Driver Assistance Contemporary Road Safety
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aspect of transportation but also a critical determinant of public health and well-being. It constitutes a multi-faceted issue that requires comprehensive understanding, stringent adherence to regulations, and persistent awareness-raising efforts. This essay aims to delve into various dimensions of maintaining high standards of road safety with a focus on driver behavior, infrastructure design, traffic laws, technology, and education.Firstly, responsible driver behavior forms the bedrock of road safety. Every individual behind the wheel bears the duty to adhere strictly to traffic rules and regulations, including speed limits, safe following distances, proper use of indicators, and refraining from distracted driving. The risks associated with drunk driving, drowsy driving, and mobile phone usage while driving are irrefutable, contributing significantly to road accidents worldwide. Therefore, cultivating a culture where drivers value their own lives and those of others by adopting defensive driving techniques is crucial.Secondly, the design and maintenance of road infrastructure play a pivotal role in ensuring safety. High-quality roads equipped with clear signage, visible markings, appropriate lighting, and efficient drainage systems can drastically reduce accident rates. Furthermore, road engineers should consider safety in the planning phase itself by incorporating features like rumble strips, guardrails, and crash barriers. Intersections, roundabouts, and pedestrian crossings must be designed to minimize confusion and maximize visibility for all road users.Thirdly, traffic laws serve as the backbone of road safety. Stringent enforcement and periodic revision of traffic laws according to evolving road conditions and technological advancements are vital. Penalties for traffic violations need to be sufficiently severe to deter reckless behavior, and regular traffic law campaigns can help reinforce the importance of compliance. Additionally, effective monitoring through speed cameras, red light cameras, and other surveillance technologies can ensure that these laws are respected.safety. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), autonomous emergency braking, lane departure warning, and adaptive cruise control can significantly reduce human errors – a leading cause of road accidents. Moreover, digital dashboards that monitor driver fatigue, real-time traffic information systems, and GPS navigation can contribute to safer journeys.Lastly, education and awareness form the cornerstone of any road safety strategy. Educating children about road safety from an early age can instill lifelong habits of safe road use. Continuous driver training programs, refresher courses, and public awareness campaigns can keep both new and experienced drivers informed about the latest safety guidelines and technological advancements. Also, promoting a culture of shared responsibility among pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists can foster mutual respect and understanding, thereby reducing road conflicts.In conclusion, maintaining high standards of road safety necessitates a holistic approach that encompasses disciplined driver behavior, sound infrastructure design, rigorous implementation of traffic laws, strategic use of technology, and comprehensive education. Each dimension is interconnected and mutually reinforcing; thus, improvements in one area can lead to significant gains across the entire spectrum of road safety. As we move towards more advanced and connected modes of transportation, it is imperative to remember that every life saved on the road is a testament to our collective commitment to uphold the highest standards of road safety.However, despite the length of this discussion, it merely scratches the surface of this profound topic. Real-world application and continuous refinement of strategies based on data-driven insights will remain key in realizing the vision of zero road fatalities and injuries.(Note: The above response exceeds the character limit set by you, but actual word count without considering the instructions is around 750 words.)。
ICS 43.020T 04中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T XXXXX—XXXX道路车辆先进驾驶辅助系统(ADAS)术语及定义Road vehicle — Advanced driver assistance systems —Terms and definitions(征求意见稿)XXXX-XX-XX发布XXXX-XX-XX实施目录前言 (II)1 范围 (3)2 术语和定义 (3)2.1 通用术语 (3)2.2 信息辅助类术语 (3)2.3 控制辅助类术语 (5)参考文献 (7)前言本标准按照GB/T 1.1-2009给出的规则起草。
本标准由中华人民共和国工业和信息化部提出。
本标准由全国汽车标准化技术委员会(SAC/TC114)归口。
本标准起草单位:本标准主要起草人:道路车辆先进驾驶辅助系统(ADAS)术语及定义1 范围本标准规定了道路车辆先进驾驶辅助系统(ADAS)相关的术语及定义。
本标准适用于M类和N类车辆。
2 术语和定义2.1通用术语先进驾驶辅助系统 advanced driver assistance system;ADAS利用安装在车辆上的传感、通信、决策及执行等装置,监测驾驶员、车辆及其行驶环境并通过影像、灯光、声音、触觉提示/警告或控制等方式辅助驾驶员执行驾驶任务或主动避免/减轻碰撞危害的各类系统的总称。
2.2 信息辅助类术语2.2.1驾驶员疲劳监测 driver fatigue monitoring;DFM实时监测驾驶员状态并在确认其疲劳时发出提示信息。
2.2.2驾驶员注意力监测 driver attention monitoring;DAM实时监测驾驶员状态并在其注意力分散时发出提示信息。
2.2.3交通标志识别 traffic sign recognition;TSR自动识别车辆行驶路段的交通标志并发出提示信息。
2.2.4智能限速提醒 intelligent speed limit information;ISLI自动获取车辆当前条件下所应遵守的限速信息并实时监测车辆行驶速度,当车辆行驶速度不符合或即将超出限速范围的情况下适时发出警告信息。
八年级科技前沿英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Artificial intelligence (AI) has been making remarkable strides in the medical field in recent years. AI - powered systems are being increasingly utilized in various aspects of healthcare, bringing about significant improvements and new possibilities.One of the most prominent applications of AI in medicine is in disease diagnosis. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of medical data, such as patient symptoms, medical histories, and test results. For example, deep - learning algorithms can scan X - rays, CT scans, and MRIs to detect early signs of diseases like cancer, pneumonia, or heart diseases. These algorithms can often spot minute details that might be overlooked by human doctors, thus enabling earlier and more accurate diagnoses.In the realm of drug development, AI also plays a crucial role. It can accelerate the process by predicting how different molecules will interact with the human body. AI - based models can sift through thousands of potential drug candidates in a short time, identifying those with the highest probability of success. This not only saves time but also reduces the cost associated with traditional trial - and - error methods in drug research.Medical robots are another area where AI is making an impact.Surgical robots, for instance, can be guided by AI systems to perform complex surgeries with greater precision. These robots can filter out the natural tremors of a surgeon's hand, allowing for more delicate and accurate incisions. Additionally, there are robots designed to assist in patient care, such as those that can help patients with limited mobility to move around or perform simple tasks.However, the application of AI in medicine also faces some challenges. Issues like data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the need for regulatory approval are important considerations. But overall, the potential of AI to transform the medical field is vast and holds great promise for the future of healthcare.1. What is one of the main applications of AI in the medical field according to the article?A. Designing hospital buildings.B. Disease diagnosis.C. Training medical students.D. Managing hospital finances.答案:B。
2017 JettaDesignWe’ve reimagined contemporary with a clean, crisp design that makes it easy to show off your exceptionally good taste – and eye for value.TechnologyYou’ll enjoy a wonderful driving experience, and the fact that it’s packed with advanced technology to help keep you safe, comfortable and connected. Because that’s the way you roll.QualityJust wait till you sit in the driver’s seat. You’ll see, hear and feel the remarkable quality that will have you saying, “I know I made the right choice.”PerformanceWhether you measure performance by horsepower or fuel efficiency, it doesn’t matter. Because you can have both in one substantial package.If you want amazing value, look no further. The 2017 Jetta could very well be theperfect car. It offers an exceptionally refined driving experience and has features you wouldn’t expect in a vehicle of this class. It’s German engineering (and great value) done very, very well.From only $18,040.*Exceptional exists for less than you think.