科技英语写作-关于动名词和分词分析解析
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专题辅导:英文书信作文常用语句、动名词和分词用法在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词有动词不定式;动名词和分词。
分词又包括现在分词和过去分词。
英语专题辅导:动名词和分词用法一、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有:1. 非谓语动词由于不能用作谓语,因而没有语法上的主语,但它往往有逻辑上的主语。
如:How can I get to know her? 我怎么能认识她呢?(不定式to know 的逻辑主语是 I )The boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语是them)I can’t bear him staying up so late. 我不能忍受他这么晚睡。
(动名词 staying up 的逻辑主语是 him)We being League member, the work was well done.(现在分词的逻辑主语是We)Who is that speaking? 您是哪一位?(现在分词的逻辑主语是 that)They plan further talks with interested parties on this question.他们就此问题打算与有关各方进一步谈判。
(过去分词interested parties 的逻辑主语是 parties)2. 非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
非谓语动词短语往往可以转化成各种从句。
如:The man standing there is our English teacher. The man who is standing there is our English teacher. 站在那儿的那个人是我们的英语教师。
(现在分词短语转化为定语从句)3. 非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
现在分词和动名的用法和判别一、-ing的基本用法Ⅰ.“be+-ing+…”构成现在、过去、将来进行时主动态:1. The liquid is flowing down the tower under the force of gravity. (现在进行时主动态)液体在重力作用下正沿着塔往下流。
2. When he came here, we were studying English. (过去进行时主动态)当他来这里时,我们正在学习英语。
3. In a few years the station will be feeding(或supplying) powerto many industrial plants. (将来进行时主动态)再过几年,那座发电站将向许多工厂供电。
Ⅱ.“have,had或shall(will)have+been+-ing+…”构成现在、过去、将来这三种完成进行时主动态():1. We have been studying the problem for a long time. (现在完成时主动态)很久以前我们一直在研究这个问题。
2.Chemistis had been studying the atmosphere for about two thousand years before its composition was discovered. (过去完成时主动态)化学家们一直在研究大气,研究了约两千年,它的组成才被发现。
3. By the end of this year they will have been studying English fora year. (将来完成时主动态)到今年年底,他们学习英语有一年了。
(主语第一人称,则可用shall代替will。
)Ⅲ.“being+过去分词”构成被动态。
这里有三种情况:A. “is(was)+being(现在分词)+过去分词”构成现在、过去这两种进行时被动态:1. The lathe is being adjusted by a worker. (现在进行时被动态)这台车床正由一个工人在进行调整。
科技英语的语法特点科技英语作为一种揭示客观外部世界的本质和规律的信息传递工具,具有准确、简明扼要和客观正式等特点。
科技文章文体的特点是:语言简练、结构严谨,逻辑性强,原理概念清楚,重点突出,段落章节分明。
具体而言,科技英语在用词、语法结构及表达方式上有其自身的特点,下面分别予以介绍。
1.词汇1)大量使用专业词汇和半专业词汇,例如calculus(微积分学), vector(矢量), matrix (矩阵)等是专业词汇,而power, work等是半专业词汇,在不同的学科领域含义有所不同;2)大量使用词缀和词根,例如,上海科学技术出版社出版的《英汉现代科学技术词汇》中以tele-构成的词有177个;3)较多使用缩略词,如PCM(pulse-coded modulation,脉冲编码调制), VLSI(very large scale integration,超大规模集成), DSP(digital signal processing,数字信号处理)等;4)词性变换多,例如function一词常用作名词,作“函数、功能、作用”等解,但在例句Robots can withstand radiation, heat, cold, and can function without an atmosphere中则用作动词,表示“起作用,行使职责”之意。
2.词法1) 常用一般现在时态表示真理或客观规律的普遍陈述。
[例句]Vector and matrix techniques provide the framework for much of the developments in modern engineering.[译文]矢量和矩阵方法为现代工程学的发展提供了框架。
2) 广泛使用被动语态科技英语句子有三分之一用被动语态,为的是强调所论述的客观事物。
[例句] A characteristics feature of semiconductor is that their low electric conductivity can be substantially modified by the addition of minute quantities of impurities.[译文] 半导体的特征是:加入微量杂质可明显改变其低导电率。
高中英语新高考-英语作文:热点写作话题指导与解读:科技高中英语新高考-英语作文:热点写作话题指导与解读:科技前言本篇作文和科技有关,此类作文也是高考常见的,大体思路也不会有多大的不同。
题目第六部分:书面表达(共1小题;满分25分)请阅读下面这段文字和图表,并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。
