translation 翻译

1.--Can I help you ?--Will a duck swim .没问题2.This is the last place where I expect to see you.真没想到能在这里遇到你3.It is an ill wind that blows nobody good .任何事情都有两面性4.It is a good horse that never stumbles .人有失手，马有失蹄5.The horse stumbles has four legs .人非圣贤，孰能无过6.It is a wise father that knows his son.再聪明的父亲也不完全了解他的儿子。

7.Among the blind ,the one-eyed man is king.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王/蜀中无大将，廖化作先锋Two heads are better than one .==Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind . Teach fish to swim.==Show off one’s proficiency before LuBan the master carpenter .Treasury-secretary 财政部长Federal Reserve Bank 美联储Security Council 安理会IMF:International Monetary Fund国际资金货币组织He once again imparted to us his great knowledge ,experience and wisdom.我们又一次领会了他那广博的知识，丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。

A short girl in a flat black straw hat appeared in the open doorway .一个头戴黑色扁平草帽的小姑娘，出现在门口。

Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。

2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。

Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。

Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译)；Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译)；Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢，贫穷也罢，丈夫和妻子携手一生，情深意长。

翻译的形式和类型（同声传译篇）翻译包括口译(interpretation) 和笔译(translation) ，是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，并且决不能脱离原文内涵而进行硬译、死译，必须要做到译文的忠实、通顺。

翻译要做到“ 译成之文，适如其所译” ，并要尽可能地达到“ 信、达、雅” 的境界。

除了人可以从事翻译活动外，人还可操纵机器从事翻译活动。

不过目前看来，机器翻译还不尽人意。

口译的形式和类型：交替传译(consecutive interpreting) 、咬耳朵(whispering) 和同声传译(simultaneous interpreting) 。

同声传译（simultaneous interpreting ），又称同步翻译、同声翻译、会议翻译，简称同传；交替传译（consecutive interpreting ），又称连续翻译，简称交传。

同声传译同传，顾名思义，即基本同步地实现对讲话者发言的口译，多用于国际会议、专业研讨会等场合。

同传的形式：译员通过专用的传译设备提供即时口头翻译，即译员通过话筒讲话，听众通过耳机接收，这种翻译形式可同时有几种语言，如联合国大会就有六种语言的同声传译。

鉴于同传有一定的技巧性要求，专门的培训和大量的练习都不可或缺。

同声传译最早始于1919 年的巴黎和会。

在巴黎和会上开始借助英、法两种语言的翻译进行谈判，其中一部分谈判采用了同声传译，这也意味着同声传译作为一种专业开始形成。

后来，二战后的纽伦堡军事审判法庭（1945-1946 ），同声传译第一次得到相当大规模的采用来审判纳粹战犯，效果不错。

于是在1946 年的联合国会议上开始正式采用同传，结果使会议的时间缩短了一大半，经费也相应的减少了许多。

中国是在1952 年在北京召开的亚洲地区和平会议上首次使用，时至今日也不过是40 年的发展历程。

同声传译时间效率高，有利于听众对发言全文的理解。

常用翻译术语简述（一）1、内容（content）与形式相对，指原文的思想或其内在意义。

2、形式（form）与内容相对,是传统译论的核心概念之一。

指语言意义的物质表现,包括词(字)形、句型、篇章结构、修辞格、字体排列以及各种音素形式。

3、欠额翻译（under-translation）与过载翻译相对在译语中, 原语信息被译者忽视或打了不应有的折扣，即信息度过小，以致读者得不到理解原文意思的必要信息。

(Newmark)4、过载翻译（over-translation）与欠额翻译相对。

译语的意义容量超过原语的意义容量,即译语的信息度过大，一般为增译不当所致，亦有添油加醋、借题发挥而致。

(Newmark）5、不可译性（untranslatability）与可译性相对,由于原作语言形式上的特异性和不同语言民族之间文化空缺或不可替代性，使译文不可能准确完整地再现原文。

6、可译性（translatability）与不可译性相对,可译论者认为,人类思想具有同一性,认识和思维方式具有普遍性，所以原本(包括它的文体和风格)是可用另一种语言翻译出来的。

