rotate on the pinion shaft, since the input force of the pinion gears is divided equally between the two side gears.8.When it is necessary to turn a corner, the differential gearing becomes effective and allows the axle shafts to rotate at different speeds .Open-wheel differential on each general use the same amount of torque. To determine the size of the wheel torque to bear two factors: equipment and friction. In dry conditions, when a lot of friction, the wheel bearing torque by engine size and gear restrictions are hours in the friction (such as driving on ice), is restricted to a maximum torque, so that vehicles will not spin round. So even if the car can produce more torque, but also need to have sufficient traction to transfer torque to the ground. If you increase the throttle after the wheels slip, it will only make the wheels spin faster.Limited-slip and locking differential operationFig 5 Limited-slip differentialDifferential settlement of a car in the uneven road surface and steering wheel-driven speed at about the different requirements; but is followed by the existence of differential in the side car wheel skid can not be effective when the power transmission, that is, the wheel slip can not produce the driving force, rather than spin the wheel and does not have enough torque. Good non-slip differential settlement of the car wheels skid on the side of the power transmission when the issue, that is, locking differential, so that no longer serve a useful differential right and left sides of the wheel can be the same torque.Limited-slip and locking differential operation can be divided into two major categories：(1) mandatory locking type in ordinary differential locking enforcement agencies to increase, when the side of the wheel skid occurs, the driver can be electric, pneumatic or mechanical means to manipulate the locking body meshing sets of DIP Shell will be with the axle differential lock into one, thus the temporary loss of differential role. Relatively simple structure in this way, but it must be operated by the driver, and good roads to stop locking and restore the role of differential.(2) self-locking differential installed in the oil viscosity or friction clutch coupling, when the side of the wheel skid occurs when both sides of the axle speed difference there, coupling or clutch friction resistance on the automatic, to make certain the other side of the wheel drive torque and the car continued to travel. When there is no speed difference on both sides of the wheel, the frictional resistance disappeared, the role of automatic restoration of differentials. More complicated structure in this way, but do not require drivers to operate. Has been increasingly applied in the car. About non-slip differential, not only used for the differential between the wheels, but also for all-wheel drive vehicle inter-axle differential/.Gear ratioThe drive axle of a vehicle is said to have a certain axle ratio. This number (usually a whole number and a decimal fraction) is actually a comparison of the number of gear teeth on the ring gear and the pinion gear. For example, a 4.11 rear means that theoretically, there are 4.11 teeth on the ring gear for each tooth on the pinion gear or, put another way, the driveshaft must turn 4.11 times to turn the wheels once. The role of the final drive is to reduce the speed from the drive shaft, thereby increasing the torque. Lord of the reduction ratio reducer, a driving force for car performance and fuel economy have a greater impact. In general, the more reduction ratio the greater the acceleration and climbing ability, and relatively poor fuel economy. However, if it is too large, it can not play the full power of the engine to achieve the proper speed. The main reduction ratio is more Smaller ，the speed is higher, fuel economy is better, but the acceleration and climbing ability will be poor.附录B 文献翻译驱动桥所有的汽车都装有不同类型的驱动桥和差速器来驱动汽车行驶。

Internal Combustion Engine &Parts1汽车驱动桥基本类型及结构汽车车桥中，前桥主要用来转向，一般也称之为前轴。

在车桥市场中，前桥占车桥销售额的33%左右，其中具有驱动功能的前桥占比非常小，仅在特殊工况下的军车、石油、矿用及野外作业等领域车辆中配用。

后桥主要为驱动桥，主要用来降速增扭和改变动力传输方向。

后桥可分为单级减速驱动桥与双级减速驱动桥，其中双级减速驱动桥又分为中央双级减速驱动桥和中央、轮边双级减速驱动桥。

1.1中央单级减速驱动桥中央单机减速驱动桥是驱动桥结构最简单的一种，在中央桥包处由一对准双曲线螺旋锥齿轮实现降速增扭，其结构简单、重量轻、易于装配，一般在主传动比小于6情况下采用单机减速桥。

对于一些承载较大的载重车，要求具有大的减速比，如果采用单级减速驱动桥，则必须加大从动齿轮直径，这样一来会影响驱动桥桥包离地间隙，降低整桥通过性。

所以此时有必要采用双机减速驱动桥。

1.2中央双级减速驱动桥目前国内车桥市场上，中央双级减速驱动桥主要有两种类型：一类是在单级减速器中预留空间，当要求增大牵引力与速比时，装入圆柱行星齿轮减速机构，将原中央单级减速改为中央双级减速，其桥壳、主减等均可互换；另一类是需要改制第一级锥齿轮，然后装入第二级圆柱直齿轮或斜齿轮，变成中央双级驱动桥。

