How computer techniques are applied to English teaching

Vitamins ---- Translation1.Researchers found that the level of vitamin C stored in the body of the victim with a common cold fell drastically and was close to the level of people suffering from scurvy.2.Minor degrees of vitamin C deficiency are common, though outright scurvy only occur when the diet is markedly deficient in fresh fruits and vegetables.3.Vitamins are organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet or injected into the body to maintain health.4.Vitamins produce no energy but play an essential role in the transformation of energy and in the regulation of metabolism.5.Vitamins are classified/distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, such as vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B-complex.6.Vitamins and minerals are found in small amounts and are needed in minute quantities, as compared with the other nutrients.7.The diseases which develop from the absence of vitamins are known as vitamin deficiency diseases. For example, a lack of vitamin A brings about night blindness; a deficiency of vitamin D results in rickets.8.Some vitamins are soluble in fats whereas others are soluble in water. They are, therefore, termed fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins respectively.9.In addition to the general nutrients, another two groups of nutrients, vitamins and inorganic, or mineral, salts are also required by the body.10.Most nutrients contain more than one nutrient, but no single food contains all the nutrients in the amounts you need.食物抗癌1.Overwhelming statistical evidence shows that smokers are more likely to develop cancer of the lung, throat, and tongue than are non-smokers.2.Fruits and vegetables are chock-full of a variety of antioxidants which can snuff out oxygen free radicals, substances that are thought to make cells more susceptible to cancer.3.A well-balanced diet will give your body various nutrients of vitamins, minerals, proteins, starches, and sugars that it needs to operate smoothly.4.The risk of lung cancer is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked each day--the higher the number, the higher the risk.5.Even smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by a daily portion of carrots, spinach or any other vegetables and fruits.6.Some studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer.7.Further studies will be necessary before the link between lung cancer and carotene can be firmly established.8.Animal studies show that garlic blocks carcinogens that have been linked to colon and stomach cancer.9.A diet of more fruits and vegetables will undoubtedly play a major role in reducing cancer incidence as well as the number of deaths caused by the disease.10.Beta-carotene not only has a direct toxic effect on tumor cells, but also reduces the growth of lung-cancer cells and altered the proteins needed for tumors to grow.化学与物质----Translation1.Briefly speaking, a scientist differs from an artist mainly in that a scientist not only interprets the outer world, but also tries to transform it into a better one.2.Science begins with necessity, curiosity, and questions about the unexplained phenomena in nature.3.The ways in which an element or a compound combines or reacts with other things are its chemical properties.4.The chemist is interested in the composition and properties of substances and the transformations they undergo during a chemical reaction.5.It is very easy to fall into the habit of taking some painkiller when there is any slight pain.6.The delicate operations performed by surgeons today would not be possible without anesthetics.7.Today it is generally recognised that the human body is a chemical factory in which countless complex chemical and physicalchanges are constantly taking place.8.The substance salt is composed of the metal sodium and the corrosive gas chlorine, but its chemical properties are quite different from those of sodium and chlorine.9.Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the administration of chemical substances which kill or prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms within the body.10.Substances that lessen pain but do not affect other sensations are called pain relieving drugs.麻醉药Translation1.It is not many years since a man who had to have an operation felt all its pain.2.It is attributable to the discovery of anesthetics that surgeons can now perform all kinds of operations without causing pain.3.Spinal anesthesia produces excellent anesthesia and relaxation for the performance of many operations on the lower parts of the body.4.The exact mechanism in which the general anesthetic drugs exert their effect on the brain is still unknown, although many theories have been proposed.5.The introduction of anesthetics to surgery has made possible much more delicate and lengthy operations, thus greatly extending the field of surgery.6.Narcotics are applied to those drugs which are sedative in their action upon the body but which also produce insensibility to pain.7.Contrary to what one might think, it’s only 50 years or so since penicillin, the antibiotic once regarded as the wonder drug, came into being.8.Scientists point out that since the sedative action of a drug results from its effect on the nerves, it must possess solubility in the fluids of the body which surround the nerves.9.An anesthetic must be volatile if it is to be administered through oral inhalation, while those which can be administered through the rectum or injected into the spine do not have to be volatile.10.In spite of the danger of a patient’s contracting pneumonia after the use of ether as an anesthetic, ether is still widely employed because the anesthesia it produces is one of deep relaxation.绿色药房-草药Translation1.The plant kingdom was once man’s only pharmacy. Yet when you enter a modern chemist’s shop today, you can hardly find a sign of the use of plants in medicine.2.Today the number of plants used in medicine has decreased, but hidden away in many pills, capsules, and medicine bottles are the active chemicals originally found in the plant kingdom.3.Some chemicals which plants make may be poisonous, others may be chemicals that are extremely valuable to us as medicines.4.During the many thousands of years that man has been on the earth, he has been trying out various plants that grew around him.5.There has existed for many years mistrust, suspicion or hostility between the orthodox and the herbal practitioner which threatens the possibility of a good working relationship.6.When one considers the therapeutic impact of quinine, it is evident how great is the debt of medicine to plant-derived drugs.7.However, the past few decades have witnessed an obvious diminution in the number of plant-derived drugs introduced into medicine.8.The legacy of traditional Chinese medicine is a treasure house with an inexhaustible supply of new potential drugs which is to be explored with an introduction of new approaches.9.Had pharmacological approaches not been introduced into the investigation of Vinca rosea, the discovery of vincalcukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10.Western