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科技英语写作-关于动名词和分词分析解析

科技英语写作-关于动名词和分词分析解析
科技英语写作-关于动名词和分词分析解析

现在分词和动名的用法和判别

一、-ing的基本用法

Ⅰ.“be+-ing+…”构成现在、过去、将来进行时主动态:

1. The liquid is flowing down the tower under the force of gravity. (现在进行时主动态)液体在重力作用下正沿着塔往下流。

2. When he came here, we were studying English. (过去进行时主动态)当他来这里时,我们正在学习英语。

3. In a few years the station will be feeding(或supplying) power to many industrial plants. (将来进行时主动态)再过几年,那座发电站将向许多工厂供电。

Ⅱ.“have,had或shall(will)have+been+-ing+…”构成现在、过去、将来这三种完成进行时主动态():

1. We have been studying the problem for a long time. (现在完成时主动态)很久以前我们一直在研究这个问题。

2.Chemistis had been studying the atmosphere for about two thousand years before its composition was discovered. (过去完成时主动态)化学家们一直在研究大气,研究了约两千年,它的组成才被发现。

3. By the end of this year they will have been studying English for a year. (将来完成时主动态)到今年年底,他们学习英语有一年了。(主语第一人称,则可用shall代替will。)Ⅲ.“being+过去分词”构成被动态。这里有三种情况:

A. “is(was)+being(现在分词)+过去分词”构成现在、过去这两种进行时被动态:

1. The lathe is being adjusted by a worker. (现在进行时被动态)这台车床正由一个工人在进行调整。

2. When I came here, the lathe was being adjusted by

a worker. (过去进行时被动态)当我来这里时,那台车床正由一个工人在进行调整。

B. Being前面没有is或was之类动词,仅仅是动词名“bei ng+过去分词”构成被动意义:

1. The object is at rest and resists being moved quickly.(直接宾语)物体静止,就阻止物体本身迅速移动。

2. Television waves pass right through the layer without being reflected. (介词宾语)电视被径直通过这一层(电离层)而不被反射。(上两句中being…为被动态动名词短语。)

C. “be ing(现在分词)+过去分词”作定语在独立分词结构中及介词后“主谓”结构(即复合结构)中的用法:

1. We must pay attention to the problems being discuss ed here.(定语)我们必须重视这里正在(被)讨论的问题。

2. The electric current produced is the result of chemic al energy being changed to electrical energy. (复合结构作介词宾语)所产生的电流是化学能转变为电能的结果。

3. The teacher being here, there is no danger. (独立分词结构)老师在这里,便无危险。

Ⅳ.“-ing+原动词具有的搭配关系”在句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语、介词宾语(除作状语用的-ing为现在分词外,其余均为动名词):

A. 作主语用:

1. Melting and boiling take place under certain conditio ns. 熔融和沸腾发生在一定条件之下。

2. In the given case warming the solid converts it to a liquid. 在给定情况下,加热这种固体能使它变成液体。

3. There is no failing in the test. 不可能在试验中失败。

注:“There is +no+-ing”表示“不可能”之意。

4. It is no use buying books but not reading them. (真正主语)买了书却不读,没有什么用处。

注:动名词短语作真正主语很少见,不如不定式为多。它主要用在以no use,no good,worth-while,waste,dangerous 等词作表语的句子中。

B. 作宾语、介词宾语或个别形容词的宾语用:

1. I like reading English every morning. (动词宾语)我喜欢每天早晨读英语。

2. Their installation method is worth trying. (形容词宾语)他们的安装方法值得试一试。

3. The process of dissolving table salt in water is a phy sical change. (介词宾语)食盐溶解于水的过程是物理变化。

4. We think it no use increasing resistance in the experime nt. (真正宾语)我们认为在这个实验中增加电阻无用。(动名词短语作真正宾语很少见,只有当其宾语补语为上面注中那些词时才行。)

5. These children need looking after. (动词宾语)这些小孩得需要照顾。(句中after为介词,其宾语正好是句中主语,但不可以写出。)

C. 作表语用(下面三例不是进行时,其中moving转为形容词):

1. Our greatest happiness is serving the people. 为人民服务是我们最大的幸福。

2. Our production task is making machines. 我们的生产任务是制造机器。

3. This book is very moving. 这本书很感动人。

D. –ing(现在分词)作状语用,含有时间、原因、让步、方式或伴随、结果等意义,但比较含蓄,只能根据上下文来仔细琢磨:

1. Passing through a liquid or solid, sound is changed

into heat. (时间)声音通过液体或固体时,就转变为热。

2. The metal was cooled in the air, having been heated to a definite temperature in the furnace. (时间)这种金属在炉子里加热到一定温度以后,就放在空气中冷却。