中央双级减速驱动桥作为一种派生产品，使用受到一定限制，因此一般不作为一种基本桥型来发展，只用来作派生的特殊驱动桥。

1.3中央单级、轮边减速驱动桥轮边减速驱动桥由中央一级减速加轮边一级减速组成。

当前轮边减速驱动桥可分为圆锥行星齿轮式轮边减速桥与圆柱行星齿轮式轮边减速桥两类，其主要区别在于轮边行星齿轮结构不同。

这类桥由于存在一级轮边减速，降低了半轴传递的转矩，把增大的转矩直接加到轴头轮边减速器上，而且由于存在轮边减速，其中央桥包尺寸可以减小，保证了车辆的高通过性。

与单级桥相比，其结构复杂，重量大，价格贵，而且轮边减壳存在齿轮传动，长时间行驶会产生大量的热致使轮毂过热，因此作为公路车驱动桥，它不如单级减速桥，轮边减速驱动桥主要应用在工程车及矿用车等非公路车上。

万方数据重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展方向作者：高志刚作者单位：河北省张北县交通局,076450刊名：科学与财富英文刊名：SCIENCES & WEALTH年，卷(期)：2010，(8)被引用次数：0次1.期刊论文刘永辉.朱小波重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展方向-科技经济市场2006(8)全面阐述了重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展趋势.2.期刊论文金荣植新型重型汽车驱动桥锥齿轮材料17Cr2Mn2TiH钢-汽车工艺与材料2008(9)对采用我国新研制的17Cr2Mn2TiH钢生产的重型汽车驱动桥圆锥齿轮进行了台架寿命试验,结果表明,该齿轮完全可以达到重型汽车驱动桥齿轮的相关技术要求.同时,采用17Cr2Mn2TiH钢替代含Ni较高的17CrNiM06H、20CrNi3H等钢,不仅大大降低了齿轮钢材成本,而且热处理工艺简单.因此可以大大降低其制造成本.这是目前我国重型汽车驱动桥齿轮行业摆脱制造成本过高的一种很好尝试.3.会议论文严欣贤.周跃良.白志成重型汽车主减速器疲劳寿命试验扭矩的确定研究2005本文通过对重型汽车驱动桥的疲劳寿命试验方法的研究,在指出传统等幅加载方法不足的的基础上,根据汽车齿轮的疲劳寿命与应力的关系曲线重新确定了重型车驱动桥疲劳寿命试验方法,其它类型的车辆的驱动桥疲劳台架试验可参考该方法确定驱动桥的疲劳试验载荷.4.期刊论文严伯昌重型汽车驱动桥总成的检修-工程机械与维修2007(11)重型汽车驱动桥总成主要由驱动桥壳体、主减速器总成(含差速器)、轮边减速器总成、制动钳以及全浮式左右半轴等部分组成.任何壳体类零件出现微小裂纹或壳体轻微变形均可导致零件间相对位置精度及齿轮间的啮合关系发生改变,从而降低驱动桥的作业效率和使用寿命,影响整机的使用性能和作业能力.因此应做好以下几个部件的检修.5.期刊论文金荣植重型汽车驱动桥齿轮材料与工艺对疲劳性能影响的探讨-汽车工艺与材料2009(11)对于重型汽车驱动桥齿轮一般需进行疲劳性能考核.试验方法是将被考核齿轮以总成形式安装在总成试验台上,使其在与实际工作条件接近一致的情况下运行.6.学位论文李欣重型货车驱动桥桥壳结构分析及其轻量化研究2006驱动桥桥壳是汽车上重要的承载件和传力件，作为具有广泛应用市场的非断开式驱动桥的桥壳不仅支承汽车重量，将载荷传递给车轮，而且还承受由驱动车轮传递过来的牵引力、制动力、侧向力、垂向力的反力以及反力矩，并经悬架传给车架或车身。

重型车桥的发展趋势如何？从记者采访到的情况看，结构方面，单级驱动桥的使用比例将越来越高；技术方面，轻量化、舒适性的要求将逐步提高。

结构趋势单级减速随着中国公路建设水平的不断提高，公路运输车辆正向大吨位、多轴化、大马力方向发展，使得重型车桥总成也向传动效率高的单级减速方向发展。

中国汽车工业协会专家谭秀卿这样描述未来重型车桥的发展趋势。

“未来单级桥的使用比例肯定会越来越高”。

采访中，几乎所有的业内专家都认同这种观点。

中国重汽的一位工程师告诉记者，单级驱动桥结构简单，机械传动效率高，易损件少，可靠性高。

由于单级桥传动链减少，摩擦阻力小，比双级桥省油，噪声也小。

过去，单级桥因为桥包尺寸大，离地间隙小，导致通过性较差，应用范围相对较小，但是现在公路状况已经得到了显著改善，重型汽车使用条件对通过性的要求降低。

这种情况下，单级桥的劣势得以忽略，而其优势不断突出，所以在公路运输中的应用范围肯定越来越广。

谭秀卿告诉记者，目前我们卡车中，双级减速桥的应用比例还在60%左右。

据了解，目前我国重卡大量使用的斯太尔驱动桥属于典型的双级减速桥，其二级减速的结构，主减速器总成相对较小，桥包尺寸减小，因此离地间隙加大，通过性好，承载能力也较大。

