2016年中山大学651人类学概论考研真题考研试题硕士研究生入学考试初试试题

2016考研英语一真题及解析2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题及答案（完整版）（注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man's parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly -acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18.[A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that" incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health -as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape -measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter's main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase "impinging on"(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models' character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever". It was specifically to provide city dwellers withspaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air". Hill's pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruinrural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain 总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain's public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn't start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon "off-plan" building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes's preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today's BritainText 3"There is one and only one social responsibility of business" wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist "That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits." But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders's money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a "signal" that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse "halo effect" whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. Arecent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act （FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm's political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials." says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构33. The expression "more lenient"(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day willbe is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the paper's publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks - isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online - only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going have your most loyal customers really upset with you."Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? "I wouldn't pick a year to end print," he said "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product."总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Thenincrease it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year - more than twice as much as a digital - only subscription."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive that less aggressive."36. The New York Times is considering ending it's print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a " legacy product"[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Make it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way youlook.The difference between today's workplace and the "dress for success" era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what's the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips: 41___[B] Decide if the time is rightAs an executive coach, I've seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you're in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you're not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there's no need for an upgrade and that's OK42_____[G]Know your goalsGet clear on what impact you're hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构enhance their professional image. For another, it may be tobe perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more "SoHo." (It's OK to use characterizations like that )43 ____[D]Understand the contextLook at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44 _____[E]Work with professionalsEnlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It's not as expensive as you might think.45 ______[F]Make it efficientThe point of a style upgrade isn't to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don't have to learn how to be mentallyhealthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. Mental health can't be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn't go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem -confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It's a form of innate or unlearned optimism.(48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.【参考译文】46. 我们不必一定去学习如何做到心理健康，这种能力植根于我们自身，就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口，如何修复断骨。

中山大学历年真题及答案2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码:840科目名称:传播实务及研究方法考试时间:12月28日下午一，名词解释(任选4题，每题10分，共}o分) 1，系统抽样又称其为等距抽样、机械抽样，是一种将总体各个单位按照某一标志顺序排列，按一定间隔距离抽取样本的随机抽样形式。

排列顺序所依据的标志，一般选用与项目目的有关的中立标志，系统抽样所得的样本在总体中分布均匀，具有较之简单随机抽样更高的代表性，使用方便，适用于没有培训和缺乏经验的调查人员。

2，态度{2013}3，媒介融合{2011}【首先，应当解释何谓媒介整合。

】随着信息时代的到来和传播手段的进步，媒介整合（media convergence）与信息传播逐渐成为人类传播行为的重要发展方向。

从发展趋势来看，媒介整合包括两方面--媒介形态整合和媒介资本整合。

媒介形态整合是指新媒体与传统媒体以及传统媒体彼此之间的整合，还包括媒介形态的变化、互融与创新。

资本整合则是通过资产重组，使优势资源互补共存，使跨媒介、跨地区的媒介产业集团在中国成为现实。

【其次，结合我国媒介发展的实际，指出媒介整合对媒介产业的重要意义。

】媒介整合已经成为中国传媒发展的主流趋势，其意义不仅在于媒介个体竞争力的增强和利润最大化的实现，更在于能由此带动其他更多媒体的产业化进程，增强整体竞争力，以迎接WTO的国际化竞争环境。

【再次，结合自己的看法，谈谈媒介整合对社会生活的深刻影响，如对媒介形态发展的影响、对传媒教育的冲击、对人们媒介接触和使用习惯的影响等。

】4，目标受众在市场营销业和广告业里，目标受众又称目标顾客、目标群体和目标客群是一个营销活动所作为目标的人口群体。

目标受众可以是某一个人口群体，如年龄组、性别、婚姻状况、等等。

常见受众有青少年、女性、单身、等等。

目标受众也可以包括几个不同的人口群体，比如所有20到30岁的男性。

营销过程也可以计划如何对待其他非目标群体，决定一个产品或服务的适当受众是市场调查中很重要的一部分。

中山大学历年真题及答案2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码:840科目名称:传播实务及研究方法考试时间:12月28日下午一，名词解释(任选4题，每题10分，共}o分) 1，系统抽样又称其为等距抽样、机械抽样，是一种将总体各个单位按照某一标志顺序排列，按一定间隔距离抽取样本的随机抽样形式。

排列顺序所依据的标志，一般选用与项目目的有关的中立标志，系统抽样所得的样本在总体中分布均匀，具有较之简单随机抽样更高的代表性，使用方便，适用于没有培训和缺乏经验的调查人员。