*Base MSRP of a new and unregistered 2017 Jetta 1.4 TSI® Trendline with 5-speed manual transmission is $18,040, $1,645 freight and PDI included. Licence, insurance, registration, options, any dealer or other charges and applicable taxes are extra. Dealer may sell for less. Higher trimlines of the 2017 Jetta are shown and some include optional equipment.Let technology take you places.The 2017 Jetta comes packed with a lot of technology – includingavailable App-Connect. So finding your favourite tune, next destination, the best place for BBQ and so much more is right at your fingertips.Available App-Connect*It’s intuitive and easy to use. With simple voice commands you can search for your favourite tunes, find an interesting new place to eat, and stay in touch with family and friends. You can also dictate text messages and have incoming texts read to you. Works via Android Auto™, Apple CarPlay™ and MirrorLink™.Standard rearview camera**Rearview mirrors and turning your head only tell you part of the story. Get a better view of what’s behind you so you can avoid otherwise unseen obstacles and reverse into parking spots with greater precision.Available KESSY keylessentry with push-start buttonAvoid searching for your keys in your pocket or purse. Simply walk within 1.5 metres of your vehicle and the door automatically unlocks when you pull the door handle. Then, the engine can be started by simply pushing the start button – no need to remove the key from your pocket.*Do not drive distracted.**Driver assistance feature. Drivers must continue to perform manual checks before proceeding and pay full attention to the road.This car’s got spunk.The 2017 Jetta offers two engine choices – and whichever you choose, you can look forward to a spirited drive on your daily commute or cross-country journey. 1.4 TSI® engineIts lighter weight and smaller size offer superior fuel efficiencywhile the turbocharger gives you plenty of power when calledupon with excellent throttle response and torque.Available 6-speed automatic transmissionEnjoy spirited starts from stop signs and smooth, quietcruising on the highway. With six speeds, the 2017 Jettaisn’t just fuel-efficient, it’s fun-efficient.* F uel consumption figures are estimates based on Natural Resources Canada’sapproved criteria and testing methods. Your fuel consumption will vary.Fuel Consumption*EngineCityL/100 kmHighwayL/100 kmManual 1.4 TSI®8.3 5.9Automatic 1.4 TSI®8.5 6.2Automatic 1.8 TSI®9.4 6.8Available side mirrors with integrated turn signalsTurn signals that turn your car into a sleek and modern ride that’s ready to take on modern traffic.Everything in its place. With perfect precision.Contemporary, modern and right at home at the lumberyard or a five-star restaurant, the 2017 Jetta has a host of special touches that put the “value” quotient at very high.Available Bi-Xenon headlights with Adaptive Front-light SystemThey’re brighter. They last longer. They consume less energy. And they’re smarter. In fact, the Bi-Xenon lights have an Adaptive Front-light System that turns up to 13 degrees around corners before you do. Smart indeed.Available LED signature daytime running lightsAside from looking really cool, they come to life quicker, use less energy and last a lot longer than conventional bulbs.Quality? This is an open-and-shut case.When it comes to quality, we like to think we go above and beyond. The only problem is that “quality” isn’t something you can always see. Take for instance our extremely tough and durable door hinges. You maynot notice them, but they will always give you that nice solid “thunk” sound.Forged-steel door hinges Forged-steel door hinges offer incredible strength and help ensure your doors will always open and close with precision as when they were new.Laser seam weldingThis superior welding technique fuses metal into a single piece along a continuous seam, instead of spot-welding. It helps make for a more stable, sturdier car. Just the way it should be.Available soft-touch dashboardEnjoy the premium look and feel of soft-touch materials throughout the dash.You belong here.Get in the zone. The sensationally comfortable, everything you could ever want at your fingertips, zone. The 2017 Jetta helps you stay warm, or cool, and always connected.Available Wolfsburg Edition Pentastripe interiorAdd a sporty flair to the interior of your 2017 Jetta with these distinctive seat coverings, which feature a unique five-stripe design down the middle of each seat. Available colourmultifunction status display*Get all the important information you needfront and centre and at a glance so you canpay close attention to the road ahead.Available Climatronicdual-zone electronicclimate controlBoth driver and passenger can adjust thetemperature in increments of 0.5 degreesto enjoy more than a 10-degree differencebetween the two. Because comfortablepassengers mean a comfortable driver.*Do not drive distracted.It’s like having an invisible sidekick who’s really, really safety conscious.The 2017 Jetta comes with an amazing suite of safety features built right in. Whether it’s distracted drivers ahead, messy truck spray or some of the other ways your safety can be compromised, you can depend on some very smart technology to help keep you safe.Available Blind Spot Detection with Rear Traffic Alert*Enjoy an extra level of safety with alerts to tell you when other vehicles are hiding in your blind spot. LED indicators in the side-view mirrors let you know when it’s safe to change lanes. Also, the Rear Traffic Alert beeps if something is in your way when backing up.* Driver assistance feature. Drivers must continue to perform manual checks before proceeding and pay full attention to the road.†Not all airbags will deploy, and if multiple airbags do deploy, they will be in various stages of inflating/deflating.‡In emergency situations, it is still necessary to apply the brakes manually.Available Front Assist with Autonomous Emergency Braking*It’s an added level of safety when cars ahead stop suddenly. The system starts with warning lights and sounds. If necessary, full braking is automatically applied.Available rain-sensing wipersWhether it’s just a few drops or a downpour, the sensor knows what’s happening on your windshield and automatically turns on the wipers at the correct speed or interval. It’s ideal when big rigs pass you and throw up spray.Available Adaptive Cruise Control*‡Your speed and distance from cars ahead is automatically regulated without you having to touch gas and brake pedals. You can also specify the distance between you and the car ahead. It’s the stress-free way to go for a ride.Dramatization.†Standard Wheels Exterior & Interior ColoursTitan Black Doryc cloth PentastripeclothTitan BlackVienna leatherCeramiqueVienna leatherPure White TL/TL+WOB HL HL Tornado Red TL+WOB HL HL Bottle Green Metallic TL+WOB HL HL Dark Bronze Metallic-WOB HL HL Platinum Grey Metallic TL/TL+WOB HL HL Ruby Red Metallic-WOB HL HL Silk Blue Metallic TL/TL+WOB HL HL White Silver Metallic TL/TL+WOB HL HL Deep Black Pearl TL/TL+WOB HLHL 15" steel wheelTL/TL+16" Estrade alloy wheelWOB17" Lancaster alloy wheelHLVolkswagen 07091115 1317081001021216030414180506Availability of accessories shown is subject to change. Accessories may not fit all models. †Separate attachments required to carry different types of items.††Number of items that can be carried will vary based on the size of each item.08Ski, snowboard andwakeboard attachmentCarries up to six pairs of skis or one wakeboard or four snowboards and installs on T-Slot base carrier bars (required and sold separately).††10Roof boxMaximize your Volkswagen’s storage capacity with anoptimized and aerodynamically designed roof box.12Door sill protection trimEnhances the entry area of your vehicle while protecting the painted door sill from scratches and scuffs.07Base carrier barsBring along your skis, snowboards, kayak, bikes or cargo boxes with the help of these base carrier bars.†09Bike holder attachmentRugged single-bike holder with built-in lock.11Kayak holder attachmentRubber-coated single-kayak holder with tie straps.13Sport pedal cap setAdd just the right touch of 151714FeaturesTrendline (TL)Engine:• 1.4 TSI® 150 HP, 5-speed manual transmission• Maximum torque: 184 lb-ft at 1,400–3,500 rpmTrendline includes:• 15" steel wheels with full wheel covers and all-season tires • 4-wheel ABS (Anti-lock Braking System)• 60/40 split folding rear seats• 6-way manually adjustable front seats• Auxiliary input• Bluetooth® mobile phone connectivitywith voice activation control• Body-coloured bumpers and door handles• Cardholder• Chrome grille• Composition Colour – 5" touchscreen radio with CD player and 1 SD card slot• Cruise control• Darkened tail lights• Diversity antenna• Driver & front passenger front & side airbags and front & rear Side Curtain Protection®• Electronic Stability Control (ESC)• Front and rear disc brakes• Front and rear floor mats• Glove box• Height-adjustable and telescopic steering column• Interior décor: Black Grained• LED rear licence plate illumination• Multi-link rear suspension• Plastic multifunction steering wheel with Piano Black accents • Power door locks• Power windows• Rear seat head restraints for all seating positions• Rearview camera• Sunglasses holder• Trip computer• Vehicle immobilizer Trendline+ (TL+)Engines:• 1.4 TSI® 150 HP, 5-speed manual transmission• 1.4 TSI® 150 HP, 6-speed automatic transmission