A rough set approach for the discovery of classification rules in interval-valued information system

Unit 1Ghosts for Tea' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope.'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.'Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent.Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach,and a few yachts,with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below,a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist.' Have you heard about the terrible tragedy that occurred there in that lighthouse?' he asked in a hushed whisper.'I imagine there may be plenty of legends attached to such a dramatic-looking place' , I suggested.'It's no legend' , declared the old man. 'My father knew the two men involved.lt all took place fifty years ago to-day. Let me tell you.His voice seemed to grow deeper and more dramatic.'For a whole week that lighthouse had been isolated by storms' , he began, 'with terrifying seas surging and crashing over the rocks. People on shore were anxious about the two men working there. They'd been on the best of terms until two or three weeks before, when they had quarrelled over cards in the village inn. Martin had accused Blake of cheating. Blake had vowed to avenge the insult to his honour. But thanks to the wise advice of a man they both respected, they apologised to each other, and soon seemed to have got over their disagreement. But some slight resentment and bitterness remained. and it was feared that the strain of continued isolation and rough weather might affect their nerves, though, needless to say, their friends had no idea how serious the consequences would be.'Fifty years ago to-night,no light appeared in the tower, and only at two o'clock in the morning did the beam suddenly start to flash out its warning again.'The next morning the light was still visible. The storm had almost blown itself out, so a relief boat set out to investigate. A grim discovery awaited the crew . The men's living-room was in a horrifying state. The table was over-turned: a pack of playing cards was scattered everywhere: bloodstains splashed the floor. The relief men climbed the winding stair to the lantern room and there discoveredMartin's body, crouched beside the burning lamp. He had been stabbed and was dead. Two days later, Blake's body was washed up. scratched, bruised, and terribly injured.' Only then could we really start guessing what had happened. This great tragedy could only have been due to a renewal of their quarrel. Bored and depressed as a result of their isolation, Martin and Blake must have started to play cards. Again suspecting cheating, Martin had accused his former friend of dishonesty; a fight had broken out and Blake had seized his knife. In a fit of madness he had attacked his companion, who had fallen mortally wounded. Then, appalled by what he had done, the loneliness, the battering of wind and waves, Blake had rushed to the parapet and flung himself on to the rocks below, where the sea had claimed him.'But Martin was still alive. Hours later, after darkness had fallen, he had recovered consciousness. He remembered his job of lighting the lamp; suffering intense pain, the poor wretch crawled slowly up the winding staircase, dragging himself from step to step till he got to the lantern. At his last ' gasp he managed to light this before finally collapsing.'For years afterwards it was said that the lighthouse was haunted, and, owing to these stories, they didn't have any applicants for the job of lighthouse-keeper from among the superstitious local inhabitants. And now they say that on every anniversary of that day, especially when the sea is rough, you can stand in the living-room, hear the cards failing and the sound of angry cries, see the flash of a blade,and then glimpse a figure rushing to the parapet. And then you hear the slow dragging of a body from step to step towards the room above.'The old man paused and I turned to go.'By the way' , he added, 'have you any free time this afternoon? If so, why don't you have teain the lighthouse? We are putting on a special boat trip to-day. We're charging a pound. And my brother, who bought the old lighthouse when they built the new one just on the point, can serve very good teas there - included in the price of the boat trip - a bargain, considering the problem of obtaining the food. And if you are at all sensitive to the supernatural, you're likely to have an unusual, perhaps an uncanny experience there.I eyed him appreciatively. 'You're wasting your talents' , I said. 'You should have been a fiction writer. ''You don't believe it? exclaimed the old man indignantly.'I'd find it a job,' I answered. ' My father, Henry Cox, started as keeper of that lighthouse fifty- two years ago, and he and Jim Dowley, now retired on a pension, were in charge for ten years. Come and see my dad one day with that tale; he'd enjoy it' .But the old man had already turned his attention to a more likely client.Google翻译：“10便士比湾景”。

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：风雨兼程是常态风雨无阻是心态英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Path of Perseverance: Weathering Life's Storms with ResilienceAs students, we often find ourselves navigating through a relentless torrent of challenges, each one seemingly moredaunting than the last. From the pressures of academic excellence to the complexities of personal growth, our journey is marked by a series of storms that test our resilience and determination. However, it is in these moments of adversity that we have the opportunity to embrace a mindset that transcends the trials before us – a mindset that recognizes that weathering the storms is the norm, and maintaining an undaunted spirit is the attitude that propels us forward.The pursuit of knowledge is a noble endeavor, yet it is one that is fraught with obstacles at every turn. We are constantly bombarded with deadlines, examinations, and the ever-present specter of failure looming overhead. It is easy to become disheartened, to succumb to the weight of these challenges and allow ourselves to be swept away by the currents of doubt and despair. However, it is in these moments that we must summon the strength to stand firm, to recognize that the path to success is paved with adversity, and that each storm we weather is a testament to our resilience.The academic journey is not solely about acquiring knowledge; it is a crucible in which our character is forged. It is through the trials and tribulations that we encounter that we learn valuable lessons about perseverance, determination, andthe unwavering pursuit of our goals. Each obstacle we overcome, each storm we weather, serves to strengthen our resolve and instill within us a sense of confidence that we possess the fortitude to confront any challenge that lies ahead.Yet, the storms we face are not limited to the confines of the classroom. Life itself is a relentless barrage of trials and tribulations, each one presenting its own unique set of challenges. From navigating the complexities of personal relationships to grappling with the existential questions that plague the human condition, we are constantly confronted with storms that threaten to overwhelm us. It is in these moments that we must steadfastly cling to the belief that weathering the storms is the norm, and that maintaining an undaunted spirit is the key to emerging victorious.The path of personal growth is one that is fraught with emotional turbulence, self-doubt, and the constant need to adapt and evolve. We are challenged to confront our fears, our insecurities, and our own limitations, each one a storm that threatens to derail our progress. Yet, it is through these storms that we discover our true strength, our resilience, and our capacity for growth. By embracing the mindset that weathering the storms is the norm, we equip ourselves with the mentalfortitude to confront these challenges head-on, emerging from each trial as a stronger, more authentic version of ourselves.Moreover, the storms we face are not limited to the personal realm; they extend to the broader societal and global context in which we exist. We live in a world that is constantly in flux, a world that presents us with challenges that span the realms of environmental degradation, social injustice, and political turmoil. It is easy to feel overwhelmed, to succumb to a sense of hopelessness in the face of such daunting challenges. Yet, it is in these moments that we must embrace the mindset that weathering the storms is the norm, and that maintaining an undaunted spirit is the key to effecting meaningful change.By cultivating this mindset, we equip ourselves with the mental fortitude to confront these challenges head-on, to channel our energy and passion into advocating for a better world. We recognize that progress is often born from adversity, and that the path to creating a more just and sustainable future is paved with storms that must be weathered with unwavering determination.In the end, the journey of life is one that is marked by a constant ebb and flow of challenges and triumphs. It is a path that is lined with storms that threaten to derail our progress, toshake our resolve, and to extinguish the flames of hope that burn within us. Yet, it is in these moments that we must remember that weathering the storms is the norm, and that maintaining an undaunted spirit is the attitude that will guide us through even the most turbulent of times.By embracing this mindset, we equip ourselves with the mental fortitude to confront adversity head-on, to channel our inner strength and resilience in the face of seemingly insurmountable obstacles. We recognize that each storm we weather is not a setback, but rather a testament to our perseverance and a stepping stone towards greater heights of personal and professional growth.In the end, the path of perseverance is not an easy one, but it is a path that is paved with the stories of those who have weathered the storms and emerged victorious. It is a path that is marked by the footsteps of individuals who have embraced the mindset that weathering the storms is the norm, and that maintaining an undaunted spirit is the attitude that propels them forward, no matter the challenges they face.As we navigate through the storms that lie ahead, let us draw inspiration from those who have walked this path before us, and let us embrace the knowledge that adversity is not a barrier,but rather a catalyst for growth and self-discovery. For it is in the midst of these storms that we truly discover the depths of our resilience, the strength of our character, and the unwavering determination that lies within each and every one of us.篇2Rough Roads Ahead: Facing Challenges is the Norm, Persevering is an AttitudeAs students, we're constantly bombarded with challenges –academic pressures, personal struggles, and the ever-looming uncertainty of the future. It's easy to feel overwhelmed, to want to throw in the towel and give up. But what separates the truly successful from the rest is their ability to embrace these challenges, to view them not as obstacles, but as opportunities for growth.I'll never forget the day I received my first failing grade. It was in my sophomore year, and I had worked tirelessly on a major research paper for my English literature class. When the professor handed back our graded papers, I felt my heart sink as I saw the bold, red "F" scrawled across the top of mine. In that moment, I had two choices: I could wallow in self-pity andresignation, or I could use this setback as motivation to work harder and improve.Thankfully, I chose the latter. I scheduled a meeting with my professor, who kindly outlined the areas where I had fallen short and provided me with guidance on how to strengthen my writing and research skills. Over the next few weeks, I poured my heart and soul into revising that paper, staying up late into the night, sacrificing social engagements, and seeking out additional resources to help me improve.When I finally resubmitted the revised paper, the sense of accomplishment I felt was like nothing I had ever experienced before. Not only had I managed to turn a failing grade into a respectable one, but I had also gained invaluable skills and confidence that would serve me well throughout my academic and professional career.That experience taught me a valuable lesson: that facing challenges is not a choice, but a constant in life. No matter how talented, intelligent, or hardworking we may be, we will inevitably encounter obstacles and setbacks along the way. It's how we respond to those challenges that truly defines us.In the years since that pivotal moment, I've come to embrace the challenges that life throws my way, viewing them not asburdens, but as opportunities to grow, to learn, and to become stronger and more resilient. Whether it's struggling with a difficult concept in a class, navigating the complexities of personal relationships, or facing the uncertainty of life after graduation, I've learned to approach each challenge with a positive and proactive mindset.This mindset has served me well, not only in my academic pursuits but in all aspects of my life. When faced with a daunting task or obstacle, I break it down into smaller, more manageable steps, and tackle each one with determination and focus. I seek out guidance and support from mentors, professors, and peers, recognizing that we don't have to face our challenges alone. And perhaps most importantly, I've learned to embrace failure as a natural part of the learning process, using each setback as an opportunity to reflect, recalibrate, and try again with renewed vigor.Of course, this mindset is not always easy to maintain. There are times when the challenges we face seem insurmountable, when the road ahead is shrouded in darkness and uncertainty. In those moments, it's easy to feel discouraged, to want to give up and retreat to our comfort zones.But it's in those moments that we must dig deep, tap into our inner reserves of strength and resilience, and remind ourselves of the countless challenges we've already overcome. For every setback we've faced, there have been countless triumphs and successes, small victories that have paved the way for our growth and progress.Moreover, we must remember that we are not alone in our struggles. Every successful person – from world-renowned leaders and innovators to our own professors and mentors – has faced their fair share of challenges and setbacks. It's their ability to persevere, to embrace adversity as a catalyst for growth, that has allowed them to achieve greatness.As I look towards the future, I know that the challenges will only continue to mount. The pressures of adulthood, the pursuit of career goals, and the inevitable curveballs that life will throw my way will all test my resolve and determination. But rather than viewing these challenges with trepidation, I embrace them with a sense of excitement and anticipation.For it is in facing and overcoming these challenges that we truly discover our potential, that we forge the character and resilience that will serve us well throughout our lives. The road ahead may be long and winding, filled with obstacles andsetbacks, but it is a road that we must travel, one step at a time, with perseverance and determination as our constant companions.So to my fellow students, and to anyone facing challenges in their lives, I implore you: embrace the storms that come your way. View them not as burdens, but as opportunities to grow, to learn, and to become the best versions of yourselves. For it is in weathering these storms that we truly discover the strength and resilience that lies within us all.篇3Braving the Storms is the Norm, Having an Indomitable Spirit is the AttitudeLife is a journey filled with challenges, obstacles and storms that test our resilience and determination. From the moment we step into this world, we are faced with situations that demand our strength and fortitude. It is during these trying times that we truly discover who we are and what we are capable of achieving.As a student, I have learned that braving the storms is not just a choice, but a necessity. The path to success is paved with countless hurdles, and it is up to us to navigate them with unwavering resolve. Whether it's the pressure of academicdemands, the stress of extracurricular activities, or the complexities of personal relationships, we are constantly faced with storms that threaten to derail our progress.However, it is not the storms themselves that define us, but rather our attitude towards them. Having an indomitable spirit, a mindset that refuses to be deterred by adversity, is the key to overcoming these challenges. It is this unwavering determination that separates those who succeed from those who succumb to the difficulties they face.I vividly remember the storm that struck during my final year of high school. It was a period of immense stress and anxiety, as I juggled the demands of my studies with the pressure of college applications. The weight of expectations from my family, teachers, and peers seemed overwhelming, and at times, I felt like giving up. However, it was during this crucible that I discovered the power of an indomitable spirit.With each passing day, I learned to embrace the challenges, viewing them not as obstacles but as opportunities for growth and self-discovery. I found solace in the words of those who had walked this path before me, and their stories of perseverance became my inspiration. I realized that the storms we face are notmeant to break us, but rather to forge us into stronger and more resilient individuals.As I navigated this storm, I developed strategies to cope with the pressure. I learned to prioritize my tasks, manage my time effectively, and seek support from those around me. I discovered the importance of self-care, taking breaks to recharge and rejuvenate my mind and body. Most importantly, I cultivated an unwavering belief in myself and my abilities, fueled by the knowledge that every storm eventually passes, leaving behind a clearer path and a stronger sense of purpose.The lessons I learned during this period have stayed with me as I embarked on my journey through college and beyond. Each new challenge, whether academic or personal, has been met with the same indomitable spirit that carried me through those turbulent times. I have learned to embrace the storms, for they are an inevitable part of life's journey, and it is through facing them head-on that we truly grow and evolve.In retrospect, I realize that braving the storms is not just a temporary phase, but a constant state of being. Life is a continuous cycle of challenges and triumphs, and it is our attitude that determines how we navigate this ever-changing landscape. By adopting an indomitable spirit, we not onlyincrease our chances of success, but we also cultivate a sense of resilience and self-confidence that will serve us well in all aspects of our lives.To those who are currently facing their own storms, I offer this advice: embrace the challenges, for they are the catalysts for growth and self-discovery. Cultivate an indomitable spirit, a mindset that refuses to be deterred by adversity. Surround yourself with a support system of loved ones, mentors, and peers who can offer guidance and encouragement. And above all, believe in yourself and your abilities, for it is this unwavering belief that will carry you through the darkest of storms and into the light of success.Remember, braving the storms is the norm, but having an indomitable spirit is the attitude that will shape your journey and define your legacy. Embrace the challenges, for they are the stepping stones to a life lived with purpose, resilience, and unwavering determination.。