2，态度{2013}3，媒介融合{2011}【首先，应当解释何谓媒介整合。

】随着信息时代的到来和传播手段的进步，媒介整合（media convergence）与信息传播逐渐成为人类传播行为的重要发展方向。

从发展趋势来看，媒介整合包括两方面--媒介形态整合和媒介资本整合。

媒介形态整合是指新媒体与传统媒体以及传统媒体彼此之间的整合，还包括媒介形态的变化、互融与创新。

资本整合则是通过资产重组，使优势资源互补共存，使跨媒介、跨地区的媒介产业集团在中国成为现实。

【其次，结合我国媒介发展的实际，指出媒介整合对媒介产业的重要意义。

】媒介整合已经成为中国传媒发展的主流趋势，其意义不仅在于媒介个体竞争力的增强和利润最大化的实现，更在于能由此带动其他更多媒体的产业化进程，增强整体竞争力，以迎接WTO的国际化竞争环境。

【再次，结合自己的看法，谈谈媒介整合对社会生活的深刻影响，如对媒介形态发展的影响、对传媒教育的冲击、对人们媒介接触和使用习惯的影响等。

】4，目标受众在市场营销业和广告业里，目标受众又称目标顾客、目标群体和目标客群是一个营销活动所作为目标的人口群体。

目标受众可以是某一个人口群体，如年龄组、性别、婚姻状况、等等。

常见受众有青少年、女性、单身、等等。

目标受众也可以包括几个不同的人口群体，比如所有20到30岁的男性。

营销过程也可以计划如何对待其他非目标群体，决定一个产品或服务的适当受众是市场调查中很重要的一部分。

各校历年人类学考研真题北京大学2005年人类学理论试题：一．名词解释（8*5=40）：1．格尔兹2．文化霸权3．差序格局4．进化论5．历史具体主义二．简答题（15*4=60）：1．英国功能学人类学与以前人类学的主要区别是什么？2．简述布朗的单系血统。

3．试述米德的《萨摩亚人的成年》大家庭与小孩子的关系。

4．简述马林诺夫斯基和布朗有关“功能”的不同解释。

三．论述题（25*2=50）：1．试述20世纪中国人类学史的基本演变线索。

2．试论礼物在社会建构中的作用。

2005年人类学方法试题：一．名词解释（8*5=40）：1．地方性知识2．跨文化比较3．文本4．民族语言学5．参与观察二．简答题（15*4=60）：1．试述人类学进化论的方法论。