Have you ever paid for knowledge online? According to Bloomberg, a platform, the De Dao app offers written articles and podcasts from famous personalities that the users must pay for, with topics ranging from music to economics. By May 2017, De Dao had 7 million users. As is rep orted in People’s Daily, Ximalaya FM, another popular online learning platform, had about 450 million users as of January 2018. The platform allows people to pay for and listen to online learning courses.Many Chinese people used to be unwilling to pay for content online. However, many internet users’ attitudes have changed since they began t o see quality content as valuable. In fact, 75% of internet users are happy to pay for quality content, according to a 2017 report by Chinese science news website Guokr and Internet Netease.【写作内容】1.请以约30个词概括上文和图表内容;2.请以约120个词谈谈你对“Pay for Online Knowledge”的看法,包括如下要点:(1)分析哪些原因促进了网上知识付费市场的迅速发展(不少于两点);(2)你愿意为网上知识买单吗?请阐述你的理由(不少于两点)写作指导如何写概括第一段:主题句+举例:例子就不要管了,主要体现越来越多的人付费网上知识。
科技英语中动名词的应用和翻译070520209 朱博摘要随着科技的进步和中国与世界的交流日趋密切,科技英语的翻译也显得越发重要。
科技英语在词法和句法等的运用上和普通英语不同,词法上主要表现在名词化结构的大量使用。
科技文章的任务是叙述事实和论证推断,因而科技文体要求行文简洁,表达客观,内容确切,信息量大,名词化结构正好符合科技文体的要求。
这其中,动名词的应用尤为突出,本文旨在总结归纳科技英语中动名词的应用和翻译技巧。
关键词科技英语动名词翻译AbstractAs the development of the science and technology and China communicates with the world more closely, the translation of EST is becoming more and more important. EST differs from common English in accidence and syntax. In accidence, it mainly shows in the phenomenon of nominalization. It is EST’s target to expound and demonstrate, so it necessary for an EST article to be brief, object, exact and abundant. Nominalization exactly has this function. Among these, gerunds used a lot, this article is to summarize the use and technique of translation of gerund in EST.KeywordScience and technology English gerund translation动名词是动词的非限定形式之一,在科技英语中有大量的应用。
高考英语写作专题:动名词、现在分词和过去分词.doc2019高考英语写作专题:动名词、现在分词和过去分词第7讲言简意赅的非谓语动词(1)——动名词、现在分词和过去分词一、动名词动名词是由动词的-ing形式构成,兼有动词和名词特征的非谓语动词。
它可以带有自己的宾语,也能被副词修饰。
动名词有时态和语态的变化,可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。
(1)Such rude riding contributes to the disorder of traffic.这样野蛮的骑车方式导致了交通混乱。
(2015·江苏)(2)Some students are addicted to playing computer games and some often cheat in the exams.一些学生迷恋玩网络游戏,还有一些经常在考试中作弊。
(2015·广东)(3)As for cheating in the exams,I will tell them the importance of honesty.至于考试作弊,我会告诉他们诚实的重要性。
(2015·广东)(4)As an old saying goes,living without a clear and achievable aim is like sailing without a compass.俗话说得好,生活没有明确的目标就好像航海没有指南针。
(2015·重庆)(5)Hope to meet you at the training camp this summer.希望在今年夏天的训练营见到你。
(2015·北京)(6)As a student,I can tell you that there is nothing better than being praised by my teacher before my classmates.作为一个学生,我可以告诉你,没有什么比在同学们面前受到老师表扬更好的事情了。
现在分词和动名的用法和判别一、-ing的基本用法Ⅰ.“be+-ing+…”构成现在、过去、将来进行时主动态:1. The liquid is flowing down the tower under the force of gravity. (现在进行时主动态)液体在重力作用下正沿着塔往下流。
2. When he came here, we were studying English. (过去进行时主动态)当他来这里时,我们正在学习英语。
3. In a few years the station will be feeding(或supplying) power to many industrial plants. (将来进行时主动态)再过几年,那座发电站将向许多工厂供电。
Ⅱ.“have,had或shall(will)have+been+-ing+…”构成现在、过去、将来这三种完成进行时主动态():1. We have been studying the problem for a long time. (现在完成时主动态)很久以前我们一直在研究这个问题。
2.Chemistis had been studying the atmosphere for about two thousand years before its composition was discovered. (过去完成时主动态)化学家们一直在研究大气,研究了约两千年,它的组成才被发现。
3. By the end of this year they will have been studying English for a year. (将来完成时主动态)到今年年底,他们学习英语有一年了。
(主语第一人称,则可用shall代替will。
)Ⅲ.“being+过去分词”构成被动态。
这里有三种情况:A. “is(was)+being(现在分词)+过去分词”构成现在、过去这两种进行时被动态:1. The lathe is being adjusted by a worker. (现在进行时被动态)这台车床正由一个工人在进行调整。
2. When I came here, the lathe was being adjusted bya worker. (过去进行时被动态)当我来这里时,那台车床正由一个工人在进行调整。
