英语词汇学第10讲PPT课件
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英语词汇学之清辅音浊化ppt课件
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浊化现象一
s+清辅音+一个元音，无论那个清辅音是在
单词的最前面还是中间，只要是在重读音节或 次重读音节里，一般都读成对应浊辅音。
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例词
浊化
stand speak strike sky
不浊化
grasp test desk
智胜 比…多
5
浊化现象二
s 后面的清辅音被浊化，只是清辅音浊化的一小 部分，很多时候不用加 s 也可能被浊化。 地道 英语一般将这些单词中间那个清辅音发成对应 的浊辅音了，才像英语。
缺点
杂乱 不喜欢
例词
water happy
meeting walking
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ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้智胜 比…多
结语
清辅音浊化只是一种发音现象，不是规则。 s 后面的清辅音被浊化 不用加 s 也可能被浊化
个人体会：因为连续发两个清辅音费力又不容易辨别，所以 将第二个清辅音浊化，实乃方便之举。
智胜 比…多
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End
9
清辅音浊化概述
目 清辅音浊化细则
录 清辅音浊化例词
清辅音浊化的概念
清辅音浊化是一种发音现象，清辅音在某 种情况下读成其对应的浊辅音。
2
清辅音与浊辅音
清辅音发音时声带不震动
清辅音 [p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [tr] [ts]
浊辅音发音时声带震动
浊辅音 [b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [dr] [dz]
现代英语词汇学概论.ppt
till the cows come home: The idiom functions as one word—an adverb meaning “forever”. show the white feather—functions as a verb meaning “to show fear”.
make sure
run short of
keep after (反复提醒）
get at （批评）
move in on （准备）攻击；影响
sit down under (忍受）
make do with (凑合着用）
poke one’s nose into (探听，干涉）
make a clean breast of (和盘托出）
界)
Animal Crackers
It’s raining _c_a_ts_ and dogs!
I’ve got a _f_ro_g____ in my throat.我得
了咽喉炎。
Those are just _c_ro_c_o_d_il_e_tears.
He’s taken the _li_o_n_‘s_ share.
V. Use of idioms
In order to use the idioms appropriatehe following features of idioms:
3. Semantic opacity 语义的不透明性
Idioms are usually semantically opaque,ie.metaphorical rather than literal.
a feather in sb's cap "an honour, success, of which one can be proud"
make sure
run short of
keep after (反复提醒）
get at （批评）
move in on （准备）攻击；影响
sit down under (忍受）
make do with (凑合着用）
poke one’s nose into (探听，干涉）
make a clean breast of (和盘托出）
界)
Animal Crackers
It’s raining _c_a_ts_ and dogs!
I’ve got a _f_ro_g____ in my throat.我得
了咽喉炎。
Those are just _c_ro_c_o_d_il_e_tears.
He’s taken the _li_o_n_‘s_ share.
V. Use of idioms
In order to use the idioms appropriatehe following features of idioms:
3. Semantic opacity 语义的不透明性
Idioms are usually semantically opaque,ie.metaphorical rather than literal.