广泛用于公路运输，以及石油、工矿、林业、野外作业和部队等多种领域的车辆。

不过，有专家认为，双级减速桥的缺点也比较明显：传动效率相对较低，油耗高；长途运输容易导致汽车轮毂发热，散热效果差，为了防止过热发生爆胎，不得不增加喷淋装置；结构相对复杂，产品价格高等。

因此，在欧美重型汽车中采用该结构的车桥产品呈下降趋势，日本采用该结构的产品更少。

我国双级桥使用比例下降也是必然的，谭秀卿指出：“未来双级减速桥将主要在工程用车领域发挥作用”。

有专家预测，今后几年内，重型车桥将会形成以下产品格局：公路运输以10 吨及以上单级减速驱动桥、承载轴为主；工程、港口等用车以10 吨级以上双级减速驱动桥为主。

技术趋势轻量化、低噪声业内专家认为，总体而言，现在重型汽车向节能、环保、舒适等方面发展的趋势，要求重型车桥要轻量化、大扭矩、低噪声、宽速比、寿命长和低生产成本。

我国重型汽车车桥历史、现状及发展趋势?设计?计算?研究?我国重型汽车车桥历史,现状及发展趋势郑娟英(陕西汉德车桥有限公司)摘要:简要介绍我国重型汽车车桥的发展历史和现状,主要制造商及其产品,技术发展水平,对比国外先进车桥技术,分析和总结我国重型汽车车桥的发展趋势及发展对策.关键词:重型车桥轮边减速器单级减速驱动桥发展趋势Thehistory,statusquoanddevelopmentdirectionofourcountry'Sheavy-dutyaxleZhengJuanyingSHAANXIHANDEAXLECO.,LTDAbstract:Introducingthehistoryandstatusquoofourcountry'Sheavy—dutyaxle,mainmanufacturerandproduction,technologylevel,contrastingadvancedtechnologyofoverseasheavy—dutyaxle,analyzingandsumming—updevelopmentdirectionandcountermeasureofourcountry'Sheavy-dutyaxle.Keywords:heavy??dutyaxleplanetary??reductionsinglereductiondriveaxledevelopment direction重型汽车通常是指总重大于15吨的重型卡车,军用越野汽车以及长度大于10米的大客车等产品.根据以上重型汽车的划分标准及我国轴荷相关法律,法规的要求,通常所谓的重型车桥是指轴荷10吨以上,单桥牵引力大于25吨的车桥产品.无论从价格还是技术层面上,重型车桥是重型汽车比肩发动机和驾驶室的三大核心总成之一,承受着汽车的满载簧上荷重及地面经车轮,车架或承载式车身经悬架给与的铅锤力,纵向力,横向力及其力矩,以及冲击载荷;驱动桥还传递着传动系中的最大扭矩,桥壳还承受着反作用力矩.汽车车桥的结构形式和设计参数除对汽车的可靠性与耐久性有重要影响外,也对汽车的行驶性能如动力性,经济性,平顺性,通过性,机动性和操纵稳定性等有直接关系.因此,车桥对整车极其重要,重型车桥的技术水平直接影响着重型汽车的技术水平,可靠性. 2010年第2期1.我国重型商用车桥产品的发展历程及目前的情况我国重型车桥按照结构划分,主要有两种,一种是带轮边减速器的双级减速驱动桥,主要技术以上世纪80年代引进的STEYR技术为典型代表;另一种是单级减速驱动桥,主要技术以日产柴技术为代表的东风460和解放457.1.1.我国重型商用车桥产品的发展历程随着上世纪80年代,为解决我国汽车行业"缺重少轻"现象,当时中国重型汽车集团公司引进奥地利STEYR汽车公司的9l系列重型汽车,重型STEYR车桥产品也随之进入我国,目前该产品已经成为我国重型车桥市场的主流产品.上世纪90年代,解放和东风公司相继引进日产柴技术,成功开发了DF460和FAW457系列单级减速驱动桥,与引进的STEYR轮边减速驱动桥共同构成了我国重.19.?设计?计算?研究?型车桥的主体.1.2.我国重型车桥产品行业发展现状随着近年来我国重型汽车市场的快速增长,重型商用车桥的市场容量也在迅速扩张,2009年全年销量约为180万根,销售收入约为300亿元左右. 预计到2010年全年市场容量将达到200万根以上, 销售收入超过350亿元.由此可见,市场规模相当可观.其中,前桥业务占整个车桥行业销售额的30%左右,后驱动桥,双联后驱动桥占绝对主导地位,支撑桥份额不到10%.目前国内重型商用汽车市场中,单,双级减速驱动桥比例大致是4:6,其中单级桥主要集中在一汽解放,东风汽车;双级桥主要集中在中国重汽,陕汽重卡,北方奔驰和上汽红岩依维柯.1.3.我国主要重型汽车车桥生产企业产品介绍主要制造商集中在东风德纳车桥有限公司,一汽解放汽车有限公司车桥分公司,中国重汽济南桥箱有限公司,陕西汉德车桥有限公司,安徽安凯福田曙光车桥有限公司,一汽山东汽车改装厂及青特众力车桥有限公司等企业.