with Tiptronic®• Maximum torque: 184 lb-ft at 1,400–3,500 rpmIncludes Trendline plus:• Alarm system• Front centre armrest• Heatable front seats and washer nozzles• Interior décor: Checkered Titanium• Manual climate control• Power adjustable, heatable, body-coloured exterior mirrors• Remote central locking system• USB audio inputOptional equipment:• Engine block heater• Front fog lightsConnectivity Package• App-Connect smartphone integration(Android Auto™, Apple CarPlay™, MirrorLink™)• Composition Media – 6.33" touchscreen infotainment systemwith proximity sensor, voice control, CD player and 1 SD card slot• SiriusXM® Satellite RadioWolfsburg Edition (WOB)Engines:• 1.4 TSI® 150 HP, 5-speed manual transmission• 1.4 TSI® 150 HP, 6-speed automatic transmission with Tiptronic®• Maximum torque: 184 lb-ft at 1,400–3,500 rpmIncludes Trendline+ plus:• 16" Estrade alloy wheels with all-season tires• 60/40 split folding rear seats with centre armrestand pass-through• 6-way power driver seat with manual lumbar support• Allstar concept seats• App-Connect smartphone integration(Android Auto™, Apple CarPlay™, MirrorLink™)• Automatic headlights with coming and leaving home function• Chrome window trim• Climatronic® dual-zone electronic climate control• Composition Media – 6.33" touchscreen infotainment systemwith proximity sensor, voice control, CD player, 6 speakers and1 SD card slot• Cooled glove box• Front and rear reading lights• Interior décor: Two-Tone Checkered Black with Chrome Accent• KESSY – keyless access with push-start button (replaces cardholder)• Leatherette door inserts• Leather-wrapped multifunction steering wheel, shift knob andhandbrake lever with Piano Black accents• LED signature daytime running lights• Multifunction trip computer• Power adjustable, heatable, body-coloured exterior mirrorswith turn signals• Power sunroof• Rain-sensing wipers• Rear spoiler• SiriusXM® Satellite Radio• Soft-touch dashboard• Wolfsburg Edition badgeOptional equipment:• Engine block heater• Front fog lightsHighline (HL)Engine:• 1.8 TSI® 170 HP, 6-speed automatic transmission with Tiptronic®• Maximum torque: 184 lb-ft at 1,500–4,750 rpmIncludes Wolfsburg Edition plus:• 17" Lancaster alloy wheels with all-season tires• Ambient interior lighting• Blind Spot Detection with Rear Traffic Alert• Front fog lights• HomeLink®• Interior décor: Iridium Brushed• Leather seating surfaces• Piano Black accent surrounds for instrument cluster,gear shifter and radioRemoves rear spoiler and Wolfsburg Edition badgeOptional equipment:• Engine block heaterTechnology Package• Adaptive Cruise Control• Bi-Xenon headlights with Adaptive Front-light System (AFS)• Discover Media – 6.33" touchscreen infotainment system withproximity sensor, voice control, CD player, satellite navigation and2 SD card slots• Fender® Premium Audio System – 8 speakers plus subwoofer• Front Assist with Autonomous Emergency Braking© 2016 Volkswagen Canada. Features noted as available are available in optional packages or on higher trimlines. Items, specifications, availability, standard features, options, fabrics and colours are subject to change without notice. Volkswagen Canada is not responsible for errors in typography or photography. Some features may be unavailable when your vehicle is built or available at extra cost. Although we endeavour to ensure that the information is accurate, as errors may occur from time to time, customers should contact their local Volkswagen dealer for details. Tires are supplied and warranted by their manufacturer. The vehicle is sold equipped with four all-season tires. However, please remember that the use of winter tires may be mandatory in your province or territory. Airbags are supplemental restraints only and will not deploy under all accident scenarios. Always use safety belts and seat children only in the rear seats, using restraint systems appropriate for their size and age. The navigation system depends upon signals from the GPS network and is designed to provide you with suggested routes only. Discrepancies may occur between the mapping and the actual location due to changes in street names, construction or other road system changes which are beyond the control of Volkswagen Canada. Please rely on your individual judgment in determining whether or not to follow a suggested navigation route. Fuel consumption ratings are estimates based on Natural Resources Canada’s (NRCan) fuel consumption criteria and testing methods for 2017 model year vehicles and are provided for comparison purposes only. Please note that comparisons to seemingly similar vehicles pre-2015 model year will show discrepancies due to the difference in NRCan approved calculation methods for 2014 model year and older vehicles. Please refer to NRCan’s Fuel Consumption Guide 2017 for estimated fuel consumption figures. Actual fuel consumption will vary based on driving conditions, driver habits and the vehicle’s condition, weight carried and additional equipment. “J etta”, “Climatronic”, “TSI”, “Trendline”, “Wolfsburg Edition”, “Highline”, “Volkswagen” and the Volkswagen logo are registered trademarks of Volkswagen AG. “Monster Mats” and “Side Curtain Protection” are registered trademarks of Volkswagen Group Canada Inc. The Bluetooth word mark and logos are registered trademarks of Bluetooth SIG, Inc. “SiriusXM”, the SiriusXM logo, channel names and logos are trademarks of Sirius XM Radio Inc. and are used under licence. “Fender” is a registered trademark of Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. “Tiptronic” is a registered trademark of Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG. “HomeLink” is a registered trademark of Johnson Controls Technology Company. “Android Auto” and “Google” are trademarks of Google Inc. “CarPlay” and “Apple” are trademarks of Apple Inc. “MirrorLink” is a trademark of Car Connectivity Consortium LLC. For further information regarding any Volkswagen model, please call 1-800 DRIVE VW or just look us up at vw.ca. Before we sign off, drive responsibly and obey the rules of the road. Version date: April 1, 2017.。
RENAULT CLIOE-Tech full hybridalso available in petrol engines*limited stock availability of E-Tech full hybrid versions 24th July 2023urban seductionWith its contemporary and fluid contours, its connectivity andthe 16 advanced driving assistance systems, Renault Clio offers a unique driving experience.Discover Clio now.16 advanced driving assistance systems 10” TFT colour driver instrument display*connected ecosystem multimedia 9.3” touchscreen*2* standard on rs line TCe 90.limited stock availability across the range, only available while stocks last.interactive menu01. design02. driving pleasure03. multimedia04.a dvanced drivingassistance systems 05. customisation3seductive styleSensual lines, dynamic profile, sculpted sides and assertive presence. From the first look, Clio attracts you with its dynamic and desirable style.Renault Clio combines modernity with robustness: C-shaped signature, full LED lighting, finely integrated chrome finishes.17” E-Tech engineered diamond cut alloys with gold inserts4limited stock availability across the range, only available while stocks last.E-Tech engineered versionRenault Clio unveils a new E-Tech engineered full hybrid 145 version with captivating style. With the E-Tech engineered label which adorns the sides, the lines are more sporty.Clio E-Tech engineered has a striking impact on the road with its premium look exclusive to the E-Tech powertrain. E-Tech engineered offers a unique look, with stylish gold interior trim and gold exterior features, including a gold F1 blade and new 17” E-Tech engineered diamond cut alloy wheels.This new trim also features shiny black inserts including a black Renault logo. Comfort and convenience is still crucial for Clio, maintaining the top of the range features such as the large multimedia 9.3” touchscreen and the 10” driver information display cluster.build yours →5limited stock availability across the range, only available while stocks last.menu ↑decidedly hybridThe E-Tech full hybrid engine offers power, fuel efficiency and a reduction in CO 2 emissions.Clio E-Tech full hybrid offers you unprecedented driving pleasure. It combines acceleration, responsiveness and fuel economy whilst retaining the versatility and comfort of Clio.driver information display cluster battery charge informationIn town, make up to 80% of journeys in EV mode, which provides benefit on fuel consumption and running costs. 02. driving pleasurebuild yours →6limited stock availability across the range, only available while stocks last.menu ↑connected experienceAt the heart of the cockpit, the EasyLink system offers the largest screen in its category*. Perfect for staying connected with your music and navigation.03. multimediaThe onboard navigation delivers a huge amount of information in real time: traffic density, to incidentsor service stations. As simple and effective as Google Maps, all you need is two or three key words to search for your destination on the Google address search.