3. He is standing there, waiting for an assignment. (目的)他正站在那边等待分配任务。

4. Not having done it, we tried again. (原因)由于没有做成,我们就又试了。(注意not不能位于having后面。否定非谓语动词时,not均应位于非谓语动词前面。)

5. We read the book sitting by the window. (方式)我们坐在窗户旁边读书。

6. Weighing 2,210 tons, the automatic forging press is

operated by one worker only. (让步)虽然这台自动锻压机重2,210吨,但只由一个工人操作。

7.We increase the length of the wire, thus(或thereby,

hence)increasing its resistance. (thus或thereby后的-ing 短语一般表示结果意义。)我们增加导线的长度,从而增加了导线电阻。

8. Some students came running towards us. (方式)几个学生朝着我们方向跑来。

9. Not knowing how to operate the machine, he asked

the worker for help. (原因)他不知如何操作这台机器,便请求工人帮助。

10. Reducing the current, we can correspondingly decrea se the speed of the motor. (条件)如果减小电流,则电动机的转速就能相应减低。

11. He knew how to run the machine, having been a w orker ten years. (原因)他当了十年工人,知道如何开动这台机器。(现在分词短语的完成式虽在句末,其动作仍在谓语动词之前。)

12. The doctor, having felt your pulse, pronounced you better. (时间)医生按了脉搏以后,断定病已好转。

上述例句中,完成时的-ing表示其动作在主句动作之前已完成(见例句2,4,11,12),其余则和主句动词的动作差不多同时发生。注意本情况下-ing还有以被动语态出现的形式(见例句2),这时句中主语就是行为对象。-ing作状语时,多半有逗号隔开,但有例外(见上面第5,8句),故需逻辑判断。

E. –ing(动名词)作介词宾语用:

1. We use this tool for tightening bolts. 我们用这工具来旋紧螺栓。

2. Before starting the engine you should carefully clean and oil it. 在开动发动机之前,你应该把它仔细弄干净,并且上好润滑油。

3. You succeeded in solving the problem. 你们顺利解决了问题。

4. We change air to a liquid by cooling and compressin

g it. 对空气冷却和压缩,我们可以使它变为液体。

5. After having been discussed,the report was publishe

d. 这份报告在讨论完以后,就发表了。

6. Through being left out all night in the rain the meta l had rusted. 由于这种金属整宵放在外面挨雨淋,它已经生锈了。

7. We did not speak of having read this book. 我们没说已读过了这本书。

8. On breaking the magnet into still shorter pieces we s till get complete magnets. 把磁铁砸成更短小的碎块时,我们得到的仍然是一些完整的磁铁。

9. Did he feel sorry for not coming in time? 他对没有及时来感到遗憾吗?

注意完成时表示形式(见例句5,7)和被动态形式(见例句5, 6)。注意动名词的否定形式(见例句9)。

Ⅴ. –ing及其短语作定语用:

1)按其位置,作定语的-ing有在所修饰的名词之前和之后两种:

A. –ing在所修饰的名词之前:

1. We have many interesting books. 我们有许多有趣的书。

2. This is a good-looking machine. 这是一台外形很美观的机器。

3. They presented some demanding requirements (for

improving their living environment)on this issue. 他们对此事提出了很苛刻的要求

4. We must test the device under operating conditions. 我们必须在操作条件下试验这个装置。

5. Without air a living thing will die. 没有空气,生物就会死。

6. The moving water and air have mechanical energy. 流动的水和空气都具有机械能。

B. –ing或其短语在所修饰的名词后面:

1. Matter is anything having weight and occupying spac

e. 凡是物质,都具有重量和占有空间。

2. This is the ratio of oxygen reacting to water formed.这就是参加反应的氧和生成的水之间的比。

3. The man working by the machine with the worker is

a student. 机器旁边和工人一起劳动的人是一个学生。

4. The house being built will be our new laboratory. 正在建筑中的这所房子将是我们的新实验室。

5. This glass container, having a base of 80cm2, is 15c m high. 这只底面积为80厘米2的玻璃容器高15厘米。(分译也可)

6. Mr. Wang and his friend, conversing earnestly togeth er, ceased as you approached. 王先生和他的朋友热诚地谈话,当你走过去时,他们便不谈了。

注1. 现在分词短语作后置定语时,若短语前后有标点符号和其他成分隔开,则为非限制性定语。上面最后两句中的现在分词短语就作非限制性定语。这种定语可理解为非限制性定语从句的紧缩形式。

