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西方经济学高鸿业主编第13章课后习题答案（Western economics, Gao Hongye, editor, thirteenth chapters, after-schoolExercises answer）1. in the two sector of the economy, equilibrium occurs when(C).A. actual savings equals actual investment;B. actual consumption plus actual investment equals output value;C. plans to save is equal to planned investment;D. total investment equals the income of the enterprise sector.2. when the consumption function is C = Aby (a>0,0<b<1), which showed that the average propensity to consume (A).A. is greater than marginal propensity to consume;B. is less than marginal propensity to consume;C. equals marginal propensity to consume; three cases aboveD. are possible.3., if the marginal propensity to save is 0.3, the investment expenditure will increase by 6 billion yuan, which will lead to an increase in the balanced income GDP (D).A. 2 billion yuan;B. 6 billion yuan;C. 18 billion yuan;D.20 billion yuan.4., in the balanced output level, whether the planned inventory investment and unplanned inventory investment must be zero?Answer: when a balanced production level is reached, the planned inventory investment is generally not zero, rather than the planned inventory investment must be zero. This is because the planned inventory investment is part of the planned investment, and the balanced output equals the output of the consumption plus planned investment, so the planned inventory is not necessarily zero. When the planned inventory increases, the inventory investment is greater than zero; when the planned inventory decreases, the inventory investment is less than zero. It should be pointed out that the stock is the stock, the stock investment is the flow, and the stock investment refers to the stock change. At the equilibrium level of output and inventory investment plan is part of a plan to invest, it is not zero, but the non planned inventory investment must be zero, if unplanned inventory investment is not zero, then it is not a balanced output. For example, enterprises wrongly estimated the situation, exceeded the market demand and produced more products, resulting in unplanned inventory investment.5. can the marginal propensity to consume and the average propensity to consume be always greater than zero and less than 1?Answer: consumption tendency is the relation between consumption expenditure and income, also called consumption function. The relationship between consumption expenditure and income can be studied from two aspects, one is the relationship between consumption expenditure and income variables, this is the marginal propensity to consume (can use the formula MPC = y or MPC = delta C delta dcdy), two is to investigate certainincome level of consumer spending in the relationship between the quantity and the this is the amount of income, the average propensity to consume (can use the formula APC = CY). The marginal propensity to consume is greater than zero and less than 1 of the total, because generally, increased consumer income, not only does not increase consumption is MPC = delta C delta y = 0, also won't increase revenue to increase consumption, the general