表1国内单级桥产品型谱牵引质量公司,产品名称及技术来源轴荷主要用途(吨)东风公司一汽集团中国重汽汉德安凯北奔26吨80480德纳485自主495美驰HD469曼468现代载货车,牵引双联桥70460日产柴457日产柴457美驰车,自卸车23吨载货车,牵引50-60435435HD425曼435双联桥车,白卸车13吨44-50500500HD485曼485载货车,自卸车单后桥等HD450自主725.AO1客车表2国内双级桥产品型谱牵引质量公司,产品名称及技术来源主要用途驱动桥轴荷(吨)东风公司一汽集团中国重汽汉德车桥安凯车桥奔放奔驰300H斯太300H自主300H斯太300H斯太尔3OOH32吨双联桥7O一82吨300H奔驰开发尔尔斯太尔载货车,自300H曼卸车,牵引300H自主300H斯太300H斯太300H斯太盔300H26吨双联桥7O一82吨尔300H奔驰开发尔尔斯太尔300H曼载货车,牵23吨双联桥44—52吨233H曼引车等说明:以上表1,表2中的双联桥中的后桥可单独使用.1.4.行业竞争状况分析国内重型车桥市场主要集中在大的汽车集团旗下,行业集中度非常高,其中解放,东风,中国重汽,陕重汽,北方奔驰和上汽红岩依维柯重型车桥基本自产,占市场份额的90%以上..20.随着普利适优迪车桥有限公司,美国车桥国际控股有限公司(AAM)等在中国的纷纷落户,我国车桥行业内,外资公司由合资到独资的逐渐渗入也在加快进程,开始了产品,技术,人才,市场的全面竞争格局.汽车实用技术?设计?计算?研究?1.5.我国重型车桥产品存在的问题据专业人士称,在汽车底盘平台主要零部件中,依靠现有技术,车桥总成最有可能达到国际先进水平.但是,如今国内上百家商用车车桥企业中, 具有一定实力,水平及规模的只有十多家,产品水平与国外企业差距很大.总体来讲,国外先进的车桥能够保修100万公里甚至150万公里,而国内重型商用车桥的使用寿命仅为8O万公里左右,至于保修历程大多也就是10万公里或1年时间.主要问题是:加工设备技术落后,工艺水平普遍较低,过程控制能较弱,试制,试验,监测及分析技术落后等导致产品质量不稳定,出现"漏油,漏气"的现象较多,齿轮噪声高,早期失效普遍,制动器质量缺陷较多等.存在以上问题的主要原因是:由于对知识产权的保护力度不够,使得车桥行业内抄袭成风,导致国内的车桥企业对研发的投入普遍不足;封闭的集团内车桥市场使得企业缺乏技术积淀和研发人才储备.2.国外典型重型商用车用车桥产品介绍2.1.VOLVO公司VOLVO公司重型驱动桥有带轮边减速器的双级桥和单级桥,制动器有鼓式,盘式两种,车桥制动系统可安装ABS/ASR系统,目前全球最先进的EBS 电子制动控制系统,可以安装板簧或四气囊空气悬架.2.1.1.单级减速驱动桥单后桥一适用于4x2,6x2和8x2驱动方式轴荷型号减速方式牵引总质量(吨)(吨)RSS1344B单级l344RS1356SV单级l356双联桥一适合于6x4和8x4驱动方式型号减速方式轴荷(吨)牵引总质量(吨)RTS2370A单级23702.1.2.带轮边减速器的双级减速驱动桥单后桥一适用于4x2,6x2和8x2驱动方式2010年第2期牵引总质量型号减速方式轴荷(吨)(吨)带轮边减速RSH1370C1370器双联驱动桥一适用于6x4和8x4驱动方式牵引总质型号减速方式轴荷(吨)量(吨)带轮边减速RTH2180C2l80器带轮边减速RTH211OC2l10O器带轮边减速RTH2610C261O0器带轮边减速RTH32lOC3210O器带轮边减速RTH3212C32120器2.2.MAN公司拥有全系列前轴,单级减速驱动桥,双级减速驱动桥,低地板前轴,低地板驱动桥,前驱动桥和支撑轴产品.2.2.1.HY/HYD系列单级桥该系列单级桥产品主要用于公路用车,如牵引车,载货车及部分专用车,制动器可选择鼓式制动或盘式制动,悬架可选择安装板簧悬架,少片簧悬架和4气囊空气悬架,还可安装ABs/AsR系统,电子制动系统(EBS).型号减速方式用途轴荷牵引总质量HY1133单级桥单后桥l1.533HYD1152单级桥贯通桥11.544-52.21.?设计?计算?研究?HY1350单级桥单后桥1344HYD1370单级桥贯通桥l3702.2.2.HP/HPD系列双级驱动桥主要用于路况恶劣的工地,矿山等工况的车辆,如自卸车,军用越野汽车等.型号减速方式用途轴荷牵引总质里带轮边减HP1133单后桥11.533速器带轮边减HPD1153贯通桥11.544-52速器带轮边减HP1333单后桥11.533速器带轮边减HPD1353贯通桥l1.544—52速器带轮边减HP1352单后桥l344-52速器带轮边减HPD1382贯通桥1370-82速器带轮边减HP1652单后桥l644-52速器带轮边减HPD1682贯通桥1670-82速器2.2.3.VP/VPD系列前转向驱动桥该系列车桥和HP/HPD系列后驱动桥一起使用,主要应用于全驱动,全地形车辆越野汽车..22.型号减速方式用途轴荷牵引总质量vPo6单级桥单后桥6vPo9单级桥单后桥9VPD09单级桥贯通桥9现代商用车桥发展趋势探讨重型车桥总成的整体性能正在向轻量化,低噪音,高效率,大扭矩,宽速比,长寿命,低成本,更舒适,更安全,更加注重电子化和环保的方向发展,比如ABS/ASR系统,电子制动系统(EBS),轮胎气压监控报警系统(TPM)集中润滑,充放气系统悬架等都应用在车桥总成上.3.1.