7、可译性限度（limit of translatability）因语言形式和文化不同使可译性受到局限。

8、归化（domestication）与异化”相对，指恪守本族文化的语言传统，回归地道的本族语表达方式。

9、异化（alienation）与“归化”相对。

指在翻译方法上迁就外来文化的语言特点,吸纳外语表达方式。

10、回译（back translation）指把被译写成另一种文字的内容再转译成原文的表达。

12、形合（hypotaxis）与“意合”相对,指句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用句法手段(syntacticdevices)或词汇手段(lexical equivalence)。

13、意合（parataxis）与“形合"相对,指句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语义手段(semantic connection)。

Literal translation, Free translation •1）Literal translation直译,异化法•Free translation 意译, 归化法•英、汉两种语言在结构和语义表达方面存在着雷同和差异，翻译时有时用直译，有时用意译。

•直译(Literal translation)指不仅忠实于原文内容,而且忠实于原文形式的翻译方法.•直译把忠于原文内容放在第一位，把忠于原文形式放在第二位，要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能趋同(无限接近)。

•直译把通顺的译文形式放在第三位。

•注意•1) A qualified translation must be not only faithful in thought but smooth in language, which is a basic demand of a translator.•2) Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation, and it is impossible for one to translate every sentence or a whole text word-for-word.•3) Some readers mistake dead translation for literal translation, it’s a great confusion.1) 尽可能忠实履行翻译职责，避免越权，把解读留给读者。

例如：“as timid as a hare”与“胆小如鼠”的意思是不完全吻合的，不能简单猎取现成的中文成语加以对应。

“胆小如鼠”在中文里是个贬义词，带有蔑视“懦夫”的涵义，比较接近英文里的“coward”。

而英文里的“timid”和“hare”都没有那么强的贬义；timid只是一种带有羞怯或腼腆涵义的“胆小”，而hare并不像老鼠那么令人讨厌，所以不宜译成“胆小如鼠”。

翻译的定义1词典定义：1)Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.-------- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia翻译，是指在准确通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的活动。

2)《辞海》：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。

3)《牛津英语词典》：在保留意义的情况下从一种语言转变成另一种语言4) Changing (speech or writing) from one language into another.-------------- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) 5)2 国内学者下的定义：老舍：翻译不是结结巴巴的学舌，而是漂漂亮亮的再创造傅雷：翻译如临画, 如伯乐相马，'重神似, 不重形似'，得其精而忘其粗, 再其内而忘其外萧乾：翻译好象走钢丝，实在艰难……郭沫若：创作是处女, 翻译是媒婆。

---------黄忠廉.翻译本质论〔M〕.武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2000.14 -15 .茅盾：文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。

(1954 年, 茅盾在当年全国文学翻译工作会议上所做的《为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译译质量而奋斗》所作的报告)------矛盾.为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译质量而奋斗[A] .罗新璋.翻译论集[C] , 北京:商务印书馆, 1984.朱维之:翻译是一种艺术……这是一种难度较大的艺术工作, 不但要把原著的字句翻译出来, 更主要的是要把它的思想、精神传达出来, 还要把作者的特殊风格表露出来.------翻译通讯编辑部.翻译研究论文集:1949 -1983[C]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1984.许渊冲:翻译的艺术就是通过原文的形式(或表层)，理解原文的内容(或深层)，再用译文的形式，把原文的内容再现出来。

❝翻译方法和技巧（一）❝翻译的基础知识❝一、翻译的定义❝“translation” : “The conversion of one language into another, often used specifically with reference to written texts, as opposed to the interpretation of spoken language.”二、翻译的标准❝Alexander F. Tytler 提出了翻译三原则：❝First general rule: A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original.❝Second general rule: The style and manner of writing in a translation should be of the same character with the original.❝Third general rule: A translation should have all the ease of original composition.❝严复的信达雅翻译标准❝用今天的话说，“信”为忠实准确，“达”为通顺流畅，“雅”为文字优美。