a feather in sb's cap "an honour, success, of which one can be proud"
英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档
The origin and evolution of words
The use and function of words in different contexts
The methods used in English vocabulary research include
The process of compiling and organizing a dictionary
Lexicography
The study of words and their relationships, patterns, and evolution over time
Lexicology
The study of word meaning and its relationship to other words and concepts
Originating from Latin, Greek and French
words that are commonly used and easy to understand
Basic words
words that are used in specific fields, such as technology, science and medicine
目录
CATALOGUE
The Application of English Lexicology in Language EducationResearch Resources and Prospects of English Lexicology
Introduction to English Lexicology
01
02
04
The use and function of words in different contexts
The methods used in English vocabulary research include
The process of compiling and organizing a dictionary
Lexicography
The study of words and their relationships, patterns, and evolution over time
Lexicology
The study of word meaning and its relationship to other words and concepts
Originating from Latin, Greek and French
words that are commonly used and easy to understand
Basic words
words that are used in specific fields, such as technology, science and medicine
目录
CATALOGUE
The Application of English Lexicology in Language EducationResearch Resources and Prospects of English Lexicology
Introduction to English Lexicology
01
02
04
10英语词汇学(第十讲)
2))
A. 创造一些原本根本不存在的新词(invention)，如： 一种具有刺激性吸引力的人开始被人们称之为 pizzazz(时髦派头的人)｡早期的殖民者创造的词汇也 不少,如bellhop(俱乐部男侍),debunk(结露真相 ),blurb(说明),cahoots(共谋),skyscraper(摩天大楼)｡由 于科技的发展,一系列科学理论词汇也相继诞生,如： black hole (黑洞),cinerama(全景电影),duplication(录 像机),space walk(太空行走)｡最近,中国太空人的出现 也使美语又有了一个新词, taikonaut (太空人)以示区 别astronaut(宇航员)｡
B. 在旧词的基础上,自由地运用词缀 (affixation),或者运用合成法(blending)和逆生 法(backformation)来创造新词，如： debug(寻找并除去导致错误的原因),defog(除 雾),defrost(除霜),racist(种族主义者),smog(烟 雾)来自于smoke(烟)和fog(雾), medicare (医 疗照顾)是由medical和care混合而成的 ,brunch(早午餐)是由breakfast和lunch的混合 体｡
mad用作angry讲,如: He was mad about losing the chance (丢掉这次机会他气得要命) 这一用法在莎士比亚时期人们频繁地使用; railroad作railway,18世纪的英国只有木轨 (wooden rails)作铁路运输时使用的词汇,19世 纪时就已经被railway取代,美语却保留至今｡ 另外还有,sick (ill), collide, dead right/wrong, hitchhike, sidewalk (pavement)
英语词汇学
构词双音化规律的支配，古代的单音词，许多都转化为现代汉语的语素。 （黄伯荣，现代汉语，甘肃人民出版社，1983）
What is a Chinese phrase(词组)
❖ 词组又叫短语，是大于词的语言单位，是由两个或两个以上的实词构成 而不成为句子的语言单位。
❖ 词和词组的区别： ❖ 1、意义上，词表示简单的概念，词组复合的概念。 ❖ 2、语法功能上，词是句法结构中最小的独立运用的单位，词组也是句
morphemes. ❖ The word occurs typically in the structure of
phrases. ❖ The word should belong to a specific word
class or part of speech.
Simple and plex words
English Lexicology Chapter 1
Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
本文档后面有精心整理的常用PPT编辑图标，以提高工作效率
Abstract
❖ This chapter gives a scientific definition of a word, discusses the relationship between sound and meaning, between sound and form, between words and vocabulary, puts forward the three main principles of lexical classification and elaborates on the features of basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary, content words and functional words, native words and borrowed words.
What is a Chinese phrase(词组)
❖ 词组又叫短语，是大于词的语言单位，是由两个或两个以上的实词构成 而不成为句子的语言单位。
❖ 词和词组的区别： ❖ 1、意义上，词表示简单的概念，词组复合的概念。 ❖ 2、语法功能上，词是句法结构中最小的独立运用的单位，词组也是句
morphemes. ❖ The word occurs typically in the structure of
phrases. ❖ The word should belong to a specific word
class or part of speech.
Simple and plex words
English Lexicology Chapter 1
Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
本文档后面有精心整理的常用PPT编辑图标，以提高工作效率
Abstract
❖ This chapter gives a scientific definition of a word, discusses the relationship between sound and meaning, between sound and form, between words and vocabulary, puts forward the three main principles of lexical classification and elaborates on the features of basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary, content words and functional words, native words and borrowed words.
词汇学PPT课件
b. Borrowed words
Borrowed words (loan words): are words taken from foreign languages.