2023－2024学年第一学期高三四校联考（二）英语试题说明：本试卷满分120分，考试用时120分钟。

注意事项:1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、班别、考生号、考场号和座位号填写在答题卡上。

因笔试不考听力，选择题从第二部分的“阅读”开始，试题序号从“21”开始。

2.作答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B 铅笔在答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。

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考试结束后，将答题卡交回。

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A 、B 、C 、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）。

A Best books for 12to 14-year-oldsMortal EnginesAuthor:Philip ReevePublisher:ScholasticLondon is on the move again:the city searches the world for resources on wheels,eating smaller towns.But when he is thrown off the city,young hero Tom is soon forced to reexamine life as he knows it.Set in a futuristic (科幻性的)background,this imaginative story is a combination of action and adventure.The book has won the Blue Peter Book Award.Coram BoyAuthor:Jamila GavinPublisher:EgmontToby’s and Aaron’s lives are linked by the Coram Man,who collects unwanted children from across the country,supposedly to send them to a safe new life.In reality,the man sells the children into slavery (奴役).Soon,Toby and Aaron find themselves united on a journey,filled with danger and excitement.Rich with historical detail,this book provides an important insight into the 1750s society.It was a winner of the Whitbread Children’s Book Award.The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-TimeAuthor:Mark HaddonPublisher:Red FoxSeen through the eyes of Christopher,a mathematical genius and Sherlock Holmes fan,this novel begins with the discovery of a dead dog on a neighbor’s lawn.In his search to discover the identity of thekiller,Christopher uncovers some information about his own family and he starts a journey to London to find his mother.Watership DownAuthor:Richard AdamsPublisher:PenguinYoung rabbit Fiver believes that a great disaster is about to strike the place where he lives—but no one will listen to him.At last he manages to ask a few brave rabbits to leave before it’s too late.Hunted by dogs and foxes,their journey is a dangerous one—but the rabbits can still dream of a peaceful and safe new life at Watership Down.This book won both the Guardian Children’s Fiction Prize and the Carnegie Medal.21.Which book was published by Penguin?A.Coram Boy.B.Mortal Engines.C.Watership Down.D.The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time.22.What information can we get from the book Coram Boy?A.Its main characters are Toby and Aaron.B.It is about some rabbits escaping a disaster.C.It won the Guardian Children’s Fiction Prize.D.Its content involves the background of a future society.23.How does Christopher find some information about his family?A.When taking his trip to London.B.When working with Sherlock Holmes.C.When trying to find the identify of a killer.D.When communicating with a mathematical genius.BGetting to Antarctica is not easy.The few who are lucky enough to visit this most mysterious continent do so by ship.To reach Antarctica,ships must pass through an extremely violent area of ocean called the Drake Passage,considered to be the roughest stretch of sea on the planet.Walls of water thirty,sometimes forty feet high continually crashed against our ship for two solid days. We would hold on to a rope inside the ship while being violently tipped(倾斜)to one extreme side,then to the other,and then back again.My daughter Claire and I were as mentally prepared as we could be.About two and a half days after entering the Drake Passage,the waters calmed.Soon,we noticed small black spots on nearby pieces of floating ice.Emperor penguins!Then,we began the two-mile hike over the ice to the penguin colony.Within several hundred yards,small groups of emperors,perhaps ten or so at a time,greeted us,sliding on their bellies and making their wonderful noises,sort of a long, high-pitched sound.One day two adult emperors with their three chicks following them approached Claire,who was resting on the ice.They left the chicks with her,as if she were the babysitter.Twenty minutes later they returned to collect the chicks.And I will never forget the penguin that, when I jokingly asked which way back to the helicopters,pointed a wing in the correct direction.Every night aboard our safe and warm ship,we thought about what it takes to survive in Antarctica,an incrediblyharsh place.But each day on the ice,we also thought about the Drake Passage,the impact of the large body of water we had to endure to get where we were.Over the course of our visit,we came to respect the power of that sea.We still talk about the penguins,as I’m sure we always will.But we talk about the Drake Passage, too.Both experiences were unforgettable,and one would not have been possible without the other.24.Why is the Drake Passage mentioned in the first paragraph?A.The water in the area is usually calm.B.People can see very attractive scenery there.C.A lot of sea animals often appear in the area.D.It is quite a dangerous section of the journey.25.What is the theme of the third paragraph?A.The visitors appreciated the penguins.B.The living habits of emperor penguins.C.How penguins made their wonderful noises.D.The appearance and shape of emperor penguins.26.What can we infer from the fourth paragraph?A.Penguins try to avoid human beings.B.Penguins are not afraid of human beings.C.Claire played with the two adult penguins for a long time.D.Claire led the young penguins to where the adult penguins stayed.27.What does the underlined word“endure”in the last paragraph mean?A.Promote.B.Break.C.Arrange.D.Experience.CPortia Kapraun has always seen unwelcome ads on Twitter,usually from major brands pitching(竭力推销)her expensive jewelry or vehicles that she,as a librarian in Indiana,could not afford.Ms.Kapraun was not interested.But she soon saw the ads again.And again.And again.“These feel like low-end ads,”she said.In a shaky advertising market in an uncertain economy,ads that few people want to see suddenly seem to be everywhere.Advancements in digital advertising technology were meant to improve users’experience.People interested in shoes are intended to get ads for sneakers and boots,not repeated pitches promoting gold investments.And the technology is supposed to remove misleading or dangerous pitches.But lately,on several platforms,the opposite seems to be happening for a variety of reasons,including a slowdown in the overall digital ad market.As numerous deep-pocketed marketers have pulled back,and the softer market has led several digital platforms to lower their ad pricing,opportunities have opened up for less demanding advertisers.Advertising experts agree that poor-quality ads appear to be increasing greatly.They point to a variety of potential causes:internal troubles at technology companies,weak content moderation(审核),and high-level advertisers seeking other choices.Then,there’s the economy:A recent survey of43 multinational companies representing more than$44billion in advertising spending found that nearly30 percent planned to cut back on their marketing spending last year.Other factors are also contributing to lower advertising quality.Social media advertising,once only practiced by specialists,is now easily available to anyone.Many of them are avoiding targeted ads—placements intended to reach specific audiences,usually at a higher cost—in favor of a cheaper spray-and-pray(广撒网式的)approach online,hoping to catch the attention of gullible(容易受骗的)or bored shoppers.Major social media platforms are now like“a mall that used to be good”,CoreyRichardson,vice president at a multicultural ad company,says.“But now there’s no longer a mall there—it’s just a calendar store and a place sling beepers(传呼机).”28.What message does the author want to deliver in Portia Kapraun’s story?A.Repeated ads have a strong power of persuasion.B.Social media users often encounter unwanted ads.C.Major brands usually prefer social media advertising.D.An uncertain economy leads to lower levels of consumption.29.What can be inferred about the“less demanding advertisers”mentioned in Paragraph2?A.They are forced to exit the digital ad market.B.They have benefited from advertising experts.C.They can now advertise at a more affordable price.D.They work hard to improve their users’experience.30.What is Corey Richardson’s attitude to major social media platforms?A.Favorable.B.HopefulC.Unclear.D.Negative.31.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A.Where is social media advertising heading?B.What is shaking up the online advertising market?C.Why are you seeing so many bad digital ads now?D.How are targeted ads impacting your purchase decisions?DBoth Roberto and Keith have a45-minute commute(通勤)time from their homes to their workplace. When Roberto drives,he has realistic expectations of how others drive and how long the trip should take. Overall,he is able to adapt to any unexpected challenges he may face on the road.He rarely becomes angry. By contrast,Keith drives with a tendency for becoming angry easily,partly due to unrealistic expectations of other drivers,his quickness to personalize and feel threatened by the actions of others,and his inability to calm his anger.The difference between how Roberto and Keith experience their drive to work,especially with regard to getting angry,is influenced very much by their emotional intelligence.Emotional intelligence is crucial for helping individuals choose constructive over destructive anger.A key aspect of healthy anger is being able to pause and reflect on,rather than react to,our thoughts,feelings,and senses associated with getting angry.Self-regulation and empathy(同理心)are two important components of emotional intelligence,which can be a buffer(缓冲)against destructive anger.Self-regulation helps us to control our moods.Empathy helps us to recognize the humanity in others and ourselves.Studies suggest that training in emotional intelligence can powerfully impact how anger is managed. This was supported by a three-year study of476young adults who showed reduced tendency of becoming angry after training.Children and adults can learn skills to boost their emotional intelligence and,by doing so,develop adaptability for dealing with various negative affect,including anger.Many workbooks offer skills in emotional intelligence to promote empathy and self-awareness regarding emotions and how they impact our beliefs and behavior.Clearly,through training,Keith would experience greater emotional flexibility that could support amore peaceful commute to work.I firmly believe that learning skills in emotional intelligence should be the focus in helping individuals more constructively manage this highly challenging and complex emotion.32.What is the function of the first paragraph?A.To tell a true story.B.To make a comparison.C.To introduce the main topic.D.To present an important finding.33.Which of the following is the main point of healthy anger?A.Tolerant A.Thinking over the annoying situation.B.Taking action to deal with the awful situation.C.Turning a blind eye to the unwelcome situation.D.Expressing feelings about the disturbing situation.34.What is the author’s attitude towards training in emotional intelligence?. B.Doubtful. C.Negative. D.Supportive.35.What is the suitable title of the text?A.Friends Should Enjoy Peaceful CommuteB.Drivers Need to Boost Their Emotional IntelligenceC.Emotional Intelligence Is a Buffer Against Destructive AngerD.Emotional Intelligence Has a Powerful Impact on People's Life第二节（共5小题；每小题 2.5分，满分12.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