❝“既须求真，又须求俗”❝商务文体的翻译，该种文体的翻译不仅要忠实于原文所要传递的信息，而且译文要规范精确、明白易懂，符合译入语的文化习俗和读者的可接受性。

所以在商务文体翻译中，“信”必不可少，“达”则更显重要。

❝例1：Treasury securities are revalued daily.❝珍宝的安全每天都在重新估算。

（误译）❝这个译文的错误主要在于对securities 一词的理解。

作为普通用词，security 意为“安全”例如The Security Council，但在商务背景中，可以理解为“抵押、担保”或“证券、债券””等。

1. Definition of Translation 翻译的定义Down through the ages, people’s definitions of translation are diversified. It differs from person to person, it evolves with time. Changes of the world also helped to shape the connotation of translation. From the following definitions, you may have a glimpse of what translation is.﹒Translating is both a craft and an art, that is to say, it involves an accurate andcontrolled manipulation of language, tempered by a degree of freedom,imagination and creativeness.﹒Transferring the meaning of a stretch or unit of language, the whole part of astretch or unit of language, the whole part of a text, from one language toanother.﹒Translation is like busy matchmakers: they sing the praises of some half-veiled beauty and extol her charms, and arouse an irresistible longing for the original.（歌德）﹒The replacement of textual material in one language (ST) by equivalent textual material in another (TL) (Catford, 1965:20)﹒Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closestequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style (Nida&Taber1969)Assignment 1What is your idea of “meaning” and “style” of Nida’s work? What is the connotation of style ? Exercise:If you were given two poems, one is by Li Bai (李白) , the other is by Dufu (杜甫) can you differentiate them, what is the author’s habitual use of the language? Similarly, if you were offered two pomes, one by Li Qingzhao (李清照)，the other by Xin Qiji(辛弃疾)，could you differentiate them?2. Principles and Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准The so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two aspects of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow these principles while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Y an Fu’s “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would be mentioned, namely the principle of “信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance).In the past decades, Mr. Y an’s principle of translation has been generally regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal fortranslators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people have come to find some limitations to the three characters and put forward a variety of new standards instead.Three kinds of opinions are expressed on the principle of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. The first group maintains the original three characters, and in the meantime, adds some new concepts to the character “雅”. According to them, “雅”means far more than the English word “elegance”. Apart from the traditional interpretation, it also means classicism, and the adherence to the original style and flavor. The second group, however, argues that the word “雅” is out of place in tradition. While adopting the first two characters of Mr. Y an Fu’s principle, they discard the character “雅” and try to find some other new criteria instead. Noticeably, there are revisions such as “信、达、切” (faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness), “信、达、贴” (faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness), and so on. The third group of people, by casting away the three-word guide, proposes some new principles or criteria of translation of their own. Of the various popular theories, two of them are the most influential: spiritual conformity (神似) and sublimed adaptation (化境), the former, proposed by Fu Lei (傅雷) , emphasizes the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original, while the latter, advocate by Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书), focuses on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.Despite the variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted, namely the criteria of faithfulness and accuracy (忠实准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these tow criteria as the principles of translation in general. By faithfulness and accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expressions in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanically copying from dictionaries.Assignment 2Exercise: 对比原文与译文，探讨忠实与通顺的关系1) All your moods are created by your thoughts o r “cognitions. “Y ou feel the way you do right now because of the thoughts you have at this moment. ”所有的情绪都是由思维产生的，或者说来源于“认识”，“你之所以感到这么做是对的，那是因为你的大脑就是这么想的。