situation is a part for increasing consumption, the other part is used to increase savings, i.e. y = C + delta delta delta s, therefore, delta C delta y + delta s delta y = 1, so, delta C delta y = 1 delta s delta y. As long as Delta s, delta y is not equal to 1 or 0, there are 0 < C, delta y < 1. However, the average propensity to consume is not always greater than zero, but less than 1. When people earn very little or even zero, they have to consume, even if they borrow money. Then the average propensity to consume will be greater than 1.6. what is Keynes's law and what is the social and economic background put forward by Keynes's law?Answer: the so-called Keynes Law refers to, no matter how much for the demand, economic system can provide the supply amount corresponding to the same price, that is to say the total social demand changes, will only cause the yield and income changes, until the supply and demand are equal, without causing a price change. This law is the background of Keynes's writing, "employment, interest and money" a book, the 1929 and 1933 in the western world economic depression, a large number of unemployed workers, a large number of idle resources. In this case, the increase in aggregate social demand will only makeuse of idle resources and increase production, rather than raise resource prices, so that product costs and prices can remain largely the same. The Keynes's law is thought to be suitable for short-term analysis. In the short run, prices are volatile and when social demand changes, firms first consider adjusting output rather than variable prices.7. the government purchase and government transfer payment belong to government spending, why the calculation of total demand of national income is only in government purchases excluding government transfer payments, which is why Cig (y = Xm) rather than Cigtr (y = Xm)?Answer: the government has increased transfer payments, although it has an impact on aggregate demand, but this effect is achieved by increasing disposable income and increasing consumer spending. If the transfer payment is included in the aggregate demand, the repeated calculation in the aggregate demand calculation will be formed. For example, the government increases the transfer payment by 1 billion yuan, assuming that the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, which will increase consumption by 800 million yuan. Here, the first round of aggregate demand increased by 800 million yuan, not 1 billion 800 million yuan. But if the 1 billion yuan transfer payment is also regarded as an increase in aggregate demand, then it is repeated calculation, that is, 1 billion yuan at a time,It's 800 million yuan at a time.8. why some western economists believe that a portion of national income from the rich to the poor will increase thetotal income level? Answer: their reason is that the rich consumption tendency and lower propensity to save is higher, while the poor and high consumption propensity (because of the poor low income, in order to maintain the basic living standards, the proportion of their spending in income must be greater than the rich, so) will be part of the national income