practitioners find it difficult to believe that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could still be capable of curing it.Natural Products1. One of the oldest of human activities is the study of plants and animals, particularly as sources of food.2.From the earliest times man had to distinguish between those plants which were poisonous and those which were not and there graduall y developed a knowledge of natural drugs.3. As late as the beginning of the present century pharmacognosy had developed mainly on the botanical side, being particularly concerned with the description and identification of drugs.4.Undoubtedly the plant kingdom still holds many species of plants containing substances of medical value which have yet to be discover ed.5. As a result of modern isolation and pharmacological testing procedures, new plant drugs usually find their way into medicine as purified substances.6. Many of the botanical, chemical and physical techniques employed in pharmacognosy are also applicable to the analysis of other comm odities, such as foods, spices and cosmetics.7. While pharmacognosy has been generally studied for practical purposes and may thus be called an applied science it has played an imp ortant role in the development of the pure sciences.8. Recent phytochemical examination of plants which have a suitable history of use in folklore for the treatment of cancer has, indeed, oft en resulted in the isolation of principles with antitumour activity.9. The growth of knowledge of biochemistry and physiology, which led to the concept of the chemical control of biological processes, has been of particular importance for pharmacology.10. Primitive man depended on preventive use of nature’s stock of plants and herbs to avoid disease and to maintain health and vigor.有机化学Translation1. The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. When coal is burned in a furnace it combines with oxygen to give carbon dioxide, a new substance with different composition and properties from coal and oxygen.8. Many specific chemical reactions are important because of the energy which they use or supply.9. In the study of organic chemistry, students are expected to use familiar symbols which are constructed into two- or three-dimensional molecular formulas.10.From the food we eat, the clothes we wear to the buildings we live in, all have been fashioned to a considerable extent by organic chemistry.新药研制1Translation1.Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plants and animal sources, and therapeutic use was based on traditional experience.2.Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical, etc..3.Though it’s the most satisfying in the development of new drugs, the approach is expensive and there is no guarantee of success.4.When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though the risk to any individual is small.5.Most drugs have a safe upper limit of dosage; beyond this toxic effects may be expected to occur.6.Penicillin, one of the most powerful killers of bacteria was discovered quite by accident by Alexander Fleming.7.Pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desired profile of action in model system.8.The increase in knowledge of biochemical mechanisms results in a more rational approach to the development of new drugs.9.Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before a new drug can be used on patients.10.Chemists and biologists have now attached great importance to such fields of research as molecular biology and biochemicalpharmacology.新药研制 2 Translation1.The rationale for the development of new drugs should be provide better drugs; better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2.The representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been specially trained to promote his particular new product.3.Only after animal studies have proved efficacy can clinical evaluation of new drugs be undertaken.4.New drug evaluation in man can be divided into four phases each of which should be conducted under strict supervision.5.A dose-ranging study should only be performed on volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6.Dose-ranging studies should only be performed under medical supervision, as there exist some possible risks during the test.rge scale clinical trials in Phase 3 are to establish new drug’s profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.8.The expensive cost in drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical manufacturer, which justifiably expects to recoup it when the product is finally marketed.rmation about the new drug published in well-established journals is more reliable than that offered by the medical representative whose livelihood depends on the ability to promote the product.10.Heavy investment in promotion has not simply led to the use of undistinguished new drugs, but to a higher cost of the drugs as well.药理学范畴Translation1.The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists.2.Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science.3.Pharmacologists should not only understand the normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.4.Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy the race.5.During the first part of the twentieth century there have been enormous strides in the field of pharmacology.6.Man continues to strive, not only for a longer life span, but for a healthier one as well.7.With the frequent use of more than one therapeutic agent by a patient, particularly the elderly, drug interactions that result in toxicity are likely events.8.The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.9.Most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemicals, the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly decreased.10.As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, pathology, etc..良药滥用-----Translation1.Although the development of antibiotics has been of incalculable benefit to mankind, it has also given rise to serious complications.2.The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the natural evolution of strains of disease germs which are resistant to such medications.3.A new multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, now prevalent in the world, causes serious infections that may not respond to chemotherapy.4.Some antibiotics are effective against a large range of microorganisms, they are, therefore, known as broad-spectrum antibiotics.5.Some drugs may not cause physical dependence, or addiction, but many persons do become habituated to their use.6.Drug abuse is thought of as the misuse of drugs potentially harmful to the individual user or to society.7.Many persons, believing that antibiotics can cure any disease, press their doctors for a dose of penicillin for such virus ailment as influenza.8.Addiction is the body’s continued need for drugs because of their physiological effects after they are first taken.9.In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are much less widely known.10.Antibiotics are used so carelessly around the world that they are creating a new health threat to mankind.抗癌的食物（全文翻译）现在饮食开始被考虑作为抵抗癌症的主要武器。