B. Being前面没有is或was之类动词,仅仅是动词名“bei ng+过去分词”构成被动意义:1. The object is at rest and resists being moved quickly.(直接宾语)物体静止,就阻止物体本身迅速移动。
2. Television waves pass right through the layer without being reflected. (介词宾语)电视被径直通过这一层(电离层)而不被反射。
(上两句中being…为被动态动名词短语。
)C. “be ing(现在分词)+过去分词”作定语在独立分词结构中及介词后“主谓”结构(即复合结构)中的用法:1. We must pay attention to the problems being discuss ed here.(定语)我们必须重视这里正在(被)讨论的问题。
2. The electric current produced is the result of chemic al energy being changed to electrical energy. (复合结构作介词宾语)所产生的电流是化学能转变为电能的结果。
3. The teacher being here, there is no danger. (独立分词结构)老师在这里,便无危险。
Ⅳ.“-ing+原动词具有的搭配关系”在句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语、介词宾语(除作状语用的-ing为现在分词外,其余均为动名词):A. 作主语用:1. Melting and boiling take place under certain conditio ns. 熔融和沸腾发生在一定条件之下。
2. In the given case warming the solid converts it to a liquid. 在给定情况下,加热这种固体能使它变成液体。
3. There is no failing in the test. 不可能在试验中失败。
注:“There is +no+-ing”表示“不可能”之意。
4. It is no use buying books but not reading them. (真正主语)买了书却不读,没有什么用处。
注:动名词短语作真正主语很少见,不如不定式为多。
它主要用在以no use,no good,worth-while,waste,dangerous 等词作表语的句子中。
B. 作宾语、介词宾语或个别形容词的宾语用:1. I like reading English every morning. (动词宾语)我喜欢每天早晨读英语。
2. Their installation method is worth trying. (形容词宾语)他们的安装方法值得试一试。
3. The process of dissolving table salt in water is a phy sical change. (介词宾语)食盐溶解于水的过程是物理变化。
4. We think it no use increasing resistance in the experime nt. (真正宾语)我们认为在这个实验中增加电阻无用。
(动名词短语作真正宾语很少见,只有当其宾语补语为上面注中那些词时才行。
)5. These children need looking after. (动词宾语)这些小孩得需要照顾。
(句中after为介词,其宾语正好是句中主语,但不可以写出。
)C. 作表语用(下面三例不是进行时,其中moving转为形容词):1. Our greatest happiness is serving the people. 为人民服务是我们最大的幸福。
2. Our production task is making machines. 我们的生产任务是制造机器。
3. This book is very moving. 这本书很感动人。
D. –ing(现在分词)作状语用,含有时间、原因、让步、方式或伴随、结果等意义,但比较含蓄,只能根据上下文来仔细琢磨:1. Passing through a liquid or solid, sound is changedinto heat. (时间)声音通过液体或固体时,就转变为热。
2. The metal was cooled in the air, having been heated to a definite temperature in the furnace. (时间)这种金属在炉子里加热到一定温度以后,就放在空气中冷却。
3. He is standing there, waiting for an assignment. (目的)他正站在那边等待分配任务。
4. Not having done it, we tried again. (原因)由于没有做成,我们就又试了。
(注意not不能位于having后面。
否定非谓语动词时,not均应位于非谓语动词前面。
)5. We read the book sitting by the window. (方式)我们坐在窗户旁边读书。
6. Weighing 2,210 tons, the automatic forging press isoperated by one worker only. (让步)虽然这台自动锻压机重2,210吨,但只由一个工人操作。
7.We increase the length of the wire, thus(或thereby,hence)increasing its resistance. (thus或thereby后的-ing 短语一般表示结果意义。
)我们增加导线的长度,从而增加了导线电阻。
8. Some students came running towards us. (方式)几个学生朝着我们方向跑来。
9. Not knowing how to operate the machine, he askedthe worker for help. (原因)他不知如何操作这台机器,便请求工人帮助。
10. Reducing the current, we can correspondingly decrea se the speed of the motor. (条件)如果减小电流,则电动机的转速就能相应减低。
11. He knew how to run the machine, having been a w orker ten years. (原因)他当了十年工人,知道如何开动这台机器。
(现在分词短语的完成式虽在句末,其动作仍在谓语动词之前。
)12. The doctor, having felt your pulse, pronounced you better. (时间)医生按了脉搏以后,断定病已好转。
上述例句中,完成时的-ing表示其动作在主句动作之前已完成(见例句2,4,11,12),其余则和主句动词的动作差不多同时发生。
注意本情况下-ing还有以被动语态出现的形式(见例句2),这时句中主语就是行为对象。
-ing作状语时,多半有逗号隔开,但有例外(见上面第5,8句),故需逻辑判断。
E. –ing(动名词)作介词宾语用:1. We use this tool for tightening bolts. 我们用这工具来旋紧螺栓。
2. Before starting the engine you should carefully clean and oil it. 在开动发动机之前,你应该把它仔细弄干净,并且上好润滑油。
3. You succeeded in solving the problem. 你们顺利解决了问题。
4. We change air to a liquid by cooling and compressing it. 对空气冷却和压缩,我们可以使它变为液体。
5. After having been discussed,the report was published. 这份报告在讨论完以后,就发表了。