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医学影像学考博复习题（由⽹上能收集的资源整理⽽成）总论名词解释1.体素:CT图像实际上是⼈体某⼀部位有⼀定厚度的体层图像。
我们将成像的体层分成按矩阵排列的若⼲个⼩的基本单元。
⽽以⼀个CT值综合代表每个⼩单元内的物质密度。
这些⼩单元就称为体素。
同样，⼀幅CT图像是由很多按矩阵排列的⼩单元组成，这些组成图像的基本单元被称为像素。
体素是⼀个三维概念，像素是⼀个⼆维概念。
像素实际上是体素在成像时的表现。
像素越⼩，越能分辨图像的细节。
2.CR:计算机X线摄影(computed radiography，CR)，是⼀种数字化的X线成像技术。
是将透过⼈体的X线影像信息记录在影像板上，经过读取、处理和显⽰等步骤，显⽰出数字化图像。
数字化图像适合于图像的存储、传输、教学、远程医疗、三维重建处理和信息放射学的开发和临床应⽤。
3.DR:4.矩阵:表⽰⼀个横成⾏，纵成列的数字阵列，将受检层⾯分割成⽆数的⼩⽴⽅体，这些⼩⽴⽅体就是象素。
当图像⾯积为⼀个固定值时，象素尺⼨越⼩，组成的CT图像矩阵越⼤，图像越清晰。
反之依然。
5.空间分辨率：⼜成为⾼对⽐分辨率，是指在保证⼀定的密度差的前提下，显⽰待分辩组织⼏何形态的能⼒。
常⽤每cm内的线对数或⽤可分辩最⼩物体的直径来表⽰。
6.密度分辨率：⼜称为对⽐分辨率，是指在低对⽐情况下分辩组织密度细⼩差别的能⼒。
7.时间分辨率：为单位时间内可采集影像最多帧数，反映为单⼀层⾯的成像时间及可连续采集影像的能⼒。
8.Z轴分辨率：即纵向分辨率，它的含义是扫描床移动⽅向或⼈体长轴⽅向的图像分辩细节的能⼒，它表⽰肋CT机多平⾯核三维成像的能⼒。
扫描的最薄层厚决定Z轴⽅向的分辩能⼒。
9.CT值：X线穿过⼈体的过程中，计算出每个单位容积的X线吸收系数（亦称衰减系数ü值）。
将ü值转换就得到CT值，以作为表达组织密度的统⼀单位。
10.DSA：是80年代兴起的⼀项新的医学影像技术。
其主要特点是将⾎管造影时采集的X线荧光屏影像经影像增强器增强后形成视频影像，再经过对数增幅、模数转换、对⽐度增强和减影处理，产⽣数字减影⾎管造影图像，使所得的影像质量较常规⾎管造影⼤⼤提⾼。
同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。
2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。
3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。
4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。
5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。
2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。
请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。
简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。
并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。
注：名解是用英文出的。
3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.同济医科大学 2001年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(15*21 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题(每人必选一题,但是不能选本专业试题,否则没有分数10分 /题1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病?如何诊治?4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求二、专业题(一名词解释 (4分 /题1 尿失禁2 肾积脓3 石街4 精索静脉曲张5 鞘膜积液(二问答题1 试述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗(15分2 试述上尿路结石的诊断及治疗新进展(12分3 试述肾盂癌的诊断和处理原则(13分同济医科大学 2002年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(3分 /题1 脑再灌注损伤2 中厚皮片(二问答题(12分 /题1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题一、名词解释(3分 /题1 尿频2 PSA3 少尿 /无尿4 肾积水5 皮质醇症二、问答题1简述尿失禁的分类及常见原因(10分2 男性前尿道损伤的治疗原则(15分3 膀胱移行细胞癌的临床分期?表浅膀胱癌的治疗原则(15分4 良性前列腺增生的诊断和鉴别诊断(15分同济医科大学 2003年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(5*21 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS2全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡(二问答题(5*61 灭菌与消毒有何区别?2 高钾血症的原因有哪些?如何诊断和处理?3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症?如何处理?4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?二、专业题(一名词解释(4*31 膀胱破裂的导尿实验2 K抗原3 前列腺痛4 肾皮质结核(二问答题(8*61 什么叫尿频,引起尿频的原因有哪些?2 叙述多囊肾的病因及分类3 叙述分段尿及前列腺培养检查方法4 叙述双侧上尿路结石的手术原则5 叙述膀胱镜下各期膀胱肿瘤的肉眼特征6 叙述肾积水的常见原因7 原发性醛固酮增多症有那些临床表现?8 叙述精索静脉曲张的发病机理同济医科大学 2005年泌尿外科(博士公共部分:一、名解SIADH SIRS二、问答:1、成分输血的种类及适应症2、肠源性感染的发病机制3、代酸的分型及常见原因泌外:一、名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二、问答1、简述 BPH 的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2、上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3、前列腺癌的治疗4、肾结核的鉴别诊断同济医科大学 2006年泌尿外科(博士外科公共部分名词解释 :基因诊断条件性感染CARS问答 :1、肠内营养的适应症2、自体输血的适应症及禁忌症泌尿外科部分名词解释 :肾后性肾功衰微创泌尿外科充盈性尿失禁尿崩症问答 :1、输尿管反流的原因危害及处理2、泌尿系感染与妇科生理变化的关系3、 KUB 的作用4、膀胱造瘘的并发症及预防27. 同济医科大学分子生物学(博士[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:57同济医科大学 2001年分子生物学(博士一、英汉互译下列名词,并加以解释 (30分1、 transposable element2、 restriction enzyme3、 derepression4、 gene therapy5、 calmo dulin6、操纵子7、反式作用因子8、基因组9、原癌基因10、多克隆位点二、试述反式作用因子的结构特征及作用方式 (20分三、试述 2型限制酶的功能与特性 (20分四、试述影响原核基因转录的因素 (20分五、试述病毒核酸的结构特点 (10分华中科技大学同济医学院 2002年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:分子生物学(基础课科目代码:811一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 假基因4. 