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宇宙物理的发展历程宇宙物理学是研究宇宙结构、演化以及宇宙起源和演化的科学领域。
宇宙物理学的发展历程可以追溯到古代的天文学，而真正的宇宙物理学则是在19世纪末20世纪初逐渐形成的。
以下将以700字介绍宇宙物理学的发展历程。
古代的天文学家通过观察星体的运动和周期性现象，例如日食和月食，开始对宇宙的结构和运动进行探索。
在欧洲，古希腊的天文学家始终坚信地球是宇宙的中心，他们提出的地心说一直延续至中世纪。
然而，哥白尼在16世纪提出了日心说，即地球并非宇宙的中心，而是绕着太阳运动。
随着科学技术的不断进步，人类开始使用望远镜观测宇宙的更多细节。
17世纪末，牛顿提出了普遍引力定律，解释了天体之间的相互作用。
这一定律为宇宙物理学奠定了基础，使得人们能够更深入地研究宇宙的演化。
到了19世纪末20世纪初，爱因斯坦的相对论进一步推动了宇宙物理学的发展。
相对论提供了更准确的描述物体在强引力场中的运动和相互作用的方法，并解释了光传播过程中的时间和空间弯曲。
这个理论的推广应用使得科学家们能够更加深入地研究宇宙结构和演化。
宇宙物理学的发展离不开红移的发现。
早在20世纪初，爱德温·哈勃观测到遥远星系的光谱发现，它们的光谱线向红移。
这一现象表明星系远离我们，而且离我们越远，红移越大。
通过分析红移现象，科学家们明确了宇宙在膨胀，即宇宙大爆炸理论的提出，解释了宇宙起源与演化的动力学过程。
在20世纪后半期，人类进一步深入地认识了宇宙的物质组成和结构。
科学家们通过探测宇宙背景辐射，发现宇宙中有大量的暗物质存在。
这一发现改变了人类对宇宙结构的认知，宇宙的总物质含量远超过可见物质，暗物质的性质和分布成为了宇宙物理学的重要研究方向之一。
宇宙物理学的发展历程中，还有一个重要的里程碑是引力波的探测。
2015年，利果时空干涉引力波天文台首次探测到引力波信号，这一发现进一步验证了爱因斯坦的相对论，并为研究黑洞和中子星等特殊天体提供了重要工具。
【初中地理】《宇宙学原理》(1)初始宇宙康德曾认为，如果纯粹理性思维，假设宇宙是有限的和无限的，就会导致矛盾。
然而，从根本上说，宇宙必须是一个从无到存在、从静态到动态的质的转变。
正如任何河流的源头都必须从一条小溪变成一滴水一样，宇宙也必须有一段空洞的历史。
在一段空洞的历史中，它一定是一个无限的空间。
这个时期的宇宙图像可以被认为是初始宇宙的空间。
如果宇宙的变化遵循热力学第二定律，则熵随时间增加。
那么，在一个虚无的世界里，它也可以被视为最高程度的秩序。
此时，宇宙正处于一个平稳有序的阶段。
虽然真空中有虚拟粒子。
然而，在场尚未转化为粒子之前的时刻，无论它存在多长时间，没有熵变的空间在时间上都是无效的。
普利高津的耗散理论告诉我们，早期物质的产生只能够是从场把能量转化为狭义意义上的物质(即粒子)，那一刻开始，对于整个虚无的无限空间而言，是质的转变，它是从无到有，从静到动的转变。
随着熵的增大，此时的空间具有时间的方向箭头，时间同时具有了形态和方向，在理论上，如果霍金先生描述的时间箭头是正确的话，可以认为此时的时间具有了热力学时间箭头，心理学时间箭头失效，而宇宙学时间箭头则不存在。
在无限空间中，由于粒子的不断生成，随着场变换粒子数量的增加，空间中的物质将在无限空间中形成无数个中心点。
每个中心点形成的引力作用将吸引周围的粒子。
因此，中心物质的浓度是熵增加的主要原因。
为了区分我们所定为的宇宙概念，在本文中，我把在一个无限的虚无空间中，由第一个粒子产生的那一刻开始的宇宙称之为初始宇宙。
把下一节描述的泡的世界中空间确定为宇宙概念，以示区别。
无限的初始宇宙具有以下几个特征：1.最初的宇宙有无限的空间。
在没有任何东西的无限空间中，时间是有限的。
2、初始宇宙必定是从有序程度最高的阶段开始的。
3.初始宇宙满足宇宙演化的时空条件。
关于初始宇宙，本人所描绘的定义表示如下几个方面。
首先，初始宇宙在空间是无限的，真正的宇宙必须注入时间概念，而时间注入的时机则又可假定空间中由于场的能量产生狭义意义上的物质开始即无限的空间中产生第一个粒子开始，这个时候的宇宙具备了无限的空间和无限时间，具有了高度有序初始条件，无序程度会随时间而增大，并且与时间箭头方向一致。
现代物理学中的许多理论、观点及其应用现代物理学是研究自然界基本粒子和基本力的学科，它的发展引领了人类对宇宙的认知从微观到宏观的跨越。
本文将介绍现代物理学中的重要理论、观点及其应用，旨在提供一个全面的概述。
一、相对论相对论是20世纪初由爱因斯坦提出的物理学理论，主要分为狭义相对论和广义相对论。
1.1 狭义相对论狭义相对论主要研究在恒定速度运动的惯性系中，空间和时间的相对性。
其核心观点是，时空是一个相对的概念，即不同观察者会因其自身的运动状态不同，而观察到不同的时间和空间。
狭义相对论的数学表达式为E=mc²，其中E表示能量，m表示质量，c表示光速。
1.2 广义相对论广义相对论将狭义相对论的原理推广到非惯性系，引入了引力概念。
广义相对论认为，引力是由物质对时空的曲率产生的，而非牛顿力学中所描述的力。
这一理论成功解释了水星轨道的进动等天文现象。
二、量子力学量子力学是研究微观粒子行为的物理学分支，其揭示了在微观尺度下，物质和能量的离散化现象。
2.1 波粒二象性量子力学中最著名的观点之一是波粒二象性，即微观粒子既具有波动性又具有粒子性。
这一理论为解释光电效应等现象提供了依据。
2.2 不确定性原理不确定性原理是量子力学的基本原理之一，表明在微观尺度下，粒子的位置和动量无法同时被精确测量。
三、粒子物理学粒子物理学研究物质的基本组成单元——粒子，以及它们之间的相互作用。
3.1 标准模型粒子物理学目前公认的理论框架是标准模型，它将粒子分为夸克、轻子、玻色子三类，并提出了弱相互作用和强相互作用等基本力。
3.2 希格斯机制希格斯机制是标准模型中的一种理论，旨在解释为什么粒子具有质量。
希格斯玻色子是这一机制的关键粒子，2012年发现后为粒子物理学带来了突破。
四、宇宙学宇宙学是研究宇宙的起源、结构、演化和大爆炸等现象的学科。
4.1 宇宙膨胀宇宙膨胀是现代宇宙学的基本观点之一，表明宇宙自大爆炸以来一直在膨胀。
这一理论为宇宙背景辐射等观测现象提供了解释。
宇宙的相对论;爱因斯坦的宇宙观宇宙的相对论：爱因斯坦的宇宙观在20世纪初，阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦提出了他的相对论理论，引领了现代物理学的发展。
这个理论不仅深刻地改变了我们对时间和空间的认识，也对宇宙的本质产生了巨大影响。
爱因斯坦的宇宙观给我们带来了一种全新的方式来理解宇宙。
首先，让我们回顾一下相对论的基本原理。
爱因斯坦提出了两个关键概念：相对性原理和光速不变原理。
相对性原理指出，在任何匀速运动的参考系中，物理定律都是相同的。
换句话说，没有一个特定的绝对参考系。
光速不变原理则表明，在任何参考系中，光的速度都是恒定的。
这两个原理推导出了著名的狭义相对论。
狭义相对论对时间和空间的观念进行了革命性的改变。
根据相对论，时间和空间是相互关联的，构成了一个整体——时空。
时间不再是一个绝对的概念，而是依赖于观察者的运动状态。
当物体以接近光速运动时，时间会减缓，这被称为时间膨胀效应。
这种现象在实践中已经得到了验证，如高速飞行的飞船上的时钟与地面上的时钟的差异。
而空间也不再是一个绝对的概念。
相对论表明，物体的长度会随其相对于观察者的运动速度而变化。
当物体以接近光速运动时，它的长度会收缩，这被称为长度收缩效应。
这个思想实验在实验中也得到了确认，如粒子加速器中的粒子束。
除了狭义相对论，爱因斯坦还提出了广义相对论，这是关于重力的理论。
广义相对论认为，重力并不是一个力，而是由物体曲线时空造成的。
这个理论通过引入时空弯曲的概念，解释了为什么物体会受到重力的作用。
这个理论在太阳系的天体运动和黑洞等现象的解释中取得了巨大成功。
爱因斯坦的宇宙观基于相对论的基础，认为宇宙是一个整体，由时空构成。
他提出了宇宙是一个四维时空连续体的观点，其中物质和能量影响着时空的弯曲。
这种观点为我们提供了解释宇宙演化的新视角。
根据爱因斯坦的宇宙观，宇宙并不是一个静态不变的存在，而是在不断演化和变化中。
时空的弯曲使得物质和能量沿着特定的路径运动，从而形成了星系、恒星和行星等结构。
天体运动规律及宇宙起源理论天体运动规律是指天体在宇宙中的运动方式和轨迹，而宇宙起源理论则是指关于宇宙如何形成的科学理论。
这两个话题是天文学研究中的重要内容，对于我们了解宇宙的起源和发展具有重要意义。
天体运动规律是由众多天文学家和科学家经过长期的观测和研究总结出来的。
根据这些规律，我们可以预测天体的位置、轨迹和运动速度等信息。
天体运动规律主要包括行星运动规律、恒星运动规律和其它天体运动规律。
行星运动规律中最为著名的是开普勒三定律。
第一定律，即椭圆轨道定律，指出行星绕太阳的轨道是一个椭圆，太阳位于这个椭圆的一个焦点上。
第二定律，即面积定律，描述了行星在相同时间内扫过的面积相等。
第三定律，即调和定律，说明了行星的公转周期和轨道半长轴之间的关系。
这些定律为我们理解行星运动提供了重要的依据。
而恒星运动规律主要包括星等定律和距离定律。
星等定律指出恒星的亮度和距离的平方成反比，这为测量恒星距离提供了一种方法。
距离定律则是基于星等定律，通过测量恒星的亮度和观测到的亮度之比，可以计算出恒星的距离。
除了行星和恒星的运动规律，还有其他一些天体运动规律值得关注。
例如，彗星和小行星的轨道运动也遵循一定的规律。
此外，卫星、陨石等天体的运动规律也是天文学研究的重要内容。
而宇宙起源理论是指关于宇宙起源和发展的理论模型。
在过去的几十年里，科学家们提出了多种宇宙起源理论，其中最有名的是宇宙大爆炸理论和宇宙生命之谜理论。