from the rich to the poor that can improve the whole society consumption tendency, so as to improve the whole society's total consumption expenditure level, so the total output or total income will increase.9., why is the absolute value of the government expenditure multiplier larger than the absolute value of the government tax multiplier and the government transfer payment multiplier?Answer: the government (purchase) expenditure directly affects total expenditure, the change of both is the same direction. Changes in total expenditure are several times the amount of government purchases. This multiple is the government's purchase multiplier. But taxation does not directly affect total expenditure, which affects consumer spending by changing people's disposable income, and then affects total expenditure. Tax changes are in reverse direction with changes in total expenditure. When taxes increase (tax rates rise or tax base increases), people's disposable income decreases, consumption decreases, and total expenditure decreases. Total expenditure reductions are several times greater than taxes, and vice versa. This multiple is the tax multiplier. Since tax revenue does not directly affect total expenditure, it will affect consumer spending by changing people's disposable income, and then affect total expenditure. Therefore, the absolute value of thetax multiplier is less than the absolute value of the government purchase expenditure. For example, an increase of 1 billion yuan to buy a government, to increase 1 billion yuan of total demand, but the tax 1 billion yuan, will make people more disposable income of 1 billion yuan, if the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, one begins to increase consumer demand is only 800 million yuan, so the government spending multiplier of the absolute values of it must be greater than the tax multiplier.Government transfer payment impact on total expenditure is similar to tax, also indirectly affect the total expenditure, but also by changing people's disposable income to affect consumer spending and spending; the absolute value and the government transfer payment multiplier and the tax multiplier is as large as the. But unlike taxes, the government transfers payments in the same direction as the government purchases, but the government transfer payment multiplier is smaller than the government purchase multiplier.10. what is the mechanism of the balanced budget multiplier?Answer: a balanced budget multiplier is the ratio of changes in national revenues to changes in government revenues and expenditures when the amount of government revenue and expenditure increases or decreases in the same amount. In theory, the balanced budget multiplier equals 1. That is to say, if the government increases the expenditure of one yuan and increases the tax on one yuan of money, it will increase the national income by one yuan, because the government's expenditure multiplier is larger than the tax multiplier. Ifyou use the formula that is t = delta delta G (assuming that the transfer payment, and income tr constant) change is determined by the total expenditure changes, that is y = C + I + delta delta