Origin of borrowed words
Danish Latin Italian Arabic Russian
French Greek Spanish Chinese German
4. Meaning and concept
How are words related
to things?
4. Meaning and concept
Word → concept → referent
referent ↗↖
Word → concept
4. Meaning and concept
Features of native words
in structure: mostly monosyllabic words in meaning: express the fundamental
concepts dealing with everyday
objects and things in grammar: include most parts of speech
1. Definition of a Word
I love you!
I hate you!
1. Definition of a Word
What is a word?
Major Features of Words
What are the major features of words?
（杨信彰，2009）
1.terminology 术语 2.jargon 行话
英语词汇学10-2012.8.
through thick and thin不顾艰难险阻, 在任何情况下 He dashed through thick and thin.他不顾艰难险阻地往前
冲。
Most
English idioms are fixed in structure (1) wholly fixed idioms Easy come, easy go. 来得容易，去得快 There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪 Gifts blind the eyes. 吃人家嘴短，拿人家手软。
English idioms are an essential part of the general vocabulary. Idioms reflect the environment, life, history, and culture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermost spirit and feeling. E.g. look up, put aside, do away with, the last straw, at the eleventh hour, as straight as an arrow, give sb. the cold shoulder, make both end meet…. They are stylistically neutral, and quite a number of them belong to informal spoken English.
10.2.5 Proverbs Proverbs may provide interesting little glimpse or clues to a people’s geography, history, social organization, social views , attitudes.
英语词汇学 ppt课件
eg. (1) hām(home)的变格： Singular
Subjective hām
Possessive hāmes
Patient
hāme
Objective hām
Plural hāmas hāma hāmum hāmas
ppt课件
23
6）Loan Words 外来语
（1） Introduction of Christianity(基督教) Fr. Latin: bargain, cheap, inch, pound, cup, dish, wall, wine, etc.; abbot, alter, candle, disciple, hymn, martyr, num, priest, pope, shrine, temple, etc. （2） Scandinavian invasion — Vikings Fr. Old Norse: are, they, their, them, till, call, die give, take skin, sky, window, ill, weak, etc.
3000 BC, Iberians --- Neolithic
500 BC, Celts
55BC – 410 AD, the Roman occupation
55BC: Julius Caesar
43AD: Emperor Claudius
--- The Roman Conquest罗马人的征服
inflectional and derivational affix?
ppt课件
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6. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?
Lecture10-《英语词汇学》第10章教案
Lecture10-《英语词汇学》第10章教案Lecture 10讲授题⽬：Word Meaning and Context所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第10章计划学时：2 periods教学⽅法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学⽬的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学⽣应对词义与语境，语境的种类和语境的作⽤有较好学习掌握。
教学重点：1) Types of context;2) The role of context.教学难点：The role of context.As most words have more than one meaning, it is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in context. Context is very important for the understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influenced immediately by the linguistic context, and in many cases by the whole speech situation as well.When a writer or speaker uses a word, she makes it ‘mean just what he chooses it to mean —neither more or less’. Without context, there is no way to determine the very sense of the word that the speaker intended to convey; whereas with context there is generally no danger of misinterpretation, for meaning lives in context and the context defines the meaning.由于词义受语境的影响较⼤，语境在词义的理解上起到很⼤作⽤。
英语词汇学教程 全套课件-精选文档
长子，赑屃/囚牛 次子，螭吻 三子，蒲牢 四子，狴犴 五子，饕餮 六子，蚆嗄 七子，睚眦 八子，狻猊/负屃 九子，椒图 /貔貅
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
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Semantic changes result as a rule in meanings being added to the ones already existing in the semantic structure of the word.
Polysemy
Synchronically we understand polysemy as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of the development of the English language.