注2. 有时它不是作非限制性定语,而是作状语。这要靠上下文进行逻辑判别。只要不影响理解,这方面的差别不必过分注意。

2)根据被-ing所修饰的名词(指人、物)能否产生-ing所表示的动作来分,作定语的-ing有下列两种情况:

A. –ing和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的“主谓”关系,并以此表示所修饰名词的特征。这时-ing为现在分词:

the working people 劳动人民

running water 流水

boiling water 沸水(正在开着的水)

freely falling body 自由落体

B. –ing和所表示的名词没有逻辑上的“主谓”关系。这时-i ng为动名词,一般表示用途或表示所修饰的名词有关的动作:

a reading-room 阅览室

the boiling temperature 沸腾温度,沸点

the operating conditions 操作条件

a packing method 包装法

a writing desk 写字桌

Ⅵ.“the+-ing+of+原动词的宾语”,这种结构中的-ing和名词一样,在句中可作各种成分用,后面还可以搭配原动词要求的介词短语。例如:

1. The melting of iron requires a very high temperature.铁的熔融需要一个很高的温度。

2. Oxidation means the combining of any material with oxygen. 氧化指的是任和物质和氧的化合。

3. The sudden heating of the air by lightning flashes ca uses thunder. (这里用by引出-ing的行为发出者)闪电对空气的突然加热,就引起了雷鸣。

4. The charging of condenser from a battery is not unli ke filling of a tank from a reservoir. 电池给电容器充电就像油库给邮箱加油一样。

从上述例句中不难看出,原动词的其他支配关系仍然可以保留(见例句2,3和4中的with,by和from短语)。但是修饰动词原来用的是副词,在本情况下改用形容词。

Ⅶ.“主语+感觉动词或have(致使)等+宾语+-ing”,句中-ing(现在分词)作宾语补语用,即-ing起着宾语的“谓语”作用。例如:

1. We saw the train coming towards the station. (当时)我们看见火车正朝着车站开过来。

2. Those conditions can’t have you doing the experiment.那些条件不能使你做这个实验。

Ⅷ.“主语+动词+宾语+as+-ing”,这里-ing作宾语补语用:

1. We showed these compounds as having different stru ctures. 我们证明了这些化合物具有不同的结构。

2. They regard these experiments as being too simple

for them. 他们以为这些实验对他们来说是太简单了。

3. We think of AB as being a straight line. 我们认为A B是一条直线。

注:上述第2,3句中being也可省略。

Ⅸ.“主语+被动态谓语+-ing”,这里-ing作主语补语:

1.This step of work is called testing a hypothesis. 这个

工作步骤叫做对假说的验证。

2. He was seen taking pictures with a camera. 有人看见他用一架照相机在拍照。

Ⅹ.“主语+被动态谓语+as+-ing”,这里-ing作主语补语:

1. Water can be shown as containing admixtures. 可以证明水含有杂质。

2. This automatic control instrument has been known as controlling the production process. 大家都已知道,这个自动控制仪是控制生产过程的。

必须指出,当上述句型结构中-ing是being时,being常可以省略。例如:

3. This may be taken as (being) a result of overheating.这可以(被)当做是过热的结果。

4. More than one type of mistake may be thought of as (being) present. 可以认为存在着一种类型以上的错误。

注意,当这种类似结构出现在从句或句中某个成分的短语时,有时就不易判别。例如:

5. Only those substances which can be considered as bei ng mixtures have a depressed melting point. 那些物质可以认为是混合物,只有它们才具有较低的熔点。

6. This method previously mentioned as affording good results, is widely used. (由作定语的mentioned引出补语)前面提到的能产生良好效果的这种方法,目前广泛采用。

ⅩⅠ. –ing(动名词)出现前用形式主语或形式宾语it的两种情况:

1. It is no use only learning theories without practice.

只学理论不实践是没有用的。

2. We think it necessary improving the production proc ess. (形式宾语)我们认为改进生产过程是必要的。

注:详见“It用法和判别”