Unit 1 People of AchievementUsing Language词汇知识·自主学习Ⅰ. 根据语境与汉语提示写出正确的单词1. the general theory of relativity 广义相对论2. a man of genius一个有天赋的人3. a quiet and gentle man一个文静又温柔的男人4. Swiss patent office瑞士专利局5. a strong passion for knowledge对知识的强烈热情6. four extraordinary physics papers四篇非凡的物理学论文7. gradually improved health 健康逐渐好转8. the doors of academic institutions学术机构的大门9. as a consequence结果10. the Institute for Advanced Study高级研究所11. encounter people on the street在街上遇到行人12. Professor Einstein爱因斯坦教授13. his remarkable achievements他的非凡成就14. a portable device一台便携式设备15. a rough draft of the letter 这封信的草稿Ⅱ. 根据提示用恰当的短语填空1. There are many other folks who have made contributions to(为……做出贡献) hisproject.2. The sports meet to be held tomorrow is cancelled due to (由于)the bad weather.3. After Mandela came to power(当权), his government did their best to change the unfair situation.4. As a consequence(结果), enough preparation is urgently needed, including practice, nutrition and a perfect plan.5. I took up (开始从事)painting as a hobby when I was eleven.6. Holding his head high, he walked past the pole and the soldiers as if/though (好似) they didn’t exist.7. The passers-by fear that they will be mistaken for(被误认为)the trouble makers.8. When Bella passed away (去世) last week, many fans felt very sad about the loss of the talented singer.9. Our team, apart from (除了) regular training, will join in a variety of activities.10. A good student usually knows how to sum up (总结) knowledge in good time. Ⅲ. 根据课文与汉意提示补全句子1. He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity (最著名的是广义相对论) and the famous formula E=mc2.2. After studying for another year, he managed to pass the exam, entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900 (在1896年进入大学, 在1900年毕业).3. While working there(在那里工作期间), out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905.4. That same year, which was later recorded as a miracle year in science(这一年后来被称为科学上的奇迹年), he published four extraordinary physics papers.5. In fact, Einstein often encountered people on the street who would stop him and ask him to help explain things(拦住他, 请他解释各种事物).阅读精析·合作学习Task 1 框架宏观建构: 整体理解1. Skim the passage and fill in the blanks2. What’s the main idea of this passage?The passage is mainly about Albert Einstein’s biography.Task 2 文本微观剖析: 细节探究1. Choose the best answer.(1)Which of the following has the similar meaning to the word “numerous〞in Paragraph 1?A. very largeB. rather greatC. amounts ofD. splendid(2)Why was he awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize?A. He was recorded to be a miracle then.B. He had four physics papers published.C. He became just as famous as Newton.D. He explained the photoelectric effect.(3)Why did he have to flee Germany?A. He wanted to go to the USA.B. Hitler came into power.C. He took up a job in Princeton.D. T o make achievements in physics.(4)What can be indicated from the sentence “Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein〞?A. Many people mistook him for Einstein.B. He regretted explaining things to others.C. He was seen as a slightly odd-looking man.D. He was too modest and didn’t want fame.答案: (1)～(4)CDBD2. Reread the passage and fill in the blanks.1922 photoelectric effect.In 1933 (7)Circumstances changed, when Hitler (8)came to power in Germany. He was Jewish and he had to (9)flee Germany.In 1955 It was reported that Einstein had (10)passed away, and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.Task 3 阅读思维升华: 主题实践1. What do you think of Einstein? (Critical Thinking批判性思维)Although world-famous, he was still an ordinary and funny person who was also full of childish and warm heart. So I think Einstein is a great and lovely ordinary scientist.2. After realizing what Einstein did, what do you think you should do from now on?(Creative Thinking创造性思维)We should firstly stick to what we should do as a teenager who has responsibility for our country and our future. Whatever trouble we meet, we will never say die and take measures to solve all the problems.要点精研·探究学习1. passion n. 酷爱; 激情*(2020•某某高考) Being good at something and having a passion for it are not enough.擅长某件事并且有激情是不够的。

1、环保机构必须对接触教室空⽓中的⽯棉纤维给孩⼦健康带来的危害做出反应。

因为不可能关闭学校的建筑。

所以的⽅法就是着⼿实施强制性⽴即消除所有学校建筑中的⽯棉的计划，⽽不管这些建筑物是否在使⽤中。

下列哪⼀个，假如正确，是有⼒的原因来说明环境保护机构不应当实⾏上⾯所提出的计划? (A)可⾏的消除⽯棉的技术通常增加空中的⽯棉含量。

(B)学校是居民活动最可能导致⽯棉释放到⼤⽓中的场所。

(C)接触空⽓中⽯棉的孩⼦⽐接触空中的⽯棉的成⼈得癌症的风险更⼤。

(D)消除⽯棉的成本在各个学校中不同，它取决于被除去⽯棉的量及可接近的程度。

(E)不可能确切判定含有⽯棉的建筑材料是否且什么时候将分解并且释放⽯棉纤维⽽进⼊空⽓。

解析：本题实际上要找⼀个选项来⽀持不应着⼿实施强制性⽴即消除⽯棉的计划。

(A)说明消除⽯棉的技术增加空⽓中的⽯棉含量，意味着消除⽯棉的效果反⽽更差，因此，⽀持了不应着⼿实施强制性⽴即消除⽯棉的计划;(B)与消除⽯棉的计划⽆关;(C)是⼀个新的⽐较;(D)涉及的成本不同，但只要利⼤于弊就应实施强制性⽴即消除⽯棉的计划;(E)与(B)⼀样，与消除⽯棉的计划较远。

2、Aedesalbopictus是蚊⼦的⼀个变种，最近在美国东南部衍居，它没有当地的沼泽蚊⼦分布⼴。

沼泽蚊⼦与A.都能携带有时能使⼈致命的病毒，但丸对公众健康危害更⼤。

下列选项除哪个外，如果正确，都能提供附加信息来⽀持以上所做出的对公共健康产⽣危害的判断。

(A)与沼泽蚊⼦不同，A.原产于亚洲，且20世纪80年代中期以前在美国还没有发现过A.的幼⾍。

(B)不同于沼泽蚊⼦，A.albopictus倾向于在⼈类居住地附近度过它们的⼤部分成熟期。

(C)不同于沼泽蚊⼦的幼⾍，A.albopictus幼⾍⽣存于花盆、锡罐，和许多盛有少量⽔的家⽤物体中。

(D)与沼泽蚊⼦相⽐较，A.albopictus是⼤量所知的能导致⼈类严重疾病的病毒的宿主。

赣州中学2024届高三第一次调研测试英语试卷注意事项:1．答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在条形码区域内。

2．答题时请按要求用笔。

3．请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。

4．作图可先使用铅笔画出，确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。

5．保持卡面清洁，不要折暴、不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．John had planned to make a compromise, but he changed his mind at the last minute.A．anyhow B．otherwiseC．therefore D．somehow2．—-What difference will it make _____we shall go to the concert on Tuesday or Saturday?—They offer a discount on weekdays.A．that B．whenC．if D．why3．_______ a record-breaking seven Golden Globes, the musical La La Land surprisingly does not appeal to Chinese viewers.A．Winning B．WonC．Having won D．To win4．Many writers are drawn to building a world, _____ readers are somewhat familiar with but also feel distant from our normal lives.A．it B．one C．that D．the one5．—Why can’t John land a__________job in years?—Anyone with criminal records will be laid off first when it comes time to let staff go.A．rewarding B．demanding C．worthwhile D．stable6．—Where can we park car?—Don’t worry. There’s sure to be parking lot nearby.A．the; the B．the; aC．不填; a D．不填; the7．A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help ________ you year ahead.A．sharpen B．switchC．stretch D．shape8．Allen followed his customer across the yard and stood on the step of the house, two shopping bags.A．lifted B．having lifted C．to lift D．lifting9．The debate has only a few moments that might be inspiring to those who ______ this issue.A．followed B．had followed C．have been following D．were following10．Anna was in Inner Mongolia for two years, ____ as a volunteer teacher.A．having worked B．working C．worked D．to work11．The boy was waving his stick in the street and it ________ missed the child standing nearby.A．closely B．narrowly C．nearly D．hardly12．Recently some hospitals in China have adopted ______ they call a robot-doctor, ______ will be used to operate on patients with more accuracy.A．what; that B．that; whichC．what; which D．which; what13．—How long do you think it will be________the Stock Market returns to normal?—At least one year, I guess.A．when B．before C．until D．that14．—That's the third time you've done that!—Yeah, _____?A．what of it B．what’s onC．what about D．what for15．There are a lot of signs men are more likely to have heart attacks than women.A．indicate B．to indicate C．indicated D．indicating16．－You’ve been coughing so badly recently. Give up smoking, please.－_______. I think I am addicted to it.A．It can’t be helped B．Good ideaC．So far, so good D．Far from it17．More than one doctor _____ involved in the rescue that took place after the earthquake．A．was B．is C．were D．are18．––Cathy is not coming to your birthday party tonight.––But she ______!A．promised B．promisesC．will promise D．had promised19．— The movie Lalaland is awesome. It’s really a pity that you didn’t make it.— Sorry, I ________. I was too busy then.A．didn’t B．didC．wouldn’t D．would20．—Look! Mary is crazily looking for something again!—_____ , she can’t find her keys.A．Typically B．Occasionally C．Accordingly D．Particularly第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