2．试述历史材料在民族学中的价值。

3．说明海外民族志和家乡民族志在知识论上各有什么优点？4．简述主位方法的基本含义。

四．论述题（25*2=50）：1．Ethnography可以称为“田野志”吗？为什么？2．试述民族志方法应用于中国研究时遇到的问题？2004年人类学理论试题一名词解释 10 *4社区后殖民主义结构人类学库拉圈二简述 15*41.《忧郁的热带》中作者所宣称的人类学立场？2.简述《江村经济》在学术史上的地位3.人类区域关系档案的内容4.哈里斯的文化唯物论的内容三论述 25*21.努尔人政治制度的基本特征2.米德《萨摩亚人的成年》的立论是什么？作者又是怎样证明的？2004年人类学方法试题一名词解释 10 *41.年龄组制度2.人类学的整体观3.局内人观点4.家乡民族志二简述 15*41.解释人类学的方法论特点2.民族中心主义持续存在的根源是什么3.人类学亲属符号表示联合家庭和多偶制家庭4.后现代人类学的基本特征三论述 25*21.跨文化研究在人类学中的地位如何2.现代民族志的缺失何在2003年试题人类学理论一:概念解释1.涂尔干2.费孝通3.格尔茨4.传统5.社会结构6.象征人类学二:简述题1.简述博厄斯的人类学理论贡献2.简述新进化论3.简述结构人类学的基本观点4.简述列维-斯特劳斯的亲属关系的基本结构5.什么是文化相对论6.简述埃文思-普里查德的人类学观三:论述题1.举例论述人类学何以是文化批评2.论述经济全球化对没个民族文化的影响3.试论利奇的过程理论人类学方法一:概念解释1.民族志电影2.民族中心主义3.田野工作4.客位研究法5.拉的克里夫_布朗6.遗留物二:简述题1.简述实验民族志的基本特点2.简述仪式研究的社会人类学视角3.简述比较研究对人类学的意义4.简述参与观察所获资料与文献资料的几本差异5.什么是格尔茨解释人类学的“深描”6.简述本尼迪克特《文化模式》的研究方法三:论述题1.试论《努尔人》的方法论意义2.人类学的概念是这样建立的3.试论马林诺斯基《西太平洋的航海者》对人类学方法论的主要贡献2002年试题一. 概念解释1.进化论3.米德4.结构主义5.利奇二. 简述题1.简述功能主义的基本观点2.简述宗教人类学的主要研究内容3.简述政治人类学的主要研究内容三. 论述题1.试述马林诺斯基的《文化论》的基本内容2.试述20世纪初期西方人类学的主要内容3.试述二战以后西方人类学的主要变化一. 概念解释1.田野工作2.民族志3.跨文化研究4.人类学5.民族中心主义二. 简述题1.简述社会人类学与历史学的差别2.你对人类学在中国"本土化"的看法3.试述人类学的基本研究规则三. 论述题1.试述一个人类学家研究自己民族和他民族时面临的主要困难和便利之处2.试述整体论3.试述归纳法在人类学研究中的意义2001年试题人类学理论一. 概念解释1.马林诺斯基3.文化相对论4.《江村经济》5.结构人类学6.社区研究法7.中华民族多元一体格局8.田野工作二. 简述题1试论功能主义和结构-功能主义的异同 2.试论50年代至70年代(二战后)英,法,美国人类学的基本变化情况3.简述解释人类学的基本观点三. 论述题1.试从社会文化人类学分支领域(亲属制度,宗教人类学,经济人类学,政治人类学)之一论述本学科的研究特色2.举例说明民族志对于社会人类学的重要性3.略析人类学者在研究中国中面临的认识论挑战人类学方法一. 概念解释1.民族志2.参与观察3.跨文化比较研究4.“浓厚的描述”5.整体论二. 简述题1.简述社会人类学研究的方法论特征2.简述"主位法"和"客位法"的方法论差异三. 论述题1.试比较社会文化人类学研究中的共时方法和历时方法的结合2.论述经验事实与理论阐述之间的关系四.问答题1.《古代社会》的作者是( ) (1)泰勒(2)摩尔根(3)马林诺斯基2.结构人类学的代表人物是( ) (1)格尔茨(2)列维_斯特劳斯(30埃文思_普里查德3.弗里德曼是( ) (1)汉学人类学家(2)非洲人类学家(3)美洲印地安人类学家4田野工作是指( )(1)实地社会实习(2)地理学实地测量工作(3)民族志研究的核心过程(4)社会学的整体论方法上海大学一。

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一、A型题：1～90小题，每小题i.s分;gl~120小题，每小题2分;共1 95分。

在每给出的A, B, C,D 四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的。

1.下列关于机体内环境稳态的描述，错误的是DA.稳态是一种动态平衡B.稳态的维持是机体自我调节的结果c.稳态调节中都有一个调节点D.稳态是指细胞内液理化性质基本恒定2.在引起和维持细胞内外Na+、K+不对等分布中起重要作用的膜蛋白是BA.载体B.离子泵c.膜受体D.通道3.神经细胞的静息电位为一70mV, Na+平衡电位为+60mV, Na+的电化学驱动力则为AA. -130mVB. -10mVC. +lOmVD. +130mV4.风湿热时，红细胞沉降率加快的原因是CA.红细胞表面积/体积比增大B.血浆白蛋白、卵磷脂含量增高C.血浆纤维蛋白原、球蛋白含量增高D.红细胞本身发生病变5.阿司匹林通过减少TXA2合成而抗血小板聚集的作用环节是AA. 抑制COXB.抑制TXA-,合成酶C.抑制PGI7合成酶D.抑制PLA26.心室肌细胞在相对不应期和超常期内产生动作电位的特点是BA.0期去极化速度快B.动作电位时程短C.兴奋传导速度快D.O期去极化幅度大7。