宇宙大爆炸理论是现代宇宙学的基石之一，它认为宇宙起源于一次巨大的爆炸事件。
根据这个理论，宇宙在大约138亿年前由一个极度致密的点（也被称为奇点）爆炸而产生。
这次爆炸迅速膨胀并逐渐冷却，形成了我们今天所看到的宇宙。
宇宙生命之谜理论则是关于生命如何在宇宙中产生的理论。
根据这个理论，生命可能起源于地球之外的其他行星，通过陨石或其他方式传播到地球。
此外，一些学说认为宇宙中的生命可能是通过化学和物理过程逐步演化而来的。
除了上述两个理论，还有许多其他的宇宙起源理论，例如多维宇宙理论、宇宙膨胀理论等。
物质运动、引力势和时空结构的相对性——惯性力、“暗物质”,“暗能量”等的本质范勇【摘要】基于当场测定的光速不变以及引力不是超距作用,引出两个原理:①极限相对固有速度取决于相对局域宇宙引力势；②物质运动会伴生引力势.结合能量守恒,澄清了能量在不同时空结构之间的变换关系,进一步验证了这两个原理,并由此澄清了惯性力的本质；通过分析由天体和星际物质整体运动引起的附加局域宇宙引力势,推导出“暗物质”和“暗能量”与时空结构之间的关系并解释其本质；在不同时空结构之间建立了更严格的时间间隔以及空间间隔变换关系,且澄清了其物理意义,并推导出了精确的相对固有速度的合成关系；由原子核中各个层次粒子的运动与局域宇宙引力势之间的相互作用解释了强相互作用、弱相互作用以及引力之间的基本关系；针对静态球对称引力场推导出爱因斯坦场方程的精确外部解,结果否定了宇宙中存在黑洞的可能性；从函数关系及物理意义上确定了弱场近似的假设条件在Schwarzschild度规中所引入的误差,该误差随着引力场强增大而增大,在极端的高场强情况下误差太大导致Schwarzschild度规失效.%Based on the premise that light speed measured on the spot always keeps constant and gravity is not an action at a distance,two principles are educed:①the utmost relative inherent speed rests with the relative local cosmic gravitational potential;②motion of matter will result in concomitant gravitationalbined with conservation of energy,the basic energy transformation relations between different space time structures are deduced,which further confirms the two principles.Therefore,the nature of inertial force is clarified;by analyzing the additional cosmic gravitationalpotential resulted from the mass motion of the celestial bodies and interstellar matter,the "dark matter" and "dark energy" are figured out and the nature is made clear; the strict transformation relations of time interval and space interval are built up between different space time structures.The physical significance is clarified,and the accurate composition of relative inherent speeds is figured out.The basic relationship among strong interaction,weak interaction and gravity is explained by the interaction relation between all levels of accelerated motion particles in atoms and the local cosmic gravitational potential.An accurate external solution of Einstein field equation aiming at a static spherically symmetric gravitational field is formulated which negated the possibility of black holes existing in the universe.It has been confirmed from both function relation and physical significance that the treatment of weak field approximation introduced error into Schwarzschild metric,the error will increase with field intensity,consequently,in the case of extremely strong field the error is so large.that Schwarzschild metric becomes invalid.【期刊名称】《哈尔滨理工大学学报》【年(卷),期】2012(017)005【总页数】38页(P91-128)【关键词】引力势;惯性;时空结构;暗物质;暗能量【作者】范勇【作者单位】哈尔滨理工大学材料科学与工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150040【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O410 IntroductionAfter abandoning the traditional idea of absolute space time，physical theories have achieved unprecedented development.However，some natural phenomena are still found over recent decades that can not be clearly explained by existing physical theories，for example，“dark matter”and “dark energy”.In addition，it is very difficult to further combine relativity with quantum theory，which perhaps is the reason why some basic physical problems can not be clarified，for example，the springhead of gravity，the relationship among the four basic interactions，etc.Moreover，why does matter possess inertia?How to understand the socalled incompatibility between instantaneous appearance of inertial force and the finite propagation speed of gravity?All the questions inevitably would disturb our consideration on the relationship between motion of matter and cosmic space time structure.Therefore，it is necessary to review the existing physical ideas over again.Space time structure not only ought to be related with the distribution of matter in the universe，but also ought to be more related with various levels of matter and all kinds of motion of matter.In the universe，any motion of matter ought to be related to the local cosmic space time structure，and the motion of photons also can not be an exception.Theaim that Einstein put forward relativity theory mainly is to deal with the problem of contradiction between Newtonian theory and electromagnetism.However，if the contradiction can be solved provided that we hold that the light