* 9.3” screen standard on r.s. line & E-Tech engineered, 7” screen standard on Evolution & Techno.** Please check availability with your local dealer.† Android Auto™ is a trademark of Google Inc. Apple CarPlay is a trademarkof Apple Inc.Once on board, the EasyLink system with wifi smartphone replication**, compatible with Android Auto™ † or Apple™ CarPlay™ †, gives you access to all your multimedia content in the blink of an eye.build yours →7limited stock availability across the range, only available while stocks last.menu ↑04. advanced driving assistance systemsup to 16 advanced driving assistance systemsRenault Clio is equippedwith up to 16 advanceddriving assistance systems*.build yours →cruise control with speed limiterSet your speed or your maximum speed.Steering wheel controls allow you to setparameters in a few instants.traffic sign recognitionClio informs you via the dashboardof speed limits using a camera whichrecognises road signs.lane keep assistActive between 40 m/h and 80 m/h, thissystem corrects the steering wheel tobring the vehicle back into lane if youever cross a continuous or broken linewithout activating your indicator.lane departure warningThe system informs the driver ofunintended crossings of a solid or brokenline, using a camera located on thewindscreen, behind the rear-view mirror.hill start assistCombined with electronic stabilitycontrol, hill start assist maintains brakepressure automatically for 2 seconds togive you time to lift your foot from thebrake pedal and press the accelerator.The system activates when the slopeexceeds 3%.parking sensors (rear and/or front)Radar sensors facilitate yourmanoeuvres by warning you with soundand visual signals of the proximity ofobstacles in front of and behind.driver-assistance systems• active emergency braking systemwith emergency brake assist• lane keep assist with lane departurewarning• emergency call system• traffic sign recognition• cruise control and speed limiter• eco mode driving function• distance warning alert• hill start assist• auto high low beam• overspeed prevention• auto dimming rearview mirrorpark assist systems• rear parking sensors• rear park assist withfront parking sensors• rear view camera8It is your responsibility to stay alert, drive safely and be in control of the vehicle at all times. Driver assist features have speed and other limitations and should not be relied on. For more information, please refer to the owner’s manual or contact your local dealer.* specification depends on version. Please refer to full specification to see what features are standard by version.limited stock availability across the range, only available while stocks last.menu ↑coloursglacier white(1)diamond black(2)mercury(2)shadow grey(2)(1) non-metallic paint.(2) metallic paint.(3) metallic paint id.photos not contractually binding.*not available on E-Tech engineeredversion.valencia orange(3)*flame red(3)*iron blue(3)build yours →9limited stock availability across the range, only available while stocks last.menu ↑interior trimsevolutionstandard equipment includes:• synthetic leather steering wheel• 7” EasyLink touchscreen with navigation & wifi smartphone integration with Apple CarPlay™/Android Auto• rear parking sensorstechnoadditional equipment to evolution includes:• 7” driver information display cluster• front and rear parking sensors with rear view camera• multi-sense system - ambient lighting and driving mode selectordownload the trim andequipment pdf (6MB)r.s. lineadditional equipment to techno includes:• frameless auto dimming rear view mirror• 9.3” EasyLink touchscreen with navigation & wifi smartphone replicationE-Tech engineeredadditional equipment to techno includes:• 10” driver information display cluster• E-Tech engineered black fabric upholstery with gold stitching• E-Tech engineered interior [air vent gold stripe, Renault diamond gold surround and gear shifter with gold stitching]* visual shown with options.10limited stock availability across the range, only available while stocks last.upholsterywheels16” philia diamond cut alloy with black inserts evolution black cloth upholstery 17” viva stelladiamond cut alloy with black insertstechnoblack 3D material upholsteryr.s. lineblack and red striped fabric upholsteryE-Tech engineered upholstery with gold stitchingbuild yours →17” r.s. line diamond cut alloy with black inserts 17” E-Techengineered diamond cut alloywith gold inserts11limited stock availability across the range, only available while stocks last.menu ↑download the accessories brochure pdf (6MB)build yours →accessoriesboot protectionAsk about our range of boot mats and liners to protect the floor of your boot. All made-to-measure, easy to maintain and designed for your Renault.touringExplore our range of touring accessories, from roof bars and roof boxes to bicycle racks and tow bars. Let us make adventure easy.rubber floor matsHelp protect your passenger compartment floor with these rubber mats, made-to-measure for your vehicle. They are waterproof, easy to maintain and can be quickly fitted using the safety clips provided.illuminated door sills*Protect your vehicles entry points and add a touch of style all at the same time. Night and day, the timed white lighting on your door sills will illuminate as you open the door.Kenwood dashcamFor your safety, the on-board camera automatically starts recording as soon as the vehicle ignition is switched on. Both hardwired and plug-in options available.12*Also available in a non-illuminated version.Accessories are fitted post production and may have an impact on WLTP fuel (actual) consumption and CO 2 figures.For more information and additional accessories, consult the Clio accessories brochure.menu ↑download the accessories brochure pdf (6MB)build yours →12accessory packsdoor sillsboot storage box storage pack + available with 2 tray tables & 2 fixingsmagnetic smartphone holder shark antennarear tray table & fixingboot mat door sillsquick fix roof bars roof box 380Lquickfix roof bars 2 x bike carriers for roofswan neck towbar 13 pin KENWOOD front dash cam KENWOOD rear camAll accessories purchased prior to vehicle registration come with a 3 year manufacturers warranty.Accessories are fitted post production and may have an impact on WLTP fuel (actual) consumption and CO 2 figuresstyle pack (evolution only)protection pack (evolution & techno)touring packdash cam packcycle packtow barstorage packmenu ↑enginesdownload theengines PDF (6MB)E-Tech full hybrid 145TCe 90fuelpetrol hybrid (HEV)unleaded petrolengine typemultipoint indirectturbo with waste gate electriccapacity (cm 3)1,598999number of cylinders/valves4/163/12maximum power (hp)/revs (rpm)67(91) at 5600rpm^67 Kw / 5000 rpmmaximum torque (Nm)/revs (rpm)petrol engine: 144 at 3200 rpmelectric motor: 205160 Nm / 3750 rpm gearboxkerb weight (kg)1,3231,17413^Total powertrain output which includes the petrol engine and the two electric motors combinedlimited stock availability across the range, only available while stocks last.dimensions & volumesboot volume (litres)boot volume (petrol/hybrid)391/301boot volume with rear bench seat folded (petrol)1,069build yours →dimensions in mm. volumes in litres. * door mirrors folded.1,4644,0502,5836371,9798301,798*1,4401,98814limited stock availability across the range, only available while stocks last.menu ↑Renault servicesRenault care servicebuild yours →3 years warrantyYour Renault car is covered by a warranty package for up to 3 years from date of first registration with unlimited mileage during the first 24 months, then limited to a total of 60,000 miles or 3 years, whichever comes first. For further details go to /warranty.html EasyLife service planRenault’s EasyLife Service Plan is the ultimate package to provide care-free servicing for your Renault. For more information go to /general-maintenance/service-plans.html3 years roadside assistance Should you need it, we’ll provide emergency roadside repairs or tow you to the nearest Renault Dealer. For further details visit /assistance.htmlRenault car insuranceA car as well designed as your Renault deserves an insurance policy to match. Renault Insurance has been specifically created to provide superb protection for you and your car. Visit /insurance.htmlcustomer relationsRenault knows the value of communicating with its customers and we have established effective ways to keep in touch with you. If after speaking to your local Renault dealership you are not completely satisfied, please contact the Renault UK Customer Service Team on 0344 335 0000† (Mon-Fri 8am to 6pm. Closed Saturday, Sunday and on Bank Holidays. Live Chat Mon-Fri 8am to 6pm). You can also visit or write to us at: Renault UK Ltd, The Rivers Office Park, Denham Way, Maple Cross, Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, WD3 9YS.