Unit 1A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. The hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts or three primary subsystems: the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I/O subsystem.The CPU performs many operations and controls computer. The memory subsystem is used to store program being executed by the CPU, along with the program’s data. The I/O subsystem allows the CPU to interact with input and output devices such as the keyboard and monitor of a personal computer. The components of the computer are connected to the buses.The part of the computer that performs the bulk of data processing operations is called the central processing unit and is referred to as the CPU. In microcomputer, it is often called the microprocessor. The CPU is made up of three major parts: control unit, ALU, and register set.Memory is also known as internal memory or main memory. It refers to the circuits in the computer that hold whatever programs and data are available for immediate use by the CPU.I/O subsystem includes I/O devices and interface. There are a wide variety of I/O devices, such as mouse, printer, sensor, disk, and so on. Input-output interface provides a method for transferring information between internal storage and external I/O devices. Peripherals connected to a computer need special communication links for interfacing them with the CPU. The purpose of the communication link is to resolve the differences that exist between the central computer and each peripheral.Unit 3(a) A program is a list of instructions or statements for directing the computer to perform a required data processing task. Programming is a multistep process for creating that list of instructions.(b) It is important to understand the difference between a class and an object of that class. A class is simply a specification for creating objects. Thus, a single class may create multiple objects.(c) Java is an object-oriented, network-friendly high-lever programming language that allows programmers to build applications that can run on almost any operating system.(e) Programming involves a great deal of creativity. The design is guide to the function or purpose of each component, but the programmer has great flexibility in implementing the design as code. No matter what language is used, each program component involves at least three major aspects: control structures, algorithms, and data structures.Unit 4The software system can be divided into two broad categories: application software and system software. Application software consists of the program for performing tasks particular to the machine’s utilization. In contrast to application software, system software comprises a large number of programs. These programs start up the computer and function as the principle coordinator of all hardware components and application software. Without system software loaded into RAM of your computer, your hardware and application software are useless.System software can be grouped into three basic parts: operating system, utility software, and language translators. The majority of an installation’s utility software consists of programs for performing activities that are fundamental to computer installations yet not included in the operating system. In a sense, utility software consists of software units that extend the capabilities of the operating system.A computer’s OS is the main collection of programs that manage its activities. The primary chores of an OS are management and control. The OS ensures that all actions requested by a user are valid and processed in an orderly fashion. It also manages the computer system’s resources to perform these operations with efficiency and consistency.Application software is the software designed to help you solve problems specific to business or perform specific business tasks. Application software then is the layer of software closest to you. Basically, there are four categories of application software: productivity software, business and specialty software, entertainment software and education/reference software.Unit 5A computer network is often classified as being either a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan area network (WAN), or a wide area network (WAN). The connection of two or more networks is called an internetwork. The worldwide Internet is a well-known example of an internetwork.LANs are privately owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size. They are widely used to connect personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources and exchange information.In general, a given LAN will use only one type of transmission medium. Various topologies are possible for LANs. The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring and star.A MAN is basically a bigger version of a LAN and normally uses similar technology. MAN is designed to extend over an entire