speed measured on the spot(means the light speed is measured at the same space time structure environment as that the measuring instrument suffered)keeps unchanged，then it is unnecessary to presume that light speed absolutely keepsconstant.Obviously，there exists significant difference in principles between the two points of view.Undoubtedly，the point of view that light speed measured on the spot keeps constant is supported by completely reliable experimental evidence at least in the range of the earth system.In contrast，there is no completely reliable experimental evidence to support the assumption that light speed absolutely keeps constant.If space time structure is relative but the speed of light measured on the spot always is the constant c，naturally，a relative relation cannot but exist between speed of light and the space time structures involved，otherwise，it is impossible to avoid the logical contradiction at all.It is confirmed in this paper that the relative relation between speed of light and space time structure exists indeed，depending on the relativity of space time structure，and it is consistent with the experiment facts that the light speed measured on the spot always keeps the constant c.Obviously，inertial force is just the superficial aspect of the relationship between motion of matter and cosmic space time structure，but what on earth is the nature of inertial force?In fact，relativity theory itself is also built up on certain hypothetic principles based on experiential faiths.Because reliability of experiential faiths is relative and some of the original experiential faiths maybe have induced people going astray，the original experiential faiths ought to be checked out constantly.Moreover，some more reliable experiential faiths need to be tracked out if it is possible so that the theory can be built up on the more reliable basis and used to overcome some difficulties that are insurmountable before，like the discussion in this paper aiming at inertial force，“dark matter”，“dark energy”，and so on.1 Two fundamental definitionsAccording to Newtonian theory，when a particle with mass m located at r is subjected to the action of N particles with masses m1，m2，…，mNlocated at r1，r2，…， rNrespectively，the gravity isG is gravitational constant.The corresponding gravitational potential isThe foundation of Newtonian theory is the idea of absolute space-time，but then even Newton himself did not believe that gravity is an action at a distance.In addition，space time structure is not considered to be absolute by modern physical theory which certainly disapproves gravity being an action at a distance.If the universe is finite and gravity is not an action at a distance，then at a certain moment the local cosmic gravitational potential at space point r0is Φu0(r0)which is the total contribution from all the gravitational potentialsources in the universe，and of course is finite.If the space time structureat r0can be selected as the relatively stationary frame of reference，i.e.the measurement yardstick of standard measuring instruments at r0can be used as the benchmark，the local cosmic gravitational potential Φu(r1)atr1ought to have certain relation to Φu0(r0).However，the absolute valueof local cosmic gravitational potential can not be figured out.The reasonfor this at least is that the measurement yardstick of a standard measuring instrument may change with its moving state and/or the space time structure it suffered.But if the convertibility of physical quantities exists between different space time structures，then it is possible to find out the relative local cosmic gravitational potential.For this purpose，two definitions need to be made in advance as follows.Definition 1:Suppose the universe is finite，based on the premise that gravity is not an action at a distance and consequently gravitational potential can only transmit at a finite speed，if the space time structure at r0can be selected as the relatively stationary frame of reference and the relative local cosmic gravitational potent ial can be determined as Φu0(r0)，then the local cosmic gravitational potential Φu(r1)at r1 determined according to the relative relation between the space time structure atr0and that at r1is defined and formulated as:Φj(r1)is the relative gravitational potential at r1 offered by the gravitational potential source j，and the sum will include the relative gravitational potential offered by all the gravitational potential sources in the universe.