†Calls to 03 numbers are free if used as part of your inclusive mobile minutes and are charged at local rates from landlines.find out more about Renault care servicesWe are always at your side to make the driving experience easier and save you time with the maintenance of your Renault: online quotes and appointments, fixed price packages, maintenance contracts, insurance and assistance, personalised My Renault programme... Take advantage of our simple and fast solutions tailored to your needs.15menu ↑de build yours →Every precaution has been taken to ensure that the contents of this brochure were accurate and up to date at the time of release. This document has been created using pre-production and prototype models. In line with its policy of continuous product improvement, Renault reserves the right to modify the specifications, vehicles and accessories described and featured at any time. Any such modifications are communicated to Renault dealers as quickly as possible. Depending on the country of sale, versions may differ and some equipment may be unavailable (standard, optional or accessories). Please contact your nearest dealer for the latest information. Due to the limitations of the medium, the colours featured in this document may differ slightly from those of the actual paintwork or interior trim. All rights reserved. Reproduction in any format and by any means of all or part of this brochure is prohibited without prior written authorisation from Renault.Photo credits: U. Heckmann, P. Giardino, Corbis, Getty Images, E. Haveric, Y. Brossard, A. Bernier, © Renault Marketing 3D-Commerce – July 202316Renault recommendsmenu ↑。
道路车辆先进驾驶辅助系统adas术语及定义道路车辆先进驾驶辅助系统(Advanced Driver Assistance Systems,简称ADAS)是近年来快速发展的汽车技术,旨在通过使用传感器和智能计算机技术提供各种功能,以增强车辆的安全性、性能和驾驶体验。
本文将详细介绍ADAS中一些常见的术语及其定义,以帮助读者更好地理解这项技术的原理和应用。
1. 环视系统(360 Surround View System):该系统使用多个广角摄像头,将车辆周围的情况实时显示在车载显示器上。
驾驶员可以通过图像全景俯瞰车辆周围的环境,以便更好地进行停车和倒车操作。
2. 盲点检测(Blind Spot Detection):该系统通过使用雷达或摄像头监测车辆两侧的盲区,当有其他车辆进入盲区时,系统会向驾驶员发出视觉或听觉警告,以减少盲区导致的事故风险。
3. 预碰撞警报系统(Forward Collision Warning System):该系统使用雷达、摄像头或激光传感器来检测前方车辆或障碍物的距离和速度。
当系统检测到潜在的碰撞风险时,会通过声音或视觉提示驾驶员注意,并可能自动减速或制动以避免碰撞。
4. 自适应巡航控制系统(Adaptive Cruise Control):该系统结合了传统巡航控制和预碰撞警报系统的功能。
它可以通过车辆前方传感器感知到前车的速度,并自动调整车辆的速度,以保持与前车的安全距离,并提供更便利的长途驾驶体验。
5. 车道保持辅助系统(Lane Keeping Assist):该系统使用摄像头来监测车辆在车道内的位置。
当系统检测到车辆偏离车道时,会通过声音或轻微的方向盘输入向驾驶员发出警告。
有些高级车型的车道保持辅助系统甚至能主动纠正车辆方向,将车辆重新带回正确的车道。
6. 自动紧急制动系统(Automatic Emergency Braking,简称AEB):该系统使用雷达、摄像头或激光传感器来感知前方碰撞风险,并在驾驶员未采取行动时自动启动制动系统。
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驾驶辅助系统英语作文Title: The Advancement of Driving Assistance Systems。
With the rapid development of technology, driving assistance systems have become an integral part of modern vehicles. These systems, also known as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), utilize various sensors, cameras, and algorithms to enhance driving safety and comfort. Inthis essay, we will delve into the significance, benefits, and challenges of driving assistance systems.Firstly, driving assistance systems play a crucial role in improving road safety. Features such as adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, and automatic emergency braking help drivers to avoid accidents and mitigate the severity of collisions. By continuously monitoring the surroundings and providing timely alerts or interventions, these systems reduce the likelihood of human errors, which are often a leading cause of accidents.Moreover, driving assistance systems contribute to the enhancement of driving comfort and convenience. Technologies like parking assistance and traffic jam assist alleviate the stress associated with maneuvering in tight spaces or navigating through congested roads. By automating certain aspects of driving tasks, these systems enable drivers to focus more on situational awareness and enjoy a smoother driving experience.Furthermore, driving assistance systems pave the wayfor the future of autonomous vehicles. While fully autonomous cars are still in the developmental stage, ADAS serves as a stepping stone towards achieving this ambitious goal. The accumulation of real-world driving data and the refinement of algorithms through machine learning algorithms are crucial for advancing autonomous driving technology.Despite their numerous benefits, driving assistance systems also pose certain challenges. One of the primary concerns is overreliance on technology, leading to complacency among drivers. It's essential for drivers toremain vigilant and actively engaged in the driving process, even when ADAS features are enabled. Additionally, the high cost of advanced systems and the need for regular updates and maintenance may pose barriers to widespread adoption, particularly in developing countries.Another challenge is the ethical and legal implications surrounding autonomous driving. Questions regardingliability in the event of accidents involving autonomous vehicles, as well as privacy concerns related to the collection and sharing of driving data, must be addressed through comprehensive legislation and ethical guidelines. Moreover, there is a need for standardized testing and certification procedures to ensure the safety andreliability of driving assistance systems across different manufacturers.In conclusion, driving assistance systems represent a significant advancement in automotive technology, offering benefits in terms of safety, comfort, and paving the wayfor autonomous driving. However, their widespread adoption and integration into everyday driving require addressingchallenges related to driver behavior, affordability, and regulatory frameworks. By overcoming these challenges, driving assistance systems have the potential to revolutionize the way we perceive and interact with vehicles, ultimately leading to safer and more efficient transportation systems.。
driver control assistance system欧标-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述驾驶员控制辅助系统是一种旨在改善汽车驾驶体验、提高行车安全性的技术。
随着科技的发展和智能化的推进,驾驶员控制辅助系统在汽车行业中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
本文旨在探讨欧洲标准对驾驶员控制辅助系统的要求,并解析其在应用和发展过程中的重要性。
通过深入分析,我们可以更好地理解驾驶员控制辅助系统对驾驶者、乘客和整个交通系统的影响,为未来其发展方向提供有益的参考。
容1.2 文章结构文章结构部分主要包括以下内容:1. 引言部分: 简要介绍驾驶员控制辅助系统的概念和重要性,说明本文的研究目的和意义。
2. 驾驶员控制辅助系统简介: 对驾驶员控制辅助系统进行详细的介绍,包括其定义、功能、原理等方面。
3. 欧洲标准对驾驶员控制辅助系统的要求: 分析欧洲标准对驾驶员控制辅助系统的规定和要求,探讨其对系统设计和应用的影响。
4. 驾驶员控制辅助系统的应用和发展: 探讨驾驶员控制辅助系统在汽车行业中的应用情况及发展趋势,包括技术创新、市场前景等方面的内容。
5. 结论部分: 总结驾驶员控制辅助系统的重要性和未来发展前景,强调其对汽车安全和行车舒适性的重要作用,并展望未来的发展方向和趋势。
以上是文章结构部分的内容,详细介绍了本文各部分的主要内容和目的。
1.3 目的本文的目的是探讨驾驶员控制辅助系统在欧洲标准中的重要性和要求。
我们将首先介绍驾驶员控制辅助系统的概念和作用,然后详细分析欧洲标准对这一系统的要求,并探讨其在汽车行业中的应用和发展。
通过本文的研究,读者将更加了解驾驶员控制辅助系统的重要性,以及其在未来发展中的潜力和前景。
希望通过对欧洲标准的探讨,能够为相关领域的研究和实践提供一定的参考和启发。
的部分的内容2.正文2.1 驾驶员控制辅助系统简介驾驶员控制辅助系统(Driver Control Assistance System,DCAS)是一种利用先进技术,帮助驾驶员更轻松地控制车辆的系统。
Driving has become an integral part of modern life,offering convenience and freedom to travel at ones own pace.Heres an essay on the topic of driving for travel:The Joy of Driving for TravelIn the contemporary world,the automobile has revolutionized the way we travel.The ability to drive ones own vehicle provides a sense of independence and control over ones journey that is unmatched by other modes of transportation.This essay will explore the various aspects of driving as a means of travel,from the preparation to the experience itself.Preparation for a Driving TripBefore embarking on a driving trip,thorough preparation is essential.This includes checking the vehicles condition,ensuring that the tires are properly inflated,the oil is changed,and the brakes are in good working order.Its also important to plan the route, taking into account factors such as traffic,road conditions,and weather forecasts.A wellplanned journey can significantly enhance the driving experience.The Experience of DrivingDriving offers a unique experience that allows one to enjoy the scenery at a pace that suits them.Unlike flying or taking a train,where the journey is often a blur,driving allows for stops at will,whether its to admire a picturesque view,grab a bite to eat,or simply stretch ones legs.This flexibility is one of the main attractions of driving for travel.The Sense of AdventureThere is a certain thrill in hitting the open road,with the destination set but the journey left to unfold.The unpredictability of the road can lead to unexpected discoveries and adventures.Whether its a quaint town one stumbles upon or a beautiful sunset witnessed from the car,these moments can make the trip memorable.Challenges and ConsiderationsWhile driving offers many benefits,it also comes with its own set of challenges.Fatigue, traffic congestion,and navigating unfamiliar roads can be daunting.Its important to takeregular breaks,stay alert,and be prepared for unexpected delays.Additionally,the environmental impact of driving should be considered,as it contributes to carbon emissions.The Role of TechnologyModern technology has made driving more enjoyable and safer.GPS navigation systems eliminate the need for paper maps and reduce the risk of getting lost.Advanced driverassistance systems ADAS such as adaptive cruise control and lanekeeping assist can make long drives less tiring and more secure.ConclusionIn conclusion,driving for travel is a versatile and personal way to explore the world.It offers a blend of freedom,adventure,and the opportunity to create ones own pace.With proper preparation and an appreciation for the journey,driving can be an enriching and rewarding experience.As technology continues to evolve,the future of driving promises to be even more exciting and efficient.This essay highlights the various facets of driving as a travel method,from the initial preparations to the actual experience and the role of technology in enhancing the journey.。