承受更大扭矩,满足搭载大马力发动机重型卡车必然从运输单位成本的角度考虑,发展大功率重吨位的大型汽车列车.在20世纪5O年代,载货车的最大功率约150千瓦(近200马力), 20世纪初提高到最大功率约440千瓦(近600马力),50年内提高了3倍.有专家预测,在未来的50年内,卡车的最大功率将达到735千瓦(1000马力),汽车总质量将达到100吨.因此,满足大扭矩,大功率发动机的车桥产品将是重型车桥未来的方展方向之一.3.2.齿轮及其他传动机件工作平稳,可靠,低噪音目前国内驱动桥传动系统的主要问题是噪音较高,疲劳寿命较短,主要原因是齿轮精度和强度不够.因此,提高齿轮及其它传动机件的加工精度,装配精度,增强齿轮支承刚度,增强桥壳及主减速器壳的刚度以避免其受载变形后破坏齿轮的正确啮合,都是降低驱动桥噪声的有效措施.而齿轮的高强度化制造技术关键在于高强度齿轮钢材的开发和齿轮强化技术的应用,齿轮的高精度制造技术包括合理选材,高精度淬火技术和从动齿轮压力淬火技术.3.3,零件标准化,部件通用化,产品系列化采用几种典型的零部件,以不同组合的设计方法和生产方式达到驱动桥产品系列化或变形的目的,或力求做到将某一基型的驱动桥以更换或增减汽车实用技术?设计?计算-研究?不多的零件,用到不同性能,不同吨位,不同用途的多驱动桥上.如此,将极大的方便供应商开发,产品采购,生产组织管理,售后服务等环节的工作, 降低产品的生产制造和运营成本.3.4.高燃油经济性和环保性车桥燃油经济性的提高,主要措施是提高驱动桥的传动效率,而驱动桥传动效率主要取决于其齿轮啮合及轴承运转时的摩擦损失和润滑油扰动,飞溅引起的功率损失.提高齿轮精度及支承刚度;正确选择润滑油可减小齿面的摩擦损失,改善啮合; 正确选择轴承的尺寸及型号,间隙或预紧度,改善润滑;选择合理的油面高度,控制润滑油的扰动,飞溅引起的功率损失,这些都是减小驱动桥的功率损失,提高传动效率的有效方法.由于石油资源的稀缺性,导致油价长期保持高价运行的状态,因此,提高燃油经济性,一方面降低了产品的使用成本,增强产品的市场竞争力,另一方面也有利于环境保护.3.5.电子化,智能化满足ABS/ASR系统,汽车采用电子稳定程序(ESP)等电子硬件的安装和使用.3.6.产品市场细分过去,单级桥因为主减速器尺寸大,离地间隙小,导致通过性较差,应用范围相对较小.现在,一方面随着我国公路运输条件的改善重型汽车使用条件对通过性的要求降低,使单级桥的劣势得以忽略;另一方面物流业对车辆可靠性,高速性能等要求的变化,公路用重型汽车驱动桥已加快向单级桥发展.单级减速驱动桥结构简单,传动链较短,易损件少,可靠性高,机械传动效率较高,燃油消耗率较低,成本较为低廉,符合市场对这一发展趋势需求.预计未来我国的重型车桥产品中75%的驱动桥产品将是单级减速驱动桥,而这一比例目前只有40%,将日益接近于目前美,欧等成熟市场.我国现有的斯太尔驱动桥属于典型的欧洲重型载货汽车产品的双级桥结构,其传动效率相对较低,油耗高,但这并不意味着传统双级桥市场的没落,在一些路况恶劣,如资源勘探,矿山开采,油田作业,军用越野车,修路,水电站建设等需要高通过性的地方,仍需要双级桥,且我国目前正在进行大规模的基础设施现代化建设,这一市场需求仍将在长时期内保持较高的需求量.2010年第2期预计未来2-3年内,重型汽车所需车桥总成将形成以下格局:公路运输以10吨及以上单级减速驱动桥,承载轴为主;工程,港口等用车以10吨及以上双级减速驱动桥为主.4.对于我公司重型车桥发展的几点意见4.1.明确公司的产品发展规划和发展战略制定,完善公司产品发展规划和发展战略,就是直面激烈的竞争,严峻的挑战,为取得优势地位, 保证自己的生存和发展确立企业总体的长远的目标,发展方向和重点,做到有的放矢,成为车桥行业技术引领者,掌握市场主动权.4.2.加大产品研发投入同国内其它车桥制造商一样,还没有形成自己的研发体系和能力,这将极大的制约发展后劲.加强人才队伍建设,一方面引进高级能人才,另一方面要保持人才队伍的稳定;加大对产品研发的投入,包括软件和硬件两方面,加快试制车间,实验室的建设步伐,采用先进的测试设施,建设国家认定试验室,为新产品设计和老产品改进提供依据,增强产品竞争力和行业影响力.例如VOLVO公司位于瑞典哥德堡的全新测试装置能够对整个32吨级双后桥施以横向,纵向的压力,以及车轮的扭矩(根据从消费者驾驶车辆的跟踪测试中获得的数据,研究人员设定不同的测试程序.该试验台能够模拟现实工作环境中卡车车桥所承受的巨大压力,运行相应的基本程序,其中包括长途运输,区域配送以及建筑工地作业.此外,针对不同运输环节中的特殊驾驶情况,测试环节也能够被相应改变.),模拟车桥产品得整个生命周期.该试验台架的应用,大大缩短了试验的时间,并且提供车桥优化设计的依据,确保卡车不会因为车桥的尺寸,结构问题而出现运转不良,超载或浪费燃料的情况.4.3.继续完善产品系列进一步开发485贯通桥,500单级减速桥产品,满足重型汽车搭载500马力及以上大功率发动机的需求,使公司产品形成系列化.利用公司现有产品技术资源,开发与汽车桥类似的工程机械车桥产品,如汽车起重机,矿用自卸.23—?设计?计算?研究?车,石油钻进运输平台车等车桥产品.4.4.