δΦ(r0，r1)= Φu(r1)- Φu0(r0)is the increment of relative local c osmic gravitational potential from r0to r1.Theoretically，the relative local cosmic gravitational potential Φu(r1)will approaches-0 while r1 approaches infinite distance，r1is the module of vector r1.r0and r1can exist in the situations as:① r0and r1 locate a t different space time structure environments and are relatively stationary;②r0and r1locate at the same space time structure environment but relatively move(in this case，Φu(r1)will be denoted asΦu1(r0)in this paper);③r0and r1relatively move and locate at different space time structure environments.The local cosmic gravitational potential at a certain space point near the earth is the superposition of the gravitational potential from all the gravitational potential sources in the universe.As long as the universe is finite，the relative local cosmic gravitational potential cannot but be limited.On account of relativity of space time structure，the measurement of physical quantities by a standard meter ought to be related with its relative measuring yardstick which ought to rest with the space time structure the standard meter suffered.For example，the space interval measured by a standard ruler or the time interval measured by a standard clock is only the coordinate quantity of the space time structure there.If according to the relative relation between the space time structures involved，the speed measured on the spot can be transformed into the relative inherent quantity to the selected relatively stationary frame of reference，then the relative inherent speed can be de-fined as follows. Definition 2:If the space time structure at r0can be selected as therelatively stationary frame of reference and the relative local cosmic gravitational potential can be determined as Φu0(r0).Let the speed of a particle m measured on the spot at r1be v＇r1，if according to the relative relation between the space time structures involved，v＇r1can be transformed into a relative inherent speed to Φu0(r0)，the result is defined as the relative inherent speed vr1of the particle m to r1，g(r0，r1)is the corresponding space time transformation factor to be determined.Accordinglyis defined as the relative inherent inertia potential.The situations that r0and r1can exist in are the same as that described in Definition 1.2 Two basic principlesSuppose the universe is finite and light speed measured on the spot always keeps constant，and based on the premise that gravity is not an action at a distance and consequently gravitational potential can only transmit at a finite speed，the following two basic principles can be educed.Mach proposed that space time structure can not be absolute，inertial system is the reference system with uniform motion to the massively average of the universe，and that a reference system with accelerated motion to the massively average of the universe is noninertial system，inertial force is just the attractive action on the object from all the matter with relatively accelerated motion in the universe.This is called Mach principle ［1］.Although Einstein himself once emphasized that therelation between Mach principle and general relativity is harmonious，“Mach，Einstein or others never offer a consistent literal expression or a strict definite quantity formulation as well and also never offer the explanation on how the instantaneous appearance of inertial force can be compatible with the finite propagation speed of gravity”［2〛96.The earth is in the free moving state in the gravitational field of solar system.It is well known that if an object is in the static state to the ground，the state is its lowest energy state at that space point.This kind of state of space time structure can be used as a benchmark(which will be proved later).Without loss of generality，for the moment，take a certain stationary space point near the ground as r0，the space time