ⅩⅡ. “when, while等+-ing(现在分词)”是个省略句形式,省略了与主句相同的主语和其相应的be。例如:

1. While working in the plant, we learned a lot form

the workers. 我们在工厂劳动期间,向工人学到了许多东西。

2. When being cooled from the red heat temperature,

the steel reduced its capacity to dissolve carbon. 当钢从赤热温度冷却下来时,便降低了它的碳的溶解度。(意译)

3. The melting ice keeps the same temperature while m elting. 溶解的冰在溶解时,温度保持不变。

ⅩⅢ.“名词+-ing(动名词)”整个地作前置定语用:

1. a metal cutting machine 金属切割机

2. a gas welding machine 气焊机

3. a steam cooling system 蒸气冷却系统

4. a self priming centrifugal pump 自吸离心泵

在上述词组内,切不可把-ing和后面的名词理解为现在分词短语来修饰-ing前的名词,而应把-ing理解为动名词,-ing前的名词乃是-ing行为的对象(如1,3)或行为方式方法(如2,4)。同时也必须注意与下面的ⅩⅣ用法区别开。

ⅩⅣ.“名词或代词+-ing”构成一种特殊的“主谓”关系,称为复合结构。这里一般有五种情况:

A. 带有-ing的独立分词结构:

1. A new technique having been worked out, the yields rose. (表示原因)由于提出了新技术,产量就上升了。

2. There are many kinds of steel, each having its specia l uses in industry. (表示伴随)钢有多种,每种在工业上都有其特定用途。

3. Circumstances permitting, we shall begin to work to morrow. (表示条件)情况允许,我们明天就开始工作。

4. The question being settled, we all left the room. (表示时间)问题解决之后,我们都离开了房间。

5. He watched the soldiers pass, his eyes (being) bright and eager. (表示方式)他双眼发亮,满怀激情,望着战士通过。

6. I stood out of doors, my hand(being)on his shoulder. (表示伴随动作)我站在室外,一只手搭在他的肩膀上。

7. So the synthetic plastics industry was born, other che mists staring to synthesize many other useful plastics of

a similar type. (表示结果)于是合成塑料工业诞生,而其他化学家就开始合成相类似的许多其他有用的塑料。

B. 复合结构作主语:

Some factories working together made a new-type machi ne. 几个工厂协作,制造了一台新型机器。

C. 介词后的“主谓”结构作介词宾语:

1. We heard about many students going to Beijing. (作介词about的宾语)我们听说许多学生要去北京。

2. We did not know of her having made this test. 我们不知她已做了这个试验。

3.Any steam engine gives us an example of heat being

turned into work. 凡是蒸汽机都能给我们以热转化为功的例子。

4. The process of one substance mixing with another is called diffusion. 一种物质同另一种物质混合的过程叫做扩散。

5. The explanation lies in the product (being) more stab le. 这种解释在于这个产物是较为稳定的。

6. Coal was made by rocks pressing on trees and plants which died millions of years ago. 煤是岩石紧压千百万年以前死去的树木植物而形成的。

D. 在with,without后用“主谓”结构,表示伴随,作状语:

1. Before liberation, the workers could hardly work wit

h that noise going on. 解放前工人们在那种闹声持续下几乎不能工作。

2. With the side reaction preceding the reaction, the

yields were very low. 反应前发生副反应,故产率很低。

3. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit

production with small quantities being made and mass production with large number of identical parts being produced. 制造过程可分为单件生产和大量生产。单产生产就是生产少量零件,大量生产就是生产大量的零件。

4. One body never exerts a force on another without th

e second reacting against the first. 一个物体对另一个物体施加力,从来不会不受到后者的反作用力。

注:有时with,without后用的being,having been还可省略。例如:

With the experiments (having been)carried out, we state d new investigations. 这些试验完成了,我们就开始了新的研究。

E. –ing前面名词或带刺的宾语补语。

有时可用“物主代词+-ing”表示与上述“主谓”关系类似的意思。只是用物主代词时,后面的-ing为动名词而已。例如:

1. Our going there won’t help much. 我们去那儿,不一定能有多少帮助。

2. They did not mind my closing the door. 他们不在乎我把门关了。

3. Nowhere in nature is aluminium found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most com monly with oxygen. 由于铝总是和其他元素结合在一起,最常见的是和氧化合,因此在自然界任何地方都找不到处于游离状态的铝。(由于nowhere位于句首,主、谓词序颠倒。)