大力发展先进军用车桥依托陕重汽在军用越野汽车市场的独特优势,开发满足未来战争需求的高机动性,高通过性,高承载能力以及较高通用性的车桥;满足安装各类型悬挂系统(油气悬挂,独立悬挂),大直径,宽断面,可调压胎和轮胎中央充放气系统,先进的电子技术,如安装ABS/ASA系统,EBS系统等的车桥产品.4.5.依托现有产品资源,开发新一代产品着眼于未来重型汽车发展趋势,新能源卡车技术的开发,开发新一代车桥产品技术平台,如满足重卡使用的电动车桥产品等,实现企业自主开发的能力,核心竞争力的形成.参考文献:[1]辛木.商用车桥行业现状及发展动向.重型汽车,2008,6 [2111J惟信.汽车车桥设计.北京:清华大学出版社,2004 汽车实用技术。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译579重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展趋势The Basic Structure and Development Trend of Heavy-Duty Automotive Drive AxlesKeywords: heavy-duty automotive, drive axle, structure, development trend1. IntroductionThe drive axle plays a crucial role in heavy-duty automotive systems, as it is responsible for transmitting power from the engine to the wheels. Over the years, significant improvements have been made in the design, structure, and materials of drive axles to meet the increasing demands for vehicle performance, efficiency, and durability. This paper aims to analyze the basic structure of heavy-duty automotive drive axles and explore their development trend.2. Traditional Drive Axle Structure2.1 Axle Housing2.2 DifferentialThe differential distributes power evenly between the left and right wheels, enabling smooth turning and preventing wheel slippage. It consists of bevel gears and a pinion gear, ensuring power transmission at different speeds and loads.2.3 Gears2.4 Bearings3. Development Trend3.1 Lightweight MaterialsThe adoption of lightweight materials in the construction of drive axles is a significant trend. This helps in reducing the overall weight of the vehicle, improving fuel efficiency and load capacity, and enhancing vehicle performance.3.2 Electronic Control Systems3.3 Advanced Manufacturing Techniques4. Challenges and OpportunitiesThe development of heavy-duty automotive drive axles faces several challenges, such as meeting increasingly stringent emission regulations, improving energy efficiency, and addressing the demand for autonomous driving capabilities. However, these challenges also bring opportunities, such as the development of hybrid and electric drive axles, as well as the integration of connectivity and intelligent control systems.5. Conclusion。