structure atr0is selected as the relatively stationary frame of reference andΦu0(r0)denotes the relative local cosmic gravitational potential there.If the universe is finite，gravity is not an action at a distance and consequently gravitational potential can only transmit at a finite speed，then the local cosmic gravitational potential at a certain space point ought to be the sum of the gravitational potential from all the gravitational potential sources in the universe transmitting at certain finite speed，andit ought to be finite.It is well known that gravitational field strength equals the gradient of gravitational potential along the direction of the field intensity，and the gradient acting on an object will result in gravitational effect.On the other hand，when external force acts on an object and results in its accelerated motion，the accelerated motion consequentially results in a counteractive inertial force at the same time.For example，if inflat space a free moving space capsule is in the uniform motion state，when it is accelerated under the action of external force other than gravity，the accelerated motion consequentially will result in a counteractive inertial force which can be felt immediately by the cosmonaut，because in this case the counteractive inertial force naturally acts directly on every particle in the cosmonaut＇s body，but the external force acts on the cosmonaut＇s body from one side.In contrast，if the space capsule is freely moving in gravitational field，its free motion is accelerated motion under the action of the field，but in this case the cosmonaut can not feel any external force，which means the gravitational effect of the field is balanced out immediately by the counteractive inertial force induced bythe free accelerated motion，because both the gravitational effect and the counteractive inertial force naturally act directly on every particle in the cosmonaut＇s body at the same time.In short，whether flat space or gravitational field，if only an object is in the accelerated motion state，the accelerated motion consequentially re-sults in inertial force at the same time.However，why accelerated motion can induce inertial force immediately?Naturally，it ought to be related with the interaction between the accelerating object and the local cosmic gravitational potential，because gravitational potential travel could not be instantaneous.If gravitational potential travel could not be instantaneous indeed，the local cosmic gravitational potential an object suffered cannot but rest with the relative moving state of the object to the local cosmic gravitational potential，because the accelerated motion in fact is changingthe relative moving state between the accelerated motion object and the local cosmic gravitational potential.The most reasonable explanation should be that the accelerated motion is causing the local cosmic gravitational potential forming a corresponding additional gradient to the accelerated motion object along the direction of acceleration.In other words，the accelerated motion object is lying under the additional gradient of the local cosmic gravitational potential induced by the accelerated motion of the object itself.The additional gradient reacts on the object in step with acceleration，which certainly will result in inertial force.This just can explain why inertial force can instantaneously appear，why the inertial force and the external force are always just equal and opposite，and why we can not feel the gravitational effect of the sun，the whole Milky Way galaxy，and so on(the generality will be proved later). Because gravitational mass equals inertial mass，the above can be formulated as:vris relative inherent speed of the particle m to r(See Definition 2 in section 1);∇is Hamilton operator;denotes the additional gradient of relative local cosmic gravitational potential induced by the accelerated ing the relative accelerationas the parameter is because that the additional gradient rests with the relative acceleration.Multiplying|dr|at both sides of Eq.(4)will giveBecause the direction of the relative acceleration is just the same as thedirection of the additional gradient，Eq.