4. Gases and liquids are perfectly elastic, after their bei ng compressed they return to their original volume as soon as the applied force is removed. 气体和液体是很有弹性的。在它们受压缩以后,当施加的力一移走,它们就马上恢复原来的体积。

5. We do not object to your doing this test. 我们不反对你做这个试验。

ⅩⅤ. –ing的名词化:

1. Multiply the centigrade reading by 1.8 because 1℃eq uals 1.8℉. 将摄氏度数乘以1.8,因为1℃等于1.8℉。

初中英语动名词的用法

初中英语动名词的用法 动名词,即“动词原形+ing ”变成名词使用,具有双重性,既有动词的某些特征,有动词的各种变化形式;又有名词的某些性质,在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语。同时也能被副词修饰或者支配宾语。 一、动名词的名词的性质 1. 作主语 动名词作为主语有以下几种表现形式: 1) 直接作为主语。 例如: Taking exercise everyday is a good habit. Finding work is difficult these days. Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. [句中Walking (散步)作为句子主语,直接出现。句意:散步对年轻人和老年人是一项很好的运动。] 2) 用it 作形式主语,真正的主语作为后置主语。 例如: It isn't easy trying to climb the mountain. [ 句中It 作为形式主语,动名词短语trying to do sth. 才是真正的主语。] 能用于上述结构的形容词有:better,wonderful ,enjoyable,interesting,foolish ,

difficult ,useless,senseless,worthwhile 等。但是important, essential, necessary等形容词不能用于上述结构。 用it 代替动名词作形式主语的除了上述句型外,还有一种句型为: It is no use/ useless/ useful/ no good/ great fun/ a waste of time/ nice/ good+ v-ing 例如: It's no use trying to argue with him. 3) “ There be” 的结构 这种句型一般是否定形式,There是引导词,作为形式 主语,动名词做真正主语。意思是“不可能……”。 例如: There is no joking about such matters. 4) 告示或简略的警告用语中,动名词在祈使句中作主语一般是否定的、省略的形式。 例如: No climbing. (No climbing is allowed. ) 5) 组成复合结构动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,可在其前面加上所有 格, 使之变成复合结构,可作为句中主语。 例如:

动名词的用法及练习题

动名词(Gerund) 动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式,由动词+ ing 构成,否定形式为not doing, 兼有动词的特征和名词的功能。 二、动名词相当于名词,在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和定语 1、作主语 动名词是由动词变化而来,所以,动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。例如: Walking is good exercise. 走路是很好的运动 Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 Smoking may cause cancer. 吸烟可能导致癌症。 Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 乘火车到杭州要16 个小时。 Swimming develops the muscles. 游泳可以发展肌肉。 注意:动名词作主语时,对于一些比较长的动名词短语,一般采用"It is …" 和"There is …"两种句式来表示。例如: It takes me ten minutes to get home from my office.我从办公室回家要花十分钟。 It needs time to make three copies of it.把它复制三份需要时间。 It's nice talking with you. 和你谈话很高兴。 It's no use arguing with him. 跟他争论没用。 It is no good learning without practice.学而不实践是没好处的。 There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。 There is no denying that she is very efficient. 她效率高是不容否认的。 2 、作定语动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍,一般只限于单个的动名词作定语,表示“用于……的”或表示“处于某件事情中的……”含义。例如:swimming pool 游泳池 walking stick 手杖opening speech 开幕词waiting room 候车室reading material 阅读材料floating needle 浮针listening aid 助听器working people 劳动人民 3 、作表语动名词作表语的时候,特别要注意:不要与正在进行时混淆。动名词作表语,表达的是“某件事”等。例如: His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. (动名词)他的业余工作是为那家公司推销新产品。 Reading is for sure learning, but applying is also learning to a greater extent.(动名词)读书当然是学习,然而运用在很大程度上更是学习。