delta G, delta I assumes that the investment is unchanged, namely = 0, y = C +, delta delta delta G. The delta C = YD = beta (beta delta delta y delta T), therefore, there is y = P (Y - t) + delta G = P (Y - G) + delta (delta T = g for a g), the authors obtainedY (1 - beta) = delta G (1 - beta)Visible, delta y = g = 1 - beta 1 - beta = 1, i.e. balanced budget multiplier (expressed in KB), KB = g, delta y = 1.This conclusion can also be obtained by directly adding the government purchase expenditure multiplier and the tax multiplierKgkt = 11 - beta (1t) + - beta (1t) beta 1 (1t) = 111., why have some of the multipliers in the closed economy become smaller after foreign trade?Answer: in the closed economy, investment and government expenditures increase multiples of the national income increase is 11 - and beta have foreign trade after the multiple became M (11 - beta beta here and M denote the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to import), obviously the multiplier becomes small, this is mainly due to a part of the increase the income now used to buy imported goods.12. what is the difference between the three ways in which taxes, government purchases and transfer payments affect aggregate demand?Answer: aggregate demand consists of four components: consumer spending, investment spending, government purchases, and net exports.Taxation does not directly affect aggregate demand. It affects consumer spending by changing people's disposable income, and then affects aggregate demand. The change in taxation is in reverse direction with the change in aggregate demand. As taxes increase (tax rates rise or tax base increases), people's disposable income decreases, consumption decreases, and aggregate demand decreases. The decrease in aggregate demand is several times the increase in taxes, and vice versa. This multiple is the tax multiplier.Government purchase expenditure directly affects aggregate demand, and both change in the same direction. Changes in aggregate demand are also several times the amount of government purchases,This multiple is the government's buying multiplier.The impact of government transfer payments on aggregate demand is similar to taxation, which indirectly affects aggregate demand, as well as changes in people's disposable income, thereby affecting consumer spending and aggregate demand. Moreover, the absolute value of the government transfer payment multiplier and the tax multiplier is the same. But unlike taxes,the government transfer payments change in the same way as the government purchases, but the government transfer payment multiplier is smaller than the government purchase multiplier.These three variables (taxes, government purchases and government transfer payments) are variables that the government can control, and policies that control these variables are called fiscal policies. The government can regulate the economic operation through fiscal policy.For example, an increase of $1 in government spending initially increased aggregate demand by $1, as government purchases were directly related to the demand for end products. But increase the transfer payment of 1 dollars and 1 dollars to reduce