(5)can further become:If the external force makes the object obtain the relative inherent speedat r1and then in the free motion state afterwards，because the universe is finite，the local cosmic gravitational potential must be finite，and external force is also finite，so the relative inherent speed that the object can obtain by the accelerating effect of external force cannot but be finite，and ought to be related to the interaction between the accelerating object and the local cosmic gravitational potential when it arrives atr1.Theoretically，if r1approaches infinite distance，the local cosmic gravitational potential will approaches-0，the relative inherent inertia potential that the object can obtain at most can support its moving to approach infinite distance.In addition，the universe evolves continuously，and the relative inherent inertia potential that an object can obtain only rests with the external force and the local space time structure at the moment.In order to determine the relationship between the relative inherent inertia potential and the space time structure，theoretically，the motion of the object after it passes by r1can be deduced on the assumption that the cosmic space time structure at that moment is fixed.That is equivalent to investigate the motion of a free object in the assumed conservative field.Let the initial relative inherent speed of the object be zero(see Definition 2)，and it ought to haveought to be limited.If in any space time structure the light speed measuredon the spot always is the same constant c and the utmost velocity there，theoretically，it must exist that the only possible upper limit isOr the utmost relative inherent speed can be:The above can be concluded as Principle 1:The utmost relative inherent speed rests with the relative local cosmic gravitational potential.Obviously，the propagation speed of gravitational potential cannot but be the utmost speed.If Φu(r1)→Φu0(r0)，thenc is the speed of light measured on the spot by use of a standard ruler and a standard clock.Taking into account the fact that the speed of light measured on the spotis always a constant c at least in the range of the earth system，if space time structure is relative，consequentially，a relative relation must exist among the light speed measured on the spot，the relative inherent light speed，and the space time structures involved.Otherwise，it is impossible to avoid the logical contradiction at all.Therefore，the next principle needs to be deduced as follows.Suppose there is a system M0with the mass large enough(say the earth)，and there is a small enough subsystem M1(say a train on railway line)in system M0.The earth is in the free moving state in the field of the solar system.If an object near the ground is in the relatively stationary state，the state is its lowest energy state at that space point.This kind of state ofspace time structure can be regarded as a benchmark，which will be proved later on in section 3.When M1is relatively stationary to M0，if a photon is eradiated from M1 along the direction of A(in order to make the deduction simple and without loss of generality，for the moment，let A be the distance vector from start point r0and be perpendicular to the radius of the earth，because there is no gradient of gravitational potential along that direction，a small area perpendicular to the radius of the earth can be regarded as the local two-dimensional flat space，and|A|is supposed to be small enough but always keeps its end point outside ofM1).In addition，there is a standard measuring apparatus of light speedT0on M0which always keeps stationary to M0，and the same standard measuring apparatus of light speed T1on M1which always keeps stationary to M1.When M1is relatively stationary to M0，the speed of a photon eradiated from M1and measured by T1is the constant c，the speed of a photon eradiated from M1and measured by T0is also the same constant c.If we take the state of the space time structure when M1is relatively stationary to M0as the frame of reference，according to Principle 1，its relative local cosmic gravitational potential isIf the assumed conditions keep unchanged except that now M1moves at speed v1at its original position r0(suppose the direction