附录附录AHeavy Off-Road Vehicle Drive Axle Of Breaking The important thing is, in the great assembly at the end of the transmission. Its basic function is increased by the transmission shaft or directly by the torque, came to the torque distribution to left and right drive wheels, and make the right and left wheel drive car has required the kinematics differential function, While carrying the spring load and the car wheel, the frame of the body through suspension or integral to plumb-lines, longitudinal and transverse force and moment force, Also the biggest transfer transmission torque, still under the bridge housing reaction torque.Drive structure and driving wheel is closely related to the suspension structure. When driving wheel using an independent suspension, using the broken open axles, When driving wheels adopt independent suspension, match with breaking drive axles, independent suspension. Look from exterior, independent suspension axles connectionless left and right of the whole bridge rigid driving wheel, shell is bridge housing, and other relative movement between. This bridge is installed in the middle frame or integral car transmission and driving wheel transmission device and part of the quality of the automobile suspension with belong to the quality and the side of the drive wheels with independent suspension of elastic component and frame or weak connection for cars. Therefore, one on either side of the drive wheels can independently, relative to the frame or cars do, swing, left, and right shaft corresponding requirements and their corresponding shell makes the corresponding swing. Cars drive by breaking the suspension, and the quality of small and independent suspension matching, can make the driving wheels of various earthing and adaptability, good roads that can greatly reduce the cars in the rough road impact and vibration during the body decreases wheel and axle tilt, the dynamic loads of vehicle, improve and enhance average speed, Reduce the damage, improve its components reliability and prolong its service life.Based on the development of China's heavy independent suspension of six x 6 cross-country car cut off from the drive axles, for example, is insufficient, thedevelopment technology independent suspension drive axle of necessity and independent suspension drive axle of structural principle in aspects of heavy off-road vehicle drive with independent suspension of this development.1 Domestic independent suspension drive technology situationAt present domestic independent suspension axles in cars, light off-road vehicle and JN252 8 x 8, etc ZhongDunWei military car has been applied and independent suspension heavy off-road vehicle axles technology is basically blank, Foreign independent suspension heavy off-road vehicle axles technology also only by American company, belarus, Minsk Sisu, Finland has TIMONEY company and Korea etc, and application scope of military and civilian limitations in some special models.2 Develop independent suspension drive axle of necessityIn recent years, with independent suspension off-road vehicle market demand more and more widely. Restrict independent suspension off-road vehicle development is one of the key factors, thus breaking drive axles of the necessity of developing broken off.2.1Military car development needsCurrently our extensive use of grade 6 x 6 type 7t SX2190 models is shaanxi automobile manufacturing factory using STEYR technology development of new generation rover, has good performance, and strong adaptability, good performance advantages over the past 20 years for national defense construction made great contribution. The truck with 8 x 8 upward-leading continuous casting.the JN2270 15t and capability of type x 8 August JN2300 type, the successful development of China's second DaiJun car development was at an end. In order to adapt to the needs of modern war, the third DaiJun car development was put on the agenda. Article DaiJun car features for independent suspension of high performance of motor vehicles. As its core technology is one of the big Hollywood drive shaft cut off, domestic blank, basic is dependence on imports, if do not accord with national also does not conform to the military.2.2The basic needs of national constructionFor many years, our national economy is developing rapidly, and infrastructure investment growth, hydroelectric power, oil field, mine, coal and other industries such as fire like tea. The industry is inseparable from the high quality, the high performance of transport vehicles, independent suspension off-road vehicle is amongthe top. However, these vehicles almost entirely on imports, spent a great deal of foreign exchange. To develop a replacement model is of great significance to meet the market demand.3 Independent suspension structure theory. Drive axle ofChina's heavy automobile group company with development and production status, independent development drive axle of the independent suspension 6 x 6 cross-country car drive shaft cut off big Hollywood. According to 6 x 6 independent suspension chassis design requirements, in this model adopted high transmission fault type axles. The first thing is to cut off to drive, high of double bridge for breaking through the medium-sized Bridges, rear axles turn for breaking steering of high axles. Three bridge are installed with gas control differential between the wheel lock differential, medium-sized Bridges across the bridge box installed with gas control differential between the lock shaft differential. Main reducer ratio for 1 2023, gear ratio for 4. 26 (belt wheel side filling put gas system, ABS), the total ratio 7.016, The medium-sized Bridges for Φ 180 input end tooth flanges, output for Φ 165 end flange, rear axle gears before the input for Φ 165 end tooth flange, Each shaft axis for jose 13t. This design is mainly in steyr drive technology based on the development and design, design thoughts and 6 x is 6, 8 x 8, 10 December 10, military USES 10 series assemblies, reduce the new design of special parts. 8 x 8 middle bridge, 10 assembly, 10, and 12 million spxillion structure types are similar. The new design two broken open bridge, front axle shell adopts the breakthrough in the shell, type of bridge, using the same type of the rear axle housing learnings. On the basis of that, left, right, two kinds of half axle and cover and spline set assembly, and on the reduction and bridge box shell and the local improvement. High technology to drive the corresponding design. Before using high to drive axle of bridge structure, thus make the box with the same drive axle of center distance of the bridge, i.e. input than the original structure of flange steyr 100mm up front axle and bridge, can satisfy the same height flange vehicle transmission Angle to decorate the small request. Before turning mainly by high drive axles, before breaking casting bridge in the middle of the disc brake, using the shell with the filling of the deflated wheelhub ball cage patterned assembly, universal shaft coupling assembly etc. And now the thing turn compared with has the following characteristics: ①Using steel bridge housing, good rigidity, high strength.②Using steyr mature main reducer and axle box of bridge structure of the existingtechnology (without prior to drive axle box structure), improve cross the bridge reliability.③Using the ball cage patterned double gimbal couplings, can make the centerline of ball cage with to the center of the kingpin always in line with the wheels, reduce sliding wear.4 conclusionWith independent suspension car of rapid development, large-tonnage breaking drive axle of development of necessity and urgency. It not only can greatly improve the car ride and mobility, also for automobile driving performance such as power, economy, and has a direct impact on the stability, etc. Both can satisfy the military modernization needs, also can meet the needs of the development of national economy, therefore has the important practical significance.附录B重型越野汽车断开式驱动桥的研发驱动桥是汽车的重要大总成,处于传动系的末端。