在微循环中，进行物质交换的血液不流经的血管是BA.后微动脉B.通血毛细血管C.微静脉D.微动脉8.下列呼吸系统疾病中，主要表现为呼气困难的是AA.肺气肿B.肺水肿C.肺纤维化D.肺炎9.下列关于CO影响血氧运输的叙述，错谈的是AA. CO中毒时血02分压下降B. CO妨碍02与Hb的结合C. CO妨碍02与Hb的解离D.cO中毒时血02含量下降10.下列关于颈动脉体化学感受器的描述，错误的是DA.其流入流出血液中的Pa02差接近零，通常处于动脉血环境中B. Pa02降低、PaC02和H+浓度升高对其刺激有协同作用c.感受器细胞上存在对02,、C02、H+敏感的不同受体D.血供非常丰富，单位时间内血流量为全身之冠11.胃和小肠蠕动频率的决定性因素是DA. 胃肠平滑肌动作电位频率B.胃肠平滑肌本身节律活动C. 胃肠肌问神经丛活动水平D.胃肠平滑肌慢波节律12.在胃黏膜壁细胞完全缺乏时，病人不会出现的表现是CA.维生素B12吸收障碍B.肠道内细菌加速生长C.胰腺分泌HC03-减少D.食物蛋白质消化不良13.促进胰腺分泌消化酶最主要的胃肠激素是CA.胰多肽B.促胰液素C.缩胆囊素D.胃泌素14.人体发热初期出现畏寒、寒战的原因是BA.散热过程受阻B.体温调定点上调C.体温调节中枢功能异常D.产热过程过强15.利用肾清除率概念测定GFR，被清除物除能被肾小球滤过外，尚需满足的条件是CA.不被肾小管重吸收，但可被分泌B.可被肾小管重吸收，但不可被分泌C.不被肾小管重吸收和分泌D.可被肾小管重吸收和分泌16.肾小管重吸收Na+与水的量与肾小球滤过率成定比关系的部位是DA.髓袢细段B.髓袢升支粗段C.远曲小管D.近端小管17.机体安静情况下，对醛固酮分泌调节不起作用的因素是CA.高血Na+B.血管紧张素IIC.促肾上腺皮质激素D.高血K+18.视网膜中央凹处视敏度极高的原因是DA.感光细胞直径小，感光系统聚合联系B. 感光细胞直径大，感光系统单线联系C.感光细胞直径大，感光系统聚合联系D.感光细胞直径小，感光系统单线联系19.在突触传递中，与神经末梢释放递质的数量呈正相关的因素是DA.末梢内囊泡的大小B.囊泡内递质的含量C.活化区面积的大小D.进入末梢的Ca2+量20.在周围神经系统中，属于胆碱能纤维的是CA.所有副交感节后纤维B.所有支配血管的交感节后纤维C.所有自主神经节前纤维D.所有支配汗腺的交感节后纤维21.下列激素中，能使机体的能量来源由糖代谢向脂肪代谢转移的是CA.胰岛素B.皮质醇C.生长激素D.甲状腺激素22.口服葡萄糖比静脉注射等量葡萄糖引起更多的胰岛素分泌，其原因是BA.小肠吸收葡萄糖非常完全。

目　录2011年中山大学心理学系640心理学研究方法考研真题2011年中山大学心理学系640心理学研究方法考研真题及部分答案2012年中山大学心理学系640心理学研究方法考研真题2012年中山大学心理学系640心理学研究方法考研真题及部分答案2013年中山大学心理学系656心理学研究方法考研真题2013年中山大学心理学系656心理学研究方法考研真题及部分答案2014年中山大学心理学系661心理学研究方法考研真题2014年中山大学心理学系661心理学研究方法考研真题及部分答案2015年中山大学心理学系661心理学研究方法考研真题2015年中山大学心理学系661心理学研究方法考研真题及部分答案2016年中山大学心理学系661心理学研究方法考研真题2016年中山大学心理学系661心理学研究方法考研真题及部分答案2017年中山大学心理学系655心理学研究方法考研真题2011年中山大学心理学系640心理学研究方法考研真题2011年中山大学心理学系640心理学研究方法考研真题及部分答案一、选择题：请选择一个最恰当的答案。

把题号和答案写在答题纸上。

（每题3分，共45分）1．如果一个变量的所有数值都差不多相等，另外一个变量的数值之间却差异很大，那么这两个变量间的相关系数接近（ ）。

A．零B．1.0C．1.0或－1.0D．－1.0【答案】A【解析】r＝0时表示完全独立，说明两个变量之间不相关或零相关；相关系数r＝＋1.00时表示完全正相关，相关系数r＝－1.00表示完全负相关，这两种情况都说明两个变量之间为确定关系；相关系数的取值在－1.00至＋1.00之间，表示不同程度的相关。

一个变量基本不变，另一个变量却变化很大，说明这个变量的变化与前面的变量无关，所以这两个变量之间的相关系数接近0。

2．一个实验中包含控制组或控制条件是为了（ ）。

A．为感兴趣的变量提供一个可比较的基线B．避免天花板效应或地板效应C．估计实验者效应和要求特征D．增强结果的普遍性【答案】A【解析】实验组是进行实验处理的组，如进行光照或使用某种教学方法，控制组是对照实验组，不进行实验处理。