绝对翻译absolute translation摘要翻译abstract translation滥译abusive translation可接受性acceptibility准确accuracy译者行动translatorial action充分性adequacy改编adaptation调整adjustment美学诗体翻译aesthetic-poetic translation经纪人agent类同形式analogical form分析analysis感染型文本applied focused-texts应用翻译研究applied translation studies古词废词archaism元译素architranseme关于X围的翻译理论area-restricted theories of translation 听觉媒介型文本audio-medial texts委托mission自动翻译automatic translation自立幅度autonomy spectrum自译autotranslation逆转换back-transformation关于X围的翻译理论back-translation 双边传译bilateral interpreting双语语料库bilingual corporal双文本bi-text空位blank spaces无韵体翻译blank verse translation借用borrowing仿造calque机助翻译MATX畴转换category shift词类转换class shift贴近翻译close translation连贯coherence委托mission传意负荷munication load传意翻译municative translation社群传译munity interpreting对换mutation可比语料库parable corpora补偿pensation能力petence成分分析ponential analysis机器辅助翻译MAT一致性concordance会议传译conference interpreting接续传译consecutive interpreting建构性翻译常规constitutive translational conventions 派生内容的形式content-derivative form重内容文本content-focused texts语境一致contextual consistency受控语言controlled language常规conventions语料库corpora可修正性correctability对应correspondence法庭传译court interpreting隐型翻译covert translation跨时翻译理论cross-temporal theories of translation 文化途径cultural approach文化借用cultural borrowing文化替换cultural substitution文化翻译cultural translation文化移植cultural transplantation文化置换cultural transposition区分度degree of differentiation翻译定义definitions of translation描写翻译研究descriptive translation studies图表翻译diagrammatic translation对话传译dialogue interpreting说教忠信didactic fidelity直接翻译direct translation翻译方向direction of translation消解歧义disambiguation关于话语类型的翻译理论discourse type-restricted theories of translation文献型翻译documentary translation归化翻译domesticating translation配音dubbing动态性dynamics动态对等dynamic equivalence动态忠信dynamic fidelity用功模式effort models借用borrowing种族学翻译enthnographic translation翻译的种族语言学模式enthnolinguistic model of translation 非目标接受者excluded receiver诠释性翻译exegetic translation诠释忠信exegetical fidelity异国情调exoticism期望规X expectancy norms明示explicitation表情型文本expressive texts外部转移external transfer外来形式extraneous form忠实faithfulness假朋友false friends假翻译fictitious translation贴近coherence异化翻译foreignizing translation派生形式的形式form-derivative forms重形式文本content-focused texts形式对应formal correspondence形式对等formal equivalence前向转换forward transformation自由译free translation全文翻译total translation功能取向翻译研究function-oriented translation studies 功能对等function equivalence空隙gaps宽泛化generalization宽泛化翻译generalizing translation要旨翻译gist translation释词翻译gloss translation成功success目的语goal languages语法分析grammatical analysis语法置换grammatical transposition字形翻译graphological translation诠释步骤hermeneutic motion对应层级hierarchy of correspondences历史忠信historical fidelity同音翻译homophonic translation音素翻译phonemic translation横向翻译horizontal translation超额信息hyperinformation同一性identity地道翻译idomatic translation地道性idomaticity不确定性indeterminacy间接翻译indirect translation翻译即产业过程translation as industrial process 信息负荷information load信息提供information offer信息型文本informative texts初始规Xinitial norms工具型翻译instrumental translation整合翻译integral translation跨文化合作intercultural cooperation中间语言interlanguage隔行翻译interlineal translation逐行翻译interlinear translation语际语言interlingua语际翻译interlingual translation中介翻译intermediate translation内部转移internal transfer解释interpretation传译interpreting翻译释意理论interpretive theory of translation 符际翻译intersemiotic translation互时翻译intertemporal translation语内翻译intralingual translation系统内转换intra-system shift不变量invariant不变性invariance逆向翻译inverse translation隐形invisibility核心kernel关键词翻译keyword translation贴近coherence可核实性verifiability可修正性correctability空缺voids层次转换level shift词汇翻译lexical translation联络传译liaison interpreting普遍语言lingua universalis语言学途径linguistic approach语言对等linguistic equivalence语言翻译linguistic translation语言创造性翻译linguistically creative translation 字面翻译literal translation直译法literalism借译load translation原素logeme逻各斯logos低地国家学派low countries groups 忠诚loyalty机助翻译MAT机器翻译machine translation操纵manipulation操纵学派manipulation school图谱mapping矩阵规X