我记住了你努力的样子英语作文滑冰全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1I Remember Your Hard Work on the IceAs I lace up my skates and step onto the cold, hard ice, a flood of memories comes rushing back to me. Memories of countless hours spent in this very rink, pushing myself to my limits, falling time and time again, only to pick myself back up and try once more. But these aren't just my memories – they are intertwined with the story of someone who inspired me more than anyone else: you.I can still picture that first day like it was yesterday. I was justa young, wide-eyed child, in awe of the graceful skaters gliding across the ice with such effortless beauty. And then, there you were, a true force to be reckoned with. Your movements were sharp, precise, and filled with a passion that seemed to radiate from your very core.At first, I was intimidated by your skill and determination. How could I ever hope to skate like that? But as the weeks went by, and I watched you train tirelessly, something inside meshifted. I saw the way you pushed through the pain, the exhaustion, and the frustration of mastering each new element. I witnessed the countless falls, the bruises, and the tears – yet you never gave up.It was then that I realized that true greatness doesn't come from natural talent alone. It's forged through an unwavering commitment to one's craft, a willingness to sacrifice, and an unbreakable spirit that refuses to be deterred by setbacks or failures.From that day forward, you became my inspiration, my guiding light on this journey of self-discovery and personal growth. I would watch in awe as you executed the most complex jumps and spins, your body defying gravity in a breathtaking display of athleticism and artistry.But it wasn't just your technical prowess that captivated me; it was the way you carried yourself, both on and off the ice. You embodied a quiet confidence, a humility that belied your extraordinary talents. You never boasted or gloated, instead choosing to lead by example, letting your hard work and dedication speak for itself.As I began to find my own footing on the ice, emulating your dedication and perseverance, I too experienced the endless cycleof triumphs and setbacks that are inherent to this sport. There were days when I wanted to give up, when the frustration and self-doubt threatened to overwhelm me. But then I would think of you, and how you never allowed those feelings to consume you.I remember one particularly difficult day when I had fallen time and time again, unable to land a jump that had once come so easily to me. Tears of frustration stung my eyes, and I was ready to hang up my skates for good. But then, I caught a glimpse of you across the rink, practicing that same jump with unwavering determination.In that moment, it was as if you sensed my struggle, and our eyes met. Without a word, you gave me a subtle nod, a silent encouragement that said, "Keep going. Don't give up." And so I did, fueled by your unwavering spirit and the knowledge that greatness is born from the ashes of our failures.As the years passed, and our paths diverged, I carried the lessons you taught me through your actions, not just your words.I learned that true success is not measured by trophies or accolades, but by the journey itself – the countless hours of blood, sweat, and tears poured into the pursuit of excellence.And while our time on the ice together may have come to an end, the impact you had on my life will forever endure. Whenever I face a daunting challenge or find myself on the brink of giving up, I think back to those days in the rink, watching you push through the pain and frustration with a tenacity that knew no bounds.In those moments, I am reminded that greatness is not bestowed upon us; it is earned through an unwavering commitment to our dreams, a willingness to sacrifice, and the courage to pick ourselves up time and time again, no matter how many times we fall.So, to you, my mentor, my inspiration, and the embodiment of what it truly means to be a champion, I say thank you. Thank you for showing me the true meaning of hard work, for inspiring me to never give up, and for instilling in me a passion that will burn brightly for the rest of my life.Your legacy lives on in every skater who steps onto the ice, chasing their dreams with the same fervor and determination that you once did. And though our paths may have diverged, a part of you will forever live within me, guiding me through life's challenges and reminding me that greatness is always within reach for those brave enough to chase it.篇2I Remember Your Hard Work on the IceAs I glided across the frozen surface of the rink, the cold air nipped at my face, but I didn't feel it. My focus was solely on the movements of my blades as they carved patterns of grace and power into the ice beneath me. This was my happy place – a world of glittering whites and blues where the impossible became possible through sheer determination and effort.In the stands, you were there watching me, just as you had been from the very beginning. I can still picture it so clearly – the first time I ever stepped onto the ice. It was at the local outdoor rink during a brief thaw in the depths of winter when I was six years old. The ice was rough and pitted from the freeze andre-freeze, but to me it looked like a vast, glittering plain waiting to be explored.You helped me lace up the stiff rental skates, your fingers deftly weaving the laces in that distinct crisscross pattern. I remember how huge and clunky those skates felt on my little feet, like I was walking in boats. But the moment I stepped out onto that ice, everything changed. The awkwardness meltedaway, replaced by an unfamiliar but thrilling sense of glide and flow.Of course, I spent more time sprawled on the ice than actually skating that first day. But you were there, taking my hands and guiding me around the rink with infinite patience. I can still hear the constant stream of encouragement flowing from your lips – "You've got this! Try again! Don't give up!" Each time I fell, you were there to lift me back up again.Looking back, I'm sure there were times when you wanted to give up on me and this crazy dream of being a figure skater. The years of before-school practice sessions while it was still dark out. The weekends consumed by competitions and travel. The thousands upon thousands of dollars poured into coaching, equipment, ice time. Not to mention the emotional investment of sitting rink-side, holding your breath through every jump, cheering until you were hoarse whenever I landed a new element cleanly.But you never did give up on me. You doubled down on the dream instead, steadfast in your belief that I could achieve anything I set my mind to if I was willing to work hard enough for it. With your support, skating went from being a casual hobby to an all-consuming passion. I spent hours at the rink, running thesame routines over and over until the movements were burnt into my muscle memory. I'd wake up in the morning already going through the choreography sequences in my head.There were plenty of setbacks and disappointments along the way too – injuries that sidelined me for months, growth spurts that threw off my timing and force me to re-learn techniques, frustrating plateaus where it felt like I wasn't progressing no matter how hard I tried. But you wouldn't let me stay stuck in those ruts for long. If I was the one putting in the work on the ice, you were the driving force keeping me motivated and focused on the bigger picture.I remember one competition in particular when I was 14. It was my first season at the junior level, and the pressure was on to start putting up scores that would set me apart nationally. In the short program, I had a mental lapse during the opening jump combination and crashed badly to the ice. As I pulled myself up in tears, dreading the sight of my pitiful scores, you were already down by the boards calling out to me."Hey! That fall is behind you now. This isn't over – you still have another chance in the free skate!"Your words cleared away the fog of disappointment andre-centered me. Instead of giving up, I attacked the rest of theprogram with renewed determination. And in the free skate two days later, I came out flying – nailing every element with a level of execution that even surprised me. When the scores went up and I saw that I had medaled, the roar from you in the stands was louder than everyone else combined.From that moment on, something shifted. The fear of failing was replaced by a hunger to keep challenging myself. With you cheering me on, I rapidly moved up the ranks. More than that, though, I started to gain a real appreciation for the work itself –the daily grind of tweaking techniques, grinding out repetitions, and inhaling deeply the buffed ice aroma of the rink. That's where the real beauty and meaning of skating came alive for me.Now, as I get ready to take my final spins at the national championships, I can't help but feel tremendously grateful for the role you played in helping me get here. Your presencerink-side at every practice and competition was a constant reminder to take pride in my effort, no matter the outcome. Every cheer, every supportive phrase, every pre-performance pep talk helped instill the belief that I was capable of great things if I was willing to go "all in" with my preparation and effort.So thank you, Mom and Dad, for being there through it all. For cheering me on not just during the high points, but throughall the lows and struggles too. For sacrificing so much to make this dream a reality for me. Most of all, thank you for teaching me the value of hard work, determination, and embracing the journey -- lessons that will stick with me long after I've hung up my skates.When I take those final spins today, I won't be thinking about the scores or the medals. I'll just be soaking in the crisp, clean air of the rink one last time and feeling tremendously proud that I gave this dream everything I had. And in the stands, I know you'll be there watching me – just like you have been from the very start.篇3I'll never forget the first time I saw you skating. It was at the town's outdoor ice rink on a crisp winter evening. Snow lightly dusted the surrounding trees, and the rink's lights cast a warm glow over the frozen surface. Families glided along the ice, laughing and holding hands. Kids raced around playing tag. But you stood out from the rest.You were off in the corner, completely focused and oblivious to the chaos around you. Your brow was furrowed in concentration as you practiced the same spin over and overagain. Each time you'd push off powerfully, rapidly whipping around with your arms pulled in tight. But you'd inevitably lose your balance and wobble to a stop, shaking your head in frustration.I remember thinking how strange it looked - this teenage guy repeatedly throwing himself into solitary spins when everyone else seemed content just coasting along. At the time, I had no idea about the amount of effort and practice required to become an skilled figure skater. The grace and artistry on display during competitions hid the relentless off-ice conditioning, the endless drilling of techniques, and the grit needed to push through disappointment after disappointment.As the weeks and months passed, I'd see you at that rink constantly, staying long after everyone else had gone home for the evening. No matter how cold it got or how dimly the rink was lit, you'd be out there whirling and jumping. Sometimes a few burly hockey players would remain too, taking booming slapshots that echoed through the crisp air. But even their taunts and laughs couldn't break your laser-focus as you ran through footwork sequences and practiced your spins entry after entry.I'm not sure when I went from being an bemused observer to completely respecting and admiring your dedication, but ithappened gradually. Seeing the same person pursue such an obscure interest - one viewed as feminine or eccentric by the typical teenage male - with tireless passion was inspiring. Your determination to improve and confront your limitations head-on, spill after spill, was humbling.Over the years, I saw you go from struggling with double jumps to landing them consistently. Your spins became tighter and quicker. You developed a smooth, athletic stride from all the footwork patterns. Most importantly, your body movement became more graceful and expressive, transitioning between elements with musicality. What had seemed bizarre at first slowly revealed itself as a profound art and sport requiring immense skill and full-body mastery.Of course, as we grew older together in that small town, I also came to know you had vulnerabilities and flaws like any other teenager. You'd often miss classes and appearances because you were so hyperfocused on skating. Your social skills were underdeveloped from spending every spare hour on the ice rather than hanging out. You definitely carried some arrogance about your abilities too. More than once I overheard you bragging to friends about landing a new jump before anyone else in the region.But those flaws were always overshadowed by the quiet humility and resilience I saw during your solitary practice sessions. No matter how much you achieved, you always seemed to find new ways to push yourself and critical flaws to correct. Training always came first before any celebrating. You never seemed satisfied or willing to coast on past successes.That mindset culminated in your terrific performance at the regional championship during our senior year of high school. I'll never forget watching you deftly execute your program, hitting jumps and spins that had seemed unimaginable when I first saw you stumbling through them years ago. The entire arena was rapt as you confidently landed your final combination spin. In that moment of silence before the cheers and applause erupted, I could see the look of determination on your face finally give way to relief and joy at having left everything out on the ice.After the medals ceremony, when you should have been celebrating, I caught you hunched over and reviewing videos of your performance, immediately refocusing on refining its weaker points. To me, that moment perfectly encapsulated your relentless drive and desire to always improve. There's no breakthrough or accomplishment that will ever be fully satisfyingfor you because you'll have already moved on to pursuing the next ingrained flaw or bad habit to overcome.I feel extremely fortunate to have witnessed your skating journey from start to finish in this small town. What I admired most wasn't the ultimate destination of medals or adulation, but the look of pure effort and perseverance on your face during each of those thousands of practice sessions. The easy paths of fun and leisure were always available, yet time after time you chose the lonely, difficult road of honest self-assessment and gradual self-improvement.When I'm weighing whether to take the easy way out on something or to fully apply myself, I think back to watching you tirelessly work through skating struggles from a distance. That alone motivates me to attack my own endeavors with the same humble, diligent mindset. If I can approach my pursuits with even a fraction of the disciplined tenacity you brought to every skating session, then I'll have a strong chance at maximizing my true potential.So thank you for the powerful example you've set, even if you never knew the impact your solitary efforts had on observers like me. You've given those who had the privilege of watching your skating journey from the start an enduring model for whatfocused commitment truly looks like over a sustained period of time. That's the hidden gift contained within every accomplished performance or skillful display - the perseverance that went into making it possible. You embodied that perseverance through your daily actions for years on end. I'll carry the memory of your look of effort on that ice wherever I go.。

2024 届湛江市普通高中毕业班调研测试英语注意事项：1.答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号、考场号、座位号填写在答题卡上。

2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节 (共15 小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

AIf you are looking for something to kill time, these events may be your choices.Susan at TangoSusan learned keyboard, guitar and dance from an early age and never stopped practicing singing. Since graduating with a degree in journalism, her work experience in the documentary industry has given her a unique perspective on the art of music. She sings English, Portuguese, Spanish, French and other multilingual songs, the pursuit of authentic musical expression. She won't let you down.Morandi Prints Authentic ExhibitionIt will be held at the Raffles City Beijing for two months. This exhibition will feature Italy. There are 80 prints by the famous artist Morandi. This exhibition presents the excellent works of international art masters in a fashionable and trendy way of exhibiting, bringing fashionable visual impact and a comfortable and relaxing viewing experience to the visitors.Roundabout Book FairAll books at Roundabout Book Fair are donated. Thank all the volunteers for sorting and pricing the books. Bring your unwanted books with you on the day to donate if you would like to help. You may see them in the next book fair. And the proceeds will help the children with blood diseases.Walking LineEGG Gallery is proud to announce that during this year's Beijing Gallery Week, it will present artist Zhu Lan's solo exhibition “Walking Line”. This exhibition will introduce her new works in recent years. When looking at Zhu Lan's works, aside from the fascination of the paintings themselves, the viewers are able to feel the process of creation. These are pictures that run through the artist's life: every hour, every minute, slowly moving as the ink and lines stretch out.21. Which event offers you the chance to enjoy music?A. Susan at Tango.B. Walking Line.C. Roundab out Book Fair.D. Morandi Prints Authentic Exhibition.22. What is Roundabout Book Fair?A. An art exhibition.B. A book reading activity.C. A fair of donated books.D. A concert of foreign singers.23. What can we know about Zhu Lan in Walking Line?A. Her love for reading.B. Her life experiences.C. Her creation in music.D. Her future expectations.BFrom releasing my talented and amazing conservation friends, hundreds of harmless Zebra Sharks, into the Pacific Ocean to racing against the fastest two-legged animal in the world, the ostrich, there was no shortage of extraordinary photography opportunities and plenty of laughs along the way.In the past, I've focused on the outcomes, but this year I want to focus a little bit on the people who made it all happen. This time of year is not only about celebrating success, but saying thanks to all of those who helped make these episodes possible. When something looks easy, it usually means there are a bunch of talented people behind the scenes making it happen.Although our shows feature me and my photography, the episodes were produced by my company. Every shoot had at least one camera operator and an all-round field operation person. Otherwise, I'd have been bumbled(笨手笨脚)around, trying to film myself while also taking photos. Dante Fernandes has been in the field with me for six years, putting up with every possible weather situation and countless seasickness situations than you can imagine.Depending on the shoot, we were also supported by a lot of other people, such as drone(无人机)pilot, Daina Buchner, who flew drones to capture beautiful shots for the Shark Week episode, and the people who were on camera with me, like Mermaid Linden. I was so lucky to have so many biologists, field guides, camera operators and sound operators. The entire team at Discovery helped me a lot, especially our executive producer Christina Bavetta, who watched every single rough shot and helped us be even better at what we did with her incredible insights and production notes.So as you watch the show this year, don't just enjoy the beauty and humor of these adventures, but also give a thought to all the people behind the scenes who made it happen.24. What is the author?A. A host.B. A guide.C. A biologist.D. A photographer.25. Why did the author write the text?A. To attract more audiences.B. To recall the process of work.C. To thank the people involved.D. To show how to make the episodes.26. Which of the following can best describe the author's work?A. Relaxing.B. Challenging. C、Well-paid. D. Regular.27. How did Christina Bavetta help the author?A. By offering some useful advice.B. By teaching how to write notes.C. By flying drones to take pictures.D. By telling stories on camera.CDespite Ecoador's tough protection, there have been many giant tortoises(陆龟)killed recently, probably for their meat for financial gains made by wildlife hunters.For a century, Ecuador's beautiful and endangered giant tortoises have been protected. Hunting the tortoise is illegal under Ecuador's laws. These species, living on the Galápagos Islands, are one of the largest living reptiles(爬行动物) with the longest life span of all vertebrates. The oldest tortoise on record was 175 years old.“This isn’t a solitary incident,” the Galápagos Conservancy, a US-based conservation organization said. “In September 2021, the remains of 15 other endangered giant tortoises were found on Isabela. The reptiles had likely been hunted for consumption.”The islands are located around 600 miles off the shore of Ecuador's coast, in the Pacific Ocean. The archipelago(群岛) is considered one of the world's best places to see wildlife, and it is home to animal and plant species that are found nowhere else in the world.Their famously fearless wildlife is believed to have been a source of inspiration for Darwin’s theory of evolution, following his visit to the islands in 1835. The islands were actually discovered by accident in 1535 when a Spanish ship was blown off course while sailing from Panama to Peru. Ironically enough, the ship's captain was unimpressed by the islands, writing to the king that they were “worthless”. That view, of course, changed over time. Now about 25,000 people live in the four inhabited islands of Santa Cruz, Isabela. San Cristóbal, and Floreana.There were once at least 250,000 giant tortoises on the islands; there are fewer than15,000 in the wild today—and two subspecies are already extinct. “Evidence from the 2021investigation showed that the reptiles bad likely been hunted for consumption,” Galápagos Conservancy continued. “Many are worried the population will continue to decrease if serious action isn't taken soon. We must safeguard giant tortoises and the ecosystems they depend on.”28. What made Ecuador's giant tortoises endangered according to the text?A. Illegal hunting.B. Natural disasters.C. Environmental pollution.D. The decrease in shelters.29. What does the underlined word “solitary” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Serious.B. Demanding.C. Single.D. Disturbing.30. What did the wildlife on the Galápagos Islands contribute to?A. Darwin's theory of evolution.B. People living on the archipelago.C. The sailing from Panama to Peru.D. The discovery of the archipelago.31. What does the author want to express in the last paragraph?A. The way to safeguard the tortoises.B. The further research on the tortoises.C. The long history of the tortoises.D. The urgency of protecting the tortoises.DRaising livestock(牲畜)is a big part of the carbon emission from agriculture. But it is hard to change people's habits and get them to give up their hamburgers, especially since more than one-third of Americans eat fast food every day. We previously called for carbon labels on everything from buildings to burgers. Now, a new study from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found that labels on fast food affected people's choices.The study said shifting current dietary patterns to more sustainable diets with less red meat could reduce food-related greenhouse gas emissions by 55% and have health benefits.The 5,000 participants in the study were shown fake menus. One group got menus with high climate impact labels on red meat items and another had low climate impact labels on fish or plant-based burgers. Both menus were effective in reducing the orders for red meat。