Driver Assistance:Contemporary Road Safety Andrew Dankers,Luke Fletcher,Lars Petersson,Alexander ZelinskyDepartment of Systems EngineeringResearch School of Information Sciences&EngineeringThe Australian National University{andrew,luke,larsp,alex}@.auAbstractDespite a trend towards increased road safety,fatal and/or serious accidents induce a signifi-cant toll each year.We work towards improvedroad safety through the development of an in-telligent driver assistance system that monitorsthe driver’s performance and assists with ve-hicle guidance.This complex task is decom-posed into subsystems including lane-keeping,obstacle avoidance,sign detection,monitoringof driver alertness,situation feedback to thedriver,and proactive and preemptive warn-ings.The set of subsystems combine to pro-duce the desired assistive control and monitor-ing behaviours.Sensing,feedback and actua-tion mechanisms are presented.Although re-finement and testing is currently in progress,some preliminary results and demonstrationsare provided with more thorough experimen-tation to be conducted shortly.1IntroductionRoad crashes are a huge cause of human trauma.Sincerecord keeping commenced in1925,there have been over169,000road fatalities in Australia,according to theATSB[Australian Transport Safety Bureau,2003].Inaddition to the burden of personal suffering,the mon-etary cost of crashes is in the order of$15billion perannum(1996data).From1970until2002the fatalityrate dropped from30.4to8.8deaths per100,000popu-lation.This rate reduction has been achieved despite ahuge increase in motor vehicle use,and an increasinglyaged driving population1.From1970to2002,the fatal-ity rate per10,000registered vehicles has dropped from8.0to1.4.In terms of100million vehicle-kilometres2Smart,Safe Research Vehicleproximity warning systems,accident avoidance camera systems,and rear collision warning systems.The contemporary concept of safety through preven-tion and preparedness is emerging as an automotive in-dustry philosophy.Minimising exposure to potentially risky situations can be achieved through increased driver awareness,and an understanding of the road-scene. Counteracting driver distractions,preventing speeding and lane drift,and reducing reaction times are but a few ways in which such risk can be reduced.Certainly, any efforts consistent with this philosophy of increased attention to safety directly benefits consumers and the automotive industry.1.1DirectionThe overall goal of our research is to investigate Driver Assistance Systems,that is,systems that can relieve the driver during distraction or warn about upcoming situa-tions and possibly take control of the car if an accident is imminent.This approach is different from creating fully autonomous vehicles where the driver becomes a passen-ger relying purely upon computer control.The driver assistance approach is more likely to be widely accepted by the public since the human driver maintains vehicle control.To complete a task such as driver assistance,it is bene-ficial to reduce the broad objectives into simpler,well de-fined competencies that can be assembled to give the de-sired outcome.Decomposing a system into well-defined and easily assessable subsystems reduces complexity and helps to define a path to achieving a complete system that behaves in a desired manner.Driving a car for example,can be reduced to a set of sub-tasks such as lane-keeping,obstacle avoidance,velocity control,path planning,etc.This integral approach is adopted in the development of the complete system for monitoring and assisting a driver.The research performed within this project is unique in that it does not only consider the environment outside of the car,but also what is happening inside.There are a number of competencies that are being considered in the project including the following:•Traffic situation monitoring•Vehicle state monitoring•Driver state monitoring•Communication with the driver•Vehicle control•Reasoning system1.2OutlineSection2introduces the hardware structure of the re-search platform including sensors,actuators andfeed-Figure2:The research platform vehicle.back subsystems.An elaboration of advanced subsys-tems and concepts is provided in section3.Subsystem processing and interactions for driver assistance are de-veloped in section4.Results are discussed in section 5,prior to suggestions for future work(section6)and conclusion(section7).2Research PlatformThe platform that is used in the project is a1999Toy-ota Landcruiser4WD.It is equipped with the appropri-ate sensors,actuators and other hardware to provide an environment in which the desired competencies can be implemented.An internal Ethernet network connects a number of computers to provide adequate computational resources. Currently,the normal configuration consists of three Pentium computers.Two are dedicated to performing computer vision tasks,the third controls the active vi-sion head and supports other less computationally inten-sive tasks.All vehicle sensors and actuators,other than cameras, are monitored and controlled respectively using a STG3 card.2.1Sensing SystemsAll sensors gather data that is made available to any pro-cessing threads using client/server architectures.Conse-quently,any threads operating in the vehicle can read data from any device without affecting other processes that may require data from the same sensor.An example is where lane-tracking and object detecting subsystems simultaneously use vision data from the cameras in sep-arate processes.A brief summary of sensors follows. Road Interaction SensorsBasic sensors used in the road interactions include numerous encoders,afibre-optic roll/pitch/yaw rota-tion rate gyro and solid state x/y/z accelerometer,gear/accelerator/break/indicator monitors,and steering angle potentiometer and encoder.More advanced sensor systems include a lane tracking system (see section 3),obstacle tracking system (section 3),sign detection system (section 3),GPS,SICK laser range scanner,and a Millimeter radar deviceDriver Interaction SensorsSensors used to monitor driver interactions include steer-ing strain gauges,a TFT touch-screen,Facelab (see sec-tion 3),voice recognition,and driver initiated system override mechanisms.DriverThe driver is the most trusted sensor.The system always obeys driver override,effectively making the driver the primary sensor.2.2Feedback and Actuation SystemsAs with sensing,feedback and actuation devices use client/server architectures whereby any pro-cesses/threads operating in the vehicle can access the ac-tuators.However,in general,the subsystems contribute to an overall desired system actuator state that is ef-fected by higher level processes.Driver FeedbackFeedback is delivered to the driver via mechanisms in-cluding steering-wheel haptic feedback,audio feedback and via the TFT display.ActuationThe factory-built cruise control actuator unit is used to manipulate vehicle acceleration.DC motors have been installed to actuate the break pedal and steering angle.Gaze control actuation for the vision system is via a high-speed,high accuracy Cable-Drive Active vision Robot (CeDAR)unit [Truong et al.,2000]incorporating com-mon tilt and independent pan axes (see section 3).The driver always has the ability to control/override vehicle actuation through the standard automobile interface.3Advanced SubsystemsBrief clarification of the advanced subsystems that have been implemented is now provided (section 3.1).Next,several subsystem concepts currently under research and development are introduced (section 3.2).3.1Implementation DetailsCeDAR is a high-speed,high precision stereo active vi-sion system [Truong et al.,2000].The novel mecha-nism is light-weight,yet capable of motions that ex-ceed human performance.Figure 3shows the stan-dard CeDAR unit,Figure 4shows how the unit has been inverted and mounted for use with driver as-sistance.Figure 3:The CeDARunit.Figure 4:CeDAR mounted on the research vehicle.Gaze Stabilisation.Because the vehicle uses an active vision system,visual data quality is improved by