我认为人名的话一般要答大体资料，比如国籍、生活年代，然后就是主要的田野点，所著的名著、主要思想和流派就行了，还有在学术上的地位；书的话当然有作者、主要内容和观点，最主要的还要说说这书在人类学或民俗学历史上的地位，因为一般没影响的书是不会考的一、人名莫斯：法国民族学家、社会学家，社会学年鉴学派的主要代表人之一。

莫斯是杜尔干的外甥和助手，常帮助杜尔干搜集资料并协助编辑《社会学年刊》，后创办《社会学年鉴》取代《社会学年刊》，他还同列维-布留尔和罗维特创办了巴黎大学民族学研究所，培养了一批民族学家。

在学术观点方面，他继承了涂尔干的思想，认为一切社会现象都是社会整体的一部分，因而研究现象必须从社会整体的结构出发。

他还提出原始社会的物物交换是一种不含商业性质的互惠交换，而且与巫术和宗教直接相关；他还认为宗教出现于母系社会，这种氏族宗教的主要内容是图腾信仰。

他的主要著作有《关于原始交换的形式——赠与的研究》、《社会学与人类学》等。

乔姆斯基：美国语言学家，转化—生成语法学说的创始人。

他认为：①语言是人类特有的一种先天的机制，他假设人都有一种语言习得机制，并认为这是人类具有语言能力的基础。

②语言学不但要研究人的言语行为，还要研究人的言语能力。

③语言生成过程是由基础部分产生“深层结构”，然后通过转换生成“表层结构”。

④转换-生成语法要求以有限的规则生成无限的句子。

他注重语言现象的内在研究。

著有《句法结构》等书籍。

二、书籍《原始思维》：为法国民族学家、社会学家、哲学家列维-布留尔所著。

在该书中，列维-布留尔认为原始思维在绝大多数场合下不同于现代思维，它是一种既不知道也不使用抽象概念的具体思维，这种思维拥有许多世代相传的具有神秘性质的“集体表象”，这些集体表象靠“存在物与客体之间的神秘的互渗”而彼此关联，不受任何逻辑思维的规律所支配。

这种思维对矛盾采取不关心的态度，他可以容许同一实体在同一时间存在于两个或者两个以上的地方，容许部分与整体同一等等；同时，他也认为人类的思维机能是相同的，不同的只是思维的形式——一种是先逻辑思维，另一种是逻辑思维。

中山大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：864科目名称：细胞生物学考试时间：2015年12月27日下午注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。

一、填空题（共5小题，每题2分，共10分，请按顺序把答案写在答卷簿上，并注明题号）1.不含蛋白质的脂双层能够允许一些分子渗透通过，但依据分子的性质不同，通过的难易程度是不同的。

下面有6种物质：（A）2O 、（B）ATP、（C）RNA、（D） Na 、（E）葡萄糖、（F）尿素，请根据它们通过脂双层的难易程度排序（先易后难）：____________________。

2.编程死亡的细胞内部信号中有一种蛋白质，称为__________，它是从线粒体释放到胞质溶胶的，与接头蛋白Apfl 结合，装配成寡聚的轮状凋亡体（apoptosome），从而招募起始者caspase-9蛋白。

3.以下四句有关糖胺聚糖链（glycosaminoglycan chains）的描述：A 有很多高度分支的多糖B 它们有很强的亲水性，能吸收大量的水C 它们含有，N-乙酰葡萄糖胺或N-乙酰半乳糖胺D 它们带有正电荷上述描述中有正确的，也有不正确的，请用T 表示正确，用F 表示不正确，上述四句的判断结果依次是____________________。

4.0G 期与1G 期细胞相似而不同，表现在____________________。

5.你制备了一个细胞系，该细胞系能够过表达一个EGF 受体蛋白，但是该蛋白是一个突变的蛋白质，缺失了整个细胞内结构域，该突变体不能进行EGF 的信号传导，原因是____________________。

二、选择题（选择后请简要说明选择的依据，无说明不得分，共5小题，每题2分，共10分；请将答案写在答卷簿上，并标明题号）1.假定细胞表达的一个穿膜蛋白，在质膜外侧被切割后释放了一个细胞外片段。

该片段与邻近细胞的膜受体蛋白结合，并激活了其信号传导途径，改变了该细胞内基因表达模式，请问这是属于何种形式的信号传导途径？A 依赖于细胞接触的信号传导B 旁分泌信号传导考生须知全部答案一律写在答题纸上，答在试题纸上的不计分！答题要写清题号，不必抄题。