of v1is the same as that of A)，a photon is instantly eradiated from M1and moves along the direction of v1，as shown in Fig.1.Fig.1 Relationship among Φu1+，Φu1-，Φu1(r0)and Φu0(r0)At the moment，the light speed measured by T1 which now is movingwith M1still is the constant c，but at front of M1and at the distance Afrom r0，the light speed measured by T0which now is still relatively stationary to M0is also the constant c.However，according to the measurement of T0，the light speed to M1is(c-v1).Both the speeds of light measured on the spots by T1and T0respectively are the same constant c，but there is no reason to believe that the M1in the relatively moving stateis in the same space time structure as the M1in the relatively stationary state.When T1is moving together with M1，the space time structure of the system may be remolded and the change will inevitably produce an influence on the measurement of T1，because the yardstick of the standard ruler and clock may change with their motion state.Judgment must be made on the principle of independence and accordance.BecauseT0always keeps stationary to M0，its measurement satisfies the principleof independence and accordance whether M1is stationary or moving.The relative inherent speed of the photon to M1measured by T0is(c-v1)which is a function of v1，and is just the utmost relative inherent speed that satisfies Definition 2 in section 1.Therefore，we can come to the conclusion:when M1is moving at the speed v1to M0in its original locale r0，in the projection region of M1along the direction of v1，the utmost relative inherent speed(c-v1)=c1+will rest with the relative local cosmic gravitational potential Φu1+ ，as Principle 1 indicated(also refer to Fig.1):u1+denotes the projection region of M1along the direction of v1.is theadditional relative local cosmic gravitational potential induced by the motion of M1along the direction of v1.That is to say，motion of matter actually will result in the concomitant gravitational potential(when M1is relatively stationary，it only provides the Newtonian gravitational potential).In the same way，in the projection region of M1along the opposite direction of v1，the relative inherent speed of light(c+v1)=c1-will rest with the relative local cosmic gravitational potentia，u1-denotes the projection region of M1along the opposite direction of v1.，andis the additional relative local cosmic gravitational potential induced by the motion of M1along the opposite direction of v1.The relative local cosmic gravitational potentials in the projection region along the direction of v1and that along the opposite direction of v1are anisomerous，so they must be anisotropic.According to Principle 1，the following equation can be concluded from Eq.(9)and(10)，Eq.(12)confirms the relationship between the relative inherent light speedand c the light speed measured on the spot，and it also means the space ofregion“is relatively compressed”along the direction parallel tov1.Similarly，the following equation can be concluded from Eq.(9)and(11)，Eq.(13)confirms the relationship between the relative inherent light speedc1-and c，and it also means that the space ofregion“is relatively elongated”along the direction parallel to v1.The“compressed”andthe“elongated”of the space outside an object caused by its motion ar e just the springhead of“curved space”(which will be further proved). Because and belong to different space time structures，the relative local cosmic gravitational potential received by the moving M1(or in other words，the moving M1suffered)in between andregions can not simply equal the math average ofand .Gravitational potential transmits at the utmost speed，when M1is moving at the speed v1，the gravitational potential from regions acted on M1 ought to have the same weight as that from ，and they ought to induce interference in their combined action on M1.To the moving M1 ，supposeis the state function of the head on gravitational potential andis the state function of the catching up gravitational potential，they are from all the gravitational sources in the universe.They can be formulated respectively asA state function does not always have the form of wave.The local cosmic gravitational potential