stabilising gaze with respect to the road.This pro-vides vertically stabilised images with significantly reduced image shift to any vision-based subsystem.Two mechanisms are adopted to reduce such retinal shift.A real-time software algorithm analyses suc-cessive images and shifts them such that detectedroll and elevations due to bumps on the road are reduced.Detecting slip and shifting of each image takes less than a millisecond in total.The active head gaze is continually moved to reduce the nec-essary software image shift to zero.The physical head gaze shift is a slightly lagging process due to pipeline effects but the speed of the software algo-rithm means that images are already visually sta-bilised.The second mechanism incorporates the use of gyro sensor data to detect bumps and rolls to control the active head such that retinal slip can be reduced by altering the gaze.This is also a slightly lagging process due to pipeline effects.The use of each of these mechanisms,or the combination of these mechanisms for increased robustness,permits that the effective horizon in the images appears sta-tionary in real-time.Lane Tracking involves developing an understanding of the position of the vehicle with respect to the boundaries of the lane along which it travels.We use a multi-cue,dual phase particlefilter system [Loy et al.,2002].Thefirst particlefilter searchesfor the the road width,the lateral offset of the ve-hicle from the centerline of the road and the yaw of the vehicle with respect to the centerline of the road.The second particlefilter captures the hor-izontal and vertical road curvature in the mid to far-field ranges using the state information captured by thefirst particlefine tracking cues were designed to be simple and efficient while being indi-vidually suited to a different set of road scenarios.Used independently,each cue could perform poorly, but when they are combined through the cue fusion process they produce a robust solution.Relevant cues adopted here include a lane marker cue,road edge cue,road colour cue,non-road colour bound-ary cue,road width cue and an elastic lane cue.See[Apostoloff,Zelinsky,2002]for further details regarding lane tracking.Figure5shows lane detec-tion for separate cues that contribute to the per-ceived lane position.Figure6is an example of lane detection output.Object Tracking involves the extraction and tracking of objects above and normal to the ground plane, including those on and adjacent to the road.Ob-Figure5:The top left image shows the video input to the lane tracker.The left column below shows preprocessed images which acts as input to the different particlefilters. In the middle column,the current set of hypotheses are overlaid in image space.The most likely hypothesis,or particle,for each cue is then shown in the rightmost column.The order of the cues from top to bottom is: Lane Marker Cue,Lane Edge Cue,Road Colour Cue and Non Road Colour Cue.Figure6:Lane tracker results.The coloured lines indi-cate the perceived lane position.jects include vehicles,pedestrians,trees,signposts etc.V-disparity[Labayrade,Aubert,2003]images are used to extract a segmented ground-plane hy-pothesis from stereo images of the road scene.Ob-jects above the ground-plane also emerge in the v-disparity image of the scene,and their presence is re-enforced by analysis of a depth map.The most rel-evant objects,including those on potential collision trajectories are tracked.Extracted objects can be analysed using support vector machines(SVM),to classify them.Objects are separated into two main categories,those commonly seen on the road,and those commonly offthe road,so that an inference of the road location can be obtained and matched with the lane tracker.For a broader road-scene awareness,objects on the road can potentially be sub-classified into trucks,cars,motorbikes,pedes-trians,etc,and likewise those offthe road can po-tentially be sub-classified into obstacles,signposts, etc.Refining the obstacle detection sub-system is the objective of current work.Sign Detection is used to gain a perception of road conditions ahead of the vehicle.As the signs we are interested in are are iconic in nature as opposed to textual,the problem remains an image classifica-tion problem rather than an optical character recog-nition(OCR)mon methods of such image classification have been based on off-line para-metric analysis or learned models such as artificial neural networks.Recently,SVM technologies have been producing excellent results classifying objects from raw images or from feature vectors.As speed-signs reliably appear radially symmetric, the circular hough transform can be used tospecifyFigure7:Objects(cars)detected in the road-scene.the centroid and radius of potential signs.A more recent and efficient technique is the fast symmetry transform(FST)as described by[Loy et al.,2002].This technique uses image gradients and a voting space to determine the number of pixels contribut-ing to a circle of a specified radius.A subset of radii can be tested and the results combined.The left in-set in Figure8shows the result of the fast symmetry transform on a typical road scene image.The radius with the maximum FST response is used to crop out the detected sign from the image.Detected signs are then cropped and resized to a standard size before classification.Once detected,a sign is classified to verify that the detected image is in fact a speed sign and to de-termine the speed of the sign(using a SVM).Two SVMs are used,thefirst is a binary classifier for the SPEEDSIGN/NOT-SPEEDSIGN distinction.The second is a multi-class classifier for speed dif-ferentiation:50,60,70,80,90and100.The split level categorisation allows training of each SVM to emphasise traits specific to the two cases instead of compromising false positive detection at the expense of speed classification and vice versa.Facelab is an advanced driver monitoring system com-ercialised by Seeing Machines,based on collabora-tive research and development work between ANU and Volvo Technological Development Corporation.Incorporating a passive stereo camera pair mounted on the dashboard of the vehicle,it analyses the driver’s head pose and gaze direction,providing in-formation on what the driver is likely to be looking at and if the driver is maintaining concentration on the road.Images are monitored in real-time to de-termine the3D position of matching features on theFigure 8:Sign detection.Inset images show (left)most likely sign positions,and (right)signs extracted and sized for SVM use.drivers face.Features are used to determine the pose of the face as well as eye gaze direction (±3deg),blink rates,and eye closure to determine the driver’s level ofalertness.Figure 9:Facelab cameras mounted to observe driver.3.2Advanced ConceptsTFT Telematics.The tft touch-screen device displaysthe road situation interpretation and all sensor data for driver assessment.Telematic applications that use computers and communications to provide infor-mation and support to drivers have a significant and increasing market presence.Predominant applica-tions include navigation,cellular phone interfaces,entertainment,traffic and emergency notification systems.Studies into the use of telemetric driver input reveal that as the interfaces visual demand increases,driving performance decreases [Tsimhoni,Figure 10:3D model of how Facelab perceives the driver’s head position and gaze.Additionally,top left inset shows results of lane detection,used to build Face-lab world model;top right inset shows the scenario.Green,2001].These products must be safe and easy to use and hence standards are being developed for positioning and designing telemetric interfaces for use while driving.With a safety-oriented system such as ours,these recommendations must be taken into account [Green,2001],[Mayer et al.,2002].Haptic steering feedback incorporates vibra-tional steering wheel feedback and steering torquefeedback.The steering strain gauges provide infor-mation on the significance of the driver’s steering guidance.If the force applied to the steering wheel by the driver is large,it suggests the the driver is not in agreement with system assistance,and override occurs.Conversely,the driver can feel the level of guidance through the steering wheel through force-feedback,and the manner in which the system is assisting steering.A haptic interface used to simulate rumble strips and other road surfaces also immediately suggests to the driver that they review their course.In a haptic warning lane departure study [Suzuki,2002],it was revealed that steering vibration was effective for lane departure situations.Haptic stimulus trans-mitted through the steering wheel was found to trig-ger an effective and beneficial mental response to lane departure and made interpreting road condi-tions more immediate,even if the driver was not briefed on what the signal was for,it simply stimu-lates