英语单词词性转换的基本规律
.动词(v.)→名词(n.)
(a)词形不变,词性改变
例如:work, study, water, plant等可以用作动词(工作,学习,浇水,种植),也可以用作名词(工作,学习,水,植物).
(b)一些动词在词尾加上-er或-or之后就变成了表示"某一类人"的名词
例如:work—worker, teach—teacher, sing—singer,
jump—jumper, play—player, learn—learner,
visit—visitor, invent—inventor,collect—collector等.
注意:1)以不发音的e结尾的动词,在词尾加-r.
例如:drive—driver, write—writer等.
2)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er
例如：run—runner, win—winner,begin—beginner等.
(c)在动词词尾加上-ment 变成名词
例如:achieve—achievement (成就)
advertise—advertisement//advertising(广告)
agree—agreement disgree—disagreement
amuse—amusement (娱乐) improve—improvement(争吵)
commit(奉献)—commitment develop—development (发展)
depart—department (局,部) govern(统治)—government(政府) manage—management (管理) equip—equipment (装备)
有些单词比较特殊,需把动词后的e去掉再加ment.
例如:argue—argument(争论)
(d)在动词词尾加上-(t)ion/(s)ion变成名词
例如: attract—attraction; instruct—instruction;
invent—invention discuss—discussion;
express—expression educate—education;
graduate—graduation; operate—operation (去e再加"ion") compete—competition; organize—organization (把e改成其他字母再加"tion") decide—decision conclude—conclusion (把de改为s再加"ion") describe—description描写,描绘(这是特例,不规则变化)
(e)在动词词尾加上-ance变成名词
例如: appear—appearance (外貌;出现)
perform—performance (演出)
accept—acceptance (接受)
(f)在动词词尾加-ing变成名词(方法与动词变为现在分词的方法相同)
例如:meet—meeting build—building wait—waiting
bathe—bathing say—saying(谚语) mean—meaning
end —ending train —training wash—washing 注意:以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ing
如:swim—swimming shop—shopping begin—beginning
(g)其他一些比较特殊的变化
例如: Beg(乞讨)—beggar(乞丐) behave(行为举止)—behavior know(知道)—knowledge(知识) fly—flight (飞行)
heat (加热)—heat(热量) hit (撞击)—hit( 轰动一时的人或物,碰撞)
mix (混合)—mixture(混合物) press(按,压)—pressure(压力)
sit(坐)—seat (座位) succeed—success(成功)
tour—tour(旅游)/ tourist (游客)
2.动词(v.)→形容词(adj.)
(a)动词后面加able,以e结尾的动词则去e加able,表示具有此性质,特点或属性. 例如: afford－affordable；love－lovable
(b)动词后面加ed,以e结尾的动词则直接加d,表示被动性的属性或特点.
例如: scatter－scattered use－used
(c)不规则的动词则必须记忆,记住其过去分词形式.规律不大,意义同(b).
3.名词(n.)→形容词(adj.)
(a)在名词后面加-y可以变成形容词(尤其是一些与天气有关的名词)
例如: rain—rainy, cloud—cloudy, wind—windy, snow—snowy,
health—healthy, luck—lucky,anger—angry guilt—guilty(内疚的)
tourist—touristy(游客多的) , salt (盐)—salty (咸的)
silk(丝绸)—silky(丝绸般的), sleep—sleepy (昏昏欲睡的)
注意:1)如果以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,这时应双写辅音字母再加"-y".
如: sun—sunny, fun—funny, fog—foggy(有雾的), fur—furry(毛皮的)
2)少数以不发音的e结尾的名词变为形容词时,应去掉e再加"-y".
如: noise—noisy, ice—icy, shine—shiny(发亮的), taste(口味)—tasty(甜的)
(b)名词后面加-ed,以e结尾的直接加d.
例如: spot(斑点)—spotted(有斑点的); talent—talented (有天赋的) organize—organized 有组织的; balance—balanced(平衡的)
(c)一些抽象名词在词尾加-ful可以变为形容词
例如:care—careful, thank—thankful, help—helpful,
use—useful, meaning—meaningful