city. It may be a single network such as a cable television network, or it may be a means of connecting a number of LANs into a large network so that resources may be shared LAN-to-LAN as well as device-to-device. For example, a company can use a MAN to connect the LANs in all of its offices throughout a city.A WAN spans a large geographical area that may comprise a country, a continent, or even the world. It provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image, and video information over large geographical area.In contrast to LANs, WANs may utilize public leased, or private communication devices, usually in combinations, and can therefore span an unlimited number of miles.Unit 6Transmission media are used to transfer messages over a network. For instance, the transmission media used in a network may be a privately owned set of cables, the public phone lines, or a satellite system. Transmission media can either be wired or wireless.The three types of wired media most commonly used to carry messages are twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. One of the most successful developments in transmission media in recent years has been fiber optics. Fiber-optic cable is commonly used for the high-speed backbone lines of a network, or for Internet infrastructure.Wireless transmission media have become especially popular in recent years. They support communications in situations in which physical wiring is impractical or inconvenient, as well as facilitate mobility. Wireless media are commonly used to connect devices to a network, to share information between computers, to connect wireless mice to a computer, and for handheld PCs, wireless phones, and other mobile devices. Radio signals transferred through the air are the heart of most types of wireless media. In addition to conventional broadcast radio application, the microwave, cellular, and satellite transmission media also use radio signals to transmit data.Radio transmissions require the use of a transmitter to send the radio signals through the air. A receiver (usually containing some type of antenna) accepts the date at the other end. When a device functions as both a receiver and transmitter, it is commonly called a transceiver or transmitter-receiver.Unit 7(a) Since many database systems users are not computer trained, developers hide the complexity from users through several levels of abstraction, to simplify user’s int eractions with the system: physical level, logical level, and view level.(b) A database schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called a data-definition language (DDL). The result of compilation of DDL statements is a set of tables that is stored in a special file called data dictionary, or data directory.(c) The structured query language (SQL) is the most widely used and standard query language for relational database management systems. It is a kind of non-procedural language.(d) An entity is a “thing” or “object” in the real world that is distinguishable from other objects. For example, each person is an entity, and bank accounts can be considered to be entities. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.(e) Data warehouse is one of the newest and hottest buzzwords and concepts in the IT field and the business environment.A data warehouse is a logical collection of information——gathered from many different operational databases——that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.Unit 9(a) AI is currently being applied in business in the form of knowledge systems, which use human knowledge to solve problems. The most popular type of knowledge-based system is the expert system. An expert system is a computer program that attempts to represent the knowledge of human experts in the form of heuristics. The term heuristic is derived from the same Greek root as the word eureka, which means “to discover”.(b) The user interface enables the manager to enter instructions and information into the expert system and to receive information from it. The instructions specify the parameters that guide the expert system through its reasoning processing. The information is in the form of values assigned to certain variables.(c) The knowledge base contains both facts that describe the problem area and knowledge representation techniques that describe how the facts fit together in a logical manner. The term problem domain is used to describe the problem area.(d) An expert system, also called a knowledge-based system, is an artificial intelligence system that applies reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion. Expert systems are excellent for diagnostic and prescriptive problems.(e) The DSS is not intended to replace the manager. The computer can be applied to the structured portion of the problem, but the manager is responsible for the unstructured portion——applying judgment or intuition and conducting analyses.1。