入学考试（专本文科）复习题一、单项选择题(只有一个选项正确，共183道小题)1. A lawyer‟s income is usually very high, ________ more than one million yuan a year.(A) add up to(B) added up to(C) amounted to(D) amounting to正确答案：D解答参考：2. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three.(A) enough(B) rough(C) tough(D) though正确答案：D解答参考：3. We were all excited at the news ________ our annual sales had more than doubled.(A) which(B) that(C) it(D) what正确答案：B解答参考：4. Because of the terrible weather, neither I nor she ________ have a walk this evening.(A) am going to(B) are going to(C) is going to(D) was going to正确答案：C解答参考：5. We anticipate ________ problems in carrying out the reform.(A) run into(B) to run into(C) running into(D) ran into正确答案：C解答参考：6. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(A) pull(B) butcher(C) rude(D) push正确答案：C解答参考：7. ________determines a good meal varies from country to country.(A) What(B) That(C) It(D) Which正确答案：A解答参考：8. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(A) deer(B) sheep(C) bee(D) feet正确答案：A解答参考：9. It is not polite to ________ when someone is making a speech at a meeting like this.(A) turn up(B) cut in(C) speak out(D) stand by正确答案：B解答参考：10. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(A) graduate(B) recognize(C) apology(D) finger正确答案：C解答参考：11. The ________ the proposal is considered, the worse it appears.(A) carefully(B) more carefully(C) much carefully(D) most carefully正确答案：B解答参考：12. The report showed us very clearly how the plane got ________ and crashed in the end.(A) out of control(B) into control(C) under control(D) within control正确答案：A解答参考：13. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(A) Wednesday(B) thunder(C) language(D) twentieth正确答案：C解答参考：14. He doesn‟t feel like ________ a picni c in the park this weekend, and he suggested watching the football match instead.(A) have(B) to have(C) having正确答案：C解答参考：15. He spoke so quickly that I did not ________ what he said.(A) catch(B) accept(C) take(D) listen正确答案：A解答参考：16. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(A) coast(B) broad(C) soap(D) float正确答案：B解答参考：17. We are not ________ to afford a car yet.(A) enough money(B) money enough(C) rich enough(D) enough rich正确答案：C解答参考：18. When the old lady is alone in the house, her dog makes her feel ________ and relaxed.(A) safe(B) healthy(C) lonely(D) angry正确答案：A解答参考：19. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(B) attend(C) secret(D) definition正确答案：C解答参考：20. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three.(A) maps(B) bags(C) desks(D) bikes正确答案：B解答参考：21. Please speak loudly ________ everyone in the classroom can hear you.(A) so that(B) so as to(C) in order to(D) so on正确答案：A解答参考：22. So many representatives________, the conference had to be postponed.(A) to be absent(B) were absent(C) being absent(D) was absent正确答案：C解答参考：23. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three.(A) exercise(B) excuse(C) explain(D) tremely正确答案：A解答参考：24. The experiment ________ the discovery of a cure for cancer.(A) happened to(B) led up(C) resulted in(D) set up正确答案：C解答参考：25. My wife is out of work now, so we have to ________ our living expenses.(A) cut down(B) cut out(C) cut off(D) cut short正确答案：A解答参考：26. She got to know the young man very well ________ she had worked for so long.(A) with whom(B) in whom(C) whom(D) to whom正确答案：A解答参考：27. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(A) circle(B) bicycle(C) cake(D) ceiling正确答案：C解答参考：28. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three.(A) scream(B) feather(C) creature正确答案：B解答参考：29. If you ________ smoking and drinking, your health will improve soon.(A) gave up(B) had given up(C) give up(D) will give up正确答案：C解答参考：30. There are two doors, one of which _______ to the living room and the other to the kitchen.(A) leads(B) leading(C) to lead )(D) led正确答案：B解答参考：31. Nobody but John ________ the secret.(A) know(B) ) knows(C) have known(D) is known正确答案：B解答参考：32. I‟d like to ________ your essay with you when you have time.(A) go for(B) go over(C) go after(D) go by正确答案：B解答参考：33. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(A) gone(C) another(D) glove正确答案：A解答参考：34. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three.(A) Christ mas(B) tight ly(C) first(D) test正确答案：A解答参考：35. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three.(A) deal(B) deaf(C) weak(D) beat正确答案：B解答参考：36. You‟d better ________ the whole article at once.(A) copy(B) to copy(C) copying(D) copied正确答案：A解答参考：37. If you travel in a foreign country, a tour ________ may save you a lot of trouble.(A) director(B) guide(C) helper(D) assistant正确答案：B解答参考：38. The city has decided to ________ all the old buildings.(A) break away from(B) get rid of(C) come up with(D) knock down正确答案：D解答参考：39. ________, its very tidy.(A) As her room is small(B) Small as her room is(C) As small her room is(D) Small as her room正确答案：B解答参考：40. It‟s reported that the police are ________ the area for the criminal.(A) processing(B) searching(C) operating(D) handling正确答案：B解答参考：41. Don‟t worry! Just do it ________ I do it.(A) like(B) since(C) for(D) as正确答案：D解答参考：42. It makes no difference to me ________ Mr. Smith will come or not.(A) when(B) that(C) whether(D) how正确答案：C解答参考：43. Most Chinese like to drink tea. But some prefer coffee ________ tea.(A) to(B) with(C) for(D) against正确答案：A解答参考：44. The machine will continue to make much noise ________ we have it repaired.(A) when(B) if(C) because(D) unless正确答案：D解答参考：45. —Do you like the book Sidney gave you? —Very much. Its exactly ________ I wanted.(A) one which(B) the one(C) one that(D) one what正确答案：B解答参考：46. The manager told us never to ________ till tomorrow what we can do today.(A) come up(B) turn on(C) put off(D) give out正确答案：C解答参考：47. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three.(A) height(B) hopefully(C) honest(D) housing正确答案：C解答参考：48. She should stop working; she has a headache because she ________ too long.(A) has been reading(B) had read(C) is reading(D) read正确答案：A解答参考：49. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(A) print(B) high(C) right(D) mind正确答案：A解答参考：50. He found it difficult to _______ the fact that the ship was lost in a heavy storm.(A) receive(B) obtain(C) keep(D) accept正确答案：D解答参考：51.(A) shout(B) touch(C) announce(D) about正确答案：B解答参考：52. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three.(A) watch(B) write(C) wrap(D) answer正确答案：D解答参考：53. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(A) rather(B) worth(C) thus(D) whether正确答案：B解答参考：54. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(A) persuade(B) push(C) bullet(D) full正确答案：A解答参考：55. Your little girl is becoming very rude. You ________ scold her.(A) may(B) can(C) ought to(D) need正确答案：C解答参考：56. The government gave several good ________ for increasing the tax on cigarettes.(A) purposes(B) reasons(C) questions(D) problems正确答案：B解答参考：57. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three.(A) sugar(B) measure(C) sure(D) resist正确答案：D解答参考：58. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(A) word(B) world(C) sword(D) worm正确答案：C解答参考：59. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three(A) childhood(B) chicken(C) character(D) chairman正确答案：C解答参考：60. There are 4 words marked A), B), C) and D ) in each group. Choose the one which underlined part has a different pronunciation from the other three.(A) mamage(B) many(C) matter(D) madam正确答案：B解答参考：61. 下列作品中属于编年体历史著作的是（）(A) 《国语》(B) 《战国策》(C) 《左传》(D) 《史记》正确答案：C解答参考：62. 奠定巴金在现代文学史上地位的长篇小说是（）(A) 《雾》(B) 《灭亡》(C) 《家》(D) 《春》正确答案：C解答参考：63. 《郑伯克段于鄢》选自（）(A) 《国语》(B) 《左传》(C) 《战国策》(D) 《史记》正确答案：B解答参考：64. 《种树郭橐驼传》主要的创作意图是（）(A) 赞扬郭橐驼的种树技术(B) 揭露统治者的政令扰民(C) 传播郭橐驼的植树经验(D) 借“养树”之道喻“养民”之道正确答案：D解答参考：65. 《再别康桥》选自徐志摩诗集（）(A) ．《云游集》(B) ．《猛虎集》(C) ．《志摩的诗》(D) ．《两地相思》正确答案：B解答参考：66. 现代文学史上，擅长描写北京底层平民生活，作品具有浓厚的京味的作家是（）(A) 茅盾(B) 老舍(C) 曹禺(D) 刘心武正确答案：B解答参考：67. 下列关于作品、作者、写作年代搭配错误的是（）(A) 《炉中煤》——郭沫若——五四时期(B) 《再别康桥》——徐志摩——20世纪20年代(C) 《红楼梦》——曹雪芹——明代(D) 《北方》——艾青——抗日战争时期正确答案：C解答参考：68. 苏轼《水调歌头》（明月几时有）中作者怀念的对象是（）(A) 弟弟(B) 父亲(C) 友人(D) 妻子正确答案：A解答参考：69. 《季氏将伐颛臾》所体现出的孔子的政治主张是（）(A) 治国以法，为政以德(B) 无为而治，顺其自然(C) 隆礼重法，为政以德(D) 治国以礼，为政以德正确答案：D解答参考：70. 《蜀相》中“锦官城”是现在的（）(A) 重庆(B) 成都(C) 西安(D) 昆明正确答案：B解答参考：71. “恰似一江春水向东流”出自（）(A) 苏轼《念奴娇》（大江东去）(B) 李清照《声声慢》（寻寻觅觅）(C) 李煜《虞美人》（春花秋月）(D) 柳永《八声甘州》（对潇潇暮雨洒江天）正确答案：C解答参考：72. 苏轼《水调歌头》（明月几时有）中富有哲理意味的诗句是（）(A) 不应有恨，何事长向别时圆(B) 人有悲欢离合，月有阴晴圆缺，此事古难全(C) 起舞弄清影，何似在人间(D) 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟正确答案：B解答参考：73. 《水调歌头》（明月几时有）全词是围绕着什么来抒写情怀的（）(A) 婵娟(B) 明月(C) 琼楼(D) 青天正确答案：B解答参考：74. 在下列诗歌中富有理趣的是（）(A) ．《氓》(B) ．《蜀相》(C) ．《饮酒》(D) ．《从军行》正确答案：C解答参考：75. 《种树郭橐驼传》一文重在（）(A) 议论(B) 叙事(C) 抒情(D) 说明正确答案：A解答参考：76. 诗歌风格融音乐、绘画、理趣于一体的诗人是（）(A) 杜甫(B) 李商隐(C) 王维(D) 韩愈正确答案：C解答参考：77. 先秦诸子散文中，最富于浪漫色彩的是（）(A) 《孟子》(B) 《庄子》(C) 《苟子》(D) 《韩非子》正确答案：B解答参考：78. 钱钟书的散文集是（）(A) 《围城》(B) 《写在人生边上》(C) 《龙·虎·狗》(D) 《谈艺录》正确答案：B解答参考：79. 陆游《关山月》一诗中能统摄全诗的线索是（）(A) 歌舞(B) 笛声(C) 泪痕(D) 月夜正确答案：D解答参考：80. 《风波》、《断魂枪》、《米龙老爹》的作者依次是（）(A) 鲁迅、莫泊桑、老舍(B) 莫泊桑、老舍、鲁迅(C) 鲁迅、老舍、莫泊桑(D) 莫泊桑、鲁迅、老舍正确答案：C解答参考：81. 《水龙吟》（登建康常心亭）三个典故中所指的中心人物是（）(A) 陈登、张翰、恒温(B) 张翰、许汜、恒温(C) 张翰、陈登、刘备(D) 刘备、许汜、恒温正确答案：B解答参考：82. 《五代史伶官传序》一文通过五代后唐庄宗盛衰兴亡的史实来证明中心论点，运用的表现手法是（）(A) 比喻(B) 夸张(C) 对比(D) 象征正确答案：C解答参考：83. 《论快乐》一文提出精神的炼金术能（）(A) 比一切宗教信仰更有效力(B) 教人学会休息(C) 使肉体痛苦都变成快乐的资料(D) 洗涤灵魂正确答案：C解答参考：84. 《山居秋暝》的主要抒情方法是（）(A) 借景抒情(B) 借事抒情(C) 借典故抒情(D) 直抒胸臆正确答案：A解答参考：85. “忧劳可以兴国，逸豫可以亡身”出自（）(A) 《左传》(B) 《答司马谏议书》(C) 《谏逐客书》(D) 《五代史伶官传序》正确答案：D解答参考：86. 欧阳修的《五代史伶官传序》说明王朝的兴衰主要在于（）(A) 人事(B) 天命(C) 人才(D) 伶官正确答案：A解答参考：87. 下列作品中，属于汉代乐府民歌的是（）(A) ．《陌上桑》(B) ．《氓》(C) ．《短歌行》(D) ．《行路难》正确答案：A解答参考：88. 陶渊明《饮酒》是一首（）(A) 五言律诗(B) 乐府诗(C) 五言古诗(D) 五言绝句正确答案：C解答参考：89. 老舍最成功的话剧作品是（）(A) ．《茶馆》(B) ．《月牙儿》(C) ．《二马》(D) ．《北京人》正确答案：A解答参考：90. 下列各句所采用的修辞手法依次是（）（1）三顾频烦天下计，两朝开济老臣心（2）问君能有几多愁，恰似一江春水向东流（3）井蛙不可以语于海者，拘于虚也；夏虫不可以语于冰者，笃于时也；曲士不可以语于道者，束于教也（4）求！无乃尔是过也？(A) 比喻、反问、排比、对偶(B) 排比、比喻、比拟、反问(C) 对偶、比拟、比喻、反问(D) 对偶、比喻、排比、反问正确答案：D解答参考：91. 《关山月》中“中原干戈古亦闻”里“干戈”一词的修辞法是（）(A) 用典(B) 比拟(C) 夸张(D) 借代正确答案：D解答参考：92. 下列选自《郑伯克段于鄢》的文字中最能体现文章主旨的是（）(A) 都城过歹雉，国之害也(B) 蔓草犹不可除，况君之宠弟乎(C) 多行不义必自毙(D) 国之堪贰正确答案：C解答参考：93. 马致远《天净沙·秋思》所描绘的中心画面是（）(A) 枯藤老树昏鸦(B) 小桥流水人家(C) 古道西风瘦马(D) 夕阳西下正确答案：C解答参考：94. 盛唐山水田园诗派的代表作家是（）(A) 李白(B) 王维(C) 岑参(D) 王昌龄正确答案：B解答参考：95. 《爱尔克的灯光》中引发了作者对于人生道路思考的是（）(A) 爱尔克的灯光(B) 照壁上“长宜子孙”四个字(C) 故居园中的花树(D) 大门内亮起的阴暗灯光正确答案：B解答参考：96. 《蜀相》诗的“属相”指（）(A) 李斯(B) 曹操(C) 诸葛亮(D) 屈原正确答案：C解答参考：97. 下列《陌上桑》诗句中，在描写罗敷美貌时运用侧面烘托手法的是（）(A) 头上倭堕髻(B) 耳中明月珠(C) 来归相怨怒(D) 紫绮为上襦正确答案：C解答参考：98. 《风波》是一篇（）(A) 长篇小说(B) 短篇小说(C) 中篇小说正确答案：B解答参考：99. 李煜的《虞美人》是一首（）(A) 悼亡词(B) 抒情词(C) 咏物词(D) 怀古词正确答案：B解答参考：100. 下列人物属于道家学派的是（）(A) 孔子和孟子(B) 苟子和韩非子(C) 孔子和老子(D) 庄子和老子正确答案：D解答参考：101. 《张中丞传后叙》中，与刻画南霁云性格的描写无关的是（）(A) 博闻强记(B) 拔刀断指(C) 义不忍食(D) 射塔明志正确答案：C解答参考：102. 《秋水》中河伯“以天下之美为尽在已”中“美”的意思是指（）(A) 风景优美(B) 大(C) 小(D) 明大理的人正确答案：B解答参考：103. 《前赤壁赋》是苏轼被贬至何处时所作（）(A) 杭州(B) 密州(C) 黄州(D) 湖州正确答案：C解答参考：104. 《米龙老爹》一文的叙述特点是（）(A) 第一人称自叙(B) 第三人称(C) 第二人称(D) 第一、第三人称呼唤正确答案：D解答参考：105. 我国诗歌史上被称为“诗圣”的是（）(A) 李白(B) 王维(C) 杜甫(D) 陶渊明正确答案：C解答参考：106. 《诗经》原称“《诗》”或“《诗》三百”，称之为“经”始于（）(A) 春秋(B) 战国(C) 秦朝(D) 汉代正确答案：D解答参考：107. 《炉中煤》中祖国为“年青的女郎”和“心爱的人儿”这种抒情方法是（）(A) 借景抒情(B) 借叙事抒情(C) 借比喻抒情(D) 借比拟抒情正确答案：C解答参考：108. 《张中丞传后叙》的作者是（）(A) 司马迁(B) 柳宗元(C) 韩愈(D) 欧阳修正确答案：B解答参考：109. 《风波》所写事件背景是（）(A) 辛亥革命(B) 五四运动(C) 张勋复辟(D) 清末农民起义正确答案：C解答参考：110. 钱钟书《论快乐》一文提出快乐是（）(A) 分为肉体和精神(B) 人生的享受(C) 人生的本质(D) 由精神来决定正确答案：D解答参考：111. “新月诗派”的代表诗人有（）(A) 艾青(B) 郁达夫(C) 郭小川(D) 徐志摩正确答案：D解答参考：112. 杜甫的《蜀相》是一首（）(A) 古风(B) 乐府(C) 律诗(D) 绝句正确答案：C解答参考：113. 艾青曾经参加过哪个文化社团（）(A) 新月社(B) 创造社(C) 文学研究会(D) 中国左翼美术家联盟正确答案：D解答参考：114. 柳宗元和韩愈齐名，共同倡导了唐代的（）(A) 新乐府运动(B) 山水田园诗派(C) 古文运动(D) 边塞诗派正确答案：C解答参考：115. 元代散曲中被誉为“秋思之祖”的作品是（）(A) 李清照《声声慢》(B) 辛弃疾《水龙吟》(C) 柳永《八声甘州》(D) 马致远《天净沙·秋思》正确答案：D解答参考：116. 苏轼、辛弃疾同为（）(A) 婉约派词人(B) 豪放派词人(C) 风雅派词人(D) 北宋词人正确答案：B解答参考：117. 陶渊明诗歌的总体风格是（）(A) 平淡自然(B) 新奇壮丽(C) 沉郁顿挫(D) 苍凉悲壮正确答案：A解答参考：118. 元散曲除小令外，还包括（）(A) 剧曲(B) 套数(C) 传奇(D) 杂剧正确答案：B解答参考：119. 《张中丞传后叙》的主要写法是（）(A) 议论与叙事并重(B) 议论与抒情并重(C) 抒情与叙事并重(D) 以叙事为主正确答案：A解答参考：120. 《麦琪的礼物》运用了哪种结构方法（）(A) 追溯法(B) 两条平行的情节线索(C) 一虚一实，虚实结合(D) 四条情节线索交叉叙述正确答案：C解答参考：121. 《氓》是一首（）(A) 抒情诗(B) 叙事诗(C) 哲理诗(D) 寓言诗正确答案：B解答参考：122. 《谏逐客书》中，用秦王所喜好的珍宝美色都出产于外国，来证明驱逐客卿是错误的，这种论证方法是（）(A) 例证法(B) 演绎法(C) 对比法(D) 类比法正确答案：C解答参考：123. 《风波》中描写“他心里但觉得事情似乎十分危急，也想想这些方法，想些计划，但总是非常模糊，贯穿不得。