taxes, just make people disposable income increased by $1, if the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, while consumer spending increased only $0.8, the $0.8 is $1 increase transfer payments and tax cuts of $1 in the first round of the final product demand increases, the the difference between the government transfer payment and tax multipliers are equal and opposite, the absolute value of the government purchase multiplier is greater than the government transfer payment multiplier and the absolute value of the tax multiplier.The 13. assumption of an economy's consumption function is C = 1000.8yd investment, I = 50, g = 200 government purchase expenditure, government transfer payment tr = 62.5, t = 250 (tax unit for $1 billion).(1) seeking balanced income.(2) try to find the investment multiplier, the government expenditure multiplier, the tax multiplier, the transfer payment multiplier and the balanced budget multiplier.Answer: (1) by equationsSolvable y = 1000 ($100 million), so the balanced income level is $100 billion.(2) we can obtain the multiplier value directly according to the formula of the multiplier in the three sector economyInvestment Multiplier: ki = 11 - beta = 110.8 = 5Government spending multiplier: kg = 5 (equal to the investment multiplier)Tax Multiplier: KT = - 1 - beta beta = 0.810.8 = 4Transfer Payment Multiplier: KTR = 1 beta beta = 0.810.8 = 4The balanced budget multiplier is equal to the sum of government spending (purchase) multiplier and tax multiplierKB = Kgkt = 5 (4) = 1In the 14. part, assuming that the society to achieve the needs of full employment, national income is 1200, ask: (1) increase in government purchases; (2) to reduce taxes; (3) with the same amount of increase in government purchases and taxes (in order to balance the budget) to achieve full employment, the amountof how much?Answer: the question clearly uses a variety of multipliers. Originally balanced income is 1000, now need to reach 1200, then the gap = y = 200.(1) increase the government purchase of delta G = ykG = 2005 = 40.(2) decrease of tax = t = 200|kt| = 2004 = 50.(3) from the balanced budget multiplier equals 1, we can see that 200 of the government purchases and 200 of the tax revenue can achieve full employment.15. assume that the consumption function of economy and society in a C = 300.8yd, net tax total tax minus government transfer payment amount after TN = 50, investment I = 60, g = 50 government purchase expenditure and net export balance that exports minus imports after NX = 500.05y, for: (1) balance of income; (2) in the equilibrium level of income on the net export balance; (3) investment multiplier; (4) investment from 60 to 70 when the balance of income and net export balance; (5) when the equilibrium income net exports from NX = 50 to NX = 40 0.05y - 0.05y and net export balance.Answer: (1) disposable income: YD = Ytn = Y50Consumption: C = 300.8 (Y50)= 300.8y40= 0.8y10Equilibrium income: y = Cignx= 0.8y106050500.05y= 0.75y150The solution is y = 1500.25 = 600, i.e., the equilibrium income is 600.(2) net export balance:Nx = 500.05y = 500.05 x 600 = 20(3) investment multiplier ki = 110.80.05 = 4.