at a certain locale is the superposition of the gravitational potential from all the gravitational potential sources in the universe，and the superposition of and jointly transmitting onto M1is just the total relative cosmic gravitational potential from all the gravitational potential sources in the universe.The joint action will produce interference.According to the principle of superposition of state functions，the result isThe coherent term Rshould be related to the relative local cosmic gravitational potential received by the moving M1in between and regions，which can be further deduced as follows:The result ought to be negative:(r0)is just the relative local cosmic gravitational potential the movingM1suffered(say in a moving train).is the relative increment from，which is also the inertia potential of M1.If v1→0，then Φu1(r0)→The above can be concluded as Principle 2:Based on the fact that the speed of light measured on the spot is always a constant c，suppose there is a system M0with the mass big enough，and furthermore suppose there is a subsystem M1with relative enough small mass in the system M0.Take the state of the space time structure when M1is relatively stationary toM0as the relatively stationary frame of reference，according to Principle 1，the relative local cosmic gravitational potential isIf the conditions keep unchanged except that M1is moving at the speed v1in its original position r0，in the projection region of M1along the direction of v1and parallel tov1，the relative local cosmic gravitational potential is=which meansregion“is relatively compressed”along the direction parallel tov1;and in the projection region of M1along the opposite direction ofv1and parallel to v1，the relative local cosmic gravitational potential iswhich means region“is relatively elongated”along the direction parallel to v1.Moreover，the relative local cosmic gravitational potential the moving M1suffered iswhich has no relation to direction and means(r0)region“uniformly shrinks”.Principle 2 also can be simply concluded as:Motion of matter can result in additional gravitational potential，which means that the local cosmic gravitational potential not only rests with the distribution of matter in the universe，but also rests with all kinds of motion of matter，the mass motion of an object actually will result in additional cosmic gravitational potential which consequentially will lead to the additional change of space time structure.As for the space points near the ground that have the same distance from the mass center of the earth，at any of those space points a static test particle will lie under the same additional local cosmic gravitational potential induced by its orbital motion around the sun，therefore，there is no corresponding additional gradient of cosmic gravitational potential along the direction perpendicular to the radius of the earth.Because the surface of the earth is covered with thick aerosphere，the space around the earth near the ground belongs to (r0)to a stationary space point at the orbit of the earth around the sun.Therefore，like inside a free moving space capsule in outer space，on the ground it is impossible to directly checkout the anisotropy of or resulted from the mass motion of the earth.In addition，it is gravity that can be directly measured，not。
浅说宇宙的起源与演化Snow Wang摘要宇宙是怎样形成的？我们人类又是从那里来的？我们该如何理解这个宇宙？它是偶然形成，还是精心设计的？这些高深的问题，该怎么回答呢？史蒂芬.霍金在其著作《时间简史》想破解这些谜团，但有一个问题困扰着他，这就是“该如何解释引力？”引用多维度空间，可以解释引力问题。
关键词大爆炸；红移；引力；黑洞；时空；生命诞生一、概述宇宙论是一门既古老又年轻的学科。
作为宇宙里高等生物的人类不会满足于自身的生存和种族的绵延，还一代代不懈地探索着存在和生命的意义。
但是，人类理念的进化是极其缓慢和艰苦的。
从亚里士多德－托勒密的地心说到哥白尼－伽利略的日心说的演化就花了2000年的时间。
令人吃惊的是，尽管人们知道世间的一切都在运动，只是到了本世纪20年代因哈勃发现了红移定律后，宇宙演化的观念才进入人类的意识。
人们甚至从来没有想到过宇宙还会演化。
牛顿的万有引力定律表明，宇宙的物质在引力作用下不可能处于稳定的状态。
即使在爱因斯坦的广义相对论中，情况也好不到哪儿去，为了得到一个稳定的宇宙模型，他曾将宇宙常数引进理论中。
他们都希望在自己的理论中找到稳定的宇宙模型。
可见，宇宙演化的观念并不是产生于这些天才的头脑之中。
哈勃发现，从星系光谱的红移可以推断，越远的星系以越快的速度离开我们而去，这表明整个宇宙处于膨胀的状态。
从时间上倒溯到过去，估计在100亿到200亿年前，曾经发生过一桩开天辟地的大事件，即宇宙从一个极其紧致、极热的状态中大爆炸而产生。
伽莫夫在1948年发表的一篇关于热大爆炸模型的文章中作出了一个惊人的预言，早期大爆炸的辐射仍残存在我们周围，不过由于宇宙膨胀引起的红移，其绝对温度只余下几度左右，在这种温度下，辐射是处于微波的波段。
但在1965年彭齐亚斯和威尔逊观测到宇宙微波背景辐射之前，人们并不认真对待此预言。
一般认为，爱因斯坦的广义相对论是用于描述宇宙演化的正确的理论。
在经典广义相对论的框架里，霍金和彭罗斯证明了，在很一般的条件下，空间－时间一定存在奇点，最著名的奇点即是黑洞里的奇点以及宇宙大爆炸处的奇点。