驱动桥概述驱动桥桥壳是汽车上的主要零件之一，非断开式驱动桥的桥壳起着支承汽车荷重的作用，并将载荷传给车轮．作用在驱动车轮上的牵引力，制动力、侧向力和垂向力也是经过桥壳传到悬挂及车架或车厢上。

因此桥壳既是承载件又是传力件，同时它又是主减速器、差速器及驱动车轮传动装置(如半轴)的外壳。

在汽车行驶过程中，桥壳承受繁重的载荷，设计时必须考虑在动载荷下桥壳有足够的强度和刚度。

为了减小汽车的簧下质量以利于降低动载荷、提高汽车的行驶平顺性，在保证强度和刚度的前提下应力求减小桥壳的质量．桥壳还应结构简单、制造方便以利于降低成本。

其结构还应保证主减速器的拆装、调整、维修和保养方便。

在选择桥壳的结构型式时，还应考虑汽车的类型、使用要求、制造条件、材料供应等。

桥壳的结构型式桥壳的结构型式大致分为可分式、整体式。

可分式桥壳可分式桥壳的整个桥壳由一个垂直接合面分为左右两部分，每一部分均由一个铸件壳体和一个压入其外端的半轴套管组成。

半轴套管与壳体用铆钉联接。

在装配主减速器及差速器后左右两半桥壳是通过在中央接合面处的一圈螺栓联成一个整体。

其特点是桥壳制造工艺简单、主减速器轴承支承刚度好。

但对主减速器的装配、调整及维修都很不方便，桥壳的强度和刚度也比较低。

过去这种所谓两段可分式桥壳见于轻型汽车，由于上述缺点现已很少采用。

整体式桥壳整体式桥壳的特点是将整个桥壳制成一个整体，桥壳犹如一整体的空心粱，其强度及刚度都比较好。

且桥壳与主减速器壳分作两体，主减速器齿轮及差速器均装在独立的主减速壳里，构成单独的总成，调整好以后再由桥壳中部前面装入桥壳内，并与桥壳用螺栓固定在一起。

使主减速器- 1 -和差速器的拆装、调整、维修、保养等都十分方便。

整体式桥壳按其制造工艺的不同又可分为铸造整体式、钢板冲压焊接式和钢管扩张成形式三种。

驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。