何时用不定式何时用分词和动名词

何时用不定式何时用分词和动名词 Ⅰ.动名词和不定式做主语的相同点 1.不定式短语和动名词做主语时,常常为了保持句子的平衡,用it来做形式主语,如: It is not easy to learn English well. It is no use asking him for help. 2.如果主语用了不定式,表语和宾语也要用不定式;主语用了动名词,表语和宾语也要用动名词,这在英语中称为对称性,如: To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. (眼见为实) (85)It is better to stay home than _A__ out. A. to go B. going C. go D. gone Ⅱ.动名词和不定式做主语的不同点 1.不定式做主语常表示具体的某一动作;表示泛指或一般的抽象的概念时,多用动名词,如: (92)_B_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk 2.在”There/It +be+ no use(good/help/need)”之后常用动名词做主语,而少用不定式,如: It /There is no use crying over the split milk. It /There is no help taking this medicine. ★但是如果该句型中用了for引出不定式的逻辑主语,就只能用不定式,如: (93) There is no good for us to do that exercise. 3.不定式可以和when, where, how, what, whether等连用,在句子中做主语,宾语和表语,而动名词则不能,如: How to solve the problem is a hot potato. Where to put the box seems hard to decide. Whether to do it hasn’t been decided. What to do next is up to you. 时态、语态及其基本用法 A. 不定式 1.不定式的时态、语态有三种形式:①一般式,如,to write / to be written ;②进行式,如,to be writing / to have been writing;③完成式,如,to have written / to have been written 。 2.基本用法 ①不定式的一般式,表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时也发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如: He seems to know this.(=It seems that he knows this.) I hope to see you again.(=I hope that I’ll see you again.) He doesn’t like to be laughed at. (=He doesn’t like that he is being laughed at.) ②不定式的进行式,表示不定式的动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如: When the mother went into the room, the boy pretended to be sleeping. (=… , the boy pretended that he was sleeping .) I heard the English song being sung by him. (=I heard that the English song was being sung by him.) ③.不定式的完成式,表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如: I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. (= I am sorry that I kept you waiting so long. ) Having been well written, the book was translated into many languages. (=Because it had been well written, …) B. 分词 1.只有现在分词才有时态和语态形式的变化。现在分词的时态、语态有两种形式:①一般式,如,doing / being done;

(完整)人教版初中英语动词固定搭配

一. 只接不定式(不能接动名词)作宾语的25个常用动词 1. want to do sth. 想要做某事 I want to buy a new computer this afternoon. 2. would like to do sth.想要做某事 I would like to invite you to come to my birthday party this Saturday. 3. wish to do sth. 希望做某事 I wish to live on the moon one day. 4. help to do sth. 帮助做某事 I often help to do some chores at home. 5. hope to do sth. 希望做某事 I hope to have a good rest this weekend. 6. learn to do sth. 学会做某事 He finally learned to play the piano with the help of the teacher. 7. manage to do sth. 设法做成某事 They managed to escape the fire yesterday. 8. offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事 Never offer to teach fish to swim. 9. plan to do sth. 计划做某事 He plans to travel around the world. 10. afford to do sth. 负担得起做某事(时间或金钱方面) We can’t afford to go abroad this summer. 11. agree to do sth. 做某事 He agreed to do it at once. 12. arrange to do sth.安排做某事 I arrange to wash clothes tomorrow morning. 13. ask to do sth. 要求做某事 The boy asks to go to school by bike. 14. beg to do sth. 恳求做某事 He begged not to be put into prison.

现在分词作状语及习题

现在分词作状语 一、现在分词具有形容词和副词特征,用作副词时,充当时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果、方式以及让步状语。 1. 作时间状语,可改为时间状语从句,分词前可加while或when等连词。 When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. =When we compare different cultures… (06全国) 2. 作条件状语,可改为条件状语从句,分词前可加once, until, if等连词。 Turning to the right, you will find the path leading to the park. =If you turn to the left … 3. 作原因状语,可改为原因状语从句。 Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time passing the exam. =Because/ As he had been ill in bed… (04福建) 4. 作结果状语,可改为which引导非限制性定语从句,分词前可加thus,加强语气。 Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, reaching a record $57.65 a barrel on April. =…, which reach a record $57.65 a barrel on April. (05山东) 5. 作让步状语,可改为让步状语从句,分词前可加although, though, even if, even though等连接词。 Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university. = Though his parents lack money, they … (02上海) 6. 作伴随状语,相当于and连接并列谓语。 About one-six undergraduates in Beijing this year are willing to spend as much as 2,6oo Yuan on driving courses, seeing it as an investment in their future. = …, and see it as an investment in their future. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, running away =…and ran away (05全国) 7. 作方式状语。Jack came here, running. 二、现在分词的时态以及否定形式 分词的动作与谓语同时发生用一般式,可转化为on+动名词或when/while引导的时间状语从句,从句根据语境用一般过去时或过去进行时;分词动作先于谓语动词用完成式,可转化为after+动名词的一般式或after /when引导的时间状语从句,从句中用完成式;现在分词的否定式:not+分词构成。 Hearing his father’s voice, the boy turned off the TV set at once. = On hearing his father’s voice…或When the boy heard father’s voice, he… Having waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (04北京) =After waiting in the queue…或When Tom had waited in the queue for half an hour, he… 三、现在分词的逻辑主语及独立结构 分词作状语,逻辑主语与句子主语一致;如不一致时,分词带上自己的逻辑主语,形成独立主格结构。 误:While watching television, the doorbell rang. (05全国) 正:While watching television, we heard the doorbell ring. (05全国) 误:Being sunny, we went on a spring outing. 正:It being sunny, we went on a spring outing. 四、掌握以下区别 1. 首动词的用法区别