微卫星序列5. 回文结构6. 启动子7. 癌基因 8. 多克隆位点 9. 增强子 10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共 3小题,每小题 10分,共 30分1. 若要获得 IL-2的基因工程产品,你应该怎么做?2. 真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么?根据它们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型?它们和 DNA 相互识别的原理是什么?3. 简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式?三选答题(任选 2小题,每小题 10分,共 20分1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划(HGMP 完成的意义(蒲А⒕ ? 济和社会的??BR>3.分子生物学实验中所涉及的引物有哪几种,各有什么用途和特点?4. 简述 3~4种 PCR 衍生技术及其应用同济医科大学 2003年分子生物学(博士一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 断裂基因4. 双脱氧核苷酸(简单5. 多克隆位点6. 启动子7. 癌基因8. 核糖体结合位点(简单9. 增强子10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共3小题,每小题10分,共30分1. 什么是分子克隆技术?它的主要步骤是什么?2. 真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。
Simulated FA TMD TestPAPER ONEPart I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections1. A. T o do some experiments. B. To attend a class.C. To review his lessons.D. To take a test.2. A. In a hotel. B. In the hospital.C. In the prison.D. At the airport.3. A. He got an ulcer in his stomach.B. He got hurt in the soccer game.C. He will be discharged soon.D. He got his tumor removed.4. A. She told a lie so as not to hurt Jimmy.B. She left because she had a headache.C. She hurt Jimmy by telling him a lie.D. She slept off her headache.5. A. His new car is not fast enough.B. His new car moves very fast.C. His new car is a real bargain.D. His new car is somewhat of a financial burden.6. A. Get more time to relax.B. T ake some tranquilizers.C. Seek a second opinion.D. Avoid her responsibilities.7. A. He got a headache while establishing the institute.B. He ha a hard time getting the institute stated.C. Everything was OK at the beginning.D. It is impossible to open such an institute in Seoul.8. A. Excited. B. Frustrated. C. Annoyed. D. Relieved.9. A. Each class lasts an hour.B. The class is meeting in an hour and a half.C. The class meets fours and a half per week.D. The class meets for half an hour three times a week.10. A. The woman was a good skier.B. The woman chouldn’t ski.C. The woman didn’t intend to go skiing.D. Twoman didn’t like Swiss.11. A. She’s an insurance agent.B. She’s an insurance client.C. She’s a bank clerk.D. She’s a driver.12. A. He tripped over some crutcher.B. He had rheumatism in his legs.C. He sprained his foot.D. He broke his leg.13. A.The vacation is almost gone.B. The vacation has just started.C. They are prepared for the new semester.D. They can’t wait for the new semester.14. A. She was knocked down by a feather.B. She is shamed of Larry.C. She was really surprised.D. She was proud of Larry.15. A. T o visit his son. B. T o perform an operation.C. T o have an operation.D. T o send his son for an operation.Section BPassage One16. A. A pharmacist. B. A visitorC. A physicianD. A dieter.17. A. Cough. B. Diarrhea.C. Headache.D. Stomach upset.18. A. Pain-killers. B. Cough syrup.C. Anti-diarrheas.D. Indigestion tablets.19. A. The cold weather.B. Tirdness caused by traveling.C. The strange food the had eaten.D. The greasy food he had eaten.20. A. T ake the medicine from the woman.B. Go to see a specialist.C. Stop eating and drinking for a few days.D. Stay in bed for a couple of days.Passage