A novel approach to fuzzy rough sets basedon a fuzzy covering qTingquan Denga,c,*,Yanmei Chen b ,Wenli Xu c ,Qionghai Dai c aCollege of Science,Harbin Engineering University,Harbin 150001,PR China b Department of Mathematics,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001,PR Chinac Department of Automation,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,PR ChinaReceived 18April 2005;received in revised form 20November 2006;accepted 27November 2006AbstractThis paper proposes an approach to fuzzy rough sets in the framework of lattice theory.The new model for fuzzy rough sets is based on the concepts of both fuzzy covering and binary fuzzy logical operators (fuzzy conjunction and fuzzy impli-cation).The conjunction and implication are connected by using the complete lattice-based adjunction theory.With this theory,fuzzy rough approximation operators are generalized and fundamental properties of these operators are investi-gated.Particularly,comparative studies of the generalized fuzzy rough sets to the classical fuzzy rough sets and Pawlak rough set are carried out.It is shown that the generalized fuzzy rough sets are an extension of the classical fuzzy rough sets as well as a fuzzification of the Pawlak rough set within the framework of complete lattices.A link between the general-ized fuzzy rough approximation operators and fundamental morphological operators is presented in a translation-invari-ant additive group.Ó2006Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.Keywords:Fuzzy logic;Conjunction;Implication;Fuzzy covering;Complete lattice;Adjunction;Rough sets;Fuzzy rough approxima-tions;Morphological operators1.IntroductionA rough set is a set-theory-based technique to handle data with granular structures by using two sets called the rough lower approximation and the rough upper approximation to approximate an object.By using this technique,knowledge hidden in information systems may be unraveled and expressed in the form of decision rules.The classical definition of a rough set was introduced by Pawlak with reference to an equivalence relation (a binary relation with reflexivity,symmetry and transitivity)[28,30,44].From both theoretical and 0020-0255/$-see front matter Ó2006Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.ins.2006.11.013qThis work was supported in part by the postdoctoral science-research developmental foundation of Heilongjiang province (LBH-Q05047),the fundamental research foundation of Harbin Engineering University (HEUFT05087)and the natural science foundation of China (60474024,60432030).*Corresponding author.Address:College of Science,Harbin Engineering University,Harbin 150001,PR China.E-mail address:deng.tq@ (T.Deng).Information Sciences 177(2007)2308–2326/locate/insT.Deng et al./Information Sciences177(2007)2308–23262309 practical viewpoints,the equivalence relation is a very stringent condition that may limit applications of rough sets.Various extensions of the Pawlak rough set were therefore developed from an equivalence relation to a more general mathematical concept,e.g.a similarity relation(a binary relation with reflexivity and symmetry), a covering,or a neighborhood system from topological space[34,39,45,46].Rough set theory has been successfully used for describing dependency among attributes,evaluating the significance of attributes,and dealing with inconsistent data in knowledge and data analysis.It has provided practical solutions to a number of problems in the information sciences,such as data mining,knowledge dis-covery,and intelligent control[27,30,33].In rough set theory,it is assumed that information systems contain only crisp data,and every attribute of an object has a precise and unique value.In most circumstances with data analysis,uncertainty is incorporated into databases.For example,decisions in many knowledge-intensive applications usually involve various forms of uncertainty.The values of attributes in databases may possibly be symbolic or real-valued.In natural lan-guage,numerous quantifiers,e.g.,many,few,some,almost,are often used for conveying vague information [9,41].Zadeh[43]carried out a comprehensive investigation on the generalized theory of uncertainty.In this theory,uncertainty is linked to information through the concept of granular structures,and information is rep-resented as a generalized constraint that is drawn from fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic[42].Actually,both the concepts of rough sets and fuzzy sets are related but distinct and complementary to each other[2,15,29,38,44]. Many researchers put them together by fuzzifying the underlying rough set to handle data with a fuzzy nature.Dubois and Prade[17]first introduced the concept of fuzzy rough sets and constructed a pair of fuzzy rough approximations of a fuzzy set by using the notions of the greatest t-norm(min),its dual t-conorm (max),and a fuzzy similarity relation(a fuzzy relation with reflexivity,symmetry and transitivity).Morsi and Yakout[25]developed a generalized definition of fuzzy rough sets by using a lower semi-continuous t-norm*,its R-implication,and a fuzzy*-similarity relation(a reflexive,symmetric and*-transitive fuzzy rela-tion).Axiomatic characterization of the fuzzy rough approximation operators has been studied.Radzikowska and Kerre[31]also presented a general approach to fuzzy rough sets with reference to a t-norm,a special fuzzy implication,and a fuzzy similarity relation.They defined and studied three classes of fuzzy rough sets by tak-ing into account three classes of well-known implications(R-,m-and QL-implications).Other fuzzifications of rough sets have been investigated[1,4,7,21,23,24,36,37].Ferna´ndez Salido and Murakami[18],and Yeung et al.[41]carried out a comparative investigation on those approaches,all of which have been established on the algebraic structure of the unit interval[0,1].It is interesting to extend this structure to a much wider class of mathematical objects,complete lattices.In this paper,we fuzzify the general rough approximation operators and present a new approach to fuzzy rough sets through the use of techniques provided by lattice theory.The new fuzzy rough approximation oper-ators are established based on a fuzzy covering,a binary fuzzy conjunction logical operator with lower semi-continuity in its second argument,and the adjunctional implication operator of the conjunction.The algebraic properties of the fuzzy rough approximation operators show that the proposed fuzzy rough sets are general-ized from the fuzzy rough sets based on possibility theory[14,16,17]and fuzzy inclusions[4,6,23,31,32,35].A link between the generalized fuzzy rough sets and grey-scale mathematical morphology[3,13,19]is exhibited in a translation-invariant additive domain,and this link may extend the applications of fuzzy rough sets.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.A generalized definition of rough sets based on a gen-eral covering is presented in Section2.In Section3,some essential concepts from fuzzy logic and lattice theory are introduced.The relationship between fuzzy coverings and fuzzy relations is investigated.In Section4,a new definition of fuzzy rough sets is proposed,and fundamental properties of the fuzzy rough approximation operators are explored.Links between the proposed fuzzy rough sets and classical fuzzy rough sets are dis-cussed in Section5.Concluding remarks are given in Section6.2.Generalized rough sets2.1.Definition of a Pawlak rough setSuppose that E is a non-empty set(the universe of discourse)and R is an equivalence relation on E;the pair ðPðEÞ;RÞis called a Pawlak rough universe,where PðEÞdenotes the powerset of E.Definition2.1(Pawlak[28]).LetðPðEÞ;RÞbe a Pawlak rough universe,for a set X2PðEÞ,its rough lower approximation and rough upper approximation are defined byAppr RðXÞ¼[f½xR j½xRX g;Appr RðXÞ¼[f½xRj½xR\X¼;g;ð2:1Þrespectively.The pairðAppr RðXÞ;Appr RðXÞÞcharacterizes the rough approximations of X inðPðEÞ;RÞ.If Appr RðXÞ¼X,X is called lower definable;and X is called upper definable if Appr RðXÞ¼X.If RðXÞ¼Appr RðXÞ,X is called definable.Pawlak rough approximations have many attractive properties[28].We list only some of them as follows: Proposition2.2.LetðPðEÞ;RÞbe a Pawlak rough universe,for X;Y2PðEÞ,(P1)Appr RðX cÞ¼ðAppr RðXÞÞc,where Y c denotes the complement of Y;(P2)Appr RðXÞ Appr RðYÞand Appr RðXÞ Appr RðYÞif X Y;(P3)Appr RðXÞ X,X Appr RðXÞ;(P4)Appr Rð;Þ¼;¼Appr Rð;Þ,Appr RðEÞ¼E¼Appr RðEÞ;(P5)Appr RðX\YÞ¼Appr RðXÞ\Appr RðYÞ;Appr RðX[YÞ¼Appr RðXÞ[Appr RðYÞ;(P6)8x2E,Appr Rð½xR Þ¼½xR¼Appr Rð½xRÞ;(P7)8x2E,Appr Rðf x g cÞ¼½x cR ,Appr Rðf x gÞ¼½xR;(P8)Appr R Appr RðXÞ¼Appr RðXÞ,Appr R Appr RðXÞ¼Appr RðXÞ;(P9)Appr R Appr RðXÞ¼Appr RðXÞ,Appr R Appr RðXÞ¼Appr RðXÞ.The equivalence relation in a Pawlak rough universe is a stringent condition that may limit applications of rough sets.Many researchers extended rough sets to general mathematical objects and investigated general-izations of Pawlak rough sets.Slowinski and Vanderpooten[34]proposed a definition of rough sets by relax-ing the transitivity and symmetry of the equivalence relation.Following the concept of ambiguity,they comparatively studied the definitions of rough approximations.The relationship between the lower approxi-mation and the upper one,however,has not been clearly presented.Yao[39]presented a framework for the formulation,interpretation and comparison of neighborhood systems and rough approximations using the notion of binary relations.He analyzed and compared three extensions of Pawlak rough approximations.A generalized rough set has recently been explored in[40].Based on a covering,Bonikowski et al.[5],and Zhu and Wang[46],separately introduced an intuitive definition of a covering rough set.Unfortunately,many properties of Pawlak rough sets,e.g.(P1),(P2)and(P5),cannot be preserved.In the following subsection,a generalization of Pawlak rough sets is presented in an arbitrary universe of discourse by extending the equiv-alence relation to a general covering.2.2.Generalized rough sets based on a coveringDefinition2.3.A non-empty sub-family C PðEÞis called a covering of E if it satisfies(1)no element in C is empty and(2)[f C j C2C g¼E.If C is a covering of E and,for arbitrary C1;C22C,either C1¼C2or C1\C2¼;holds,the C is called a partition of E.If C is a covering of E,the pairðPðEÞ;CÞis called a covering rough universe.Note that neither E nor its covering C must befinite.Definition 2.4.LetðPðEÞ;CÞbe a covering rough universe.For X2PðEÞ,its covering rough lower approximation is defined byCðXÞ¼[f C2C j C X g:Meanwhile,the covering rough upper approximation of X is defined according to the duality principle by CðXÞ¼ðCðX cÞÞc.The pairðCðXÞ;CðXÞÞdescribes the covering rough approximations of X inðPðEÞ;CÞ.X is called definable or exact if CðXÞ¼CðXÞ.2310T.Deng et al./Information Sciences177(2007)2308–2326Proposition2.5.Properties(P1),(P2),(P3),and(P4)are preserved in the covering rough universeðPðEÞ;CÞ. Proof(P1)is implied in Definition2.4.For(P2),(P3)and(P4),we only need to prove the statements on C by (P1).The inclusions in(P2)and(P3)are obvious from Definition2.4.For x2E,there exists C2C satisfying x2C and C E,and so x2C CðEÞ.(P4)is therefore proved.hInstead of Properties(P5),(P6)and(P7),we have the following results.Proposition2.6.LetðPðEÞ;CÞbe a covering rough universe.For X;Y2PðEÞ,(P50)CðX\YÞ CðXÞ\CðYÞ,CðXÞ[CðYÞ CðX[YÞ;(P60)8C2C,CðCÞ¼C,CðC cÞ¼C c;(P70)8x2E,Cðf x g cÞ¼[f C2C j x2C g.Proof.It suffices to prove the statements on the rough lower approximation.Let X;Y2PðEÞ,then CðX\YÞ¼[f C2C j C X\Y g [f C2C j C X g¼CðXÞ.Similarly,the inclusion CðX\YÞ CðYÞholds.Thus CðX\YÞ CðXÞ\CðYÞ.