非谓语动词之现在分词和动名词

非谓语动词之现在分词和动名词 今天我们来学习另外两种非谓语动词形式—现在分词和动名词。 现在分词和动名词的形式是一样的,都是doing,但它们的含义和用法存在很大差别,即便都可以做表语、定语,其含义也是大不相同的。 希望同学们通过今天的学习,能够真正领悟它们的用法和区别。 一.现在分词(The Present Participle): doing 1、现在分词由动词加“ing”构成,表示主动或正在进行,主要起形容词、副词和动词的作用,可在句中作表语、定语、状语、宾补等成份。 (1)作表语。(与主语存在主动的逻辑关系) The news is exciting. 这个消息令人兴奋。

The result is amazing. 这个结果令人惊异。 (2)作定语。(与被修饰词之间存在主动的逻辑关系) Do you know the young man standing under the tree? 你认识站在树下的年轻人吗? The woman wearing a red coat is my aunt. 穿红外套的女人是我的阿姨。 (3)作状语。(与句子主语存在主动逻辑关系,并且与谓语动作同时发生) Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano .(时间状语) 经过这所房子的时候,他看到一个女孩正在弹钢琴。

A lot of land has gone with the trees, leaving only sand.(结果状语) 大量的土地已经与树木一起消失了,只留下了沙子。 They wake up their parents , calling “Merry Christmas”(伴随状语)他们弄醒了他们的父母,喊着“圣诞节快乐”。 (4)作宾补。(与宾语存在主动逻辑关系,并且与谓语动作同时发生) I hear a girl singing in the next room. 我听到一个女孩正在隔壁唱歌。 2、现在分词的否定式:not doing Not knowing where he is, she is feeling anxious. 不知道他在哪里,她感到非常焦急。

现在分词和动名词的区别

动名词和现在分词的区别 如果你只想知道动名词和现在分词如何区分的话我给你一个例子sleeping baby reading room 这 里sleeping是现在分词,因为sleeping=baby is sleeping,sleeping显然是个分词;而reading room 不等同于room is reading,所以reading是动名词 动名词在形式上,和现在分词相同,然而现在分词具有形容词或副词的特点; 而动名词具有名词的特点。因此在句子中可用作主语、表语、宾语或介词的宾语。例如:Working with you is a pleasure. 和你一起工作是一种乐趣。(主语) Seeing is believing.眼见为实。(主语) Another goal was ending the chaos in the country. 另一个目标是结束国家的混乱状态。(表语) What he got in his mind was walking all the way to town.他心中的想的办法是一路步行进城。(表语) My job is teaching.我的工作是教学。(表语) To keep money that you have found is stealing.私藏拾到的钱等于偷窃。(表语) Her shoes wants mending. 她的鞋该修理了。(宾语) I have finished writing this book.我已经写完这本书了。(宾语) She left without saying good-bye to us.她没有向我们告别就走了。(介词宾语) My brother is fond of skating. 我弟弟喜欢滑冰。(介词宾语) Thank you for giving me some help. 谢谢你给我些帮助。(介词宾语) 由于动名词是动词的一种形式,因此动名词也具有动词的一些特征。动名词可以带直接宾语;可以被副词修饰。例如: My hobby is collecting stamps. 我的爱好是集邮。(stamps是动名词collecting的宾语) Meeting you has been a great pleasure.见到你是件很快乐的事。(you是动名词meeting的宾语)I like driving fast. 我喜欢开快车。(副词fast修饰动名词driving) 动名词还有几种形式: 主动形式