Two21. A. Headaches B. Insomnia.C. Respiratory problems.D. Digestive problems.22. A. On Monday in Edinburgh.B. On Wednesday in Edinburgh.C. On Monday at Staffordshire University.D. On Wednesday at Staffordshire University.23. A. 94. B. 41 C. 130 D. 13524. A. The subjects were asked to write of their free will.B. The subjects were asked to write in a systematic way.C. The subjects were asked to say how often they made entries.D. The subjects were asked if they had written down anythingtraumatic.25. A. The diarists who write of their free will.B. The diarists who were students at Staffordshire University.C. The diarists who had written about trauma.D. The non-diarists who were susceptible to headaches.Passage Three26. A. A brief history of British pubs.B. Beer-the-British national drink.C. V arious attempts made to curb drinking in a Britain.D. The frustrating opening and closing hours of British pubs.27. A. As early as 659AD.B. After 659AD.C. Before the Roman invasion .D. After the Roman invasion.28. A. T o restrict drinking hours.B. T o restrict travelers to certain drinks.C. T o encourage the locals to drink in other towns.D. T o encourage inns to lodge various kinds of people.29. A. People were better off.B. The government failed to persuade people from drinking.C. There apperared a new cheap drink.D. Drinkers had found various ways to get around the laws.30. A. The licensing hours have been extended.B. Old people are not allowed to drink in pubs.C. Children are not allowed yet to drink in pubs.D. Big changes have taken place in pubs.Part II V ocabulary(10%)Section A31. The doctor gave him an injection in order to ________the pain.A. alleviateB. aggregateC. abolishD. allocate32. His broken arm healed well, but sh died of the pneumonia whichfollowed as a _______.A. complementB. complimentC. fell uponD. complication33.Unfortunately,our vacation plans _________on account oftransport strike.A. fell backB. fell throughC. fell uponD. fell to34. The _______ climate of Hawaii attracts visitors from all over theworld every year.A. genialB. frigidC. genuineD. foul35. This is the _______ in which the organism lives most effecitively.A. optimumB. optionC. ordealD. orbit36. The doctor suggests that a good holiday in the country should_______ him _____ nicely after his operation.A. set….outB. set….upC. set….offD. set…aside37. His behavior was so ______ that ever the merciful people couldnot forgive him.A. uniqueB. unconventionalC. brutalD. brilliant38. ________ to your present job until you can get a better one.A. Hang aboutB. Hang backC. Hang behindD. Hang on39. Suffering from his leg illness, T om is very _______ nowadays.A. emaciatedB. eligibleC. elasticD. exceptional40. He saved some money for artistic ______ such as fine paintings.A. donationsB. profitsC. luxuriesD. lures.Section BDirections:(略)41. It has been proved that the chemical is lethal to rats but safe forcattle.A. fatalB. reactiveC. uniqueD. vital42. T o their surprise, she has been nominated as candidate for thePresidency.A. recognizedB. definedC. appointedD. promoted43. We cannot look down our opponent, who is an experiencedswimmer.A. playerB. competitorC. refereeD. partner44. She is regarded as a good nurse in that she attends to patientswithout any complaint.A. sees throughB. looks overC. takes inD. cares for45. It is well known that the minimum penalty for this crime is2years’ imprisonment.A. convictionB. spanC. mercyD. punishment46. The