(P50)is proved.The statements in(P60)and(P70)follow immediately from the definition of C.hIn general,the set inclusions in(P50)do not become equations,because the intersection of two arbitrary elements in C containing afixed point is not always a covering set of C,except in the case where C is exactly a partition of E.Example2.7.Let A¼À12;1 2ÂÃÂÀ12;1 2ÂÃR2,and let A x¼f aþx j a2A g be the translation of A along x2 R2,then C¼f A x j x2R2g is a covering of R2.For X¼½À2;0 ½À2;0 and Y¼½0;2 ½0;2 ,it is clear that X\Y¼f o g,CðX\YÞ¼;,but CðXÞ¼X and CðYÞ¼Y according to Definition 2.4.Thus CðX\YÞ(CðXÞ\CðYÞ¼f o g,where o¼ð0;0Þ2R2.A similar example is easily given for C.Proposition2.8.In the covering rough universeðPðEÞ;CÞ,Property(P8)holds.Meanwhile,Property(P9) becomes its weak version:(P90)CðXÞ CCðXÞ CðXÞand CðXÞ CCðXÞ CðXÞ,X2PðEÞ.(P900)Both CC and CC are increasing and idempotent operators.Proof.To prove(P8),we just need to prove the idempotence of C.According to Property(P1),the idempo-tence of C is true.Let X2PðEÞ,if X¼;,the result is trivial.Otherwise,according to the inclusion in(P3)and the monotone of C,it suffices to prove that CðXÞ CCðXÞ.If x2CðXÞ,there is C2C such that x2C and C CðXÞ.The set inclusion CCðCÞ¼C CCðXÞtherefore holds in combination with the equation CðCÞ¼C.Hence x2CCðXÞ.The monotone of CC(and CC)follows from that of C C.According to the anti-extensivity of C and the extensivity of C,the inclusions in(P90)holds.For X2PðEÞ,on the one hand CCÁCCðXÞ CCÁCðXÞ¼CCðXÞ,and on the other hand CCÁCCðXÞ CÁCCðXÞ¼CCðXÞ.The idempotence of CC is verified.The idempotence of CC can be proved in the same way.Hence wefinish the proofs of(P90)and(P900).h In a covering rough universeðPðEÞ;CÞ,if C reduces to a partition of E,let R¼[C2C CÂC,then R is anequivalence relation on E and,for each x2E,there exists C x2C such that C x¼½xR .In which case,CðXÞandCðXÞreduce to the Pawlak rough approximations Appr RðXÞand Appr RðXÞ,respectively.On the other hand, if the domain E is provided with a translation-invariant additive group structure,then we denote it by E. The n-dimensional Euclidean space R n and the digital space Z n(n is a positive integer),with the usual additionT.Deng et al./Information Sciences177(2007)2308–232623112312T.Deng et al./Information Sciences177(2007)2308–2326operation‘+’,are typical models for E.Let A2PðEÞbe a non-empty set.Then C¼f A x j x2E g is a covering of E and R¼fðx;yÞj y2 A x;x2E g is a binary relation on E,where A x¼f aþx j a2A g is the translation of A along x2E, A¼fÀa j a2A g is the reflection of A,andÀa is the inverse(in the sense of a group)of a2A. The binary relation R is called the induced relation of A.It is clear that R is reflexive,symmetric,or transitive if and only if o2A, A¼A,or AÈA¼A,respectively,where o is the origin of E and AÈB¼[b2B A b denotes the Minkowski addition of A and B.Since the set equation AÈA¼A does not hold in the case that A is afinite set except{o},the transitivity of the induced relation R is absent.Thus,C¼f A x j x2E g is just a covering,rather than a partition of E.Even so,according to Definition2.4,the covering rough lower approximation of X2PðEÞinðPðEÞ;CÞhas the for-mula CðXÞ¼[f A x j A x X;x2E g¼ðXÉ AÞÈ A,which turns out to be the structuring opening of X with respect to the structuring element A in set morphology[19],where AÉB¼\b2B AÀb denotes the Minkowski subtraction of A and B.The corresponding covering rough upper approximation will be CðXÞ¼ðCðX cÞÞc¼ðXÈAÞÉA,the structuring closing of X with respect to the structuring element A.3.Fuzzy sets and fuzzy relationsIn this section,some basic concepts from fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory are recalled.In particular,the notion of adjunction between a fuzzy conjunction operator and a fuzzy implication operator on a complete lattice is introduced.The correspondence between a fuzzy covering and a fuzzy relation is analyzed.3.1.Fuzzy logical operatorsSuppose that L is a complete lattice(a complete lattice means a partial ordering set with every subset pos-sessing infimum and supremum)with its least element0and greatest element1.The sets{0,1},[0,1], R[fÀ1;1g,Z[fÀ1;1g,and f a0;a1;...;a N gða0<a1<ÁÁÁ<a NÞwith the same partial order‘6’in its usual sense are common complete lattices(they are also complete chains)in lattice theory and its applications.Definition 3.1.Let L be a complete lattice.A binary logical operatorÃ:LÂL!L is called a fuzzy conjunction if it is non-decreasing in both arguments satisfying the boundary conditions0Ã1¼1Ã0¼0and 1Ã1¼1.A fuzzy implication!is a binary logical operator from LÂL to L that is non-increasing in itsfirst argument,non-decreasing in its second,and satisfies the boundary conditions0!0¼1!1¼1and 1!0¼0.A t-norm*is a commutative and associative fuzzy conjunction logical operator satisfying the boundary condition(P):1Ãl¼l for all l2L.If L¼f0;1g,then every fuzzy conjunction logical operator is identical to the two-valued logical conjunc-tion,and every fuzzy implication logical operator reduces to the two-valued logical implication;both of which are characterized by their boundary conditions.In the following,we assume that every conjunction means a fuzzy conjunction logical operator and every implication means a fuzzy implication logical operator when no confusions can arise.If*is a conjunction and !is an implication on L,then lÃ0¼0Ãl¼0and0!l¼l!1¼1for all l2L.Definition3.2.A conjunction*and an implication!on L are said to form an adjunction if aÃl16l2()l16a!l2;ð3:1Þfor each a2L and for arbitrary l1;l22L.In the case that a conjunction*and an implication!form an adjunction,the pairðÃ;!Þis called an adjunction and!is called the adjunctional implication of*.In particular,if*is a t-norm,its adjunctional implication is usually called the adjoint implication or R-implication of*in fuzzy logic.Many examples of such conjunctions and implications have been presented in[19,13,31],and the following proposition has been proved.Proposition3.3(Deng and Heijmans[13]).IfðÃ;!Þis an adjunction on L,then for every a2L and for any collection f l i g L,aÃ_i l i¼_iðaÃl iÞand a!^i l i¼^iða!l iÞ:ð3:2ÞThat is,the unary operator aà is lower semi-continuous on L,while a! is upper semi-continuous on L.The semi-continuity of conjunctions and implications is an important property in adjunction theory.Many interesting results for conjunctions and implications can be derived from this property[13].In this paper,it is assumed that every fuzzy conjunction is lower semi-continuous in its second argument. Proposition3.4(Deng and Heijmans[13]).IfðÃ;!Þis an adjunction on L,then*and!can be reconstructed byaÃl¼^f r2L j l6a!r g and a!l¼_f r2L j aÃr6l g:ð3:3ÞConversely,if*(resp.!)is a lower semi-continuous conjunction(resp.an upper semi-continuous implication)in its second argument on L,then an upper semi-continuous implication!(resp.a lower semi-continuous conjunc-tion*)in its second argument on L can be generated by(3.3).Moreover,ðÃ;!Þforms an adjunction.Clearly,ifðÃ;!Þis an adjunction on L,then1Ãl¼l()1!l¼l for all l2L.Furthermore,if the con-dition(P)holds,then l16l2()l1!l2¼1for all l1;l22L.Proposition3.5.If*is an associative conjunction on L andðÃ;!Þis an adjunction,then(1)l6a!ðaÃlÞ;8a;l2L;(2)aÃððlÃaÞ!rÞ6l!r;8a;l;r2L.Proof(1)From Definition3.2,for all a;l;l12L;aÃl6l1()l6a!l1.Substituting aÃl for l1leads to theinequality l6a!ðaÃlÞ.(2)Let a;l;r;w2L,then w6ðlÃaÞ!r()ðlÃaÞÃw6r()lÃðaÃwÞ6r()aÃw6l!r.Replac-ing w withðlÃaÞ!r yields the result.hDefinition3.6.Let m:L!L be a decreasing and involutive operator satisfying mð0Þ¼1;then m is called anegation.For example,both m1ðlÞ¼1Àl and m2ðlÞ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi1Àl2pare negations on[0,1],and the former is usually calledthe natural(standard)negation.This fact implies that a negation,if it exists,on a complete lattice is not unique.Indeed,if m is a negation and/is an isomorphic operator on L,then/À1m/is also a negation on L.If*is a nilpotent t-norm on[0,1]and!is its R-implication,then mðlÞ¼l!0is a negation,called the induced negation of*[26].Given a conjunction*and a negation m on L,an operator Ã,defined by l Ãr¼mðmðlÞÃmðrÞÞ,is the disjunc-tion(operator)of*with respect to m.Particularly,*is a t-norm if and only if Ãis a t-conorm.The classical fuzzy rough set model was established just through the use of the special t-norm(min)on L¼½0;1 ,its t-con-orm(max),and the duality principle[17].For a conjunction*and a negation m on L,another operator!m,called the m-implication of*,is defined by l!m r¼mðlÃmðrÞÞ¼mðlÞ Ãr.Evidently,NðlÞ¼l!m0is a negation,and it is identical to the given m if lÃ1¼l for all l2L.Both the adjunctional implication and m-implication of a conjunction are important implication derivates.For detailed discussions we refer to[11,12,20,26].3.2.Fuzzy sets and fuzzy relationsLet F LðEÞ¼f F j F:E!L g.Then every element F in F LðEÞrepresents a(lattice)fuzzy set on E,deter-mined by its membership function FðxÞðx2EÞ,and the collection F LðEÞwith the partial orderT.Deng et al./Information Sciences177(2007)2308–232623136:F 6G ()F ðx Þ6G ðx Þfor F ;G 2F L ðE Þforms a (complete)lattice provided that L is a (complete)lattice.In particular,P ðE Þ,the degenerate case of F L ðE Þwhen L ¼f 0;1g ,is a complete lattice with the classical set inclusion.Definition 3.7.Let *be a conjunction on a complete lattice L .A fuzzy relation R on E is a fuzzy set R in F L ðE ÂE Þ.R 2F L ðE ÂE Þis called•reflexive if R ðx ;x Þ¼1;8x 2E ;•symmetric if R ðx ;y Þ¼R ðy ;x Þ;8x ;y 2E ;•*-transitive if R ðx ;z ÞÃR ðz ;y Þ6R ðx ;y Þ;8x ;y ;z 2E .The *-transitivity of a fuzzy relation R on E can be characterized by R ÃR 6R ,where R ÃS is the _ÀÃcomposition of fuzzy relations R and S ,defined by ðR ÃS Þðx ;y Þ¼_z 2E ðR ðx ;z ÞÃS ðz ;y ÞÞ.It can be verified that a reflexive fuzzy relation R is *-transitive if and only if R ÃR ¼R .In the case that L ¼½0;1 and *is chosen as the Zadeh t -norm min on L ,the *-transitivity of a fuzzy relation is identical to the common fuzzy transitivity in the literature on fuzzy logic.Throughout the paper,we assume that all fuzzy relations are serial,i.e.,for each x 2E ,C x ¼f y 2E j R ðx ;y Þ>0g ¼;and C Ãx ¼f y 2E j R ðy ;x Þ>0g ¼;.Proposition 3.8.Let *be a conjunction on L with the condition (P)and let ðÃ;!Þbe an adjunction.If R 2F L ðE ÂE Þis a reflexive and *-transitive fuzzy relation,thenR ðx ;y Þ¼_z 2E ðR ðx ;z ÞÃR ðz ;y ÞÞ¼^z 2E ðR ðz ;x Þ!R ðz ;y ÞÞ;x ;y 2E :Proof.The first equality is straightforward,whereas the second one follows from both the inequalities ^z 2E ðR ðz ;x Þ!R ðz ;y ÞÞ6R ðx ;x Þ!R ðx ;y Þ¼R ðx ;y Þand R ðz ;x Þ!R ðz ;y Þ¼_f r 2L j R ðz ;x ÞÃr 6R ðz ;y Þg P R ðx ;y Þfor x ;y ;z 2E .hDefinition 3.9.A fuzzy covering of E is a collection of fuzzy sets U F L ðE Þsatisfying(1)every fuzzy set F 2U is non-null,i.e.,F ¼;;(2)8x 2E ,_F 2U F ðx Þ>0.Given a fuzzy relation R 2F L ðE ÂE Þ,let½x R ðy Þ¼R ðx ;y Þ:ð3:4ÞThen ½x R is a fuzzy set on E ,and the collection U ¼f½x R j x 2E g is a fuzzy covering of E .The following prop-osition shows a correspondence between a fuzzy relation and a fuzzy covering.Proposition 3.10.Let *be an associative conjunction on L with the condition (P ),and let ðÃ;!Þbe an adjunction.Then R 2F L ðE ÂE Þis a fuzzy *-similarity relation if and only if there exists a fuzzy covering U ¼f F j j j 2J g ,where J is a non-empty index set,such that R ðx ;y Þ¼^j 2J ðF j ðx Þ!F j ðy ÞÞ^^j 2J ðF j ðy Þ!F j ðx ÞÞ:ð3:5ÞProof.)Let R be a fuzzy *-similarity relation on E and let F x ðy Þ¼R ðx ;y Þ;then f F x j x 2E g is a fuzzy cov-ering of E .From Proposition 3.8,we have ^z 2E ðF z ðx Þ!F z ðy ÞÞV ^z 2E ðF z ðy Þ!F z ðx ÞÞ¼^z 2E ðR ðz ;x Þ!R ðz ;y ÞÞV ^z 2E ðR ðz ;y Þ!R ðz ;x ÞÞ¼R ðx ;y Þ^R ðy ;x Þ¼R ðx ;y Þ.(Let U ¼f F j j j 2J g be a fuzzy covering of E ,and let S ðx ;y Þ¼^j 2J ðF j ðx Þ!F j ðy ÞÞand R ðx ;y Þ¼S ðx ;y Þ^S À1ðx ;y Þ,where S À1ðx ;y Þ¼S ðy ;x Þ;then R is a reflexive and symmetric fuzzy relation.We have to prove the *-transitivity of R .If S is *-transitive,S À1is *-transitive as well.Thus R ðx ;z ÞÃR ðz ;y Þ6S ðx ;z ÞÃS ðz ;y Þ6S ðx ;y Þ,R ðx ;z ÞÃR ðz ;y Þ6S À1ðx ;z ÞÃS À1ðz ;y Þ6S À1ðx ;y Þ,and so R ðx ;z ÞÃR ðz ;y Þ6S ðx ;y Þ^S À1ðx ;y Þ¼R ðx ;y Þ.Therefore,it suffices to check the *-transitivity of S .2314T.Deng et al./Information Sciences 177(2007)2308–2326。