Sample Academic Reading B: QuestionsYou should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14,which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 1 and 2.Investigating Children’s LanguageA For over 200 years, there has been an interest in the way children learn to speak and understand their first language. Scholars carried out several small-scale studies, especially towards the end of the 19th century, using data they recorded in parental diaries. But detailed, systematic investigation did not begin until the middle decades of the 20th century, when the tape recorder came into routine use. This made it possible to keep a permanent record of samples of child speech, so that analysts could listen repeatedly to obscure extracts, and thus produce a detailed and accurate description. Since then, the subject has attracted enormous multi-disciplinary interest, notably from linguists and psychologists, who have used a variety of observational and experimental techniques to study the process of language acquisition in depth.B Central to the success of this rapidly emerging field lies the ability of researchers to devise satisfactory methods for eliciting linguistic data from children. The problems that have to be faced are quite different from those encountered when working with adults. Many of the linguist’s routine techniques of enquiry cannot be used with children. It is not possible to carry out certain kinds of experiments, because aspects of children’s cognitive development – such as their ability to pay attention, or to remember instructions – may not be sufficiently advanced. Nor is it easy to get children to make systematic judgments about language, a task that is virtually impossible below the age of three. And anyone who has tried to obtain even the most basic kind of data – a tape recording of a representative sample of a child’s speech – knows how frustrating this can be. Some children, it seems, are innately programmed to switch off as soon as they notice a tape recorder being switched on.C Since the 1960s, however, several sophisticated recording techniques and experimental designs have been devised. Children can be observed and recorded through one-way-vision windows or using radio microphones, so that the effects of having an investigator in the same room as the child can be eliminated. Large-scale sampling programmes have been carried out, with children sometimes being recorded for several years. Particular attention has been paid to devising experimental techniques that fall well within a child’s intellectual level and social experience. Even pre-linguistic infants have been brought into the research: acoustic techniques are used to analyse their vocalisations, and their ability to perceive the world around them is monitored using special recording equipment. The result has been a growing body of reliable data on the stages of language acquisition from birth until puberty.D There is no single way of studying children’s language. Linguistics and psychology have each brought their own approach to the subject, and many variations have been introduced to cope with the variety of activities in which children engage, and the great age range that they present. Two main research paradigms are found.E One of these is known as ‘naturalistic sampling’. A sample of a child’s spontaneous use of language is recorded in familiar and comfortable surroundings. One of the best places to make the recording is in the child’s own home, but it is not always easy to maintain good acoustic quality, and the presence of the researcher or the recording equipment can be a distraction (especially if the proceedings are being filmed). Alternatively, the recording can be made in a research centre, where the child is allowed to play freely with toys while talking to parents or other children, and the observers and their equipment are unobtrusive.F A good quality, representative, naturalistic sample is generally considered an ideal datum for child language study. However, the method has several limitations. These samples are informative about speech production, but they give little guidance about children’s comprehension of what they hear around them. Moreover, samples cannot contain everything, and they can easily miss some important features of a child’s linguistic ability. They may also not provide enough instances of a developing feature to enable the analyst to make a decision about the way the child is learning. For such reasons, the description of samples of child speech has to be supplemented by other methods.G The other main approach is through experimentation, and the methods of experimental psychology have been widely applied to child language research. The investigator formulates a specific hypothesis about children’s ability to use or understand an aspect of language, and devises a relevant task for a group of subjects to undertake. A statistical analysis is made of the subjects’ behaviour, and the results provide evidence that supports or falsifies the original hypothesis.H Using this approach, as well as other methods of controlled observation, researchers have come up with many detailed findings about the production and comprehension of groups of children. However, it is not easy to generalise the findings of these studies. What may obtain in a carefully controlled setting may not apply in the rush of daily interaction. Different kinds of subjects, experimental situations, and statistical procedures may produce different results or interpretations. Experimental research is therefore a slow, painstaking business; it may take years before researchers are convinced that all variables have been considered and a finding is genuine.Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.1 the possibility of carrying out research on children before they start talking2 the difficulties in deducing theories from systematic experiments3 the differences between analysing children’s and adults’ language4 the ability to record children without them seeing the researcher5 the drawbacks of recording children in an environment they knowQuestions 6 – 9Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage1?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this6 In the 19th century, researchers studied their own children’s language.7 Attempts to elicit very young children’s opinions about language are likely to fail.8 Radio microphones are used because they enable researchers to communicate with anumber of children in different rooms.9 Many children enjoy the interaction with the researcher.Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.Ways of investigating children’s languageOne method of carrying out research is to record children’s spontaneous language use. This can be done in their homes, where, however, it may be difficult to ensure that the recording is of acceptable 10 ………… . Another venue which is often used is a 11 ………… , where the researcher can avoid distracting the child. A drawback of this method is that it does not allow children to demonstrate their comprehension.An alternative approach is to use methodology from the field of 12 ………… . In this case, a number of children are asked to carry out a 13 ………… , and the results are subjected to a 14 ………… .。