whole area of the national and local governments tried towipe out rats to prevent the spread of disease.A. exterminateB. dominateC. determinateD. contaminate47. All the students are afraid of him since he is always severe withthem.A. vigorousB. rigorousC. vigilantD. rigid48. The biggest engineering project that they undertook wasencumbered by lack of funds.A. cancelledB. condensedC. hamperedD. haunted49. In order to be a successful diplomat you must be enthusiastic andmagnetic.A. arrogantB. industriousC. zealousD. attractive50. He is successful as a doctor because of his dynamic personality, heseems to have unlimited energy.A. meticulousB. vigorousC. aggressiveD. arbitrary Directions:略Many Canadians enjoy the luxury of a large amount of living space. Canada is vast, and the nomes are large according to the standards of many countries. Even 51 inner cities fo not reach the extremes found in other parts of world.Canadians appreciate the space and value their privacy. Sincefamilies are generally small, many Canadian children enjoy the luxury of their own bedroom. Having more than one bathroom in a house is also considered a modern 52 .Many rooms in Canadian homes have specialized functions. “Family room” are popular features in modern houses; these are53 , “living room”since many living room have become reserved for entertaining. Some homes have formal and informal dining areas, 54 .Recreational homes are also popular 55 Canadians. Some Canadians own summer homes,cottages,or camps. These may 56 from a small one-room cabin to a luxurious building that rivals the comforts of the regular residence. Some cottages are winterized for year-round use. Cottages offer people the chance to “get away from it all.”They are so popular that summer weekend traffic jams are common, especially in large cities such as T oronto, where the number of people leaving town of Friday night and returning Sunday night 57 the highways for hours.Sometimes, living in ,Canada means not only having privacy, but also being isolated. Mobility has become a part of modern life; people often do not live in one place long enough to 58 to know their neighbors. T enants live their own lives in theirapartments or townhouses. Even in private residential areas, where there is some 59 , neighborhood life is not as close-knit as it once was. There seems to be 60 of a communal spirit. Life today is so hectic that there is often little time.。
放射医学考试题（附参考答案）一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1、关于马蹄肾的描述,错误的是A、左右肾下极联合B、偶见左右肾上极联合C、有多根肾动脉D、易并发肾肿瘤E、左右输尿管自肾门通过肾联合正确答案：D2、十二指肠淤积症形成的主要原因是A、十二指肠动力功能失调B、先天性畸形C、肠系膜上动脉压迫D、胰腺肿瘤E、十二指肠炎性狭窄正确答案：C3、关于肺真菌病的X线,错误的是A、没有肋骨破坏、胸腔瘘管和皮肤真菌病B、肺纹理明显增强,其周围可见斑点片状阴影,甚至支气管肺炎C、单侧或双侧肺内淡片状影,可有边缘不清的结节影,中下肺野多见病灶,发展迅速,数日内可融合成大片影D、病灶中央可出现空洞,周边无明显炎性浸润,内无液平面E、胸膜常受累,导致胸膜炎、胸腔积液、胸膜增厚等正确答案：A4、关于分水岭梗死的说法,不正确的是A、分水岭梗死是发生于两支血管供血区交界部位的脑梗死B、分水岭梗死的病因是血流动力学障碍C、可分为前分水岭脑梗死、后分水岭脑梗死、皮质下分水岭脑梗死和基底核分水岭脑梗死D、以大脑前动脉和大脑中动脉交界区最常见E、以大脑中动脉和大脑后动脉交界区最常见正确答案：D5、良性骨肿瘤的化验检查结果是A、血色素正常,白细胞计数高,肿瘤细胞形态正常B、血色素正常,碱性磷酸酶正常,肿瘤细胞形态近于正常C、血色素降低,碱性磷酸酶正常,肿瘤细胞形态正常D、血色素正常,碱性磷酸酶升高,肿瘤细胞异形多E、血色素偏低,碱性磷酸酶升高,肿瘤细胞异形多正确答案：B6、关于化脓性关节炎的说法,错误的是A、好发于儿童和婴儿B、好发于承重大关节并多为双侧C、早期关节囊肿胀,局部骨质疏松D、MRI敏感性高于X线CTE、晚期多发生骨性强直正确答案：E7、患者男,28岁。
腹痛、呕吐。
CT示胰腺弥漫性增大,结构不清,胰周有较多渗液,部分包裹,局部可见气泡影。
诊断为A、急性水肿性胰腺炎B、急性坏死性胰腺炎C、急性胰腺炎,假囊肿形成D、急性胰腺炎,脓肿形成E、急性胰腺炎,伴有出血正确答案：D8、MRI扫描“包膜征”最常见于A、肝血管瘤B、炎性假瘤C、肝腺瘤D、原发性肝癌E、转移性肝癌正确答案：D9、关于单纯性骨囊肿的描述,错误的是A、常合并病理骨折B、病变长轴方向与骨干一致C、边界清楚圆形、卵圆形透亮区D、好发于长骨,以肱骨上端最多见E、常无硬化边正确答案：E10、患者男,65岁。