(4) when the investment increased from 60 to 70, there wereY = Cignx= 0.8y107050500.05y= 0.75y160The solution is y = 1600.25 = 640, i.e., the equilibrium income is 640.Net export balance:Nx = 500.05y = 500.05 x 640 = 5032 = 18(5) the equilibrium income of the net export function changed from NX = 50 - 0.05y to NX = 40 - 0.05y:Y = Cignx= 0.8y106050400.05y= 0.75y140The solution is y = 1400.25 = 560, i.e., the equilibrium income is 560.Net export balance:Nx = 400.05y = 400.05 560 40 28×＝－＝12。
高鸿业《西方经济学（宏观部分）》第6版名校考研真题详解第十三章国民收入的决定：收入—支出模型一、名词解释1．均衡产出（武汉大学2001研；中国政法大学2005研）答：均衡产出是指和总需求相一致的产出，也就是经济社会的收入正好等于全体居民和企业想要有的支出。
在两部门经济中，总需求由居民消费和企业投资构成，于是均衡产出可用公式表示为：y c i=+。
c、i分别代表计划消费、计划投资数量，而不是国民收入构成公式中实际发生的消费和投资。
对均衡产出这一概念可以用图13-1来表示。
图13-1均衡产出的决定在图13-1中，纵轴表示支出，横轴表示收入，从原点出发的45°线上的各点都表示支出和收入相等。
当总收入大于总支出时，非意愿存货投资就大于零，企业会削减生产。
反之，当总收入小于总支出时，非意愿存货投资就小于零，企业会扩大生产。
图13-1中，B点对应的产出水平即为均衡产出。
经济社会的收入正好等于全体居民和企业想要有的支出时经济社会达到均衡。
在这个模型中，存货在调整过程中起着重要的作用。
从图13-1可以看出，非计划存货投资是一种产量调节机制，不是价格调节机制。
2．边际消费倾向（山东大学2001研；辽宁大学2002研；武汉大学2002研；中南财经政法大学2001、2010研；中南大学2004研；北京化工大学2006研；东北财经大学2006、2011研；财政部财政科学研究所2015研）答：边际消费倾向（marginal propensity to consume，简称为MPC ）指增加1单位收入中用于增加消费部分的比率，其公式为：CMPC Y∆=∆式中，C ∆表示增加的消费，Y ∆表示增加的收入。
按照凯恩斯的观点，收入和消费之间存在着一条心理规律：随着收入的增加，消费也会增加，但消费的增加不及收入增加多。
因此，一般而言，边际消费倾向在0和1之间波动。
当消费函数为线性函数时，MPC β=。
可以看出，一般情况下，1MPC 0<<，即存在边际消费倾向递减规律。
第十三章 简单国民收入决定理论1.在两部门经济中，均衡发生于( )之时。
A.实际储蓄等于实际投资； B.实际消费加实际投资等于产出值；C.计划储蓄等于计划投资；D.总投资等于企业部门的收入。
解答：C2.当消费函数为c ＝a ＋by(a>0,0<b<1)，这表明，平均消费倾向( )。
A .大于边际消费倾向；B .小于边际消费倾向；C .等于边际消费倾向；D .以上三种情况都可能。
解答：A3.如果边际储蓄倾向为0.3，投资支出增加60亿元，这将导致均衡收入GDP 增加 ( )。
A . 20亿元；B . 60亿元；C . 180亿元；D . 200亿元。
解答：D4.在均衡产出水平上，是否计划存货投资和非计划存货投资都必然为零？解答：当处于均衡产出水平时，计划存货投资一般不为零，而非计划存货投资必然为零。
这是因为计划存货投资是计划投资的一部分，而均衡产出就是等于消费加计划投资的产出，因此计划存货不一定是零。
计划存货增加时，存货投资就大于零；计划存货减少时，存货投资就小于零。
需要指出的是，存货是存量，存货投资是流量，存货投资是指存货的变动。
在均衡产出水平上，计划存货投资是计划投资的一部分，它不一定是零，但是非计划存货投资一定是零，如果非计划存货投资不是零，那就不是均衡产出了。
比方说，企业错误估计了形势，超出市场需要而多生产了产品，就造成了非计划存货投资。
5.能否说边际消费倾向和平均消费倾向总是大于零而小于1？解答：消费倾向就是消费支出和收入的关系，又称消费函数。
消费支出和收入的关系可以从两个方面加以考察，一是考察消费支出变动量和收入变动量的关系，这就是边际消费倾向(可以用公式MPC ＝Δc Δy 或MPC ＝d c d y表示)，二是考察一定收入水平上消费支出量和该收入量的关系，这就是平均消费倾向(可以用公式APC ＝c y表示)。
边际消费倾向总大于零而小于1，因为一般说来，消费者增加收入后，既不会不增加消费即MPC ＝Δc Δy＝0，也不会把增加的收入全用于增加消费，一般情况是一部分用于增加消费，另一部分用于增加储蓄，即Δy＝Δc ＋Δs ，因此，Δc Δy ＋Δs Δy ＝1，所以，Δc Δy ＝1－Δs Δy 。
第13章国民收入的决定：收入-支出模型13.1 复习笔记现代宏观经济学的奠基人凯恩斯的学说的中心内容就是国民收入决定理论。
凯恩斯主义的全部理论涉及四个市场：产品市场、货币市场、劳动市场和国际市场。
仅包括产品市场的理论称为简单国民收入决定理论。
一、均衡产出社会产出水平究竟由社会总需求还是由社会总供给能力决定，这实际上是从凯恩斯开始的现代宏观经济学与凯恩斯以前的古典和新古典传统经济学的分水岭。
在20世纪30年代经济大萧条的背景下（编者注：建议读者结合大萧条的背景来理解凯恩斯学说的理论体系），凯恩斯在名著《就业、利息和货币通论》一书中提出了生产和收入取决于总需求的理论。
1．短期分析假设前提（1）经济中存在着生产能力的闲置生产能力的闲置包括两层含义：①劳动力资源没有得到充分利用，即存在着失业；②厂房、机器等资本品没有得到充分利用，即存在着开工率不足。
（2）价格水平固定不变凯恩斯认为，在短期内，价格机制是一种僵化的、不易变动的机制，即存在价格刚性。
价格刚性表现为两个方面：①在劳动力市场，即使存在失业，工资也不会下降；②在产品市场，即使存在生产过剩，物价也不会下降。
（3）在既定的价格水平上，总供给是无限的在既定的价格水平上，总供给是无限的。
反映在图表上，体现为总供给曲线平行于横轴。
其经济含义为：由于存在资源闲置，在固定的价格水平下，要什么有什么，要多少有多少。
（4）由于总供给无限，所以均衡的国民收入由总需求单方面决定（总需求分析）在短期中，国民收入决定于总需求，这是凯恩斯经济学的一个基本原理。
产量由总需求决定，是就非充分就业状态而言的，而非充分就业是一种通常的状态。
2．均衡产出与非计划存货投资均衡产出是指和总需求相等的产出。
在两部门经济中，即经济中只有居民户和厂商（暂时不考虑政府部门和国外部门，在后面的章节会引入政府部门和国外部门），总需求由居民消费和企业投资构成，于是均衡产出可用公式表示为：y＝c＋i。
c、i分别代表计划消费、计划投资，而不是国民收入构成公式中实际发生的消费和投资。
第十三章 简单国民收入决定理论1.在两部门经济中，均衡发生于( )之时。