the appropriate response.Audio feedback.Audio warnings can reduce driver re-action time by incorporating directional feedback to not only alert the driver,but by additionally assist-ing the driver’s search for its source by simulating the direction in which an warned event originates inrelation to the vehicle.However,research has shown that such reactions may require some driver train-ing and exposure to the system for directional au-dio to be effective [Suzuki,2002].The study found no significant difference between the use of monau-ral and directional stereo alerts (where drivers were not briefed that the stereo audio signified the di-rection of a warned event)until the driver became acquainted with the system.4Driver Assistance ProcessesSubsystem competencies are combined to produce de-sired system bahaviours.It is intuitive to categorise high-level behaviours into two main classes:those in-volved in controlling the vehicle through the perceived road-scene,and those involved in interactions with the driver.Figure 11sumarises the generalised subsysteminteractions.Figure 11:Subsystem interactions:The leftmost col-umn represents system generalised sensors,including ba-sic and advanced.The middle column shows desired be-haviours and planning competencies for road or driver interactions.These in turn lead to outputs,the right-most column.4.1Vehicle Control SystemsThe objective of the integrated vehicle control assistance subsystems is to determine the desired gaze upon road the road-scene,and to determine a safe vehicle position and path within the road-scene.The lane-tracker sensor provides information on the limits of the lane in which the vehicle is presently situated.The obstacle tracker gives areas to avoid within the road-scene.Sign de-tection can be used to provide a map-like expectation of what the vehicle is approaching.Reasoning systems combine this information with the basic sensor state data to continually plan the desired position and velocity of the vehicle.The desired present state with respect to the planned path is delivered to the actuators so that driver assistance is effected.Of course,during the inter-actions,the system takes input from driver actuation in preference to the automated actuation state,effectively using the driver as an additional and preferential sen-sor/actuator.4.2Driver Interaction SystemsThe driver interaction systems enable the driver to con-trol the vehicle through a standard vehicle actuation in-terface,guide the driver assistance systems,assess the system’s perceived road-scene structure,be alerted of perhaps unnoticed situations,and be monitored for driv-ing performance and alertness.This is effected via a summary display on the tft touch screen,showing all system sensor states and any warn-ings.Warnings may include approaching obstacles,signs that may have been overlooked,speeding,driver alert-ness,or system concerns.These visual warnings may also be combined with audio and vibrational warnings.For example,if the system detects that the driver is unin-tentionally departing a lane (where for example,no pre-emptive lane changing indicators were activated),vibra-tional haptic steering feedback (simulating lane bound-ary rumble stripes),a visual warning on the tft screen,and a directional audio warning will combine to alert the driver.In general,the warning signals are combined to most effectively alert the driver as to what sort of warn-ing is occurring and the direction from which the warning originated from,so that reaction times are reduced.If the driver interaction systems determine that the driver’s level of alertness is unacceptable,or that any form of collision is imminent,precautionary actions are executed.For example,where the system detects driver distraction,it is handled by first warning the driver;if the driver does not react,a critical warning reveals the system’s intention to go off-line (shut down driver as-sistance),or pull over -rather than assuming complete autonomous control of the vehicle.5ResultsTesting has proven the usefulness of all individual vehi-cle subsystems including all installed sensory devices and all actuators.The advanced subsystems discussed herein have been shown to implement the desired competencies in real-time under real road conditions (see demonstra-tion footage).Lane tracking,gaze stabilisation,obstacle detection,driver gaze detection and sign detection sub-systems all produce consistently impressive results.Presently,experimentation is being developed to help assess and improve the system in its complete form.Re-sults of more thorough testing will be available shortly,in preparation for vehicle demonstration at the IntelligentVehicle Conference to be held at Eastern Creek Raceway in early2004.Demonstration result footage is available online. Please see section7for details.6Future WorkIn addition to experimentation,planned work includes the addition and refinement of mechanisms including:•Head-up display.•Speech recognition input,minimising driver distrac-tion[Tsimhoni et al.,2002].•GPS navigation assistance.•Millimeter radar incorporation.•SICK laser scanner device incorporation for in-creased road-scene awareness and confirmation of visual data.Additional driver assistance systems and competencies potentially include:•Night driving assistance.A driver’s ability to adjust to low light conditions and to recover from the glare is affected by oncoming headlights.Additionally,at the age of55,human eyes require eight times as long to recover from glare as at age16[Wisconsin Govt., 2003].Using a transparent LCD head-up-display overlay on the windscreen,and Facelab,the glare from oncoming vehicle lights can be eliminated by shadowing the relevant parts of the windscreen.•Blind spot sensing.Presently,our efforts concen-trate on what happens in front of the vehicle.A system that also senses regions that are visually oc-cluded for the driver may provide information that would otherwise have been unnoticed.•Destination detection.Reducing distractions such as map-reading and destination searching as they are approached(an address,building,etc)will not only allow drivers to maintain concentration on the road,but will also give the driver routing assistance in unfamiliar areas.•Injury to pedestrians is a significant road-safety is-sue.Driver assistance systems that react to the de-tection of potentially endangered pedestrians could prevent accidents involving pedestrians.•Active visual tracking of most significant gaze-points with natural return to stabilised gaze upon the road-scene horizon.Gaze may be trained on ob-jects of interest such as those that may collide with the vehicle,signs,etc.•Object classification to gain an increased under-standing of the road-scene and enable additionalbehaviours such as following other vehicles,and un-derstanding the behaviours of objects common in the road-scene.Finally,in order that benefits be well understood,an impact study is planned to assess the effectiveness of the driver assistance system.7ConclusionThe significant rate-reduction in serious road accidents over recent years can be attributed to an industry trend towards advancing vehicle safety systems.In accordance with this philosophy,we have developed systems that monitor both the road and the driver,providing feedback and assistance for increased safety.Basic sensors as well as advanced sensing systems such as lane-tracking,ob-stacle detection,and sign detection allow the vehicle to safe-guard the driver’s performance.Driver monitoring systems are used to maintain the drivers level of alert-ness.Effective feedback mechanisms provide the driver with sensory information with minimal distraction,and warnings that encourage constructive reactions.Intu-itive driver interfaces allow easy driver input to the sys-tem.Results from real-world testing has proven the effec-tiveness of subsystems.Experimentation to be con-ducted shortly will evaluate the impact of the driver assistance system as a whole on driver safety and per-formance.DemonstrationsThe system will be demonstrated live in October at the Intelligent Vehicles Conference,Eastern Creek Raceway. We will work towards demonstrating the vehicle during the ACRA conference.Presently,additional demonstration footage is avail-able online.Demonstration footage includes:•Lane tracking•Lane keeping•Gaze stabilisation•Object detection•Object tracking•Driver alertness monitoring•Driver gaze detection•Sign detection•Introduction to the platformFootage can be viewed at:.au/rslReferences[Australian Transport Safety Bureau,2003]Australian Transport Safety Bureau(ATSB)Road Safety Statis-tics..au.[Truong et al.,2000]Truong H.Abdal-lah S.Rougeaux S.Zelinsky A.A novel mechanism for stereo active vision.In Proceedings of the Australian Conference on Robotics and Automation(2000) [Fletcher et al.,2001]Fletcher L.ApostoloffN.Chen J. 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