初中英语知识点总结:动名词

知识点总结 如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词,那么这个词称动名词。由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语。 一、动名词的作用 1、作主语 1)、直接位于句首做主语。例如:Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2)、用it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。动名词做主语时,不太常用it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:It is no use telling him not to worry. 3)、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较:动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作,不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较:Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much. 2、作表语 动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。 Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.) What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。(Being laughed at is what I hate most.) 3、作定语 动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如: a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing 。 4、作宾语 例:We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。 5、有些词后只能接动名词,不能跟不定式。allow;avoid; celebrate; consider; discontinue; dislike; enjoy; escape; excuse; explain; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help;imagine; keep; it means;mind; miss; practice; prevent;等 6、另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用短语。spend money/time; think of,give up,put off,insist on,be good at,do well in,can't help,keep on,feel like,be tired (afraid,capable,fond)of,look forward to, be used to, devote oneself to, stick to, respond to, look forward to, 7、有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可,例如:remember, forget, try, stop, go on, stop,regret,, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。例:like doing sth 表经常性动作like to do sth表习惯性动作; stop doing sth,停止正在做的事情stop to do sth停下来做另外一件事;remember,forget,regret的不定时结构指后于谓语动词的动作,动词的ing形式则先于谓语动词的动作remember to do/doing:①I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我记得做过这个动作) try to(努力)与try +–ing(试验):①I tried not to go there.(我设法不去那里)

现在分词和动名词的区别

现在分词和动名词的区别 动名词和现在分词:都由动词变化而来,仍然具有动词的性质和原义,但不能做动词使用。 两者的区别主要表现在: 1. –ing在句中作定语,它可能是现在分词,也可能是动名词 动名词作定语时:说明被修饰的名词的用途(可以用“use for +动名词”这个结构代替),它和所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系; 现在分词作定语时:表示它所修饰的名词的行为,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系(可以扩展为定语从句); 还有一种区别方法是: 如果ing形式相当于一个名词,可以与主语交换位置,它就是动名词; 如果ing形式相当于形容词,不能与主语交换位置,它就是现在分词。 a sleeping car = a car used for sleeping 一节卧车车厢(sleeping此处为动名词); a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping 一个睡着的孩子(sleeping此处为现在分词) 2. 动名词具有名词的性质: (1)可以和名词一样有冠词或this、some等形容词 A knocking at the door was heard. (2)可以和名词一样有所有格、复数形式 He enjoys reading for reading’s sake, not for scholarship. He is so busy that I cannot keep track of all his comings and goings. (3)可以带所有格以表明动作者 Please excuse my coming late. 3. “动名词+名词”和“现在分词+名词”的读音不同 “动名词+名词”的重音在“动名词”上(a ‘sleeping suit) “现在分词+名词”的重音在“名词”上(a sleeping ‘child) 4. 动名词用法的特殊情况 ①No+动名词——用于简短的禁令或禁律 No smoking=Don’t do=Don’t smoke. ②There is no+-ing(…是不可能的)= It is impossible to= No one can (or We cannot) There is no telling when lasting peace will come. 谁也不知道永久的和平何时到来 ③Never (or not) … without + -ing (每次…都…)= whenever He never comes without bringing some present. ④It goes without saying that(…是不用说的)= It is needless to say that It goes without saying that no animal can live without breathing. ⑤Do+动名词(做需要若干时间或一再重复的事情),动名词之前都由the、所有

初中英语动词知识点归纳、用法及练习题

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最新初中英语动名词练习

1. Please excuse me ______ your letter by mistake. A. to open B. to have opened C. for opening D. in opening 2. Certainly I posted your letter — I remember ______ it. A. posting B. to post C. to be posting D. have posted 3. They must be at home —there’s a light ______ in the bedroom. A. to shine B. to be shining C. shining D. having shined 4. If the car won’t start, ______ it. A. try push B. try pushing C. to try pushing D. to try to push 5. Mr Smith dislikes ______ such clothes but his wife likes _____ them. A. to wear, to wear B. to wear, wearing C. wearing, to wear D. wearing, wear 6. _____ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. Walk B. Walking C. The walk D. To walk 7. When you’re lear ning to drive, _____ a good teacher makes a big difference. A. have B. having C. and have D. and having 8. _____ this report _____ in such a short time was quite a difficult exercise.

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