A.实际储蓄等于实际投资； B.实际消费加实际投资等于产出值；C.计划储蓄等于计划投资；D.总投资等于企业部门的收入。
解答：C2.当消费函数为c ＝a ＋by(a>0,0<b<1)，这表明，平均消费倾向( )。
A .大于边际消费倾向；B .小于边际消费倾向；C .等于边际消费倾向；D .以上三种情况都可能。
解答：A3.如果边际储蓄倾向为0.3，投资支出增加60亿元，这将导致均衡收入GDP 增加 ( )。
A . 20亿元；B . 60亿元；C . 180亿元；D . 200亿元。
解答：D4.在均衡产出水平上，是否计划存货投资和非计划存货投资都必然为零？解答：当处于均衡产出水平时，计划存货投资一般不为零，而非计划存货投资必然为零。
这是因为计划存货投资是计划投资的一部分，而均衡产出就是等于消费加计划投资的产出，因此计划存货不一定是零。
计划存货增加时，存货投资就大于零；计划存货减少时，存货投资就小于零。
需要指出的是，存货是存量，存货投资是流量，存货投资是指存货的变动。
在均衡产出水平上，计划存货投资是计划投资的一部分，它不一定是零，但是非计划存货投资一定是零，如果非计划存货投资不是零，那就不是均衡产出了。
比方说，企业错误估计了形势，超出市场需要而多生产了产品，就造成了非计划存货投资。
5.能否说边际消费倾向和平均消费倾向总是大于零而小于1？解答：消费倾向就是消费支出和收入的关系，又称消费函数。
消费支出和收入的关系可以从两个方面加以考察，一是考察消费支出变动量和收入变动量的关系，这就是边际消费倾向(可以用公式MPC ＝Δc Δy 或MPC ＝d c d y表示)，二是考察一定收入水平上消费支出量和该收入量的关系，这就是平均消费倾向(可以用公式APC ＝c y表示)。
边际消费倾向总大于零而小于1，因为一般说来，消费者增加收入后，既不会不增加消费即MPC ＝Δc Δy＝0，也不会把增加的收入全用于增加消费，一般情况是一部分用于增加消费，另一部分用于增加储蓄，即Δy＝Δc ＋Δs ，因此，Δc Δy ＋Δs Δy ＝1，所以，Δc Δy ＝1－Δs Δy 。
第十三章简单国民收入决定理论一、名词解释1．均衡产出（武汉大学2001研；中国政法大学2005研）答：均衡产出是指和总需求相一致的产出，也就是经济社会的收入正好等于全体居民和企业想要有的支出。
在两部门经济中，总需求由居民消费和企业投资构成，于是均衡产出可用公式表示为：y c i=+。
c、i分别代表计划消费、计划投资数量，而不是国民收入构成公式中实际发生的消费和投资。
对均衡产出这一概念可以用图13-1来表示。
图13-1均衡产出的决定在图13-1中，纵轴表示支出，横轴表示收入，从原点出发的45°线上的各点都表示支出和收入相等。
当总收入大于总支出时，非意愿存货投资就大于零，企业会削减生产。
反之，当总收入小于总支出时，非意愿存货投资就小于零，企业会扩大生产。
图13-1中，B点对应的产出水平即为均衡产出。
经济社会的收入正好等于全体居民和企业想要有的支出时经济社会达到均衡。
在这个模型中，存货在调整过程中起着重要的作用。
从图13-1可以看出，非计划存货投资是一种产量调节机制，不是价格调节机制。
2．边际消费倾向（山东大学2001研；辽宁大学2002研；武汉大学2002研；中南财经政法大学2001、2010研；中南大学2004研；北京化工大学2006研；东北财经大学2006研）答：边际消费倾向（marginal propensity to consume，简称为MPC ）指增加1单位收入中用于增加消费部分的比率，其公式为：CMPC Y∆=∆式中，C ∆表示增加的消费，Y ∆表示增加的收入。
按照凯恩斯的观点，收入和消费之间存在着一条心理规律：随着收入的增加，消费也会增加，但消费的增加不及收入增加多。
因此，一般而言，边际消费倾向在0和1之间波动。
当消费函数为线性函数时，MPC β=。
可以看出，一般情况下，1MPC 0<<，即存在边际消费倾向递减规律。
作为三大基本心理规律之一，边际消费倾向递减规律被凯恩斯用来分析造成20世纪30年代大萧条的原因。
西方经济学宏观经济部分第六版高鸿业版_期末考试重点复习资料西方经济学宏观部分第六版期末重点第十二章1.宏观经济学研究的是社会总体的经济行为及其后果。
1、宏观经济学的中心理论是A、价格决定理论B、工资决定理论C、国民收入决定理论D、汇率决定理论。
2、表示一国在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值的总量指标是 A、国民生产总值；B、国内生产总值；C、名义国民生产总值；D、实际国民生产总值。
3、GNP核算中的劳务包括A、工人劳动；B、农民劳动；C、工程师劳动；D、保险业服务。
4、实际GDP等于A、价格水平除以名义GDP；B、名义GDP除以价格水平；C、名义GDP乘以价格水平；D、价格水平乘以潜在GDP。
5、从国民生产总值减下列项目成为国民生产净值 A、折旧；B、原材料支出；C、直接税；D、间接税。
6、从国民生产净值减下列项目在为国民收入 A、折旧； B、原材料支出； C、直接税； D、间接税应该计入当年国内生产总值的：A.居民用来加工面包的面粉B.农民用来自己食用的面粉C.粮店为居民加工面条的面粉应计入当年国内生产总值的是：A.当年生产的拖拉机B.去年生产而今年销售出去的拖拉机C.某人去年购买而在今年转售给他人的拖拉机一、国内生产总值经济社会在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品的市场价值。
GDP是国民收入核算体系的核心指标GDP统计注意事项：是一个市场价值的概念。
统计的是最终产品，而不是中间产品。
衡量的是一定时期内所生产而不是所售卖掉的最终产品价值。
GDP 是计算期内生产的最终产品价值，因而是流量而非存量。
流量是一定时期内发生的变量，存量是一定时点上存在的变量。
是一国范围内生产的最终产品的市场价值，是一个地域概念。
凡是在本国领土上创造的收入，不管是否本国国民，都计入本国的GDP。
一般仅指市场活动导致的价值。
家务劳动，自给自足生产等非市场活动不计入GDP中。
国内生产总值GDP和国民生产总值GNP的关系同：国内生产总值与国民生产总值都是核算社会生产成果和反映宏观经济的总量指标异：GDP是一国范围内生产的最终产品的市场价值，GNP 以居民为统计标准，是一个国民的概念。
西方经济学(宏观部分)第六版第十三章课后习题答案中国人民大学出版社第十三章 简单国民收入决定理论1、解答：在均衡产出水平上，计划存货投资一般不为零，而非计划存货投资必然为零.我们先看图1----45：假设消费者函数C=a + by d ，税收函数T = To + ty ，AD= c + + = [a + ++ b (– T o ) ]+ b (1 - t)y ，如图1----45所示.在图中，B 线为没有计划投资时的需要线，AD 线和B 线的纵向距离为i. .图中的 线表示了收入恒等式. 线与B 线之差称为实际投资，从图中显然可以看出，只有在E 点实际投资等于计划投资，这时经济处于均衡状态.而计划存货投资是计划投资部分的一部分，一般不为零.除E 点以外，实际投资和计划投资不等，村在非计划存货投资IU ，如图所示；而在E 点，产出等于需求，非计划存货投资为零。