《语言学教程》重难点学习提示第一章语言的性质语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。

第二章语言学语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。

第三章语音学发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。

第四章音位学音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。

第五章词法学词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。

第六章词汇学词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。

第七章句法句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。

第八章语义学语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。

第九章语言变化语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；第十章语言、思维与文化语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。

第十一章语用学语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。

自动化专业英语自动化专业英语是指在自动化工程领域中使用的英语语言和术语。

自动化工程是一门涵盖机械、电子、计算机科学等多个学科的综合性学科，其目的是通过使用自动化技术和设备来提高生产效率、质量和安全性。

在自动化专业英语中，有许多常用的词汇和表达方式，下面是一些常见的词汇和表达方式的例子：1. Automation - 自动化2. Control system - 控制系统3. Robotics - 机器人技术4. Programmable logic controller (PLC) - 可编程逻辑控制器5. Human-machine interface (HMI) - 人机界面6. Sensor - 传感器7. Actuator - 执行器8. Feedback - 反馈9. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) - 监控与数据采集系统10. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) - 工业物联网11. Process control - 过程控制12. Motion control - 运动控制13. Industrial automation - 工业自动化14. Automated manufacturing - 自动化创造15. Mechatronics - 机电一体化16. Artificial intelligence (AI) - 人工智能17. Machine learning - 机器学习18. Computer vision - 计算机视觉19. Data analysis - 数据分析20. Fault diagnosis - 故障诊断除了上述词汇外，自动化专业英语还包括一些常见的表达方式和句型。

以下是一些例子：1. In the field of automation, the use of robotics has revolutionized manufacturing processes.在自动化领域中，机器人技术已经彻底改变了创造过程。

编译原理英文Compilation PrincipleIn computer science, the compilation principle refers to the process of transforming source code in one programming language into another language, typically a lower-level language such as machine code. This process involves several stages, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, optimization, and code generation.Lexical analysis, also known as scanning, is the first stage of the compilation process. It involves breaking the source code into individual tokens, such as keywords, identifiers, literals, and operators. The scanner recognizes the patterns in the source code and converts them into tokens, which are then passed to the next stage.Syntax analysis, or parsing, follows lexical analysis. It verifies that the tokens generated by the scanner adhere to the grammar rules of the programming language. The parser constructs a parse tree, which represents the syntactic structure of the source code. This tree is used for subsequent stages of the compilation process.Semantic analysis analyzes the meaning of the source code. It ensures that the code follows the semantic rules of the programming language and checks for any semantic errors. This stage involves type checking, symbol table construction, and scope resolution.Intermediate code generation involves generating an intermediaterepresentation of the source code. This representation is independent of the source and target languages and serves as an intermediate step between them. Intermediate code can be in the form of an abstract syntax tree, three-address code, or quadruples.Optimization is the process of improving the efficiency and performance of the generated code. Various techniques, such as constant folding, loop optimization, and dead code elimination, are applied to the intermediate code to reduce execution time and memory usage.Code generation is the final stage of the compilation process. It translates the optimized intermediate code into machine code or assembly language instructions. The generated code can be executed directly on the target hardware or further processed by an assembler or linker.Overall, the compilation principle plays a crucial role in enabling high-level programming languages to be executed on different hardware platforms. It ensures that source code is transformed into a form that is executable and efficient, enabling the development of a wide range of software applications.。

胡壮麟的语言学术语英汉对照翻译表1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。

语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can eas ily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussureb. hallidayc. chomskyd. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidayd anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音complete obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。

语法埴空2024年高考真题Passage1【新课标Ⅰ卷】Heatherwick Studio recently built a greenhouse at the edge of the National Trust’s Woolbeding Gardens. This beautiful structure, named Glasshouse, is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times.The latest ____56____ (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective ____57____ (function) structure that is also beautiful. The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium (铝). These sepals open on warm days ____58____ (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. In cold weather, the structure stays ____59____ (close) to protect the plants. Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse ____60____ (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for ____61____ first time. These plants included modern Western ____62____ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road. The path offers over 300 plant species for visitors to see, too.The Glasshouse stands ____63____ a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route ____64____ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the _____65_____ (rich) of gardening in England.【答案】56. engineering57. functional58. to give59. closed 60. walks61 the 62. favorites63. as 64. which##that65. richness【解析】【导语】本文为一篇说明文。

操作系统设计与实现英文原版The book "Operating Systems: Design and Implementation" is a comprehensive guide to the design and implementation of operating systems. It covers a wide range of topics including process management, memory management, file systems, and device drivers. The book also discusses the design principles and trade-offs involved in building operating systems, as well as the practical implementation details.The authors of this book, Andrew S. Tanenbaum and Albert S. Woodhull, provide a detailed and in-depth exploration of the key concepts and techniques used in modern operating systems. They also present case studies of real-world operating systems, such as Linux and Windows, to illustrate how these concepts are applied in practice.The book is widely regarded as a classic in the field of operating systems and is used as a textbook in many computer science programs. It is written in a clear andaccessible style, making it suitable for both students and professionals in the field. Whether you are interested in learning about operating system design for the first time or looking to deepen your understanding of the subject, "Operating Systems: Design and Implementation" is an invaluable resource.。