Polysemy
Relationship between meaning and concept • Word concept referent
word
Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3
Referent 1 Referent 2 Referent 3
Polysemy
crane
Internal linguistic factors external linguistic factors
Lecture X
Semantic Relatiip
1. Polysemy 2. Homonymy 3. Synonymy 4. Antonymy 5. Hyponymy
1. Change of Meaning 2. Types of Change
Meaning Extension Meaning Narrowing Meaning Elevation Meaning Degradation Meaning Transference
3. Motivations of Change
Polysemy means a plurality of meaning. In English as in any language the number of meanings is larger than the number of words.
With words, it may be said that polysemy is the rule, and monosemy is the exception.
Homonymy
Homonyms are words different in meaning and either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.
Homonymy
Classification of English homonyms: a. Perfect homonyms are identical both in sound and
English Lexicology
Readings Task IX Check
• Chapter 7 & 8 of A Survey of English Lexicology
• Key points in the book will be discussed next week
Review of Lecture IX
Homonymy
(In a restaurant) A: Waiter! B: Yes, sir. A: What’s this? B: It’s bean soup, sir. A: No matter what it’s been, what is it now?
Polysemy
If polysemy is viewed diachronically, it is understood as the growth and development or, in general, a change in the semantic structure of the word.
in a particular direction in order to see or hear something better. e.g. She craned her neck to get a better view...
Polysemy
Please compare the following: • He is a father of two girls. • He is over 30 now. Why not have a girl? • I’ll have a girl help you.
Semantic Relationship
Semantically, all words are related in one way or another.
In light of meaning relations, words can be classified semantically.
Polysemy
in spelling but different in meaning, e.g. bear (n.)/bear (v.) b. homographs are identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. tear (n.)/tear (v) c. homophones are identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear/deer.
1. A crane is a kind of large bird with a long neck and long legs.
2. A crane is a large machine that moves heavy things by lifting them in the air.
e.g. The little hut was lifted away by a huge crane. 3. If you crane your neck or head, you stretch your neck
Polysemy
Synchronically we understand polysemy as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of the development of the English language.
Polysemy
Relationship between meaning and concept • Word concept referent
word
Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3
Referent 1 Referent 2 Referent 3
Polysemy
crane
Internal linguistic factors external linguistic factors
Lecture X
Semantic Relatiip
1. Polysemy 2. Homonymy 3. Synonymy 4. Antonymy 5. Hyponymy
1. Change of Meaning 2. Types of Change
Meaning Extension Meaning Narrowing Meaning Elevation Meaning Degradation Meaning Transference
3. Motivations of Change
Polysemy means a plurality of meaning. In English as in any language the number of meanings is larger than the number of words.
With words, it may be said that polysemy is the rule, and monosemy is the exception.
Homonymy
Homonyms are words different in meaning and either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.
Homonymy
Classification of English homonyms: a. Perfect homonyms are identical both in sound and
English Lexicology
Readings Task IX Check
• Chapter 7 & 8 of A Survey of English Lexicology
• Key points in the book will be discussed next week
Review of Lecture IX
Homonymy
(In a restaurant) A: Waiter! B: Yes, sir. A: What’s this? B: It’s bean soup, sir. A: No matter what it’s been, what is it now?
Polysemy
If polysemy is viewed diachronically, it is understood as the growth and development or, in general, a change in the semantic structure of the word.
in a particular direction in order to see or hear something better. e.g. She craned her neck to get a better view...
Polysemy
Please compare the following: • He is a father of two girls. • He is over 30 now. Why not have a girl? • I’ll have a girl help you.
Semantic Relationship
Semantically, all words are related in one way or another.
In light of meaning relations, words can be classified semantically.
Polysemy
in spelling but different in meaning, e.g. bear (n.)/bear (v.) b. homographs are identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. tear (n.)/tear (v) c. homophones are identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear/deer.
1. A crane is a kind of large bird with a long neck and long legs.
2. A crane is a large machine that moves heavy things by lifting them in the air.
e.g. The little hut was lifted away by a huge crane. 3. If you crane your neck or head, you stretch your neck