i g i g tr yd ;22WL C1= * YL WL NL1 ;C2= * YL (1000750250)NL c p p p c t g yt y y y ∂∂∏⊥∂∂'=-=-=∂∏i [(To)](1)B a g b tr b t y =++-+-45︒45︒2、解答：消费倾向就是消费支出和收入的关系，有称消费函数.消费支出和收入的关系可以从两个方面加以考察，意识考察消费指出变动量和收入变动量关系，这就是边际消费倾向，二是考察一定收入水平上消费指出量和该收入量的关系，这就是平均消费倾向。
边际消费倾向总大于零而小于 1.因为一般说来，消费者加收入后，既不会分文消费不增加，也不会把增加的收入全用于增加消费，一般情况是一部分用于增加消费，另一部分用于增加储蓄，即，因此，所以 ，只要 不等于1或0，就有。
可是，平均消费倾向就不一定总是大于零而小于 1.当人们收入很低甚至是零时，也必须消费，哪怕借钱也要消费，这时，平均消费倾向就会大于 1.例如，在图1----46中，当收入低于y o 时，平均消费倾向就大于1.从图可见，当收入低于y o 时，消费曲线上任一点与原点相连的连线与横轴所形成的夹角总大于，因而这时。
第十二章国民收入核算1.宏观经济学和微观经济学有什么联系和区别？为什么有些经济活动从微观看是合理的, 有效的, 而从宏观看却是不合理的, 无效的？解答: 两者之间的区别在于:(1)研究的对象不同。
微观经济学研究组成整体经济的单个经济主体的最优化行为, 而宏观经济学研究一国整体经济的运行规律和宏观经济政策。
(2)解决的问题不同。
微观经济学要解决资源配置问题, 而宏观经济学要解决资源利用问题。
(3)中心理论不同。
微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论, 所有的分析都是围绕价格机制的运行展开的, 而宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入(产出)理论, 所有的分析都是围绕国民收入(产出)的决定展开的。
(4)研究方法不同。
微观经济学采用的是个量分析方法, 而宏观经济学采用的是总量分析方法。
两者之间的联系主要表现在:(1)相互补充。
经济学研究的目的是实现社会经济福利的最大化。
为此, 既要实现资源的最优配置, 又要实现资源的充分利用。
微观经济学是在假设资源得到充分利用的前提下研究资源如何实现最优配置的问题, 而宏观经济学是在假设资源已经实现最优配置的前提下研究如何充分利用这些资源。
它们共同构成经济学的基本框架。
(2)微观经济学和宏观经济学都以实证分析作为主要的分析和研究方法。
(3)微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。
当代宏观经济学越来越重视微观基础的研究, 即将宏观经济分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析的基础上。
由于微观经济学和宏观经济学分析问题的角度不同, 分析方法也不同, 因此有些经济活动从微观看是合理的、有效的, 而从宏观看是不合理的、无效的。
例如, 在经济生活中, 某个厂商降低工资, 从该企业的角度看, 成本低了, 市场竞争力强了, 但是如果所有厂商都降低工资, 则上面降低工资的那个厂商的竞争力就不会增强, 而且职工整体工资收入降低以后, 整个社会的消费以及有效需求也会降低。
同样, 一个人或者一个家庭实行节约, 可以增加家庭财富, 但是如果大家都节约, 社会需求就会降低, 生产和就业就会受到影响。
精心整理《宏观经济学》课程教学大纲经济管理学院一、课程基本信息课程代码：课程名称：宏观经济学课程英文名称macroeconomics课程所属单位：经济管理学院课程面向专业：经管类本、专科生消费、波动、1（1（2（3（42概念及其区别；了解核算国民收入的两种方法；掌握几个重要的国民收入概念；掌握名义GDP、实际GDP、GDP折算指数；了解CPI、PPI、PMI、痛苦指数等概念。
3、教学重点：GDP的内涵；支出法核算GDP；GDP、NDP、NI、PI、DPI等概念的关系；名义GDP与实际GDP。
4、教学难点：GDP、NDP、NI、PI、DPI等概念的关系、GDP的内容及其局限性。
第十三章国民收入的决定--收入-支出模型1、教学内容：（1）均衡产出及消费理论（2）乘数理论2、教学要求：掌握投资与储蓄的概念及其函数；了解各种消费理论的基本内容，了解乘数理论及其各种含义。
3、教学重点：41（1（223IS4IS1（1（2）总供给曲线（3）总需求-总供给模型对现实的解释2、教学要求：掌握AD、AS曲线的导出过程及其推导方法，掌握AD-AS模型的内容及意义。
3、教学重点：AD-AS模型的内容及意义。
AD-AS模型的内容及其对现实的解释。
第十六章失业与通货膨胀1、教学内容：（1）失业及其特点（2）通货膨胀类型及其分析（3）理论解释及其政策2341（1（2234财政政策效果分析和货币政策效果分析。
第十八章宏观经济政策实践1、教学内容：（1）经济政策及其目标分析（2）货币、资本市场、（3）衍生产品市场掌握经济政策的内容及其分析、货币政策内容及其分析；了解货币、资本市场的基本内容，学会用IS-LM模型对一个国家的具体情况进行分析。
3、教学重点：经济政策及其分析、货币政策及其分析4、教学难点：经济政策及其分析、货币政策及其分析1（1（2（32344六、教材与主要参考书：1．教材：高鸿业着《西方经济学（宏观部分）》（第六版）中国人民大学出版社2015.5.2．参考书：（1）曼昆着《经济学原理》(第六版)北京大学出版社2012.7（2）克鲁格曼着《宏观经济学》（第二版）中国人民大学出版社2013.6。
第十二章国民收入核算1、解答：政府转移支付不计入GDP，因为政府转移支付只是简洁地通过税收（包括社会保障税）和社会保险及社会救济等把收入从一个人或一个组织转移到另一个人或另一个组织手中，并没有相应的货物或劳物发生。
例如，政府给残疾人发放救济金，并不是残疾人创建了收入；相反，倒是因为他丢失了创建收入的实力从而失去生活来源才赐予救济的。
购买一辆用过的卡车不计入GDP，因为在生产时已经计入过。
购买一般股票不计入GDP，因为经济学上所讲的投资是增加或替换资本资产的支出，即购买新厂房，设备和存货的行为，而人们购买股票和债券只是一种证券交易活动，并不是实际的生产经营活动。
购买一块地产也不计入GDP，因为购买地产只是一种全部权的转移活动，不属于经济意义的投资活动，故不计入GDP。
2、解答：社会保险税实质是企业和职工为得到社会保障而支付的保险金，它由政府有关部门（一般是社会保险局）按肯定比率以税收形式征收的。
社会保险税是从国民收入中扣除的，因此社会保险税的增加并不影响GDP ，NDP和NI，但影响个人收入PI。
社会保险税增加会削减个人收入，从而也从某种意义上会影响个人可支配收入。
然而，应当认为，社会保险税的增加并不影响可支配收入，因为一旦个人收入确定以后，只有个人所得税的变动才会影响个人可支配收入DPI。
3、假如甲乙两国合并成一个国家，对GDP总和会有影响。
因为甲乙两国未合并成一个国家时，双方可能有贸易往来，但这种贸易只会影响甲国或乙国的GDP，对两国GDP总和不会有影响。
举例说：甲国向乙国出口10台机器，价值10万美元，乙国向甲国出口800套服装，价值8万美元，从甲国看，计入GDP的有净出口2万美元，计入乙国的有净出口–2万美元；从两国GDP总和看，计入GDP的价值为0。
假如这两个国家并成一个国家，两国贸易变成两个地区的贸易。
甲地区出售给乙地区10台机器，从收入看，甲地区增加10万美元；从支出看乙地区增加10万美元。