matricial norms中继翻译mediated translation中介语言mediating language词译metaphrase元诗metapoem元文本metatext韵律翻译metrical translation模仿形式mimetic form最小最大原则minimax principle小众化minoritizing translation调整modification调适modulation语义消歧semantic disambiguation多语语料库multilingual corpora多媒介型文本multi-medial texts多阶段翻译multiple-stage texts变异mutation自然性naturalness必要区分度necessary degree of differentiation 负面转换negative shift无遗留原则no leftover principle规X norms必要对等语obligatory equivalents曲径翻译oblique translation观察型接受者observational receiver信息提供information offer操作模式operational models操作规X operational norms运作型文本operative texts可换对等语optional equivalents有机形式organic form重合翻译overlapping translation显型翻译overt translationX式对等paradigmatic equivalence平行语料库parallel corpora释词paraphrase局部翻译理论partial theories of translation部分重合翻译partially-overlapping translation参与型接受者particularizing receiver具体化翻译particularizing translation赞助patronage运用performance音素翻译phonemic translation音位翻译phonological translation中枢语言pivot language译诗为文poetry into prose争辩式翻译polemical translation多元系统理论polysystem theory译后编辑post-editing译前编辑pre-editing语用途径pragmatic approach精确度degree of precision预先规X preliminary norms规定翻译研究prescriptive theories of translation首级翻译primary translation关于问题的翻译理论problem-restrained theories of translation成品取向翻译研究product-oriented studies of translation 过程取向翻译研究process-oriented studies of translation 专业规X professional norms散文翻译prose translation前瞻式翻译prospective translation抗议protest原型文本prototext伪翻译psedotranslation公共服务传译public service interpreting纯语言pure language原始翻译radical translation级阶受限翻译rank-bound translation关于级阶的翻译理论rank-restricted theories of translation 读者取向机器翻译reader-oriented machine translation独有特征realia接受语receptor language重构式翻译translation with reconstructions冗余redundancy折射refraction规约性翻译常规regulative translational conventions转接传译relay interpreting知识库要素repertoreme变换措词rephrasing阻抗resistancy受限翻译restricted translation重组restructuring转译retranslation后瞻式翻译retrospective translation换词rewording换声revoicing重写rewrtiting韵体翻译rhymed translation翻译科学science of translation目的论scopos theory二级翻译second-hand translation二手翻译secondary translation选译selective translation自译self translation语义消歧semantic disambiguation语义翻译semantic translation语义空缺semantic voids意义理论theory of sense意对意翻译sense-for-sense translation 序列翻译serial translation服务翻译service translation转换shifts视译sight translation手语传译signed language translation同声传译simultaneous interpreting源语source language源文本source text源文本取向翻译研究source text-oriented translation studies 具体化specification结构转换structure shift文体对等stylistic equivalence子语言sublanguage配字幕substituting成功success超额翻译overtranslation组合对等syntagmatic equivalence系统system有声思维记录think-aloud protocols目标语target language目标文本target texts目标文本取向翻译研究target text-oriented translation studies 术语库term banks术语terminology文本类型学text typology文本素texteme关于文本类型的翻译理论text type-restricted theories of translation 文本对等textual equivalence文本规X textual norms理论翻译研究theoretical translation studies意义理论theory of sense增量翻译thick translation有声思维记录think aloud protocols第三语码third code第三语言third language关于时域的翻译理论temporal-restricted theories of translation完全翻译total translation巴别塔tower of babel注音transcription译素transeme转移transfer转移取向翻译研究transfer-oriented translation studies迁移transference转换transformation可译性translatability笔译translation翻译与博弈理论translation and the theory of games 翻译即抉择translation as decision-making翻译即产业过程translation as industrial process翻译对等translation equivalence翻译研究translation studies翻译理论translation theory翻译单位translation unit翻译普遍特征translation universals重构式翻译translation with reconstructions翻译对等translation equivalence翻译体translationese翻译学translatology译者行动translatorial action音译transliteration符际转化transmutation置换transposition不受限翻译unbounded translation欠额翻译undertranslation翻译单位translation unit单位转换unit shift不可译性untranslatability词语一致verbal consistency可核实性correctability改本改译version纵向翻译vertical translation空缺voids耳语传译whispered interpreting词对词翻译word- for-word translation作者取向翻译机器reader-oriented machine translation。